Basic
Electricity
EAS
199A
Lecture
Notes
Learning
Objec:ves
Successful
comple:on
of
this
module
will
enable
students
to
• Link
the
basic
model
of
an
atom
to
the
flow
of
electricity
• Apply
the
defini:ons
of
Amp,
Volt,
Coulomb,
Joule,
WaJ
to
unit
conversions
and
basic
problems
involving
current
and
voltage
• Apply
Ohm’s
Law
to
simple
DC
circuits
Defini:on
Electricity
is
a
form
of
energy
resul2ng
from
the
existence
of
charged
par2cles
(such
as
electrons
or
protons),
either
sta2cally
as
an
accumula2on
of
charge
or
dynamically
as
a
current.
Concise
Oxford
English
Dic:onary,
revised
10th
edi:on
Defini:on
Electricity
is
a
form
of
energy
resul2ng
from
the
existence
of
charged
par2cles
(such
as
electrons
or
protons),
either
sta2cally
as
an
accumula2on
of
charge
or
dynamically
as
a
current.
Concise
Oxford
English
Dic:onary,
revised
10th
edi:on
Defini:on
Conductor:
A
conductor
is
a
material
that
readily
allows
the
flow
of
electricity.
A
good
conductor
has
a
high
numerical
value
of
a
conduc2vity,
and
a
low
numerical
value
of
resistance.
Defini:on
Conduc+vity:
All
materials
have
a
measurable
property
called
electrical
conduc:vity
that
indicates
the
ability
of
the
material
to
either
allow
or
impede
the
flow
of
electrons.
Materials
that
easily
conduct
electricity
have
a
high
conduc:vity.
Defini:on
Insulator:
An
insulator
is
a
material
that
tends
to
impede
the
flow
of
electricity.
A
resistor
has
a
low
numerical
value
of
conduc:vity
and
high
numerical
value
of
resistance.
Defini:on
Semiconductor:
A
semiconductor
is
a
material
with
conduc:vity
between
that
of
a
conductor
and
insulator.
The
conduc:vity
of
a
semiconductor
can
be
changed
by
exposing
it
to
an
electrical
field,
light,
mechanical
pressure,
or
heat.
Simplified
Func:onal
Differences
Semiconductors
can
be
used
in
devices
that
act
like
a
switch.
Elements
• Pure
substances
are
made
of
elements.
• An
element
consists
of
atoms
• Atoms
have
a
nucleus
consis:ng
of
protons
and
neutrons
• Electrons
move
in
shells
around
the
nucleus
Elements
• Number
of
protons
determines
the
element
• Number
of
electrons
varies
– State
of
electrical
charge
– Is
the
element
in
a
chemical
bond?
• Number
of
neutrons
varies
with
isotope
GROUP
1
1
IA
1.0079
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS http://www.periodni.com
18 VIIIA
2 4.0026
PERIOD
1 H GROUP NUMBERS GROUP NUMBERS He
IUPAC RECOMMENDATION CHEMICAL ABSTRACT SERVICE
HYDROGEN 2 IIA (1985) (1986) 13 IIIA 14 IVA 15 VA 16 VIA 17 VIIA HELIUM
3 6.941 4 9.0122 13 IIIA 5 10.811 6 12.011 7 14.007 8 15.999 9 18.998 10 20.180
ATOMIC NUMBER 5 10.811 RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS (1)
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
LITHIUM BERYLLIUM
SYMBOL B BORON CARBON NITROGEN OXYGEN FLUORINE NEON
11 22.990 12 24.305 BORON ELEMENT NAME 13 26.982 14 28.086 15 30.974 16 32.065 17 35.453 18 39.948
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
VIIIB
SODIUM MAGNESIUM 3 IIIB 4 IVB 5 VB 6 VIB 7 VIIB 8 9 10 11 IB 12 IIB ALUMINIUM SILICON PHOSPHORUS SULPHUR CHLORINE ARGON
19 39.098 20 40.078 21 44.956 22 47.867 23 50.942 24 51.996 25 54.938 26 55.845 27 58.933 28 58.693 29 63.546 30 65.38 31 69.723 32 72.64 33 74.922 34 78.96 35 79.904 36 83.798
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
POTASSIUM CALCIUM SCANDIUM TITANIUM VANADIUM CHROMIUM MANGANESE IRON COBALT NICKEL COPPER ZINC GALLIUM GERMANIUM ARSENIC SELENIUM BROMINE KRYPTON
37 85.468 38 87.62 39 88.906 40 91.224 41 92.906 42 95.96 43 (98) 44 101.07 45 102.91 46 106.42 47 107.87 48 112.41 49 114.82 50 118.71 51 121.76 52 127.60 53 126.90 54 131.29
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
RUBIDIUM STRONTIUM YTTRIUM ZIRCONIUM NIOBIUM MOLYBDENUM TECHNETIUM RUTHENIUM RHODIUM PALLADIUM SILVER CADMIUM INDIUM TIN ANTIMONY TELLURIUM IODINE XENON
55 132.91 56 137.33 57-71 72 178.49 73 180.95 74 183.84 75 186.21 76 190.23 77 192.22 78 195.08 79 196.97 80 200.59 81 204.38 82 207.2 83 208.98 84 (209) 85 (210) 86 (222)
6 Cs Ba La-Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Lanthanide
CAESIUM BARIUM HAFNIUM TANTALUM TUNGSTEN RHENIUM OSMIUM IRIDIUM PLATINUM GOLD MERCURY THALLIUM LEAD BISMUTH POLONIUM ASTATINE RADON
87 (223) 88 (226) 89-103 104 (267) 105 (268) 106 (271) 107 (272) 108 (277) 109 (276) 110 (281) 111 (280) 112 (285)
7 Fr Ra Ac-Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn
FRANCIUM RADIUM
Actinide RUTHERFORDIUM DUBNIUM SEABORGIUM BOHRIUM HASSIUM MEITNERIUM DARMSTADTIUM ROENTGENIUM COPERNICIUM
LANTHANIDE Copyright © 2010 Eni Generalic
57 138.91 58 140.12 59 140.91 60 144.24 61 (145) 62 150.36 63 151.96 64 157.25 65 158.93 66 162.50 67 164.93 68 167.26 69 168.93 70 173.05 71 174.97
(1) Pure Appl. Chem., 81, No. 11, 2131-2156 (2009)
Relative atomic mass is shown with five La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
significant figures. For elements have no LANTHANUM CERIUM PRASEODYMIUM NEODYMIUM PROMETHIUM SAMARIUM EUROPIUM GADOLINIUM TERBIUM DYSPROSIUM HOLMIUM ERBIUM THULIUM YTTERBIUM LUTETIUM
stable nuclides, the value enclosed in brackets
indicates the mass number of the longest-lived
ACTINIDE
isotope of the element. However three such
elements (Th, Pa, and U) do have a 89 (227) 90 232.04 91 231.04 92 238.03 93 (237) 94 (244) 95 (243) 96 (247) 97 (247) 98 (251) 99 (252) 100 (257) 101 (258) 102 (259) 103 (262)
characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition,
and for these an atomic weight is tabulated. Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
ACTINIUM THORIUM PROTACTINIUM URANIUM NEPTUNIUM PLUTONIUM AMERICIUM CURIUM BERKELIUM CALIFORNIUM EINSTEINIUM FERMIUM MENDELEVIUM NOBELIUM LAWRENCIUM
Periodic
Table:
Copper
Bohr
Model
of
the
atom
(Cu)
Electrical
current
in
a
trivial
circuit
Conductor
+ Battery –
Electrical
current:
atomic
model
+ Battery –
Electrical
Current:
electron
flow
+ Battery –
Electrical
Current:
electron
flow
Electron flow:
negative to
positive
+ Battery –
Electrical
Current:
current
conven:on
Current flow: Electron flow:
positive to negative to
negative positive
+ Battery –
How
many
electrons?
How
many
electrons?
Electrical
current:
poten:al
Electrical
current:
electron
flow
Electrical
current:
conven:on
Defini:on:
Charge
Elementary
charge
1
electron
=
1.602
×
10–19
coulomb
Coulomb
1
coulomb=
6.24
×
1018
electrons
Defini:on:
Current
C
1A = 1
s
18
1 C = 6.24 "10 electrons
!
Defini:on:
Voltage
J
1V = 1
coulomb
!
Voltage
and
electrical
work
e–
A B
If
the
voltage
between
A
and
B
is
one
volt,
then
one
Joule
of
work
is
done
when
6.28
×
1018
electrons
move
from
A
to
B.
Ohm’s
Law
V
V = IR
R
I
Ohm’s
Law
Ohm’s
Law
Ohm’s
Law
Ohm’s
Law
Example:
Current
through
a
light
bulb
A
1.5
volt
AA
baJery
is
wired
to
a
light
bulb
with
a
resistance
of
30
Ω.
a. Sketch
the
components.
b. Draw
the
circuit.
c. Find
the
current
flowing
through
the
light
bulb.
Example:
Current
through
a
light
bulb
A
1.5
volt
AA
baJery
is
wired
to
a
light
bulb
with
a
resistance
of
30
Ω.
a. Sketch
the
components.
Example:
Current
through
a
light
bulb
A
1.5
volt
AA
baJery
is
wired
to
a
light
bulb
with
a
resistance
of
30
Ω.
a. Sketch
the
components.
b. Draw
the
circuit.
Example:
Current
through
a
light
bulb
c. Find
the
current
flowing
through
the
bulb
Apply
Ohm’s
Law
to
the
loop
V
=
I
R
V
and
R
and
known,
so
solve
for
I
I
=
V/R
Subs:tute
the
known
values
and
compute
the
value
of
I
I = 1.5V = 0.05 A = 50 mA
30 !
where
1
A
=
1000
mA.
