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co m/co mpariso n-o f-pro tectio n-relay-types
Comparison of Protection Relay Types
jiguparmar
Co mp aris o n o f Pro te c tio n Re lay Typ e s (p ho to b y s witc hg e ars up p o rt.c o m)
Comparison Table
T his comparison summarize characteristics of all protection relay types described in previously published
technical articles:
Characteristic El. Mech. Relay Static Relay Digital Relay Numerical Relay
Technology 1st generation relays. 2nd generation Present Present
Standard relays. generation relays. generation relays.
Operating T hey use principle of In this relays T hey use T hey use
Principle electromagnetic transistors and IC’s microprocessor. microprocessor.
principle. been used Within built Within built
sof tware with sof tware with
predef ined values predef ined values
Measuring Induction disc, R, L, C, transistors, Microprocessors, Microprocessors,
elements/ electromagnets, analogue ICs digital ICs, digital digital ICs, digital
Hardware induction cup, balance comparators dignal processors signal processors
beam
Measuring Electrical qtys Level A/D conversion, A/D conversion,
method converted detects,comparison numerical numerical
intomechanical f orce, withref erence value algorithm algorithm
torque in analogue techniques techniques
comparator
Surrounding Depend upon T here value may
Environment gravitation and the vary with respect to
value changes to the temperature also.
surrounding magnetic
f ields also.
Characteristic El. Mech. Relay Static Relay Digital Relay Numerical Relay
Relay Size Bulky Small Small Compact
Speed of Slow Fast Fast Very f ast
Response
T iming Mechanical clock Static timers Counter Counter
function works, dashpot
T ime of Temp. dependant Temp. dependant Stable Stable
Accuracy
Reliability High Low High High
Vibration Proof No Yes Yes Yes
Characteristics Limited Wide Wide Wide
Requirement Required Required Not required Not required
of Draw Out
CT Burden High Low Low Low
CT Burden 8 to 10 VA 1 VA < 0.5 VA < 0.5 VA
Characteristic El. Mech. Relay Static Relay Digital Relay Numerical Relay
Reset T ime Very High Less Less Less
Auxiliary Required Required Required Required
supply
Range of Limited Wide Wide Wide
settings
Isolation Low High High High
Voltage
Function Single f unction Single f unction Multi f unction Single f unction
Maintenance Frequent Frequent Low Very Low
Resistance 100 mille ohms 10 Ohms 10 Ohms 10 Ohms
Output < 1 Pico Farad > 20 Pico Farads > 20 Pico Farads > 20 Pico Farads
Capacitance
Characteristic El. Mech. Relay Static Relay Digital Relay Numerical Relay
Deterioration Yes No No No
due to
Operation
Relay No Partially Programmable Programmable
Programming
SCADA No No Possible Yes
Compatibility
Operational Not Possible Possible Possible Possible
value
indication
Visual Flags, targets LEDs LEDs, LCD LEDs, LCD
indication
Self No Yes Yes Yes
monitoring
Parameter Plug setting, dial T humb wheel, dual Keypad f or Keypad f or
setting setting in line switches numeric values, numeric values,
through computer through computer
Fault Not possible Not possible Possible Possible
Disturbance
Recording
Relay’s Nomenclat ure as per ANSI
No Type of Relay
2 Time delay relay
3 3 Checking or Interlocking relay
21 21 Distance relay
25 Check synchronizing relay
27 Under voltage relay
30 Annunciation relay
32 Directional power (Reverse power) relay
37 Low f orward power relay
40 Field f ailure (loss of excitation)
46 Negative phase sequence relay
49 Machine or Transf ormer T hermal relay
50 Instantaneous Over current relay
51 A.C. IDMT Over current relay
52 Circuit breaker
52a Circuit breaker Auxiliary switch “Normally open” (‘a’ contact)
52b Circuit breaker Auxiliary switch “Normally closed” (‘b’ contact)
55 Power Factor relay
56 Field Application relay
59 Overvoltage relay
64 Earth f ault relay
67 Directional relay
68 Locking relay
74 Alarm relay
76 D.C Over current relay
78 Phase angle measuring or out of step relay
79 AC Auto reclose relay
80 Monitoring loss of DC supply
81 Frequency relay
81 U Under f requency relay
81 O Over f requency relay
83 Automatic selective control or transf er relay
85 Carrier or pilot wire receive relay
86 Tripping Relay
87 Dif f erential relay
87G Generator dif f erential relay
87G T Overall dif f erential relay
87U UAT dif f erential relay
87NT Restricted earth f ault relay
95 Trip circuit supervision relay
99 Over f lux relay
186A Auto reclose lockout relay
186B Auto reclose lockout relay
Relays f or Transmission and Dist ribut ion Lines prot ect ion
No Line Protection
1 400 KV Main-I: Non switched or Numerical Distance Scheme
Transmission
Line Main-II: Non switched or Numerical Distance Scheme
2 220 KV Main-I : Non switched distance scheme (Fed f rom Bus PTs)
Transmission
Line Main-II: Switched distance scheme (Fed f rom line CVTs) With a changeover
f acility f rom bus PT to line CVT and vice-versa
3 132 KV Main Protection: Switched distance scheme (f ed f rom bus PT ).
Transmission
Line Backup Protection: 3 Nos. directional IDMT O/L Relays and
1 No. Directional IDMT E/L relay.
4 33 KV Lines Non-directional IDMT 3 Over Current and 1 Earth Fault relays
5 11KV Line Non-directional IDMT 2 Over Current and 1 Earth Fault relays
References:
- Handbook of Switchgear – Bhel
- Digital/Numerical Relays - T.S.M. Rao
