THE REPORT OF PRACTICUM

ORGANIK CHEMISTRY II
EXPERIMENT VI
ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS

BY:
HULTIA HARIANI
E1M 010 015

CHEMISTRY EDUCATION

FACULTY TEACHER TRAINING AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

MATARAM UNIVERSITY
2012
 EXPERIMENT IV
ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS
A. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRACTICUM
1. Aim’s of practicum : -study some properties of alcohols and phenols.
-distinguish between primary alcohols, secondary, and
tertiery.
2. Day, date of practicum : Wednesday, 13 June 2012.
3. Place of practicum : chemical laboratory, FKIP Mataram University.
B. THEORETICAL BASES
Derivatives of hydrocarbon molecules containing one hydroxyl group (-OH) or
more in exchange for the hydrogen atom is known as alcohol. Tersederhana alcohol
derived from alkanes and contain only one hydroxyl group per molecule. These
compounds have the general formula ROH, with R is an alkyl group with formation
CnH2n +1. (Keenan, 1986).
Compounds can be said of alcohol or alkanol alkane enyawa one H atom was
replaced with the-OH group (hydroxyl). Alcohol is the R-OH wherein R is an alkyl
group. Alcohol class of compounds can also be written CnH2n + 1-OH. (Ghalib, 2010).
Naming of alcohol can be done in two ways: name-trivial given the name of the
alkyl alcohol (alcohol as the principal name and the carbon chain as a group). The second
way is based on systematic name, systematic name given the suffix "ol" is used in which
the-OH group attached to-OH position of the tip of the smallest numbered carbon chains
he is bound. Nomenclature system, in addition to those mentioned above is to assume that
all names are derived from alcohol is called carbinol methanol. (Tim Lecturer, 2004).
C. EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIALS
1. Equipments:
a. test tube
b. drop pipette
c. measure glass
2. Materials :
a. methanol
b. n-hexane
c. amyl alcohol
d. phenol
e. Na2CO3
 f. NaHCO3
g. acetic acid
h. FeCl3
i. aquades
D. PROCEDURE
A. Water Solubilty and n-Hexane
1. 0.5 mL distilled water was taken and put into a test tube, and added a drop of
methanol.

2. 0,5 mL distilled n-hexane was taken and put into a test tube, and added a drop of
methanol.

3. Repeated using other alcohols (methanol is replaced with amyl alcohol and
phenol).

B. Some Reaction to Alcohol and Phenol

a. The Reaction with Na2CO3 and NaHCO3
1. 0.5 mL distilled Na2CO3 and put into a test tube, and added 1 mL amyl
alcohol. Then shaken and left for 3-5 minutes. Observe and note the changes
that occur!
2. 0.5 mL distilled Na2CO3 and put into a test tube, and added 1 mL phenol. Then
shaken and left for 3-5 minutes. Observe and note the changes that occurhat
occur!
3. 0.2 mL distilled Na2CO3 and put into test tube, and added 1 mL acetic acid.
Then shaken and left for 3-5 minutes. Observe and note the changes!
4. Repeated steps 1,2 and 3 by replacing Na2CO3 solution with NaHCO3.
b. Reaction with FeCl3
1. 1 mL distilled methanol and put into test tube and added some drops FeCl3.
2. repeated by replacing methanol with amyl alcohol and phenol.
E. THE RESULT OF OBSERVATION
- (Attached)
F. DATA ANALYZE
1. Solubility in water and n-hexane
a. methanol + water
-
H3C OH + H2O H3C O + H O+
3

b. methanol + n-hexane
H
-
CH3 + CH 2
H3C OH + H3C H3C O H + H3C

c. amyl alcohol + water

H3C OH + H O
2 Tidak larut
d. amyl alcohol + n-hexane
H3C OH + H C CH3
3 Tidak larut

e. phenol + water
-
OH O
+
+ H2O + H3O

f. phenol + n-hexane
OH

+ H3C CH3 Tidak larut

2. Several reaction of alcohol and phenol

a. Amyl alcohol + Na2CO3
2 H3C OH + Na CO ONa + CO 2 + H O
2 3 2 H3C 2

b. Phenol + Na2CO3
OH ONa

2 + Na 2CO 3 2 CO 2 + H2O
+

c. Acetic acid + Na2CO3

O O

2 H3C C OH + Na 2CO 3 2 H3C C ONa + CO 2 + H2O

d. Amyl alcohol + NaHCO3

 H3C OH + NaHCO ONa CO 2 + H2O
3 H3C +

e. Phenol + NaHCO3

OH ONa

+ NaHCO 3 + CO 2 + H2O

f. Acetic acid + NaHCO3

O O

H3C C OH + NaHCO 3 H3C C ONa CO 2 + H2O

+

g. Methanol + FeCl3
3 H3C OH + FeCl 3 3 H3C Cl + Fe(OH) 3
h. Amyl alcohol + FeCl3

3 H3C OH Cl
+ FeCl 3 3 H3C + Fe(OH) 3

i. Phenol + FeCl3

OH O O
Fe
3 + FeCl 3
O + 3HCl

G. DISCUSSION
Alcohol is a group of organic compounds that are quite popular and in general
molecular formula can be written as R-OH, with R, are alkyl groups and hydroxy
groups,-OH, as a functional group. Phenol has a structure similar to alcohol but its
function group attached directly to the aromatic ring, and with A-(for aryl) phenol then
the formula is written as Ar-OH. Alcohol is divided into three groups, namely primary
alcohols, secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols.
In the experimental solubility in water and n-hexane, methanol is the result
obtained when reacted with water will produce a solution in which methanol is soluble in
water. Methanol when reacted with n-hexane also will produce a solution. In contrast to
the methanol-soluble in water and n-hexane, amyl alcohol when reacted with water to
form two layers, the layer beneath a coating such as oil and amyl alcohol are at the top.
Similar results were obtained when reacted with n-hexane, only amyl alcohol layer at the
 bottom and a layer of oil as being at the top. This show does not dissolve when amyl
alcohol is reacted with water and n-hexane. Moderate to phenol when treated with water
to form a solution. But inversely when phenol is reacted n-hexane in which the phenol is
fused or not soluble in n-hexane.
Either alcohol or phenol should be acting (soluble) in water. This is because the
alcohol and phenol both have-OH groups that are polar, so it can dissolve in water is also
polar. But based on the experimental amyl alcohol can not be dissolved, can occur due to
mistakes iini of praktikan. And for alcohol-phenol reaction with n-hexane, phenol
insoluble. karen phenol is due to be nonpolar.
In the reaction of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 experimental results obtained are
insoluble in amyl alcohol Na2CO3 and produces two layers are not mixed with each other.
but when amyl alcohol is reacted with NaHCO3 to form a clear colorless solution. While
for phenols when reacted with Na2CO3 or NaHCO3 to form two layers are not mixed with
each other. Another case with acetic acid, these compounds are capable of when reacted
with Na2CO3 and NaHCO3, able to dissolve in it .
Amyl alcohol should not be able to react with Na2CO3 or NaHCO3. phenol can
react with the second reagent. as well as acetic acid. acetic acid as a comparison here.
Acetic acid is a weak acid, therefore it can react with both these reagents, so it should be
with phenol.
In the experimental results obtained by the reaction with FeCl3 is reacted with
methanol in an FeCl3 dissolved in FeCl3, the color of a methanol solution initially became
clear yellow color due to mixing of methanol with phenol which has an initial yellow
color. Phenols when reacted with FeCl3 will dissolve in FeCl3. Methanol to form a
brownish yellow solution, and phenol to form a solution of concentrated purple. This
color is seen when some time after the solution of (phenol + FeCl3) silenced for a
moment, where the color of the solution when mixed with black and gray that is causing
the smell like medicine or disinfectant.
FeCl3 actually do not react with amyl alcohol and methanol, but the preformance
experiments conducted FeCl3 reacts with alcohol. This can happen because the materials
used are not good, used equipment is not clean and pemipetan a less thorough.
H. CONCLUSION AND ADVICE
1. Conclusion
Based on the experiment some conclusions can be drawn, including:
a. Methanol and phenol soluble in water, but amyl alcohol insoluble.
 b. Phenol insoluble in n-hexane because n-hexane is nonpolar
c. phenol and acetic acid is a weak acid, is a menyebakannya can react with Na2CO3
and NaHCO3.
d. FeCl3 can react with methanol and phenol.
e. FeCl3 actually do not react with amyl alcohol and methanol, but the preformance
experiments conducted FeCl3 reacts with alcohol
2. Advice
-
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Keenan, W. Charles. 1986. Chemistry For University Edition VI. Erlangga: Jakarta.
Ghalib, Achmad Kholish. 2010. Book Smart Chemistry. Jakarta:
Powerbooks.
Tim Lecturer of Organic Chemistry. 2004. "Wizard of Organic Chemistry". Department of
Pharmacy. University Hasannuddin.
 THE REPORT OF PRACTICUM
ORGANIK CHEMISTRY II
EXPERIMENT I
GENERAL REACTION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP

BY:
HULTIA HARIANI
E1M 010 015

CHEMISTRY EDUCATION

FACULTY TEACHER TRAINING AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

MATARAM UNIVERSITY
2012
 EXPERIMENT I
GENERAL REACTION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP
A IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRACTICUM
1. Aim’s of practicum : to provide experience to students of functional gugs
reactions and functional group capable of applying
these tests to identify a sample of organic
compounds.
2. Day, date of practicum : Wednesday, 13 june 2012.
3. Place of practicum : Chemical laboratory FKIP Mataram University.
B. THEORETICAL BASSES
The function group is standing in the chemical reactivity of molecules of the
group of compounds with specific functional groups showed symptoms of the same
reaction. Appropriate reaction to the similarity of symptoms, it can be grouped on the
grouping of compounds (Fessenden.1986).
Derivatives of hydrocarbons with a carbon atom having the end of the double
bond to oxygen and a hydroxyl group are called carboxylic acids derived from the alkane
hydrocarbons having the general formula stating that there RCO2H carboxyl
group (Brady, 1994).
Ketones having the same group with the aldehyde carbonyl group, but the ketone
has two alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl group. Identification of ketones, especially
acetone can use Rothera test (Fessenden, 1986).
Ketones and aldehydes are a large family or two classes of organic compounds
consisting of carbonyl groups (<= 0). A ketone has two alkyl groups and one hydrogen
atom is composed of a carbon-carbon.

O O O

C C C
R R H H
Karbonil keton aldehid
Ketones and aldehydes have similarities in structure and properties they have. Here there
is a difference in how the particles in the reaction of oxidizing agents present in the
nucleus and the nucleus (Wade, 1987).
C. TOOLS AND MATERIALS
1. Tools :
a. test tube
b. drop pipette
c. beaker glass
d. measure glass
e. analytical balance
f. dilution flask
g. spatula
h. volume pipette
i. hotplate

2. Materials :
a. KMnO4
b. cyclohexane
c. NaHCO3
d. Benzoic acid
e. NaOH
f. acetone
g. iodine
h. HCl
i. anilina
j. diethyl ether
k. dichloromethan
l. cyclohexene

D. PROCEDURE
1. The double bonding carbons
a. 0.01 M KMnO4 solution 1 mL was taken and put into test tube.
b. added 2 drops of cyclohexane and the observed changes
c. experiment were repeated using cyclohexene
2. The carbonyl group
a. carboxylic acid
 NaHCO3 solution 1 mL was taken and put into test tube
  Heated to the saturated point
 Benzoic acid was added 2-3 points
 Observed the changes!

b. ketone

 1 M 1 mL NaOH was taken and put into test tube and added a drop acetone
 then added dropwise until the iodine color disappeared, and not surprisingly let
stand
 and then added a few drops of NaOH until the color disappeared
2. amino group
a. 1 mL of 2M HCl was added 2 drops of aniline.
b. observed the changes!
4. Compound containing oxygen
a. One grain of iodine incorporated into the test tube.
b. added 0.5 mL of dichloromethane.
c. and then added 1 drop of diethyl ether.
d. observed the changes!
E. THE RESULT OF OBSERVATION
-(Attached).
F. DATA ANALYSIS
1. Reaction equation
 Reaction with Permanganate

+ 2KMnO 4 + 4H 2O

HO
OH
+ 2KMnO 4 + 4H 2O + 2MnO 2 + 2KOH

 Carboxylic Acid
O O

C C
OH + NaHCO 3 ONa + H2CO 3

 Kheton
 O O
3I 2 + H3C C 3HI + CI 3 C
CH3 CH3
O O

C C
OH + NaHCO 3 ONa + H2CO 3

 Amino group
H
H
N + H
H N
+ HCl H -
+ Cl

G. DISCUSSION
The function group is standing in the chemical reactivity of molecules of the
group of compounds with specific functional groups showed symptoms of the same
reaction. Appropriate reaction to the similarity of symptoms, it can be grouped on the
grouping of compounds. Compounds can be grouped by function groups, such as alcohol
(having a hydroxyl group), ethers, aldehydes, ketones (having the carbonyl group),
carboxylic acids (having a carboxyl group), and esters.
In "the general reaction of functional groups", which was performed in the
experiment is a double bond carbons, the carbonyl group using carboxylic acids and
ketones, amino group, and compounds containing oxygen. While the compound
functional groups such as carboxyl groups and aldehide not done the experiment due to a
material that does not comply.
The first experimental test double bond carbon-carbon by reaction with
permanganate. Initial purple color of KMnO4 and start transparent color cyclohexene,
having mixed the colors to brown. The color is mixed with cyclohexane clear after
KMnO4 purple mixture and the solution was as greasy and there is a layer.
catalyst, ie, KMnO4, other than as a catalyst can also be used KMnO4 as a reagent to
demonstrate the presence of hydrocarbons, seen from the type-carbon double bond. As is
known from basic theory that a single type of bond is a type of saturated hydrocarbons,
and to the double bond is a type of unsaturated hydrocarbons., The unsaturated
hydrocarbons, multiple copies, can react with the reagents KMnO4, but the saturated
hydrocarbons , single copies can not react as well as oxidised by the manganate (VII). the
lab permanganate with cyclohexene brown due to manganate (VII) is a powerful
oxidizing agent, which indicates the occurrence of reaction with KMnO 4 and proficiency
level can be identified that the sample is a hydrocarbon compound unsaturated double
double. on observation of permnganat and cyclo hexane solution was colored with the
purple color of KMnO4, so it can be indicated that not happen reagents react with
KMnO4, and may also be indicated that cyclohexane is a saturated hydrocarbon
compound, a single double.
Carboxylic acid color test NaHCO3 solution is clear and there is a white
precipitate. Heated for 10 seconds no change, when added to one grain of benzoic acid,
benzoic acid dissolves the surrounding bubbles contained benzoic acid.Hydrogen atom
(H) at the carboxyl group (C6H5COOH) in benzoic acid can be released as an ion H +
(proton), thus providing the acidic nature. Sodium bicarbonate as an additional function
of making cakes. NaHCO3 if treated with any solution will produce gas bubbles.
Fehling solution after reaction with Fehling solution A + B mixed produces a dark
blue color, because it consisted of Fehling A and Fehling B CuSO4 solution consisting of
sodium potassium nitrate and sodium hydroxide, and the two are mixed with an equal
volume. Solution mixture after adding 1 drop of acetaldehyde did not change color. After
15 minutes the solution was heated at the bottom there are deposits of red and dark green
color lartan. Heating purposes because of Fehling solution is less stable in solution with a
low temperature. The color change occurs because the compound is oxidized to
aldehydes and carboxylic acids to form a red precipitate.
Ketone reaction with iodoform test This test is performed to determine whether or
not an ionized aldehyde and ketone to a mixture of NaOH and acetone translucent color,
when mixed with iodine changed to yellow brown, then turn into a greenish brown, after
settling into the green again and there are deposits of green pale. After the NaOH added
dropwise and the solution becomes benig there gel.
Identify the amino group by reacting with aniline HCl so that when mixed with
aniline would clot in HCl solution, indicating that aniline is soluble in HCl. This is
because aniline've got more than 5 C atoms which makes the solubility decreases. And
when added to HCl, aniline can be dissolved, this is due to NH that is alkaline will tend to
react with the acid (HCl).
 The last is iodine plus 0.5 ml DCM produces a red color, after the addition of
diethyl ether 1tetes, the red color becomes more concentrated and the solution becomes
less and less. Iodine is not dissolved and the solution runs out. Oxygen-containing
compounds such as ethers, for example, will form a complex with iodine. Color changes
to brown indicates a positive reaction to ether. Because the results are not obtained
brownish color as it should, then the result is that we can not react.

H. CONCLUSION AND ADVICE

1. Conclusion

According to the observation,data analyze,and explanation we can conclude that :

a. Permnganat and cyclo hexane solution was colored with the purple color of
KMnO4, cyclohexane is a saturated hydrocarbon compound, a single bond.
b. And cyclohexene has a double bond due to its color of mixture is brown and it
react with permanganat.
c. Sodium bicarbonate if direaksilkan with benzoic acid will produce a milky white
color and there are gas bubble
d. Ketone reaction with iodoform test results deposits of green pale and After the
NaOH added dropwise and the solution becomes benig there gel.
e. Aniline dissolved in HCl 5%.
f. Because the results are not obtained brownish color as it should, then the result
is that we can not react

2. Advice
-
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Brady, James. 1994. University Chemistry-Principle and Structure (5th Edition, Volume to-1).
Erlangga : Jakarta.
Fessenden, Ralph J. 1986. Organic Chemistry (2nd Edition). Willard Grant Press Publisher,
USA.
Wade, L. G. Jr, 1987. Organic Chemistry. PrenticeHall Inc, USA.
 THE REPORT OF PRACTICUM
ORGANIK CHEMISTRY II
EXPERIMENT III
MAKING ACETATE ALKYL

BY:
HULTIA HARIANI
E1M 010 015

CHEMISTRY EDUCATION

FACULTY TEACHER TRAINING AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

MATARAM UNIVERSITY
2012
 EXPERIMENT III
MAKING ACETATE ALKYL
A. IMPLEMENTATION OF PRACTICUM
1. Aim’ of practicum : to studied reaction of acetate alkyl esterification
from alcohol alkyl.
2. Day, date of practicum : Wednesday, 13 june 2012.
3. Place of practicum : chemical laboratory FKIP Mataram University.
B. TEORETICAL BASSES
Esters may be prepared by an equilibrium reaction between an alcohol and an
acid carbon. Esters are named according to the group of alkyl alcohols and then alkanoat
(part of carbonic acid). For example, the reaction between methanol and acid methyl ester
grain grain yield C3H7-COO-CH3 as well as water. The simplest is H-COO-CH3, methyl
metanoat. Because the acid esters of higher alkanes call with - oat the suffix. In general,
esters of aromatic acids include benzoic acid such as methyl benzoate (Anonymous,
1995).
Naming the ester is almost like the naming of the base; although not really have
cations and anions, but similar in nature is more electropositive and electronegativity. An
ester can be created as a reaction product of compaction in an acid (usually an organic
acid) and an alcohol (or mixture of carbolic acid), although there are other ways to form
the ester. Compaction is a type of chemical reaction in which two molecules to work
together and eliminating a small molecule, in this case the two OH groups that are the
result of elimination of a molecule of water (Clark, 2002).
A solidification reaction to form an ester is called esterification. Esterification
can be catalyzed by the presence of H + ions. Sulfuric acid is often used as a catalyst for
this reaction. Name of the ester derived from the German Essig-ather, an ancient name
for the calling ethyl acetate ester (ethyl acetate) (Anshory, 2003).
As most of the reactions of aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acid esterification
proceeds through a series of protonation and the detonation phase. Carbonyl oxygen is
protonated, the nucleophilic attack of alcohol positive carbon and elimination of water
will produce the intended ester such as the following brief comments: (Fessenden, 1982).
H3C-COOH + HO-CH2-CH3→H3C-COO-CH2-CH3 + H2O

C. TOOLS AND MATERIALS

1. Tools :
 a. Measure glass
b. Drop pipette
c. Destilat equipment
d. Separating funnel
e. Thermometer
f. Beaker glass
g. Analytical balance
h. Pumpkin reflux
i. Hotplate
j. Spatula
2. Materials :
a. H2SO4
b. Acetic acid
c. Aquades
d. NaHCO3
e. MgSO4
f. n-buthanol
g. alumuniumfoil
D. PROSEDURE
1. added 10 mL of n-butanol into the flask under reflux, was added 7 mL of
concentrated H2SO4 and 30 mL glacial acetic acid. then performed refluksi
2. refluksi carry out for ½ hours.
3. Then destilated at temperature ±70oC for 2,5 hours.
4. Distillate collected in beaker
5. Added distillate into separation funnel, was added 30 mL water and shaked.
6. Ester layer is located at the top are separated
7. Added 25 mL water into other separation funnel, was added 7 mL NaHCO3 and
shaked.
8. Ester layer was separated and take placed in beaker glass.
9. Ester added 2 gram MgSO4 and shaken, then filtered.
10. The resulting residue is then weighed and calculated yield obtained.

E. THE RESULT OF OBSERVATION

- (Attached).
F. DATA ANALYSIS
1. Equation reaction
ESTERIFICATION MECHANISM:
a. Phase 1, the protonation.
+ -
O H , HSO 4 +
OH
H3C C OH
H3C OH

b. Phase 2, the nucleophilic addition of alcohols to carbonyl group.

OH
+ .. CH3
HO H3C OH
.. +
HO O
H3C C OH
CH3 H

c. Phase 3, the loss of a proton from the group OR '.

OH
CH3 + OH
+ -H CH3
HO O
H HO O
CH3
2- CH3
SO4
d. Phase 4, protonation of one-OH group to form the protonated hydroxyl group.
.. H +
H
:OH + O
H
CH3 CH3
HO O HO O
CH3 CH3
e. Phase 5, the loss of ester groups become protonated H2O.
H H
+
O
H CH3 CH3
+ + H2O
O O HO C O

CH3 CH3

f. Phase 6, the protonated ester has lost a proton, resulting ester.

H CH3 +
+ -H CH3
O C O
O C O
CH3
CH3
Butil asetat
G. DISCUSSION
In chemistry, esters are organic blend with the symbol R 'which replaces a
hydrogen atom or more. Acid esters are also formed with an unorganized basis; for
example, dimethyl sulfate, also called "sulfuric acid, dimethyl ester". A carboxylic acid
ester group-containing CO2R with R can be alkyl or aryl-shaped. an ester can be prepared
by esterification reaction. Esterification reaction is an ester-forming reaction with a direct
reaction between a carboxylic acid with an alcohol. The rate of esterification of a
carboxylic acid depends on the steric hindrance in the alcohol and acid karboksilatnya.
Stronger acid than carboxylic acid plays only a minor role in the rate of ester formation.
At this time of trial with the aim of studying the alkyl acetate esterification
reaction of alkyl acetates from alkyl alcohol.
For the first step in this experiment were n-butanol mixed with concentrated
sulfuric acid. after the addition of concentrated sulfuric acid is the color of n-butanol
which was originally clear to yellowish, is influenced by the concentration of sulfuric
acid is added to the n-butanol. the reflux flask where mixing the two solutions is also
tersa accompanied with steaming hot out of the reflux flask. This indicates that the
exothermic reaction occurred on mixing n-butano with this concentrated sulfuric acid.
where an exothermic reaction is a reaction to the release of heat from the system
environment on a trial marked by heat reflux flask after mixing. last glacial acetic acid
was added to the mixture, so the color laruta such as cooking oil. addition of acetic acid
in n-butanol to carry out the esterification reaction of AS objectives in this experiment.
where as described above, the esterification reaction is a reaction that occurs between the
alcohol with acetic acid. sulfuric acid in the mixture serves as the catalyst for an
esterification reaction duration.
Refluksi then performed on the mixture for half an hour. in the fourth minute, the
color becomes the color of tea mixture and more and more intense as the red on red wine,
and smell like the aroma of wine causes well. but after the mixture refluxed for a sweet
smell like alcohol. smell the aroma of wine when the process is one of the characteristics
refluksi ester solution. As we all know, esters possess a scent like the smell of fruit.
Extraction is performed after the distillation process. where the extraction of two
layers visible. At the top of the solution and the bottom of the pink colored nodes. ester is
at the top of the pink.
H. CONCLUSION AND ADVICE
1. Conclusion
Based on observations, data analysis and discussion can be drawn several conclusions,
among which:
a. Esterification reaction is a reaction that occurs between the alcohol with a
carboxylic acid.
b. Ester formation is known from experiments on wine aroma that wafted in aproses
refluksi.
c. The extraction, the ester is at the top and pink.
d. The reaction between n-butanol with acetic acid is butyl acetate.

2. Advice
-
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonim. 1995. Indonesian Pharmacopoeia Fourth Edition. Department of Health

Republic of Indonesia: Jakarta.
Anshory, H. Irfan.2003. Chemistry Lesson Reference. Erlangga: Jakarta.
Clark, Jim, 2002 (modified 2004). the Mechanism for the Esterification Reaction.
http://www.chemguiede.co.uk/organicprops/estermenu.html1#top.
Fessenden, Ralph J and Joan S Fessenden, 1982. Organic Chemistry. Erlangga: Jakarta.
 PAPER OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF A SAMPEL

MAKING CHLOROFORM, AND
MAKING ACID 2,4,6-TRINITROFENOL PIKRAT

BY:
HULTIA HARIANI
E1M 010 015

CHEMISTRY EDUCATION

FACULTY TEACHER TRAINING AND SCIENCE EDUCATION

MATARAM UNIVERSITY
2012
 PAPER
STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF A SAMPEL

Synthesis and purification of materials is not the final goal for chemists. Which should
be defined is the structure of the material that has been synthesized and purified. This stage is
sometimes difficult Palin merupaka stage. It must be admitted that until the latter half of the
20th century, chemists were not equipped with enough tools to mengataso this difficulty.
Some chemists propose a structure that is not appropriate even for a few years. However, the
situation changed drastically since developed a variety of spectroscopic techniques. NMR
(Nuclear magnetic resonance) method in particular is highly superior to other methods. For
crystalline solids, X-ray crystallographic analysis proved very useful.
Method of determining the structure changed drastically in the mid-20th century.
Traditional method, though simple, is very time consuming and difficult in practice: so, first
the structure of newly synthesized compounds are assumed, and then a particular route is
designed to convert these compounds into compounds that are known. Alteration that may
require several stages. Throughout the structural changes caused by each stage are identified,
a successful conversion to a known compound is a testament to the assumed structure. Should
be added that the reaction was chosen for the conversion of the reaction involves only the
functional groups and not the molecular framework.
Here are some ways that can be done to determine the structure of a sample:
a. Mixed melting point test
Before the mid-there are 20, the main procedure in determining the structure of organic
compounds is to prove that the compound is identical with the known compounds. This
evidence is mainly achieved by a mixture melting point test (test mixture). This method is
based on the principle that the highest melting point of the solid when the solid is pure.
When the two samples A and B have the same melting point, then determined the melting
point of pure A, B pure and mixed a number of equal A and B. When the results of all
three together, it is evident that A and B are identical.
b. The use of derivative solids
When the sample is liquid or gas tangible, mixed melting point method can not be used.
When the sample gas or liquid has a reactive functional group, this sample can be
converted into a solid that may result in a beautiful crystal. Aldehydes and ketones, which
are very important in organic chemistry, tend to be liquid when low molecular m assa. In
such cases these compounds are usually converted into derivatives lewbih easily handled
 solid for structure determination. Reagent which can react with aldehydes and ketones,
such as hydroxylamine NH2OH, and hydrazine NH2NH2 fenilhidrazin C6H5NHNH2.
Sfenilhidrazin famous for the German chemist Emil Fischer (1852-1919) used it
successfully in his research on the topic of sugar.
c. Comparison of physical properties
Other physical properties such as boiling point, refractive index, dipole moment, and the
specific rotation for the optically active compounds can provide useful onformasi. Such
data can provide information pda overall properties of molecules. Sometimes, the nature
of the whole molecule can be a number of different contribution parts of the compound.
Dipole moment for the results perconaan nitrobenzen (3.98 D) and khlorobenzen (1.58
D), the moment dipolnya determined by the electronic properties of functional groups (eg
electronegativity). In discussing the dipole moments of organic compounds, the moment
of CC and CH bonds are assumed zero. So the moment of the compounds were
determined mainly by the moment of bonding function groups.
d. Qualitative reaction
Structure determination of organic compounds usually involves two approaches. In
contrast, structural information obtained by the determination of roughly molecular mass,
elemental analysis, etc.. Likewise, information type and amount of functional groups
must also be obtained. Thus, information about the overall molecule and substituennya
secaraa obtained along.
Prior to the development of spectroscopy, the identification of functional groups depends
mainly on its reactivity. Typical examples are the detection of carbonyl groups (aldehyde
and ketone-CHO-C = O) by using the silver mirror reaction and Fehling test.
Now this method is never used for the detection of aldehydes in any research laboratory.
However, such reactions are still very important educational goals. Furthermore, some
classical RNA wa reaction was used. A good example is the reaction of ninhydrin, which
even now is still very useful for the analysis of amino acids.
 PAPER
MAKING CHLOROFORM
Chloroform is also called haloform caused by bromine and chlorine also reacts with
the metal ketones, which generates each bromoform (CHBr3) and chloroform (CHCl3). This
is called CHX3-or haloform, the reaction is often called the haloform reaction.
Preparation of chloroform: Pengfotokloran methane
According to the haloform reaction:
Alkaline substances + + halogen (halogen + base = or hypochlorite) CHCl3.
Requirement for these substances which have or the oxidation produces CH3COO groups
(acetyl) attached to the atom H or C. Haloform reaction takes place in three levels:
Oxidation
Substitution
Decomposition by alkaline
The nature of the nature of CHCl3:
Fluid
Typical smell
Use of CHCl3:
Solvent for fats, "dry cleaning" and so on. Drug for this purpose: dibubuh ethanol, stored in
brown bottles, filled to the brim.
Compounds such as for example chloroform halokarbon easily made, chlorinated methane
made by chlorination of methane. Chloroform (CHCl3), all did not soluble in water, but it is
an effective solvent for organic compounds. In the manufacture or pensintesaan chloroform to
note several things: the presence of oxygen from the air and sunlight it can be oxidized by
slow chloroform into phosgene (a highly poisonous gas), then to prevent the occurrence of
chloroform, phosgene is then stored in brown bottles are filled and containing 0.5 - 1%
ethanol (to bind the case of phosgene).
Chloroform haloalkane compound is a compound that binds to three halogen atom chlorine
(Cl) in its chain. Dapa chloroform compound made with basic ingredients of organic
compounds having a methyl group (-CH3) is attached to the C atom of carbonyl or hydroxy C
atom of the reagent is reacted with halogens (Cl 2). Some of the compounds that can form
chloroform and other haloform compounds are ethanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, ethanol,
propanone, 2-butanon. Halogenated often run in the explosive and almost without exception
produces a mixture of products, for this reason alone halogenated sometimes used in the
laboratory.
Haloalkane compound structure formed by a process consisting of halogenated carbon sigma
bond - halogen formed by crushing one another a halogen atom and an orbital obital hybrid
carbon atom. A halogen to form a covalent bond and therefore there is no bond angles around
this atom. However, the hybrid orbitals of carbon using the same type to tie halogens,
hydrogen or other carbon atom.
Chloroform which can be from alcohol with chlorinated lime (bleaching powder) through
three levels of reaction, namely:
Oxidation by halogen
CH3CH2OH + Cl2 → CH3CHO
Clorination of the oxidation
CH3CHO + Cl2 → CCl3CHO + HCl
CCl3CHO + Ca(OH)2 → CHCl3 + (HCOO)2Ca
While the reaction with acetone is stronger, resulting in the synthesis process used a slightly
different arrangement of the tool. His reaction is as follows:
CH3COCH3 + 3Cl2 → CCl3COCH3 + 3HCl
CCl3COCH3 + Ca(OH)2 → CHCl3 + (CH3COO)2Ca
Properties of chloroform properties as follows:
• Boiling point 61oC
• Freezing point -6.4 ° C
• The melting point-62oC
• Density 1.45 g / ml
• Colorless
• The liquid smells of a typical
• It is easy to evaporate
• Refractive index 1.4776
• Carcinogenic toxic and hazardous to health
• No flammable
Dangers of chloroform:
 Direct contact causes irritation of the skin and eyes
 Can cause dizziness, fatigue, and infertility
 Can cause liver and kidney damage
 When exposed to light and air, chloroform can be oxidized with a slow form of highly
toxic phosgene.
 MAKING ACID 2,4,6-TRINITROFENOL PIKRAT

Picric acid or strong trinitrofenol older explosives for military use. Currently, almost. It
is interesting that the picric acid salt has been known Alchemists - Alchemy file 1742
described the preparation of lead picrate assay and potassium picrate assay.
Picric acid is yellowish white crystals. Slightly soluble in water 20 ° C in 100 g of water
dissolves 1.1 g TNF, at 100 ° C 7.25 g There is little hydroskopická. It is well soluble in
organic solvents, especially acetone (43 g in 100 g at 25 ° C), methanol (21 g in 100 g at 25 °
C), slightly soluble in sulfuric acid and nitric acid at room temperature, the solubility
increases with with temperature. When heated above the melting point (122.5 ° C) begins
sublime.
Picric acid is acidic in nature. -Acid is relatively stable. With the principles of creating
pikráty (salts of picric acid), a highly sensitive and are among the explosion. With the
increased sensitivity of the growing weight of the metal atom. The metal in the presence of
water or in the liquid state also created pikráty. Picric acid containing dangerous
manipulation. Picric acid also produce esters, for example Trinitroanisol and trinitrofenetol.
Picric more toxic than the aromatic nitrolátky. Single lethal dose for rabbits is about 0.5
grams to 1 kg of live weight, accumulating in the body .. Penetrate the skin, skin, hair, nails,
teeth and saliva on the color yellow. Weak solution of picric acid (0.05%) for half an hour to
kill many bacteria (such as bacteria and typhoid).
This compound is formed by the reaction between phenol and Nitric Acid (HNO3)
sehinggamenghasilkan 2,4,6 Trinitrofenol with the molecular formula C6H2 (NO3) 3OH or
C6H3N3O7. Pikrat acid colored pale yellow, no odor, danberwujud crystals are soluble in
water. These compounds are mainly used in the manufacture of peledakdan use of a
laboratory scale components such as dyes and auxiliary reagents in chemical reactions. In the
reaction, water was added as a desensitizer for acid-soaked pikrat tidakterlalu reactive than
the dry state.

SYNTHESIS OF PIKRAT ACID

Mix 24 mL of phenol and 14 mL of 98-100% sulfuric acid into the bottom of the flask
Florencedan reflux for 6 hours at temperatures of 120 ° C in an oil bath. After the mixture has
cooled, diluted with 46 mL of 72% sulfuric acid. Pour the solution into berukuran500 mL
Erlenmeyer flask, add 175 ml of nitric acid 70% by using a pipette or burette. The addition of
nitric acid will produce a strong reaction and release toxic gas that it took the use of a fume
hood or get out of the room.
When all the acid was added and the reaction has subsided,
the mixture was heated in a steam bath for 2 hours to complete the nitration reaction. After 8-
12 hours, pikrat acid crystals to be separated. These crystals are filtered using filter paper
gelas.Jika not, pour some acid, dilute with water, then filtered by using kertasbiasa. Acid
crystal washing with water and then let it dry in the open air. Untukmemurnikannya, pikrat
acid dissolved in 1 L of boiling water (for every 15 grams of crystal), strain and let cool
slowly.
The mixture was heated in a steam bath for 2 hours to complete the nitration reaction.
After 8-12 hours, pikrat acid crystals to be separated. These crystals are filtered using filter
paper gelas.Jika not, pour some acid, dilute with water, then filtered by using plain paper.
Acid crystal washing with water and then let it dry in the open air. To purify, dissolve pikrat
acid in 1 L of boiling water (for every 15 grams of crystal), strain and let cool slowly.

USE OF ACID PIKRAT

By far the largest use of acid pikrat is as explosives and ammunition. In the field of
metallurgy, pikrat acid commonly used in optical metallography to find batasunit austenite in
steel iron (ferriticsteel s). In the world of medicine is also used to test kreatininmelalui Jaffe
reaction. Measurements carried out on the color formation with spectrocopy method. Selain
used as explosives, acids are also widely used in pikrat kedoketeran world.
The following is examples of its use, generally used for:
 forensic laboratory
 Detection and examination of urine
 Histology examination of such tissue staining, examination of the cytoplasm,
 Manufacture of drugs for malaria, trichinosis, herpes, smallpox, and as antiseptics