= “a Fo i 7 | ® rs 3G S o °Ways in to techno! Nees Reading Studying technology 1 Thetexts describe different ways of studying technology. Work in groups of three. Read one text each and note the information. 1 Which way of studying technology does your text describe? Why did the student choose this way? What kind of courses do the students take? How long does it take to complete their study? What kinds of jobs can they dowhen they complete their studies? wewn 2. Now find out from the others in your group about the texts they have read. a 4) University Cristina is a second-year student of Electronic engineering at university. She decided to study at university because she wants the best choice of career and because she's interested in doing research in digital communications in particular. Most degrees take three years to complete, but some take up to five years because they include periods of work experience. Degrees may have a broad focus, for example Electrical engineering, or focus on a specialized area, such as Power and High-voltage engineering. Cristina’s course is broad-based to start, but she can specialize in digital communications later. Engineering can be studied in combination with other subjects. Cristina is taking German because she wants to spend six months ina German telecommunications company. This work experience will earn her credits towards her degree. ‘There is a wide career choice for graduate Engineers in design, production, quality assurance, and other fields. They may also work in marketing or become managers, Cristina hopes to become a Research Engineer, finding, new and better ways of doing things. Inthis unit @ reading for information and exchanging information with others ‘© speaking about course components © -ing form and to infinitive after certain verbs © ordering and delivering a short talk 8) Technical college Okan isa first-year student at a technical college. He chose to study full time because he wanted to geta qualification before he started work. He thinks that being at college will give him more time to decide exactly which career he wants to follow and that having a qualification first will help him to get the kind of ob he wants. Colleges offer a wide range of vocational qualifications. Courses combine applied science, practical skills, and technical know-how. An Electronics Technician, for example, studies physics to understand the principles of the subject, leas how to find faults inequipment, and acquires a great deal of knowledge about electronic devices and components. Courses also include Communication skills to help students deal with communication at work and with the public. College courses may take a year fora certificate and two years fora diploma. When he graduates, Okan can, start work asa Technician or goon to further study at university, a | Apprenticeship Alessandro has just started as an apprentice Aircraft Fitter with alarge defence industry company. Apprenticeships are a way of combining work with practical training, He chose an apprenticeship because he wanted toleave school and start working and earning money as soonas possible. ‘Today, apprentices combine work, on-the-job training, and part-time study on a day-release basis at a local college, paid for by their employer. Apprenticeships last from one tothree years.In Alessandro’s case, over the next two years he can obtain vocational qualifications to become skilled Technician. He can also study to obtain entrance qualifications forhigher- level studies so he can goon to becomean Aeronautical Engineer.6 Unit? Gadget box Problem-solving 1. Work in pairs. List the questions you expect tofind answered ina description of course in acollege prospectus. EXAMPLES. Which subjects will Istudy? How much will this course cost? How long will the course last? Moodle isa course management system (CMS)~a free, Open, Source software package designed tohelp educators create effective online learning communities. The Moodle approach to education emphasizes that learners (and not just teachers) can contribute to the educational experience in many ways. What software packages doyou use in yourlearning? 3 With the help ofthe text, explain these terms, 1 vocationally-focused conventional entry requirements work-based leaming in-course assessments 2 3 4. priorknowledge 5 6 sustained growth 2. Now study the course description. Each section begins witha question, as in the examples. Fill in the questions 1 What does this course involve? / Who is this course for?/What are the course aims? This course is a vocationally- focused higher education qualification. It provides the high level of technical skills that will be needed by many organizations. Foundation Degree: for learners from a backgrounds, including those who have work experience but do not have conventional entry requirements. = The Foundation Degree in ‘Computing (Web Technologies) will include IT Applications (Access and Excel), System Design, User Support, and Professional Studies. Additional ‘modules enable particular specialisms to be developed. ‘These include Website Development, Visual Programming, Database Systems, Networks and Communications, and Website Management. 3 ‘The course is delivered using tutor-led classes, workshops, practical sessions, and tutorials. Additional support is given when requested. For the two-year course: students ‘must have at least one year of experience in related employment and an employer who is wil support them by providing suitable work-based learning Projects and academic ‘monitoring. Prior knowledge of ‘computing is helpful but not essential. The programme of study requires you to study twelve modules over two or three years. eck _ auld ‘Studying over two years requires. attendance for one day per week from 9 a.m. till9 p.m. with breaks. ‘©Darlingten Coiege 2006. Adapted from online prospects Allunits are assessed and graded. ‘Most units involve in-course assessments. Systems Design and Networks and ‘Communications are assessed by ‘examination. To be awarded a Foundation Degree, you must pass a minimum of ten modules. Further study: The Foundation Degree in Computing (Web Technologies) has been designed to enable successful students to progress tothe final stage of the University’s Honours Degree in Computer Studies should they wish to do so. This would involve just one more year of full- time study or two years of parttime study. career: ‘A Foundation Degree opens up the possibility of acareerin a wide range of areas throughout commerce, industry, entertainment, and the public sector. There is sustained growth in employment prospects for all IT specialists. rr”1 Before you listen to Stuart Cole, an Engineering Apprentice, look at € in Reading on p55. Try to predict the answers to these questions. 1 How does he spend his working week? 2. Howlong will his apprenticeship last? 3. What sorts of skills will he acquire? 2. Nowlistenand check your answers. 3G) Listen again and answer these questions. 1 What does Stuart's company make? 2 What stage in his apprenticeship is Stuart at? 3. Whyis there alot of paperwork? 4 Why do you think he has two daysa week at college now? When does he study? 6 How much studying does he do? What are the attractions of becominga team leader? 4 @ Workin pairs. Listen to what Stuart says in the last section of the recording (from ‘Ilike learning ..’).Help each other to make a complete and accurate version. Then compare with the Listening script on p.124. Ways intotechnology 7 e Language spot -ing form and to infinitive © Study these examples: She started working and earning money. He's interested in doing research Research Engineers find new and better ways of doing things She wanted to leave school. He wanted togeta qualification Hedecided to study. © We use the -ing form after prepositions and after certain verbs, for example: avoid keep (on) suggest enjoy practise finish stop © We use the to infinitive after certain verbs, for example: afford decide mean ain hope promise choose learn want © With some verbs, we can use both the -ing form and the to infinitive with little change of meaning, for example begin intend prefer continue like start hate love >> Goto Grammar reference p.114 1 Fillthe gaps from an interview with an apprentice. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1 Ididn’tenjoy (study) very much. 2. But Iwas always good at (work) with my hands. lenjoyed working on motorbike engines. 3 Ilearned__(repair) electrical equipment with my father’s help. 4 He suggested college. 5 ButIwanted as possible after school 6 Idecided. (apply) foran apprenticeship with a local company. (take) a course at (start) work as soon8 Unit? Scientistsinvestigate that which alreadyis.Engineers create that which never was. Albert Einstein 2 Use the correct form of the verbs to complete the gaps in these sentences about jobs in technology. become do connect maintain cut make design measure repair transfer manufacture tun 1 Maintenance Technicians are responsible for and___equipment ina factory. 2. Estimators calculate the costs of. and____aproduct. 3 Research Engineers find new and better ways of Se aie, 4 Fitters are responsible for____ new equipment to the network 5 Design Engineers aim plans. 6 Control Engineers attempt___ and regulate all the variables in a system, ideas into 7. Production Engineers plan inthe most efficient way. 8 They lookat ways of. costs. 9 SomeEngineersdecide______to marketing, 10 Others choose things production managers. Pronunciation Unstressed syllables Study the Glossary entry for the word environmental onp.132.In addition to giving its meaning it tells you how to pronounce the word. The stressed syllable of the word comes after /. When we stress asyllable, we say it more clearly; we take a little longer to say it and we pronounce the vowel sound fully. 1 @ Listento the nouns in the completed Vocabulary table. Marktthe stressed syllable in each word witha / Note that sometimes the stressed syllable shifts in related verbs, nouns, and adjectives. For example: ‘mechanic /ma'kzentk/ mechanism /mekanizam/ Vocabulary Word families Fill in the missing words. All the words are used in this unit. Verb Adjective Noun transmit - perform - propel - - electricity install - regulation develop - maintain - specialize - qualify - - medicine 2 environment Inunstressed syllables, the vowel sounds are weak. In the Glossary these are marked with /a. This is one of the commonest sounds in English. Note the /a/ sound in environmental: /mn,varran'mentl/ @ Listento the nouns in the Vocabulary table. Underline the weak /o/ vowel sounds.Make your point Ordering a presentation The first step in preparing any talk is to make notes of the things you want to say and to put these notes in the best order. Read the advice from Lee Avatar. 1 Decide what is the best order to present these points in a student talk on hybrid cars. a Whyare hybrid cars becoming popular? __ How isthe battery charged? _ Whatisahybridcar? _ Whenare both theengineand motor used? __ The future of hybrid cars Whenisthe petrol engine used? __ Some popularmakes ___ The twobasictypes 1 Whenisthe electricmotor used? o sm ha nn ‘Now make notes about your course for a one-minute talk Practise your talk in a group of three. Ask the other students at least one question after their talks. Ways intotechnology 9 Nee Checklist Assess your progress in this statements which are true. unit. Tick (7) the Icanuse the ng form and toinfinitive after certain verbs Icanwork out the meaning of words from context I can recognize the difference between stressed and unstressed syllables Ican order and delivera short talk My reading and listening are good enough to understand most of each text in this unit SR oS Key words Adjectives aeronautical environmental skilled Nouns apprentice degree know-how marketing media paperwork production costs qualification quality assurance work experience Verbs earn money find faults Note here anything about how English is used in technology that is new to you.10 Unit2 Switch on 1 Lookat the pictures of some famous agricultural inventions. Match the pictures A-D with the inventions 14, What do you think they were used for? Which one do you think was invented first? 1 barbed wire (invented by Joseph Glidden) 2. cotton gin (invented by Eli Whitney) 3. reaper (invented by Cyrus McCormick) 4 seed drill (invented by Jethro Tull) 2. Read the texts and write the name of the invention on thelines. _——_——— ‘When seed was scattered by hand, it was often eaten by birds or failed to germinate ‘This horse-drawn machine made a hole and planted seeds automatically in This mechanical device removes the seeds, hulls, bres, a pro which had been very labour-intensive befor The invention of this straight rows, so reducing, implement quickly led to the amountof waste. further industrial a inventions for producing fabric, such as spinning and weaving machines. This machine for harvesting was the first step in the mechanization of farm ee ‘work. The first version cut As the American frontie standing grain mechanically moved westwards durin and two men swept the the 19th century, there grain into piles. twas five wasa shortage of wooden times faster than cutting by rails and stone, Asaresult, hand. Amore advanced there was a need for an ‘machine could also tie the alternative material for grain into bundles. Itwas icing structures. This ‘eventually replaced by the allowed large modern combine harvester areas ofland tobe divided ~ operated by only ono into fields. person. 2 Food and agriculture o Language spot Past Simple v Present Perfect « Study these examples from Switch on. What tense isused? When did Jethro Tull invent the seed drill? The American frontier moved westwards during the 19th century. ‘Seed was often eaten by birds. (passive) ‘© We use the Past Simple to ask questions with What time? or When?, and tomake statements about when things happened. These are common past time expressions we use with the Past Simple: when during the 19th century 200yearsago _thelast century int793 yesterday ‘© We use the Present Perfect Simple, often with since or ‘or. for actions which happened during a period from the past to the present. We also use it for past events when no specific times given or when the time is ‘unimportant, or to show that the event is relevant now. (Over the years there have been many similar inventions, but this one has been the most popular. The same principle has been used in machines ever since. (passive) © We use the Present Perfect Continuous toemphasize the activity itself. The activity may or may not be complete, We use the Present Perfect Simple to answer How many?ot How much? A They've been harvesting wheat for the last three days. (The fields are looking bare) B Howmuch grain have they harvested? A They've filled five silos >> Goto Grammar reference p.114Foodand agriculture 11 Nee eee 1 Complete the text about the history of tractors. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense, Past Simple or Present Perfect Simple, active or passive Tractors 2 (use) on farms since the start of thetwentieth century. The first mechanical implements. 2 (draw) by horse. ‘Around 1920, petrolengined tractors » (begin) to replace the horse. These early tractors. 4 (pull) implements froma drawbar. Around 1940, tractors 5 (begin) touse a hydrauliclift system. Inaddition, it. $ (be) possible for farmers to use a power take-off shaft for trailed implements, such as manure spreaders. Since the early 1950s, there. (be) many improvements indesign. There (be) changesin the tractor cab, making it safer and more comfortable. Computer systems___? (make) it possible for farmers tocheck on operations. The engine powerforttractors__1 (increase) over the years. For many years it » (be) 20-40hp, but it +2 (rise) to over 120hp,and sometimes over 200hp. 2 Use the notes to write sentences in the Present Perfect Simple or Present Perfect Continuous. 1 He/work/onthis project / since joining the company. 2. How much field data /you / collect? 3 Erikand Al/ study / agriculture / fortwo years and they are really enjoying it 4 They /design /a robot systemto kill weeds and they / demonstrate /it to potential manufacturers overthe last few weeks. 5. Since the 1980s manufacturers / made /a number of improvements in design. 6 They /not / use / this machine for long. They still need some time to get used toit. Inthis unit ‘© studying the impact of agricultural inventions and developments ¢@ Past Simple v Present Perfect ‘© how to begin a presentation ‘© scanning a text for required information Listening Precision agriculture 1 Lookat the pictures. What doyou understand by the term precision agriculture? we ooo 2 @ Listen toBarry stones, an Agricultural Engineer, talking about precision agriculture and see if your ideas were right. 3G Listen again and answer the questions. 1 Whatsorts of variations could there be in a field? 2. Whyisitnot a good ideato apply chemicals toa field uniformly? 3. Inwhat ways can information about the field be collected? 4 What example does Barry give to show the savings that can be made? 4 Note the advantages and disadvantages of the two systems forcollecting information. Then listen again to complete and check your answers. ‘Advantages Disadvantages12 Unit2 Ottoohiedderwasthe only person whosawthe polnt of sce bead. He spent yearstringtodevsea system for holding the ices together after they were cut. His first invention used hairpins. in 1928 he fit succeeded and only afew years te, 80% of all bread sold in America was presiced Pairwork 1 Workin pairs, A and B. Each of you has a short text about technology used in fruit production. Read your text and then answer the questions. 1 Whatis the technology used for? 2 Whatequipmentisused? 3. What does it measure? 4 Howhas this technology benefited the growers? Student A Gotop.i0. student B Inthe past, the only way to test the sweetness or firmness of fruit, such as apples, peaches, and apricots, was to select samples of the newly- harvested fruit and eat ther! Farmers assumed that if they used this type of destructive testing ona few fruits, they would know about the condition of all the others in the batch. Now, every individual fruit can be tested using non-destructive technologies tograde and sort them. Imaging spectroscopy or multispectral imaging can measure the sweetness and firmness of fruit. An optical detector fuses four laser beams, each at a different waveband of light, into one. An imaging spectrograph, a digital camera, and acomputeranalyze the amount of laser light thatis absorbed by the fruit. This indicates the sweetness of the fruit, while the firmness is measured by the amount of light bounced back ‘This technology has many other applications in industry and in space exploration, but in the fruit industry itis used to sort fruit just after ithas been picked. 2. Ask your partner the same questions about his /her text and make notes. 3 Read your partner's text and check your notes. Problem-solving Work with a partner. Use the words to fill the gaps. activity conditions destroyed disease The principle behind food preservation is to slow down the 2 ofbacteria which could potentially cause. 2 orto kill bacteria completely. In addition, enzymes which cause food todiscolour or decay can be food preservation methods. Preservation modifies, the which favour bacteria or enzyme activity. >incertain With your partner match pictures A-G with the food preservation methods 1-7, 1 refrigeration and freezing 2 canning and sealing 3. dehydration 4. salting 5. pasteurization 6 fermentation 7 chemical preservation3. Match these principles with the one of the methods in2, a Benzoates, nitrites, or sulphites either stop bacterial activity orkill bacteria. b Yeast produces alcohol, which kills bacteria. ¢ Sodium chloride draws out the moisture and creates conditions which are not favourable for bacteria. Cool conditions slow the activity of bacteria, while very cold conditions make bacteria totally inactive. € Boiling food and sealing it ina container with noair destroys any bacteria already present and prevents any more entering £ Boiling to between 62.8C and 72.8C destroys some bacteria and disables certain enzymes. g Bacteria die or become inactive in dry conditions. Make your point Beginning a presentation Asan expert in your technical field, you will have to present technical issues, often to people who donot havea technical background. @ Work in pairs. Listen to Lee Avatar talking about preparinga presentation. Match the pictures with some of the points Lee makes in his talk. Explain what each one represents. Food and agriculture 13 2. Workin small groups. You have to give apresentation toa group of visitors about the town where you live. Practise giving the introduction to the others in your group. Use Lee's Useful language. ‘USEFUL LANGUAGE FOR THE INTRODUCTION Goodafternoon. Hello. its good to see you (all). Myname’s... andi'm... (jobtitle). Im... and|workinthe... department. {dike toexpiain how... works. z _Tdlike to give you some informationabout... First ofall, weillook at..,andthen... Finally... you want toask me any questions, please interrupt. !MVexplain first ofall and then you can ask any questions, atthe end, = {dike to ask youto keep any questions untilthe end. 3. when youhave finished, discuss the good points of each other's presentation. Think of ways you could improveit. Point 1 INTRODUCTION © Point 1 © Point2 Point14 Unit2 Gadget box i The German company Alcoa has produced a new wine botle stopper called Vino-Lok. The device s made ofa glass bung surrounded by aplastic claims it's 100 percent neutral resealable, and recyclable What doyou think are the advantages of using this stopper rather than sony corkora screwtop? Reading aS Scanning Pedalling water 1 Lookat the picture and the title o In many parts of the world farmlands are supplied youthink the articleis about? with water through irrigation systems so that crops can be grown. Irrigation is necessary in parts of the world where rainfall is low or where rainfall is restricted to certain months in the year. The treadle pump is an effective and environmentally friendly technology used in many areas of Africaand Asia to lift water from shallow aquifers or canals. It costs about a quarter of the price of a motorized pump ~from as litle as US$12 to about $35 —and costs less tooperate. The operator uses his / her body weight and leg muscles in awalking movement to pump the water. The pump can lift water froma depth of up to seven metres and produce between 3,500 and 5,000 litres of water per hour. It does not require a great deal of effort, so can be operated by anyone in the family, from children to grandparents. tis ideally suited to areas where the water table is at ahigh level. The treadle pump can provide water for upto 0.5 hectares ofland and is very suitable for most small farmers who cultivateless than this. The pump consists oftwo pistons positioned inside two cylinders. Two treadles are connected to the pistons by a piece of rope. By treading on the two treadles in a walking motion, the pistons rise and fall creating a vacuum that allows water to be pumped. The user has a handle to grip and the whole pump stands ona wooden baseboard. Wateris drawn through a hose, pressurized, and then dischargedin a steady flow through the discharge pipe tothe field. For many farmers these low-cost irrigation pumps have removed their reliance ona single crop, allowing them to grow more crops out of season. They can obtain higher yields and grow higher-value crops such as fruits and vegetables. This technology is helping the poorest in the world escape poverty and become more entrepreneurialFood and agriculture 15 Nee 2 Before youread,lookat the table. Then, quick scan the texto find the information tocomplete the table, Don'tread the whole text, just try tofocuseon the {information youneed. Treadle pump Cost Energy source Lifts water from a depth of (Quantity of water produced ‘ea of and that can beirigated Qualifications required to operate 3. Now dothesametolocatetheinformationin thettext youneedto label the diagram, é 2s VAWE BOX Checklist ‘Assess your progress inthis unit. Tick(/) the statements which ae true. lean talkabout the impact of agricultural Inventions and developments know how to us the Past simple, resent Perfect Simple and Continuous know how to begina presentation Icanscana tex for required information My eadingand listening are good enough tounderstand most of eachtext inthis unit RS Key words Nouns barbed wire canaing crop ehyaraton fermentation grain harvesting ligation pasteurization preservation refrigeration seed veld Verbs germinate pressurize NNotehere anything about how English is used intechnology that snew to youbah Reading .Doyouknowwheretheyace? Bridge types are er them othe brdge types? 3 suspension 4 cablestay Goto Grammar reference p1518 Units the project cons of wo paral tunnels fom st Pancras 2,600 properties 7 miles of surface rally. 12 existing tunne clung London Underground stations and 600 gas ate, 11 Deseribeeach ofthese processes formakingthedeck of @ Workin pais Study the diagram of tunnel-boring abridge using the Passi machine (TBM) and try to explain how it works 1 They make each de section from stel 5 Convertthese sentences tothe Pasivetomakea ‘description of tunnel construction Include theagent 2 Barges oat the tachtumeanew agents mentoned secionsintopostion | 1 construction Engineers ue amumbeofethodsto below the bge | Ses 3. craneshoistthe 2 Theyemplo simple cat and-overmethod for peta 1 peer eed 4 Theyhangeachsection 2 They we explosives fortunnelsinveryhard ck from the cables. 4 They usea tunnel boring machine (TBM) tomake tunnels insoft rock The TAM protects workers and machinery 6 Arotatingeut 5 They weldeach section nt place. head atthe front cut the tock 2 complete this short history of bridges using the comrect form othe verbsin brackets ‘Machinery atthe rear removes the refuse. Hydraulic jacks push the TEM forward ‘Thefitstbridgesthat (build) weresimple 9. The segment erector builds anew tunnelringevery bbeambridgesa tee used tocross stream. Timber 1S-2metres. bridges __*(use) eversince Stone bridges 10 stplaces concrete segments in the right positon to ___*(buita)by the Romans based ona simple form thering arch The new allwaysof the 19th century meantthat longerbridges| (need) tocross wide valleys. Different materials__ use) in thee construction Viaductsof brick orstone # (construct) in Europe. Timber —*(use}in parts ofthe USA The expansion ofroads inthe 20th century —_____*ead)to the use of concrete bridges. 3. converteachofthesesigns intoa written warning using the Pastve. fie alarms weet Fre alarms must be checked weekly. Do not use mobile phones! ‘Wear eye protection Donot remove this extinguisher Switch his machine beforeservicing Clean up pillage Donot unload vehicles here!It’s my job ou Sandaighte a Tunnel Engine oc your 1 What problemeat era large city like London? herein cutting tunnels. 2 How accurate do you think tunneL-boring machines Read about Sanda again and answerthe question: 11 What dos thistunnel make possible? 2. Howisit possible forthe tunnel-bor work soaccurately? 3. Whatwasthesolutiontotheproblemof wet ground? 4 Way were there more problems neater the centre of theaaty? 5. What damage dd the tunnesu 6 Why does she say. Th ineer? —— Sandra Lighter: Tunnel Engineer ma TunnelEnginee.1™ BL Tvegota degreein Engineering rom Manchester University. Te been workingon the Channel Tunnel Rall Link for thelasttheee years. tsa high speedrailroute linking thecente of Landon the Channel Tuan! ‘Therearen't many women inmy position incharge of large gangsofmen but don'thave any problems Taliketosee mare women Engineers Twolong sections ofthe ine through London are in tunnels-atotalof174 elometees. ‘Weeused six hugelaser guided tunnel-boring machines They cut 100 mettesa day with astonishing accuracy -atolerance ofjust25milimetres They had ‘names like ships~Annie, Bertha judy, ands on. was areal engineering challenge n ome areas near the Thames the ground esowet that the tunnelis. almost floating There were pimps running 24hoursa ay train the water away Nearer thecentrewe had toavod tube tunnels and sewersanddlig under Dulldings without weakening their foundations, There are always dangersin tunnel construction. but wehad only two serous incidents ~a track iret destroyed much of the concrete lininginone area and collapse where several gardens in east ox lsappearedint the tunel ItSbeen fantastic project. It makes it possi Pansin twoanda quarter ho least 100 years, probably mich e son [became an Engineer20 unit ‘Thelongst suspensiontridge he ash Kalo Bdge, aes ceotalspanof, 991 metres The deepest roadtune! 265 metres below eee isn Nonny, Thelongest tunnel the ew Yr ity-West Dela watersuppy tunel is 169 kiometesong Problem-solving 1 Workin groups offour Study these pictures ofbridges. ‘These bridges share acoramon feature What iit? Gateshead Milenio Srgge Newcastle. UK 2 Match each ofthese verbs toone ofthe bridges. verb ie bridge Pivot tie ving ‘Take onebridge each and explain simply tothe others inyour group how itoperates Ure the correct verb fromthetable 3 ‘Together decide which ofthe bridge types you have studied in the unit would be best for these crossings 1 totakeroad traffcacrossa busy sipping route thespanis 120metres 2 tolinka numberof lands na shallow sea— shipping must be alloweeto pase 3 tocarryarallway across avalley~the width 1500 Compare your group’ solution with those of other groupe Webquest Find out more about one ofthe bridges in Problem: solving with thehelpofthe websites blow or by sing ‘search engine Describeits main features totherest ofthe class. Complete at least the following {information foreach bridge Funetion Lecation Designer veorcompleted ‘Technical data and ustations of thousands of structures including bridges ‘Agatewaysitetomany Webpages on bridges fehttp:/a2expioe comibrdge tm Non-specialstexplanations 1 wtravel howatffworks om/oridge ‘Anonline encyclopaedia with lot of technical http /lenwkipeda re!fridges andtunnels 21 Checklist ‘Assess your progress in thisunitTck(Y) the statements whichare tive know the key termsin bridge construction lean use the Passhe in technical descriptions == Icanevaluatethe best solution toa situation ‘The Great Belt East Bridge See aming eal IMyreadingandlistening ate good enough 1 study these three designs forthe Great Belt East ridge tounderstand most ofeach textin this unt ‘Try toname the types of bridges. Perens em eB eal Key words accuracy able compression distortion Ting per Project reinforced concrete shear span Suspension bridge Verbs weaken Note here anything about how Englishisused technology thats new toyou 2.) Listentotherecarding without stopping Try to putthedesigns inthe corect sequence. 3. @ stentothe recording againasoftenas you want is time listen for detall Add toeachdiagramthe year ofthe design and any measurements wich are ven,22 units Switch on Look tthe pictures of plastic produets Discuss why plastic has been chosen foreach ofthese items. Plastics are used for fueltanks because they are resistant to chemical Fuel tanks haveto Be strongand last along time, and plastics are durable. 2 Makealst ofthe: suitable materials for such awide range of products Listening The history and properties of plastics 1. What were the fist plastics made from? What are plastics produced from today? 2 @ Listentotwo Technology students talking about plastics As you listen, complete the table materials and the plastics madefrom the Raw material Plastic 1 cellulose 2 povethelene. nylon, ond —_pobester 3 Starchfrom plants (egwhest) properties of plastics that make them @) usten again and note the advantages and problems itheachof the diferenttypesof plastic as wellas recycled plastic Advantages Problemse Language spot Ability and inability Study the ways the speakers alkabout what's 1s ot possible They couldn't make things toa high standard of quality. -Manufacturerseanus pastes to produce almost anything nowadays We'l be able tose other raw materials inthe future Inthe mi-nineteen hundreds plstes production was reallyabletotake off Plastics could be made from plants inthe futur. 1» We se can/cannot or is/are (net able tofor present time could/couldn tor was/were (not abet fox past ‘ime, and wll nt) beable tor futute time or opportunities. #Toform sentences inthe passivewe use De + past participle ofthe verb ‘Things couldn’tbe made toa high standard of quality Plasticsean be used to make almost anything nowadays «Forte future, we often use t wil/won tbe possible to... natwll/won't be abeto, {willbe possibletouse other raw materials in thefuture Thisisbetterthan Other raw materials willbe ableto be used inthe future » GotoGrammar zeference 15 1 Match Aandtomakesentences. a B 1 Scientistscouldnt a. canbemade very cheaply. 2 Manufacturerswere » cannotbesold dueto able highoosts, 3. Moder plastic © berecycedeectively products ‘with god plastic collection systems 4 bacteriacan 4 todevelopawiderange of plastics romeil coal, and gas 5 Plasticscan © mould thefirst cellulose plastics, 6 More biodegradable breakdown pant. plastics based plastics Prastics 23, a inthis unit listening to people discussing raw materials and plastics 6 taking bout ability and inability © identifying plastics codes © describing pie chart 1 disappearing sounds and word inking 2 iscuss manufacturers ability toda these thingsin the past present or future. Use the notes in brackets to helpyou. ‘Mass produce items from celluloid (not possible in past) ‘Manufacturers couldn't/weren'tabeto mass produce items fom celalid 1 Moulé moder plastics into complex shapes. (possibienow) Colour casein, which was made from il (possibleinpast) 3. Make cars completely from plastics. (not possible now /possblein futute) 4 Use plastics tohelpdesignersreduce welght in alrcraft(possiblenow) 5 Replace meta components in engines with plastic (possible now) 6. Recycle waste thermoplastics. (possible now) 7 Recycle waste thermoset plastics (not posable now) 8 Produce nylon in 1900.(not possible in past)24 Units Problem-solving Make your point 1 Tetestewellorerathouanddiferentplasics work Describing ple chart Inala matchup theendes wih emanciot reer ceili 1 Lookatthe pie chart showing the different sectors which use plastics. What do you thinkis the largest sector? 1 Lore unsaturated polyester 2 HDPE polystyrene 3p acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 4 pve 4 polypropylene 5 Ps. polyethylene low density) 6 Es £ polyesters 7A polyethylene high density) 8 ABS nylon 9 FET/PST —i_polyvinychloride 30 UPResin j expanded polystyrene 2. Trytofind thenames and codes of other plastics. These sites may help fem dpfcouk fewonengmoiganedu Webquest 1 Were wouldyoufind the fellowing symbol? AABS BBA 2 Find out about these symbols What do they mean and whatietheie purpose? These sites mayhelp fewunpacitong sohttp//enwikipedia.org ‘http//americanplasticscounci.org 2 @ Ustento Lee Avatar givinga presentation deseribing ‘theuseof plastics and complete the chart. if necessary listen again,Gadget box ‘Amat fain msicalinstruments Ted Brewer has decidedousesapecieet sn tomate hs instomentsnorewualy attractive He concrete a speciallight feature by usingtosuper bright hit LEDs. By sing {Rhermsetresinecanachiev high G) Bead Lees Useful Language.Listen to Lee's presentation again and tick the expressions you hear himuse. {like toshow yous pie chart which represents, This pie chart represents... we takea look wecan see, Youwillnotice.. = ‘like to draw yourattenionto Asyoucansee,.. ee Takea lookat = Youwillsee = Youcansee that ‘Workin pairs. Youhave information fora ple chart below. Fist draw a pie chart torepresent your information then prepare ashort presentation and. giveitto your partner. Your partner should listen take notes, and give you feedback on your presentation. Ukconsumption of plasticsby type Paste “Percent = ur 20 ee ae 2 Pevear 6 5 5 others 26 performance and design Nexibiltyinjecton moulding allowsthecrestion of nue designs which giveexcelentsouna quay. Canyou playa muscalinsrument? Would ‘opurfulinstrument ike hisencourageyouto ‘artpayingor practise more? Plastics 25 Pronunciation Disappearing sounds and word linking Infastspeech weoften don't pronounce afnal tord sound when ts followed by aconsonant sound, When a final w.y, o's followed by avowel sound we inkthe ‘wo words and pronounce the letters. @ Lookat the bold lettersin the sentences Listen and tick (/) the sentences where you hear the bold eters. Place across (beside the sentences where youdon't ‘hear the boldleter. 1A Thisisathermoset plastic B Thisieathermoset application A Itsused in household items B tsused in household products 3A Oneprcessisblow moulding B Wsused tomate hollow tems A Itmeetssafety standards, B They must use safety equipment. 5 A Itsasoftermateral B WWeasofteroption @ Ustenagainand check lookat the example below. Then crossout theletersin sentences are which you expect to disappeat and mark where you think sounds willbe linked Powdeysheated rg cloed meld 4 Light stabilizers prevent ight damage. ’ Plasticizers are used tomake pastiessofter, € Bventhestretlightsaremade of plastic 4 Plastics production wasrealyabletotake off Polyester fbres are used a great dealin clothing. @ Nowrlsten and check your answers nd then repeat the sentences26 Unit4 eT The world'sannual consumption of plastic materials has increased from around 5 milliontonnesinthe early 1950sto nearly 100 milion tonnes today. Vocabulary Si tsa that ore uvedity - treat or monitor patients arenon-durables and are Collocations in plastics not expected tolast longer than three years. 1 Some words are often used together. Fill the gaps in 6 PETisclear, tough, anda good barrier to gas and sentences 1-6 with a word from the list that often goes moisture, so supermarkets find it ideal for with the word in bold. appliances industry moulding components materials _ process Reading 1 Oiland natural gas are the main raw ee used in the production of plastics. ackaging technology 2 Compression moulding is one example ofa 1 Inthe supermarket, why is food wrapped in clear production packaging? 3. Plastics are used in the production of a wide range Read the first paragraph of the text and check your of household answer, 4. Reinforced plastics area major building materialin th onetcaiction’ Now read the rest of the text. Pye 5 The carindustry uses high-precision __ intheir vehicles. 6 The majority of plastic parts are manufactured using injection 2. Match aword in A with a word in Btofill the gaps in sentences 1-6 A B medical fibres textile containers man-made properties food life chemical devices expected polymer 1 Aplasticisa type of syntheticor 2 Polymers can be moulded into various shapes or drawn into filaments that can be used as 3 Additives are added to improve the mechanical, physical, or 4 Products which have an. ____of morethan three years are known as durables,are EE Green and intelligent Food shopping schangingandsotoois the way fod ‘wrapped forsale. Clea plastic wrapping allowsthe consumertosee the stat ofthe foodinsideat the same {imeas preventingcontamination from dist and bacteria Butnow supermarketsare ookingat new typesof packaging Some supermarkets have decided to wrap thet fresh fruit and vegetables in biodegradabie plastic packaging instead of eanvntionalpasi Biodegradable plastics, ‘or beplastics can be made fom plant-basedmaterials Suchasstareh form com wheat, or potatoes Inthe fxvonment,mieo-rganisms are able to beak down ‘hese plastis easily and quickly to produce carbon dioxide and water, Biodegradable plastiscan also be ‘adeby some bacteria thatare capable of producing granules of plastic PHA/PHB)inther cells Biodegradable plastic packaging canbe compostedand allows customesto dispose af theirovn waste at hare ‘Active packaging isanevr development that can interact with the prodt fo mprove itor provide the consumer with information about the reshnes ofthe product An Amerian company has developed label {hatindicates the temperatura package hasbeen stored A chemicalin he label polymerizes and ‘becomes darker in clourifthetemperatare rises. “Arothercompany has developed a membrane wrapper ‘which changes its permeability to oxygen andearbon dioxideas the temperature changessothat the best (0,/€0, balance canbe achieved inside the pacaging 3 complete the table with the different packaging technologies mentioned and their advantages Packaging technology Advantages 4 Whateffect do you think these new technologies will hhaveon the environment / the plastics industry?/the consumer? Nee Checklist Assess your progress inthis unit Tlek(/) the statements which ae true |cantalkabout ability andinabityto dothings know codes for plastics Ieandescrbea pie chart know when to pronounce the final sound inaword My eading andlistening are good enough tounderstand most ofeach text inthis unt Sirens era) Key words Adjectives biodegradable durable thermoset versatile Nouns bacteria cellulose ‘component packaging pigment plasticizer ‘awmaterals thermoplastic wrapping verb Aisposeof Note here anything about how English isused Intechnology that new toyou.28 units ldentify these sur doyou think herein using wave energy? @ Nowiistento the programme and ans 1 WhatdoesRichard'scompany make? How much power wil the wave farm prod complete hard study? 44 What names have people gvento previous wave Why aia Richa id Ricard find the name? Q usten aga she describe Stephen Salter? {hat expression does Richard use which means king endlesly abouts 3 does Richard fel about'making ever things? 1 company has two objectives. Ones tearm,Alterativeenergy 29 Nee e Language spot Past Continuous v Past Simple «study this example: discovered wave energy wher Iwas doing my PhDat ‘Edinburgh University. 1 We use the Fast Continuous foran action in progress ‘nthe past when something else happened, to Goto Grammarreference p.6. Inthisunit (© key terms inatterativeenergy ‘Past Continuous Past imple 1 making inferences from written text €@ strategies for remembering technical words 11 Match phrases -6 with phrases a-fto make sentences, Putone verbin the Past Continuous and the otherin the Past simple, 1 Whenthey(dig) a. whlemost people underLondon, (sleep). 2 Rutherford (work)in be (meet) Professor Manchester Salter 3 Theearhquake they have)to (happen) lateat night, 4 Asit(comein)toland, @ alter the design partofthetunnel (collapse) theaircraft (rash). when he split) the stom 5 WhenRichard (study), € 6 Whenthey (construct) £ the bridge, 2 Puttheverbinbracketsin the appropriate tense~Past Continuous or Past Simple 1 We (do) Google searchand fina) the answer very quick 2 Whenhe (work) in Nigeria there (be) a serous aceidenton the ong. 3. When Trevor Bayle (hear about ‘communication problemsin Africa he (decide) to build aradiowithout batteries 4 While the operation France doctors in other countries (beable to) assist using telesurgery, (goon)in 5 Thepolice (use) a Taser gun because they, (think the suspect might hurt someone, 6 He. (not wear) ahardhat when the accident (happen) so he hurt his head. 7 Themotor. (ran) when he —___(remove) the guards. twas Stupidthingto do. 8 Theaccident _(be) is own Fault He —_(ase)a grinder without wearing eye protection whenit (happen) 9 Whilethe generator (run). a fault (develop) in the main beating (build the wind farm, (damage) some equipment 10 Asthey. protestors30 Units Reading Making inferences 11 Match components 1-8 with thei functions a-hwith thehelpof thie simplified diagram of a wind turbine a 8 1 hub transfers powertothe generator 2 blades links the badestothe low-speed shaft 43 geartransmission ¢_containsthemain ‘components 4 highspeedshaft —d_stopstheturbine 5. generator capture the wind enerey 6 housing(nacell) increases the speed of theshat 7 brake relays powertothegear transmission 8 low-speedshaft ——-h_produceselectricity 2. Now readthe textand check your answers to Wind power ‘Wind powers renewable and non-pllutingand can be ‘used to drive wind turbines lke the one illustrate. ‘Wind farms consisting of numbers ofturbinesare increasingly being constructed both onland, usually on high ground,and offshore ‘Wind speeds increase with eight, so turbines are ‘mounted on towers, typically 50 to 80 metres in height. ‘Most towers are tubular toallow safe access for ‘maintenance. ‘Therotorblades capture the wind and trancerits power tothe rotorhub whichis attached tothe low-speed shaftof the turbine. Each rotorblade measures about 27 ‘metresin length and s designed much ike an aeroplane ‘wing. The rotor rotates quit siowiy.at about 30 pm. ‘Thenacelle the casing atthe top of the tower, contains ‘the most important components including the gearbox, ‘generator,and computer. Thelow-speed shaft transmits ‘Power from the hubto the gearbox. itcontains pipes for ‘the hydraulicsystem which operates the aerodynamic brakes. The gearboxincreases the speed ofthe rotor shaftby about SOtimes. The igh speed shat drvesthe electrical generator Ithasa mechanical disebrake for emergency use. ‘The generator produces electricity by electromagnetic Induction. Onalarge turbine, the power generated s between 600 kW and 3,000 EW. The poweristent by cabletothenational grid. ‘The anemometerand wind vaneon topof the nacelle measure the speed and direction ofthe wind respectively and sed this information to the computer. ‘Thecomputer activates the yaw motor, which turns the rotorintothe wind Itstarts the turbine when the wind teaches about five metres persecond, The computer continuously monitors the conditions of the turbine It controls the speed ofthe rotorby varying the pitch of the blades. Ifthe wind reaches storm force, about 2, ‘metres per second the computer closes down the turbine to prevent damageGadget box Alternative energy 31 Patoralsic roof les nat ony keep ‘ihatarea would jou ned to powes 3. Put thesentencesin the correct order to descr operation of the turbine {a Thecomputeruses the yaw drive toturn the turbine Imothe most effective postion, bb Thegearbaxincreasesthe speed ofthe rotor shaft by sO times, © Thehigh-speed shaft dives the electric generator. ‘The wind strikes theblades speed shaft — © Thepoweris sent by cable tothe national gr hich tum the ow ‘The generator converts the mechanical energy nto clectrial ower, The anemometerand ind vane determine the wind speed and direction andtransmit this tothe bh Thecomputerstarts the turbine when wind speed reaches Sms. Making inferences Sometimes the information we want when wereadis not stated clearly in the text. Wehave toinferit. Th means we have fo workitoutby linking different pieces of information in thetextorby eombiningtext Information with our knowledgeaf the text topic For example Question What arethe best placeson and to build wind farm and forwhat ¢ Information fom the text 1 usualy on highground 2. wind speeds increase with height topic 2 preferably near existing transmissiontinesto save costs, Possible answer On highground, because wind speeds are greatest and preferably near exiting transmission ines to From our knowledge of thete Use information from the text and your own knowiedgeto answer the questions 1 Why aresome wind farms constructed offshore? Why are wind turbines grouped together in wind farm? 3 Why dotubular towers provide safer acess than some ather kind of tower? 4 Whats the approximate diameter ofthe wind turbine rotorin the picture? 5 Atwhat speed does the high-speed shaft rotate? 6 Whyisagearboxnecestary? ‘What isthe maximum output from this typeof generator 8. Whatisthe difference between theanemometer andthe wind vane? 9. Why doesthey thewina? mechanism turn the turbinein 10 What storm force km/h?32 Units Nuclear energy maylustbe the energy source thatcan save ur planet rom {tastrognic climate change tick Moore co funder of Greenpeace Project cee RR selfsuffcintin energy List the different ways it showsof providing power to homes, Casiationplantusing Boga production latest opoducs a La per rete on a rec pg cP » Goto Grammarreferencea8 units Te Ee The Spruce Goo bul byblionsre Howard Hughes wascneofthebiggest Panes inhstryithad awingspanof 97.5 metesandvas 24,2 metieshigh Roniyeverfew Lie Pairwork je 11 Work in pairs. Each ofyouhasa diagram ofa ying ‘machine and text about different machine Look at your diagram and thinkof questions youcan ask your partnerso that you canlabeit Read the text Askand answer questions tolabel your diagrams, student A student 8 Gotopi ‘Aglideris anon-powered heavier than-ar craft To give the most efficient fight gliders are assmalland lightas possible, The wings relonger andarrower ‘han conventional planes Thisextrawingrpan means less drag forthe amount ofift Just ason conventional planes ailerons provide rol he elevatorson the al control pitch and the rudder on the tall controls yam, ‘Thehorleontal stabilizer onthe tal provides tabi. ‘Afterthe launch the glider achieves liftn three different ways Rising columns of warm heat, called thermals ft the glider. illoridgeiftiscreated by ‘the wind blowing against a hillside and being forced ‘upwards. Wave lifts created when air passes overa ‘mountain. ‘As theres no enging, the pilot has to generate thrust in ‘adiferent way. This is done by reducing altitude to gainspeed With your partner complete the table ‘lider Helicopter How sli achieved? Which parts provide thrust? How does the plot achieveyawing? How does the plot achieve pitching? ‘What provides stability? ‘What are the advantages ofthese two lying machines cover conventional aeroplanes? List examples where ‘these machines can be used where conventional alrraftcould notbe used Webquest Jetengines Look.at the website and complet the table. wuwieet.nasa gov/Studentsite/engines html Engine part Function fan compressor compressesairand Soincreases pressure combustor Using the samesite ind out about different types of jetengine Work nsmal groups. Each of you should choosea differen engine. Make notes and then preparea short presentation for your group to explain hhow itworks and what iti used for.Aeronautics 39 Checklist ‘Assess your progress inthisunt. Tick ¥) the statements which ate true. Henow key terms about fight understand the difference between frst ‘and Second Conditional zentences Make yourpoint ESHER Makingtelephonecalls "to: 1 Baur ty reading ond steningare good rough 1 @ustentothetelephone cal. 7 | From: Frank Pall tounderstandmostofeachtextinthisunit Tookatthenotethesecretary | Date: 4eh May leftfor Braun How many Time: 10.50 i mistakeshasshemade? 2 | Messoe ————_____ Key words 2 Workinpais Discusshow you | Ar Maealed Needs couldprevetmisunderstandings ? | tange/orabft ches | Nouns onthe phone Steere oad codpt 3 @Nowistentothe second frogheer aes a naeea ea = Shetheinformatin's | orr2466300001 Ia eis Signet 5 Dobby pitching What she going todonow? rong 4 Read the advice from Lee vata. iat spoilers Sabiizers thrust traling edge wingspan yaning Verbs sppreach Note here anything bout how English is used in technology that isnew toyou Now, workin pars Sit backtoback Youeach have two sets of information to give your partner over the phone. Use Lee's expressions. When you have finished, check that your partner has written down the correct detail Student Gotopi2StudentB Gotopia.40 Unit? Switch on cin pairs. Discuss these predictions about future homes Decide they willhappen within or years, 13 75 weveR YEARS _ YEARS ‘peel wite hocernncogotieseh Hons wiped te mt pa 9h Gaderer Hilas25%othones il Besoin npr We wildevelopahouse whichis disaster proof, ‘pablo withstanding earthquakes, hurricanes, andfloding Houses willbe constructed largely from plastic. Houses willequrevery litle maintenance such aspaiting. “a _Oayhomesibebt todeapendornpar sndergound © Wrilbealeto nore ier olson ange thecolurotroomsathe twahotast © Houseswillgeneatther owneleccty, © Houseswithave zero emissions Listening Earth homes @) Listen toPeter Carpenter designer of earth homes, andtiekthe advantages he 2 longlifeexpectancy b battereneray savings than other design architecturally exciting inside a condensation is nota problem proof against earthquakes f doesnot contrbuteto,andis les affected by, global warming costs nomore~maybe ess-tobléthana conventional hore 1 unaffected by wind and weather 1 kindtotheenvizonment i 1 provides greater security no draughts~minimum nftration exceptionally low Fieri solower insurance premiums m construction possible on step slopes 1 usually provides low visual impact © verylitestructuralmaintenance quietandprvate but lightandairyFuturehomes 41 Nee e Language spot Obligation and necessity «study these sentences: 1. Youdon'thavetopaint the walls =ittsnot necessary 2 You have toget planning permision. =Itsanobligation (required by aw) 3. The roof must bestrong. -=Itsnecessary ‘¢ We use havetoto describe things whichare obligations required by rules and regulationsorthings hich someone forces usto do, ‘e Negatives and questions are formed with do Doyouhaveto n:tallair conditioning? ‘eInpositive sentences wecan use mustina silat way, but the emphasisis because you thinkitisnecessary. ‘© Note the diference between don't have toand must’ You don'thave tspend alot on heating an earth house =Itsnot necessary, You mustn't build an earth house without planning permission. =e not permitted >» Goto Grammar reference 17 1 Show the meaning ofeach of these sentences by ‘marking them: obligation, necessary, not necessary, lornat permitted 1 Youmust use materials ofthe right standard 2. Youdon'thave touse wood: plastics acceptable. 3. The walls mustresist the pressure ofearth round the building. 4 Youmustn'tbuild within one metre of another building. 5. Youhave olay properfoundations. 6 Allelectrcal wiring hastobe tested 7. Youdon'thaveto paint plastic window frames. 8 Allappliances have tobe earthed Inthisunit ways tdescrbe obligation and necessity @ adjectiveendings © making inferences from written text € transfersing information froma text toa diagram 2 Complete thesentences with must, musin'ordon’t/ doesn'thaveto, 1 Thestructure bestrong enoughto bearthe weight of earth. 2 You, let the house overheat. 3 You ‘use stone for the front wal brickisfine 4 You, make sure ne water gets into the house from the surrounding soi, 5 Yourhouse__be deep underground, 15m ofearth above the rofis enough tofully insulate the building. 6 ‘Theweighton the roofs about 3 kN/m?s0 you use prestressed concrete roof beams, 7 Thehouseis very wel insulated, soyou rovidemuch heating. 8 Therearestrictrules about where you can build. You build without planning permission. 3 Makea sentence about each of these building regulations using an appropriate form of must orhave to ‘Agriclturalbuldings must not be used for living ‘accommodation.Gadget box Themicracompacthouseisa 266m cube wth timber frame 2nd an anode aluminum cadang I cntats two compact double beds ashower/olet. and aitchenwithsin, ‘microwave fdge freezer and ho sted wth heating Sndaircondioning weighs 22tones. \Wedayouthinkhemieracompacthome|sintended for? Vocabulary + ata Adjectives with -able and -ible Ss Thesewallako 1 Manyadjecraendiginebicoriiedeectethe nas abiltytodesomehing Completcthetale the aeemme words have been used inthis o earlier unit. an. SCective beadapted adaptable beconverted beseen bepredicted last along time be put intoetfect or madeto work ay 2 @Nowlistentothewordsandundetinethestessed [lleva Syllable Thefistonehas been done foryouinthetable _unontiadsso Coumondad onto coe toms can bene stecroncpaper inamecre ways Some para wl i bematect gost Reading ‘cnbecomes, Inside the future home panera) 1 Workin pairs. Make alist of waysin which homes of ‘rough the future willbe diferent from homes of today. 2 study the diagram and read the associated tents. Compare yourlist int with the information, 1 Teenie asa eal oar aoe tha hctect porated far eee eet Be | eaten beadttabletomeettheneedso pana Sefoledupwten revevneratalsiages ne acne New materiel bused ine Sears incease ifespan Weil lou ~ homes with abour-saving devices and smart technology to improve ‘urhealth and comfort.Futurehomes 43 ‘paque ad not dea enoughtoseetroughor alow igretivough ast clesnsurtaceswith ath bast before date (n)daterntedon2fod package adviingy the product nt be of ich p08 aE SUQWAEIGRERANY # The texts give the reasons for some ofthe predictions domestiewseilbe Sarceutasound about future homes, but not forall. In your notebooks, senertedoywind || deanersmay lst the reasons for these predictions where they are frclsrenergora replace waching one Imactnesané Gdehwashers —— fmoveficentend Prediction Ieeewastetul way 7 sfeeaning Houses wile smaller Interior walls wil tnion racks ‘wiimentoryour ‘Some partitions wil be made cf glass which ero | becomes opaque when a current is passed through ‘nits time fo | 38 tispassed throughit. Youre dove, There wile convertible furniture ‘Wall mounted at screens wil eplce Vs Urtrasound cleaners may eplace washing machines and dishwashers. Robots will erry out tasks such 5 carpet cleaning and dusting Fridges will monitor the best before’ dates on foodstuff ‘Newspapers willbe downlcaded onto electronic pape. Medicine containers will monitor your we. Enough power for domesticuse willbe generated by ‘wind or solar energy. ora combination of bath. 4 with your partner, write your own reason foreach prediction where no reasonis providedin thetexts Use inference skils to combine information given in the texts with your own knowledge. 9 Friigeswit monitor ncauriit Sheet Robots willarryouttasks suchas carpet cleaning and Srvrepore dusting because this saves worand time by humans vinentoad ras been . Storedtoolong. Fridges will monitor the'best before dateson Shep suegest foodstuffs tomake sure we don'teat dangerously old recpesbasedonthe Ingresentsyeu rave inyeuritchen,44 Unit? a Inacounty threatened ty foaing he "fet place tbe sactually on the wate “henyur howe jst goes ad down. Koon Oth floating hove aciet Problem-solving Project TERR tens, ieee eel eerie Sibectyopertatieeyencing le are seers Bestar romana Seamer you peat ae Eaigt ieee a ven ot coe tees 2 inyour groups research more about the buildings in and make notes The websites wil give you plenty of Information, Follow thelinksto find outas muchas youcan GroupA wwnvsheters.som/ GroupB wvwmonolithiccom/ Groupe yowwantarcticaaciik/ lving_and.working/ . research_siations/ halley/halleyvis 3 Formnew groupsofthree with person from A,B, and Tel = yout group what youhave foundoutabout he buildings. 2. Novwlabe the diagram using the information contained inthe text BACK AND SIDE WALLS “Thesn aro muea conerste and insulation, The ‘outmost envelope, whichis uit rst, is 150 mm ‘concrete lock (1) with few supporting pillars ‘outside. This acts asa permanent shutter forthe hoavy waterproof tanking membrano (2) Inside ‘that the main structural wal (3) made from {60 mm dense conerete block. The insulation ‘eomprses 100 mi slabs of expanded polyurethane (and these are ied to the eonerete wall with ‘adhesives the eracks nd joints being filed with aerosol Pfau. The insulation s protected witha ‘vapour barrie of polythene and tho ina layer of 100 mm concrete or ricki ult inside that “These walls have o he very strong, completely and pormanently watrproofed, insulated to thehighest standards. and vapour proofed rom within [prevent deterioration ofthe insulation The back wall Is altogothor ust over tm thick ands supported at Am intervals by the structural eounterfors which ‘separate one oom from the nextChecklist ‘Assess your progress inthisunit.Tek(/) the statements which are tue, ansfer information fom text know ways to describe obligation and can make inferences when read ‘My reading and stening ae good enough tounderstand mast ofeach text inthis unt EEE Key words Adjectives acaptable convertible seltsffcent underground Nouns accommodation condensation foundations slobal warming ventilation Verbs resist Note here anything bout howEnglishis used Iinteennology thats new to you.Switch on Dotheg ME crenine swine internal combustion The Freedom the words engine? largest ship. snot true? a Henry Ford 2 She wil provide b Etienne Lenoir ‘accommodation for «¢ Nikolaus Otto 40,000 people. ; B Howmuchofthe energy Shewil rise 104m Inpetroldo petrol abovethewaterlewe engines use? «She wiltavel very, 2 Three quarters vicky. 1 One third 5 Whatisthe unique «One fifth characteristic ofthis “Pendolina'in 8? 8 Where was the wards frst motorway Bult? «2 Germany b The USA japon 4 shows a PRT system, ‘What does PRT sand 2 tev very fast B ittatesetoovls round bends. « ftom single a 7 Whatisa Mager? 2 adecel tam B anelectrc tam € aimagretic tin 2B What ype of boat does «3 Persona Rapid Tansit_ b PeopleRevolutionary — Cshow? “Tarsport 2 hovercraft € Pivate Regional 1 hye Taser surface lect hip 8 Mass transportation Reading Skimming Skimming or reading for general understanding isa skillyouneed to develop for studying By locking atthe {wie ofan aril and ay mages~ mapa dag ~youcan often getageneralidea of what the articles ‘about before you read Lookat the tile ofthe article and the pletures and decide what the article about, "Now read the first underlined sentenceineac paragraph this should pie an overview ofthe text Decide which athe points in thetable willbe ined inthetext Yes No Perhaps aretransportes bout problems wt thewing about different for anspor sed tot 580parts about Germ manufacturers about ties in EuropeMasstransportation 47 Nees 3. Now readthe whole text qucklyand check your 4 Workin pars. how much you can How many different methods of transport were mentioned? nich counteles were mentioned? ny iit difScult to transpor the partofthe aircraft? Inthieunit {8 skimming reading for general understanding 1 forming compound adjectives and nouns ‘© comparative andsuperiative review {© how toshowenthusiasminspeaking 1 how topersuadeothers A European project ‘Themain parts ofthe Airbus A380 are manufacturedin different locations in Europe, with the inalassembly Toulouse. France, The parts haveto be transported to Toulouse usinga variety of methods. Because ofits size, ‘the airbus A380 requites the biggest wings ever constructed andit sa major undertaking getting ther toToulouse from the west coast of Walesin the UK, AttheUK actory.the wing{slifted nto ajigthat supports itonits journey. Thisjigis placed ona 96. wheel 200-tonne rault-purpose vehicle (MPV). This unmanned vehicle controlled froma mobile console ‘arriedby the operator ashe walks ahead of the lad Cablesare buried ina groove in the road itis 7m by road tothe river Dee Here the wing s moved ontoa specially-bult flat-bottomed ver craft that extends only 2m below the waterline. This crafttransports the wing downriver tothe port of Mostyn onthe cost. ‘Anew rolLon/ roll-off vesel called the Vilede Bordeauxhas been specially built to transport the sections of the Arbus tothe French port of Pau ships 8m long and 24m wide Ithas acargodeck spaceof6720m andthe argest watertight stern door (22m214m) ever built Its equipped witha system of Internal ramps doors, and hostable decks to accommodate the aitcraft components, and travels at anaveragespeed of knots, Fuselage sections manufactured mnGermany ae transported aboard the Villede Bordeaux from the {actoryin Hamburg The vessel stopsen-routeat Mostyn to load the wing before continuing tothe French coastal town oft Nazaire Herethe complete forward fuselage with cockpit and acompletecentre fuselage are loaded onboard. t the town of Pauilac the vessel berths alongside specially constructed quay with the stern aligned toa 150m floating pontoon Here the pars are transferred onto specially. constructed bargesto be taken down the ver Garonne toLangon, 9Skm away. A new dock has been built here sothe water depth canbe adjusted toenablethe bar tounload their argo onto new road transporters ‘These vast new computer guided lttes ak 240 km to Toulouse along reads that havehadto be widened and straightened to accommodate th ‘The48 Units eteentwoof the oo Vocabulary Compound adjectives and nouns Twowordscanbejoined together tornakea compound adjective, whichis usally written witha hyphen 1 Tohelp youremember new vocabulary. try tolearn words in phrases. Find these compound adjectives in thetext and write down the noun they deseribe ‘computer. guided lorry multi-purpose ral. 96.wheel 2. Matcha word in Awith a word in Btomake compound. adjectives Aa B air controlled remote breaking built going ocean conditioned record distance 3. choose compound noun to completethe sentences airbag powerboat seabed Boat builder radiosignal _tratfecongestion. containership safetybelt waterline 1 Passengers travelling ina car ae obliged toweara 2 John works asa —___forasmall company making sport and leisure boats. 3 Whenthe________is weak. reception s poor. ‘Most goods that are transported at sea are packed {inte containers that are loaded ontoa Partof thehull ofa ship sits below the 6 Incity entresand on major roads has Become major problem, Pairwork 1 Workin pats Discuss thelasttime you travelled by train Why did you take the train? Domany people choote ta travelby train in your coun Eachof you has some information. Askand answer questions tocomplete the table, Student Gotopal2, StudentB — Gotop.i0 Maglevtrain Bulletin Country Maxspeed Technology ficiency 3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Maglev and Bullet trains. Make notes.Masstransporation 49 Comparative and superlative review ¢ How much do you remember about comparative and Superlative ajectives? 1 Airtravelis quicker morequicker han travelling by 2 Its mest dangerous /more dangerous traveling by car thar by train, 5 Passengersare usuallyhappier/ more happy to pay {orguick connections than beautiful interiors 4 “Soikm/h was he fastest/ mort fast=peed achieved byattagle trainin 2003, 5. Gityplanners must try tofind more efficent the most effelentormof publ transport, 6. Thecheapest /Thelessexpensive form oftransport Isnotalways thegood /best answer. # Canyouexplan the rules? Goto Grammar referer puleandcheck your ancwer, Totalkabout the similarities or diferences in more etal we an use adverbs before the comparative, struct 2 Underline the adverbs inthis paragraph, Compared toships and oad vehicles, Maglev trains ‘move passengers and goods at much higher speeds and considerably ower cost. They also usea good deal less energy Comparedtoair transport, Maglev tains _move passengets and goods at alot es cost and in much more volume Overall Maglev technology isa much better way to move people and goods than existing modes. As well asbeing a great deal cheaper andalot faster, thas afar longer service fe 1 Theadverbsin the paragraphrefertolarge differences. Can you think adverbs we use to referto smal differences? Which adverbs are mote informal? >» Goto Grammar reference p.218 A groupof people were asked trate cabs and walkingas forms of transport. Looks the able and the example below. Then write sentences tocomparethe other features, prea sonnei Traveling by car isthe most dangerous form of transport Walking isslighty safer but it isconsderably safer totravel by bus.50 Unité ——h eee Marky words acombination pane and rmotorcariscoming Youmay mie bat Pronunciation Showing enthusiasm ‘Wecan show how enthusiastic we aren the words we chooeeand in the way we speak 1 @ Listen tohow we can use really orabsolutelyto makeastrong adjective stronger Thestory ofthe airbus A380 really fascinating Wher sel cr fe tent cy Notice how we pronounce really absolutely anda strongadjective {Iwas realy exhausted Iwas absolutely exhausted 2 Workin pais, Aand B Take turns tread the sentences below: Reply to each oneusing realy orabrolutelyand an adjective from the box Remember ta sound enthusiast! alighted fascinating tered enormous luxurious unbelievable fesential marvellous A Thestoryofthe Airbusis B Yes itsreallyfascinating, nterestng. Student a 1 Thestoryof the Arbus is interesting 2. Haveyouseen the new Airbus A380? 3. Theyhave had to rebuild roads and develop new quaysto transport the pars 4 Mynewcarhas satelite navigation student 8 5 Is publictraneport important for reducing carbon, 6 Mosteruse ships ae ike five starhotel 7 Yourmust have been pleased towin thedesigner of the yearawardl 8 Didyouenjoy travelingat 430km/hon the Maglev? Now changeanddo the exercise again, Its my job 1 @ Lstentoansnterview with Matt Haydon. a Marine Engineer ana put the questions inthe correct order. ‘What hours do you work on the ship? Aethereany risks? ‘What's yourjob? So,what sort of training did youhave tobecome a ‘Marine Engineer? ‘Would yourecommend this jobtoothers?__ How much ime do you getof? ‘What are you responsible forin your job? ‘What's the most challenging partof the jb? 2 @® Listen again and answerthe questions int 3 Discuss witha partner 1 Would youlike todo thisjob? 2. Would youlike to work for fourteen weeksand then hhave fourteen weeks holiday? 3. Why do you think is sila man's job?Make your point Persuasion Peierls eased foesandiare reer accept hssoition tocase trac songesion nis Nececiedta vite Arcartohep him preparer Presentation Tisisthe ceca esentola '* Prepare wel Gatherallthe relevant details You must haweallthe necessary fact nd figures, andthey rmustbecorect. «+ Give sufficient background information, but don ‘ore youraucience «Be preparedto give clear reasons foreach suggestion, « l’sbestto prepare printous giving deal financil ‘and technological data. That allows the audience to ‘ead at theirown speed andtoreferback when necessary. ‘You should sound enthusiastic Smile and make eye cone, « Don'tbe afraid ofsilent pauses while you putvisuals in place ‘Dont rush! Ike yourtime and speak leary. «= Bepreparedfor questions! @ Ustento.o presentation andlookat e's checklist. Use the checklist to evaluate o's performance and discuss witha partner how persuasive he was, ‘Workin small groups. Prepare short persuasive presentation about the advantages ofa mode of public ‘ansport.Think about noise and alr pollution energy efficiency / safety and comfort /Iand use journey time ive other students feedback on thelr presentations based on the checkist, Checklist ‘Assess your progressin this unit. Tick (7) the statements which ae rue. Icanform compound adjectives and nouns Icanform comparatives and superlatives know how to express enthusiasm when speaking ‘know what isimportant when trying to persuade others. [My listening and reading are good enough tounderstand mast ofeach textinthisunit Fee ee Key words Adjectives fascinating ‘magnetic proposed Nouns barge cargo congestion container ship goods location motorway passenger publictransport rail statistes vessel Note here anything about how English used intechnoogy that isnew toyou52 wnitingbank ——— Writing bank See cro Bema Hara sowwendnee a) ar 1 Arethesestatements aboutemalls true orfalze? 1 you know the recipient well, you canleave out the opening {greeting and complimentary loze. 2 Emoticons:)®canbeused in suse en any typeofemail 3. Tostressa word witeitin | was ierstedto ead the atl nthe Engineering and (CAPITAL LETTERS, chology Journal ast month abou the revationa 4 Youshould keep your message corlug youhave deveined * short r svecen and woodworking | 5 Itenotnecessary toansweran email quickly 6 Youshould never write something youdon't want othersto zee 17 Youshoulatry tobe amusing to hearing om yo 2 Read the emailand answerthe Dee questions Heath and Safty Offear? 1 Whois arollazque? 2. Whois Hartmut Schwandner? 3. What does Carol want? 4 Why does she tell Hartmut whereshe works? 3. Match the parts ofthe email -7 with the sections a-—. 4 Reason for writing Sender's position Subjectine Complimentary close Sendersname Opening greeting How Carolknows about Hartmut‘Writing bank $3 4 Readthetwoemailsand 2nsver == the questions + 1 How does Perbegin the main Pe body ofthe email? ae SS aEaEEEEEEIEEEEeeESEe 2. How does er make polite ce requests? Site Securty cameras 3. How doPerand larrieopen and. close thei emails? Which one of theminowsthepetsontheyare | Deer Ken wntingto? Fesowing out 'lepone conversation ts morning rearing ho 5 A Witeanemaltoask for ictal of secunty cameras a you ator | would begat it technleainformation aboutthe | yoy coud sond me a etaledmap of the premises, We need tobe heat pumps advertised in The Energy ournallast week You also want toknow about the ble to assess how many cameras we wouldneed to covery leplaces to them so thatthe whole costand detals for installing area can be seen. Can you aso indicate onthe map where you Would ‘them Youthink you could Ike the monitor tobe pa0ed? Far example, you could have them in ‘nstallityourself.Askabout the the reception ata o main ofc where thay are constant on view length ofthe guarantee. Write 70-50 words Best wishes Ee TRIN [Fitosbarieresignscom eee eel Doar Sir/Madam ‘As. consultant othe ol industy|am ver ntrestadin your safety products, Could you please send me your catalogue andlatest Price Ist? We ar particularly intrested in provising our customers with effective gas detection systems. ook foward to hearing from you Yours fatty Lae Dale Dale Products Tet-001 519 B WriteanemailtoPlastics Incorporated asking for details ‘oftheirapprenticeshiporyoung | 24 Alberta Road, Newington, London, Ontario ‘graduate schemes. Write 35-50 words eel 7 32828254 Writing bank Describing graphs Fer 1 complete thetable withthe ee stay ee empertre considerably increased decreed” moderately = ‘dropped sharp gray sowy a2 ee = — ‘There dramatic ise insolar ame coma oss nergy 2 Lookatthe graphing. — production 1 Whatisthetopicofthe graph? 2 What does the hoiortal Be tepesen? 3. Whatarethe gues on the g fice fe anicanty wert at eee 4 what were the most important — sourcesafenegy? Why ae = 19raandioe3 igncant What doyounotce about alternative sourcesofenergy? Which gt eer ow WoRLD ENERGY cow: significantly after 1970? mee 3 esa hataocription rth hes oA Mi sscveicss 1 Whatisthe purposeofthefist ere ae 4 Hi rocayenscme 2. What is the purpose ofthe fates secondsentence? z sabrouncan 3 whichwordshaveameaning — 3 or simular toapproximatey? 2 WE wooo, was 7 Wi cioricnns Tre grophinig shows how noch an energy rom ferent aoices was ‘red between 150d 2006 We Beno Con aao that ovr prio the fevount energy sed inerensed “oho imo 3079 oho ie abo 210 roan Shorty onde gest omountot tcergycametrompatcaum, in riingrapidy wo reach 4200 rion ding tine, bu tere wes 8 {9:0jstover12000maonbiion billon Jules by 2005 Teserond growth inthe aunt of ce Joules wes uedbuttisfiguerose and thcdlergestsouces afenergy _Sacripower sr 1970 racing sharply toreecnapeokatroughy wore nairl ges andcon wich esch approximately 00 millon bon 46000miton lion cule in sccountedor about 25,00 rill oes in 2005. Th alin energy 1978. Therewas aromatic falto_ lion Julesin 208, The graph eonaumon nthe eats round Iustover20Q00 milion billon nthe showsthatinatgnfeantamounts of Y800was probably due othe word following five yeas bofore energy camefrom renewable sources oll criss.4 Look atthe pie chartsin Fig 5. 1 Whatdothey show? Read the description ofthe pie charts. 2 What does respectively mean? 3. Theword whileisusedto contrast two pieces of information Find twoother ‘words which have the same function 5 choose the correct answer. Aline graph /ple chart shows relationship between two variables The variable on the X axisisoften time. We usea line graph /piechartto show increases And decreases ‘Alinegraph /piechartis divided into sectors which representa percentage ofthe whole We usea line graph /plechartto compare and contrast data Writing tank 55 Figs PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION IN CROATIA ‘CARGO TRANSPORTATION IN CROATIA ‘The pie charts compare the use of ferent modes of passenger and cargo transportation in Croatia. canbe seen that more than half of al ‘passengers choose to travel by road, accounting for 58%, whiljust under haf of al cargo is carted by road. About third ofl passengers use ral transport but ony 11% of Croatia's cargo goes by rail Creatishasa long coastline and ustunder a third of Croatia's argo is transported by sea. However oniy 9% of passengers use this form of anspor. Thisisprobsbiy because ee transport is cheaper for cargo but 00 slow for passengers. Pipeline ond inland water transportation account for 8% and 1% ofcargo nsportation respectively.56 Writing bank 6 A Useexpressions fromthe a UKOOIL CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION Clipboard to writea description ofthe graphinA.Inyourfist sentence describe what the fraphis about by using the tle X and Vans. n the second, sentence giv an overview of ‘the trends shove nthe graph ‘Then deseribethe graph in rare detail Write 80-100 words aanuss Pe DAY (2000) B Wiitea descriptionofthe pie chart nB Write 80-100 words. am, Clipboard Language for describing graphs Tegraphshows s te POR USE FUBLLC TRANSPORT The raph provides information about Thechartcompares Between 2008and 2006 From 200402006 Overthi period 1m2005 During tis time Reach peak Account for 7 canryoutacasssurveyofthe smethodof transport used by students to get to class Display the results ina pie chart and then ‘writea description UUMRead Marc'sCV.Hets applying for graduate schemes specalizingin Environmental consultancy and Impact assessment Answer the questions 1 Whichschool did he goto? 2. What subjects did hestudy at school? 3. Atwhlch university did he study? 4 Whatsubject did he study? 5 What didhe do while he wasin Germany? 6 WhereistheEden Project? 7 Whatdidhedo there? 8 Whatdoeshethinkhis strengths are? 9 Whatdoeshe doin hisfree time? Write a cv for yourself In yourCV you have tosell yourself Unit 15 ‘all give you ideas of afferent sll, Once you have completed ‘the CV, writea covering etterto go withit MareFoster 08.03061986 Email [email protected] Telshome 01295670026, mobile 07884128831, Nationality-snitsh Profile {am highly metwated and hard working young graduate with excelent acsdemie qualifeations and appropriate workexperience inthe feld of ecology. work ery wellina team have excelent communicationand ‘organizational sis and enjoy encouraging and motivatingothers, Including ehigren Eduction and qualifications 2005-2008 University of eed '85c Hons) 21 Environmental biogeosclence My personal research projet on collecting biodata therver Danube floodpianistobe published by the Worldwide Fund for Naturein theiequarterly magazine. Modules studied Environmental RiskScence Policy,and Management AlrqualtyScienceand Policy Earth ystem Science Biochemical Cycles Soilsand Environmental Change Sustainable Development Challenges and Practice lam Hall School Darlington AS level Business studies (C), General studies (8) ‘Adlevel:Chemisr (8). Mathematics (A), Biology) ‘GCSE grades: 24" 44,28 1¢ Work Experience July/August 2006, 2007 Worldwide Fund for Nature, Germany Total of 2 weeks spent asisting with species and habitat management surveying and ‘monitoring activites andthe collection of biodata. This provided valuable experience of ecosystems as wellasworking nan International team ‘Summer2004,2005 The Eden Project Cornwall Summerassstant with responsibility frseling tickets, guiding vistors around the centre an sisting with educational activites for clan, Tishelped me develop my sills working with children and members ofthe pubieas well as tiplaining sues related tthe envionment. Interests ake reat pleasure in traveling toexperience afferent cultures meet new people andlearn from new expesiences enjoy playing the piano ana Singing have been a member ofthe unversityoperatic society for telast three years58 Writing bank — questions 122-128Highand set 11 Whatis the purpose ofthe Newby 2. How will apprentices be Teh00n a7 2034 chosen? nail enuiesthesone oak 5. What should the teamleaders inthe Maintenance Departimentdonow? LET a, Momo Clipboard —= ‘Amemoisan intemal company To Maintenance Departrent document that is normally ge aca eae ‘impersonal and formal in style a reat Heah ieee aad paar oa ‘Subject Six Apprenticeship places starting rnurnberof people within the ar ‘organization and may beputon Dato 14 May 2008 a noticeboard Itshould state whoitieto chaimstaine ‘A decision has been made by senior managenent that apprenticeships for six Maintenance Techricians will be nade available to start in Septenber 2008. Advertisenents havea title explaining what itis about andadate state the purposein the opening ‘inviting applicants wiN1 be placed in national newspapers paragraph ‘in June, Interviews wiN1 be arranged for the week beginning beasbriefas possible 3 uly. ‘The apprenticeships wiTl be for three years and wiT! consist ‘of on-the-job training under supervision in the Maintenance Department and day release one day a week to the Toca? collese. Would team Teaders please attend 2 meeting in room D on ‘Thursday 17 May at 9 a.m. to discuss possible ski Ted supervisors for the apprentices and the apprentices’ work rotation.2 complete the memo by putting the information afin thecorrect place. a alltransport vehicles willbe system equipment bb hortbeefing courses {© Wouldall drivers please signup 4 Memo © soimprove the efficiency of our To Writing bank $9 kirby North industrial Estate fitted with GPS navigation kirby delivery service 2 { ‘TransportDepartment From Genera Managet pa Biker Subject GPSwehice navigation system forall delivery vehicles ‘workangin the Food Date __24Novernber 2008, Department at Briteways Supermarket Usethenotesin A below Providea company adress date, etc. Write 80-100 words. B startEngineering have recently signed a contract witha German company, Poch AG,to supply them with components for the next three years. group of Senior Managers fom the company are comingto visit start Engineering Wrtea ‘memotoallstaffusing the notes in B below, Write 70-90 word. a Change in fouit and vegetable packaging ~ will top using paste Pays, [New trays compostable, starting next month Less attractive so staff need to reassure ‘astomers Company advertising campaign ta promote them as environmentaly-friendly nect mondh Everyone t0 attend shart training session Friday tp.m., roam D Thase waable 0 attend, speak to line manager As pate ofthe company efficiency programme, way co delivery addresses more quickly and. ‘over the next few weeks. This equipment willallow deverscofind their Son howto operate the equipmenc will beeun ‘on Monday 4, Tuesday Sand Thursday 7 December at 8.30a.m. ____*orone of these dates with their group, visit 10-13 April be prepared to answer technical questions — be helpful be prepared to explain production procedures ~ be informative arrange lunch and rest breaks so there is always someone available to answer any ‘echnical questions60 writing bank Instructions 11 Match the hand signals with the instructions tothe driver Lower Move forward Move backwards Raise stop 2 Whatinstructionsdothese signs give? A Donotsmoke, ‘When we give Instructions, we use theinfntivef the ver. To givea warning or prohibit an action we use donot. 3 Haveyoueveruseda fre extinguisher? Would youruse the same extinguisher for an clectrical fire as fora paper fre? Why?/Why not? Find the nearest fie extinguisher toyourroom andzead the type of fire itis sutablefor. Use the words below tocomplete the instructions for usinga fire extinguisher. aim Point Be Pullout call Release Choose Squeeze Fight sweep Hold Dont. __tafreifthereis 2) considerabieheat bj significant smoke or fumes «6 a possibilty you willbe trapped _thefreemergency services the covrect extinguisher —____‘the in >thenozzle away romyou = the ocking mechanism Plow the extinguisher upright and amt thebase of thefire the trigger 2° prepared forthe forceand noise ofthe extinguishingagent the nozzle from side tosidewritingbank 61 4 Lookatthesketchesthat show how tomakeasolaroven Writes setofinstructions on how to build a aasolaroventoaccompany the slustations. include ll the parts ‘and materials from this ist sain structure ‘plywood orather board material interior black painted metal ad lass I reflective panels oe Bl ‘aluminium fll st ‘corrugated cardboard ‘Write50-70 words. lipboard x Useful verbs Place Attach Connect cut Paint Measure i cover use Estimate Pe Calewiate Tyo(62 Writing bank Health and safety Lookat part acomplted sect repr fom 1 Whowasinjued? 2 Howoldshe? 3 Whatwerehisijues? 4: Why doyouthnkthe driver ahantsectheboy? Clipboard Language of injuries Hecuthishand and needed stithes She brake herleg/had a broken leg, He was knocked unconscious, Heburnthisarm, Shehasa brulsed face Hewas knocked down by a car Heslipped on/tripped over. Hesuffered a majorinjury/ ‘broken neck. When we writean incident report ‘weuse past tenses. Jolan Balog aw... PastSimple ‘Abdulwashit.. Past Simple (Passive) [Abdulhad entered... PastPerfect Name of injured person Address Phone number Age Female/Male Jobtitle Who was theinjured person? Employee ‘Ontraining scheme Onworkexperience Employed by someone ese Seltemployed Memberafthe public kind of accident Contactwith moving machinery Hit by moving object Hitby moving vehicle Hit something feed Injured while handing iting, carrying Slipped. tripped. fll, Tapped Drowned Expoted toharmful substances Exposed tofire Exporedtoclectity Injured by animal Physically assaulted bya person Description of what happened Abdel Azizi Fiat 267, Blok 65, New Cy, Bingham o1zt 121212 2 Male sot appicable Abdul was bit by 0 moving dumper auch whch was carrng earth On the constrocton site m Man Road. The auch driver didnot see Abdel, who ‘nad enrered he site Jolan Baty, Site Foreman, saw the acodent and caled anambulance jolan and tno other workers stayed with Abdel stl the ‘ambulance artved. Ar haspital Abdel was X-rayed and found 0 havea ‘broken eg and brused arms2 Danskrebowski,22 has been, Involved in an accident a work ‘duringhis training in electrical installation. Lookat the pictures below and then fillin the report form. Use imaginary personal details forDan. Use the ‘expressions in Clipboard and the Past Simpleto describe his, Injuries. Write 60-80 words Health and Safety report 3 An Accident investigation Inspector has produced a Health and Safety eport following ‘Albdul’s accident. Match the paragraphs A~D with the correct partaf the report 61-72. ‘Vehicle access points to th sould be manned during constuction work to pravent persons accessing the ste when gates are open. 8B) Vehicle access points tothe site were constanty open and unmanned, ) Site should be securely enced offto prevent unauthocaed access by members ofthe publi. Any breaks should be Fixed immediately 1) Stehad not been securely fenced of Temporary fencing had fallen overin two places and had not been put back up. 4 Writethefindingsand recommendations sections ofa report following Dan’ acident. ‘White 60-80 words, About you,the person ilingin About the personwhohad the the report decident Name. Name. a Occupation Occupation Signature ____ Report number bate__ [About the acident Whencidithappen? Date: __ Time: = Where dit happen? How did ithappen and why? Give details of any injury suffered and treatment given. Give any recommendations to avold similar accidents occurring 60 Findings 62 7.0 Recommendations va 7268 Witing bank Reports 1 completethe short deserigtionot aE idl Ui lislatachioby rules ser rot that reports refr withthe Undorground sures Fuel isnt words below nthe oder hand tbe diesel ung has the avanlage being oe pm thao pemplargec quate af ater ee append 3) deseribes ‘written 2 Because rain only falls during certain months of the year and Possible ‘there is only limited finance available, itis essential to find a1 pe oa iran syste hats cos ocive oo ia ‘The aim of this report was to find the most suitable method of investigation or poet ts Tali groundwater ith fo main rer being ent, le Astoprovde maintenance, dense of se ceeaeeireeatted “This eport presents wo frgaton systems the tread pump anc! de diesel pomp, ‘Adescripton and an analysis of operational eficteney for each sometimestosellaniden itis dees plump are followed by a comparison of te two designs, Finally person or groupof people who the most effective pump is recommended. ‘have investigated the 3 Appendix 1 -table showing comparative figures: a enna! 4 2.0 Treadle pump “ Tice ie ak patel Meudcnag ices wit eee fi cemien a Gee = 2.1 Operation 6.0 References b Table of contents. ED Paani petng: “Appendix 1 mee 31 pan eee 31 One epee A +8 6 In conclusion, two alternative designs have been presented: a ears eee £ Summary and Conclusion ‘low in basic cost and easy to ..., however, the treadle pump is 7 comparison of te irrigation systems for smal farmers kn rural Africa By Frank Burton and Ailsa MacLod 24 July 20_13 TheSummary/Abstract ‘Thesummaty isoftencalled an executive summary or abstract A descriptive abstract tells the reader what the report isabout > thepurpose © methods used 4. thescope. Aninformative abstract also includes f¢ theresults £ conclusions recommendations Lookat the informative abstractin ‘AMatch each ofthe points a-g above with phrasesin the abstract. ‘A the most effective way to reduce the cost ofheating an average ‘home in Britain and reduce carbon emissions 4 Usethenotes in Btownitepart ofa reporton two possible bridge designs. Write the tite ist of contents, introduction, summary, land conclusion fr the report. Use ‘expressions ftom Clipboard Clipboard Language foreports Introduction Theaim ofthis report isto. ‘The purpose of his report isto, This report presents Inthis report wereview. Recommendations and conclusions Inconclusion, Alsrecommended ait. Wie recommend. ‘Based onthe research, we recommend that The main recommendations are Writing bank 65 ‘This report compares fourteen diferent practical measures that can be taken inorder to find the most effective way to reduce the costs, of eatingan average home in Britain and reduce carbon emissions. ‘Toachleve this, the research compares the cos of installation, the ‘number of years required to pay back the investment cost and the amount of carbon saved each year. The study shows that the cost of insulating oft and walls is recovered within three yeas but saves only small amount ofearbon. Although it takes approximately thirteen years to pay back the cos of installing ground source heat pump, itsaves the maximum amount of carbon ands, therefor, the bpestIong-term solution. Based onthe research, we recommend that, ‘where possible, new homes are fitted with ground source heat pumps. Two possible bridge designs steel beam bridge and composite girder bridge Baciground: Dual carriageway ~ total 4 lanes te cress river Dee, north Seatland Span 132 metres between man-ntade compacted fill embankments Soil conditions uncertain to metres above water level Gradient ~ 0,07m/me Criteria: ‘Method of constenction Casts of constractian and maintenance Aaesthesics Durability Include: Sketches of elevations and eras Costing calculations Time seale Comparison: Bath bridges need piers on pile foundations due te stl Derign 2 made of steel ca longer spans recommend design 1 Recommend: Design { ~ mrtimtal framework in construction Ensy to erect Cheaper ‘More durable66 Writing bank key SN ——— Writing bank key 1.1 T-Although tis stillpolitetoinciudea simple ‘greeting suchas Hand end with Best wishesor Regards 2. F-Emoticons should not be used in business emails ‘because they are not considered serious and.in fac, sometimesrude 3 F-People consider this toberude Write a wordin italies if you eally need to highlightit. 4 T-Email are used for quick communication not for long speeches and should be brief and tothe point, 5. F-Itis rude not toreply promptly. Ifyou cannot give ‘definitive answer, acknowledge receipt ofthe email and promise to get back as soon as possible 6 T-Otherpeoplecanreadthe recipient emails and the recipient may forward the eailtocthers. 7 F Because youcannet seetherecipient he/she has no way of understanding that youre joking and may misunderstand ajoke Health and Safety Officer ina woodworking. company 2. Employee ofa company manufacturingearplugs 3. Technical details of the evolutionary earplug 4. Sothat he realizes the company need for such carplugs:they ae required for industrial use, not retail Bas e1 b7 £3 €2 ea a6 4 1 Byreferringtothetelephoneconversation earlier Iwouldbe grateful/ Can you 43 DeatKen;Dear Sir/ Madam, Perknows the person heis wnitingto Describing graphs Bre is racemes eed oe owiy/ gay real tnrepaiaiy/ verpheeeet eel es Fig. ee poduction dropped / deceased ey Teese 21 Theamountofenergy from different sources that ‘was used between 1950 and 2006, 2. Years1950t02006, 23. Energy in oules, 4 Petroleum, natural ga, and coal, Petroleum reached ‘apeakin 1978 but fll dramatically unt 1983, There ‘as very little energy from alternative sources [Nuclear electri power grew significantly after 1970, It describes what the graph isabout using Information fom the title the X and the ¥ axis 2. Itgivesan overview ofthe trends shown inthe graph, 3. Justover,roughly: about 4.1 Theycompare different modes of transport for passengers andcargoin reais, 2 Inthesameordersae 3 But however 5 ine graph line graph ple char pie chart w 1/1 PolamHall School Darlington 2 Business Studies, General studies, Chemistry Mathematics, Biology 3. University of leeds 4 Environmental biogeoscience 5. Worked with the Worldwide Fund for Nature, species and habitat management © Comwall.England 17 Sold tickets guided people helped with activities for children 8 Highly motivated and hard working, good team ‘worker excellent communication and organizational skls,enjoys encouragingand motivating others 9. He travels plays the piano, and.sings.11 Toinformemployeesin the Maintenance Department about apprenticeships in September andtoaskteamleaderstoattend ameeting to ‘discuss mattersrelating to this. 2. Therewillbe interviews 3 Attend a meetingin room Don Thursday 7 May atgam. aid 3a sb at ae be Instructions stop D tower Moveforward Move backwards E Raise a 2 c B Donotsmoke orlight fie. © Donotwalk/cosshete Donotuse water toputoutthe re E Donoteatinhere F Donotdrink the water. G Donotuse vehicles, 4 Donot touch, 31 fight 7 8m 2 call 8 Hold 3 Choose 9 squeeze 4 Pullout 10 Be 5 Point 11 Sweep 6 Release Health and safety 1 Abdul Acti 29 3. Brokenlegand bruised arms 4 Perhapshe couldn't see because of something nis line of view. Or perhaps, because he didn texpect ‘anyonetobenearhis truck he wasn'tlooking, carefully Anine-yearold boy, who was not wearing any safety steclothing would be very dificult to 3 GoFindings 61D 628 10 Recommendations nc 10 A Reports 11 desea 4 ie 2 purpose 5 pose 3 wnten dar aa bs f6 2 63 a4 3 ..tofindthemostefectivway. the esearch compares the cost of stalation the ‘numberof years required to pay back the investment ‘cst andthe amount of carbon saved each year 4. Thisreport compares fourteen diferent practical © Thestudy shows that the cos of insulating loft and ‘walls is recovered within three yeas but savesonlya smallamount of carbon. Although takes Approximately thirteen yearsto pay back the cost of Instaling aground source heat pump, tsaves the ‘maximum ameunt of carbon ands therefore the best long-term solution. £ ..aground source heat pump, Solution 4 --newhomes shouldbe) fitted with ground source heat pumps. Lethe bestlong:term68 Units Bic) kare 4 ‘Switch on WORK EXPERIENCE 1 Whichof these products snot derived from ol? Dates 1997.98 ss Bape BP Position tld : . Dates 1998-2000 BB Employer BP Position held eiachbeee Dates 2001-2004 Employer BP Position held Assistant rile Dates 2004 co present Employer : Position held eee QUALIFICATIONS Monrose College Aberdeen Dailing Schoo! Diplosiain 2 what othereil derived products canyoullst? It’s my job 1 stasjon onder of eno oustabout Assistant Drie. Reading Arotary derrick 1 end this description ofa drtingrgand bethese ‘components on the diagram. Drill bit relly swivel ceeee crownblock mudpumps _travellingblock drilstring powerplant turntable Tellartthact yor mewn Rotary derrick 2 @ Study the extract from Michael's CV. Listen tothe interview again andl the ope. ‘Thedlagram showsa rotary densck (atype of tower) ‘Thederrcchas tobe high enough so that sections of pipe 3 @ Nowristen tothe interview again, Answer the can be added ot removed. Each pipe sections 10to15m questions about Michael Use information fromthe _lengand,asa group, they are joined together toform the Interview and your own knowledg anilsting. 1 Why didhegethisfistjob on anol nig? Atthetopofthedertickisthe crown block andat the side ai winn bod sisvaiat omens isthe power plant usualy a ange dieel engine. The owe plant provides powe fr the draw works which reused foi sections of pipe inand aut ofthe borehole. Teas powers the ma preps. Themud suse or beating bit as wells the turntable 5 Why dooilig workers learn fis? ‘The travelling blocks suspended by acabletrom the 6 Whyishehopingtogeta shore-based ob? exown block and can move upand down The wives 3. Why isbeing aRoughneck considered sil work? 4 Why didhissafety course include learning howto ‘escape rom ahelicopter?rv Vv K attached to the traveling block swivels something ‘which sree to rotate The swivel allows the ipeto rotate freely The taveling block ase ot overs the pipe The elisa heavy pipe approximately 3m ong TRissquae orheragonalinsectionandissuspended fromthe swivel It fits through the sltinthe turntable andconnectstothetop ointoftheduilsting. “The rotary deck works follows Fst the power plant tums the urtabe-Then. asthe turrable rotates, {etumsthekelly which otatesthedistring atthe endothe string of dil pipes isthe damone toothed DIL Asthe pipe ums thebiteutsthebereole Petroleum engineering 69 Nee Inti wnt «transferring information froma text toadagram f Present tensereview ‘© short forms of be withthe Present Continuousin ‘connected speech ‘© speaking aboutollrefining 2 Readthetext again. Thistimenote the functions of theserig components Component Function be “eats the borehole draw works kelly ‘mud pumps powerplant traveling block 3. Workin pairs. Askand answer questions about the function ofthe diferent components. A Whatdoesthebit do? B Itcutstheborehole Vocabulary Collocations in petroleum technology 1 Make common clloations related toil by matching nouns in Awith nouns in. a 2 anit fuel aviation string power aler fossil, pump mud fuel assistant plant 2 Now use thecollocationsin Mtocompletethe sentences 1 The____ provides the ubricant. 2 Thebitislocatedat theend ofthe. 3 an need qualifcationstodo the job 4 Ollandcaalaretypes of 5 The _____isrunondiesel 6 _____isusedinpanes70 units Someestimatescaluate that upto 25% ofthe words undiscovered alteeres coud beneath the DrctcOeean, Language spot Present tense review Study this diagram: They'rahaving lunch bresk now pe ‘¢Both the Present Simple andthe Present Continuous describe the present, but the Present simple can include the pastand the future i describes things which are alwaystrue oroutine The Present Continous hae a rmorelimited range 1 study these examples: ike the wore 1's pouring with rain outstabouts usualy get jab tke painting. Venezuelan oflcontains ot of sulphur Tmworking on the ig this nth Town a S0dee Yamaha motorbike Mark with PS or PC which tense is used with: non-action verbs temporary or unusual activities —_ verbsofthinking or feeling, facts thingshappening right now 6. adverbsof frequency __ ‘Sometimes the choice of tense depends onthe speaker’spointof view. The tense we use can reflect how far we think ofan action continuing beyond the present Note how Michael says Tm hoping to geta shore-based job (lexpect this will, happen quitesoon) Contrast this with ‘hope togetashore-based ob (Atsome pointin my caer) Compare: ‘Fmworking onarig(1don'tplan to work therefor ruc longer) work ona ig (Ths sy ob for some ime tocome) 2 putthe verbs in bracketsin the best form. Usethe speaker's point of view in tales to help you. 1 1__ve}in the usa. (tists my rome) 2 1____ five} in texas. (Idon'tthink of his ‘aspermanent) 3 1___{study) English (Next yearit wit beSpanish) 41 (study) mast (don think cvergiveitup) 51. __ (play football for the local team thisseason (don think this will goon foranother season) 6 1___ play) football. ta nobby.) ‘ Some nom-action verbs normally usedta describe states can sometimes be used with the Fresent Continuous Study the examples Crude cilfets sticky. Fmfeeling sick Its the smelt oft. >» Goto Grammarreference p18 3 curcetheconect frm. 1 Don't forget.’ seeing /Iseeyou atten tomorrow. 2 Isee/Tmseeing the weatherhas improved. 3. Fmthinking//Ithink of buying a hybrid car. 4 What do you think / What ae you thinking of hybrids? 5. Thear/'m hearing moreandmore complaints about this product. 6 hear Tm hearing very litle with my left ear.’ been ike that since the accident.£42.08 galore ttende cl peur 44 lomo Pronunciation bewith the Present Continuous Because the different parts of the verb be are usually contracted inthe Present Continuous itis easy tories cout be when using this tense 1 @ achofthese phrases hasa short form ofbe, Listen andrepeat them 1 Trmlooking for my goggles 2. You'restandingtooclose 3. He'snot wearinga helmet. 4 Werehavinga fire dri, 5 They're learning firstaid. 2. Complete the sentences withthe correct contacted formot the verb be. 1 We___ studying tobe Petroleum Engineers, 2 She taking asafety course, 3. 1___wotking fora Duteh companyat the 4 They___planningtoshut down the wel 5, You____net following the instructions properly. 6 Who____lookingatterthissite? 3. @ Nowlistento the sentences and check your answers Repeat ther, Pairwork 1 Readthisintroduction tooll:efining Crude il consists of many different hydrocarbons mixed together. Hydrocarbons contain hydrogen and carbon in different combinations To convert erude oi Into useful products ithastoberefined.The frst rocess in refining fractional distillation, which separates lighter constituents factions) from. heavier ones Ths is done by heating the oll The vapourentersa distillation oluran Each fraction condenses atadifferent point inthe column andso can be separated out Fractions with high boiling points condense in the lower part ofthe column. Fractions with low boiling points condense at cooler temperatures further up the column. Petroleum engines 2 Workin pairs, Aand . Each of youhasadiagram ofa distillation column like the one below, which contains someinformation about © thenamesof the constituents the fractions) © the temperature at which different hydrocarbons vaporize © theproduets theiruses > 3 ew ‘Askand answer questions to find the information missing fom your diagram, Atwhat temperature does gasoline conden? Which hydrocarbon vaporizes at 40°C? Whatisgasoline used for? student A Gotop213, student Gotop.t,‘T2 Units pleco eauipment Insmall groups, match these descriptions of ol platforms tothe correct illustration Be prepared to Justify youranswers iratyor Gravity orfisedplationms ston the seabed, fied Often havea concetebare with hee tofour Duin top Usedin waterupto520n.Gawity rigsare often bi inshetered ates then hallow legs and bose canbe sedfostoring ot i 2 jaceup __Theseplatformsitonsteel es Thelegscan be lowered torae the platform above the se3(ike bout 0m. They are cheap andareeusale. 35 ‘they canbe movedto other lsxtions Howeve, ‘here are owing problems with heseige and thesrsafety records poorer than other types it toot te platformandenoughweight to teep tupepn By aeringthe amount ofuater nd own. They are vsedinwate of 600 ‘00min depth They aver sabe. een in roughseos.theycanbeeaslly movedtonen ications Theyneed more support vessel spar sparsarefeating platforms aored tothe sea ‘bed Theycome inthe forms aclsparnasa body compored ofa numberof vertical columns 2 comentionlsparhas one column, anda ‘porhos flosinghardtankat the toplinied to 2sottankat tne bottom which weighted roviestablty tthe structure Spareare Eisspeiand wt te Hae Complete the table foreach type of platform described above. ators Thay are suitable for depts upto See aera ‘800m Theycan be moved honzortaly Type Depth of water These are fosting platforms where the mooring system prevent vertical movement Ths means 2 thatthe wellanbe tapped rect ram the platform They canbe used in cepts of 200 withotherpatform types andcanbemoved toAdvantages Disadvantages Assess your progressinthisunit.Tick(/) the statements which are true. ransfer informa xt toa diagram know the differences in use be Present Simple andthe Present Co knowhow to pronounce short forms.of be inconnected speech Ican speakab ‘My reading and listening ae good enough tounderstand most ofeach textin ‘Adjectives qualified shore-based bt constitu hydrocarbon platform Verbs dealwith lubricate Note here anything about how English is used intechnology thats new toyoue Language spot Reported speech ‘2 Wen we report what someone has aid. wehave to make several changes tothe original words Study the examples and notice what happens to ‘Timeexprestionseg next week “ou'llhave fo change te ltersnext week'said Mr Bran Bran said we wold have to change thefiterthe {following week “usually check the pipes for cracks oncea month; the Inspector explained. The inspector explained that he usualy checked the pppesforcracksoncea month. “After the heavy rain yesterday the drains overflowed,” ‘the Engineer said. The Engineer said that after the heavy rain the previous dy, the drain had overflowed, 1 Complete therules. verbtense Present Continuous - Past Continuous Present Simple : Past simple ee will would Reet eR ‘Time expressions today thatday yesterday ~*__* thisweek= nextmonth=_______* » Goto Grammarreference p.119 2 Report what the following people said 1 "Wewrllimprove efficiency’ explained the Engineer. 2 ‘Jonas ested yesterday's samples said the Supervisor. 5 "You willbe fined if you pollute the river; warned the Inspector. Environmental engineering 75 Nee Inthis unit ¢ reporting what someone said ‘© how torecognize and show disbelief 9 discussing sustainability {© usinginformation from isteningto complete a diagram about water treatment 4 ‘Ourdesignteam has won this year's prize for innovative technology; announced the Director. ‘© Whena question begins with who, which, what. et, ‘weuse that question word when we report the question 1 For yes no questions we make sentences with for whether. «The word order in the reported questions the same asforastatement, nota question. We change the tense ofthe verbasint “How do you dispose of the waste paint” ‘The Inspector asked how we disposed ofthe waste paint. ‘Do you add chiorineto the water?” The Engineer asked ifwe added chlorine tothe water. Will you beable to repair the sewage ppe today? ‘The Foreman asked whether we would be ableto repair thesewage pipe that day 3. Readthe report Then complete the dialogue tasked the engineer how he applied paintto the products He explained they sprayed the paint ina ventilate closed room, When Lasked him how much ofthe paint actually reached the product he said they estimated about 40% He explained thatthe excess ‘was removed in the ar stream and paint particles were absorbed ina water curtain. | asked if this was sored. He sad this settled ina tank na the resulting sludge had tobe disposed Interviewer How painttothe product? Engineer We. ina ventilated, closed oom, Interviewer How muchofthepaint the product? Engineer Theexcess__ inthe tr stream and paint particles inawatercurtain Interviewer: Engineer This ina tankand the resulting sadge76 Unitio Vocabulary Reporting verbs 1G ease fave eerie Racer Hiion re spken oa She onfimed thatthe pip om ge ever tase eeipiageta ac Reece Saat for not finishing the _____? onthe proposal tac eal cht ele ‘ Biviecrerens one eanateneel swe often paraphrase (explain more simpy) We use reporting verbs todo this. lookat the underlined verbs inthe emailandlisten again or read he Listening scripton p12. Reporting verbs admit conser question advise enquire recommend agree insist remind apoogi offer suggest ask promise thank complain Propose Complete sentences a-h with the correct form of reporting verbs in. Pronunciation Showing disbelief 1 @ Ustento thetwo dialogues. Which speaker, BorD, doesnot believe what Cakum said? How does thestress and intonation show this? ‘A Howmuch water wllit save? B Calumsaidt would save 30%. © How much water il tsave? Calumsaidt would save 30%, Notice thestress and intonation in normal reported speech, the intonation slike this: a ony Calum sad it would save 30% Dbuttoshow disbeliefthere is aheavier stress on said and the intonation goes oven like this ee Calum sad would save 30%. % ‘oa Yes thats a good ides Wel ‘change the peesure tnralyweysont_ | U Walt tetinetoustihe raincharownrslngor | { “Samson he Saganecceeteey ‘oer _grateful to you for being, oe iain ‘The maintenance ofthis ‘equipment hs nat been done propery. Tere are leaks tic sti haven been ised mot sur canbe ‘these results. Are you sure the Survey was caied ot “correct? ease don't forget to check the ler presse the pes,habitat (7) The place wherea particular tcclogy()thereationof plants andiving doe turetoeachother and 2 Lookatthesesix things that people have told you recently-Tick(/) three that you believe and cross) three you donot believe. 1 Thearticlesaid thatthe lapanese could 0 convert waste plastic film into biodiesel b Scientistssaidthattheworldtemperature would increase by 5°Cin 50 years ¢ TheEngineertoldushehadfoundacheap ‘way toremove ol pollution from beaches, 4 Thereportersald that each passengerfiying from London toNew York produced 128 tonnes of carbon © Thereport sad that ships produced ess a pollution than aircraft { Thepoitciantoldusthatthe government would provide more money forresearch into sustainable technology. 3 Workin pairs, Aand Take turns telling eachother about the things in2.Can your partner work out what youbelleved and what you didnt from your It’s my job ace ance a aga Bie a cece ree 2 Dossier el? ice ee none! 4 bitanoter bree? amen siy eerey ty clas eae ees irae ee ae ere ae eee ee 1 Whataspects ofthe environment does tz work with? 2. Whodoeshe workfor? 3. What does he especially enjoy about his job? 4 Wouldyouliketodothisjob? Why? sustainable (a involving the ue of aural product and enegy ina way that ‘stainable development Lutz Werner: Environmental Engineer ‘While studying Chil engineering at university. became inreasingly interested in water n particular ‘water supply So went backto university and did a post-graduate qualification in Environmental studies, ‘Today I workin the Environment Department ofalarge engineering company.!'m responsible for ‘environmental azcestments strategic assessments, ‘contamination assessments, and waste management. Nowadays fm mainly office based. Inatypical day ‘review proposals for new works for example building ‘anaisportinthe Far East designinga slid waste ‘management plant.orcarying out an environmental assessment proposal fora resort development inthe Caribbean. Thave to look t the environmental impacts, ‘the scale and design ofa project and the pricing Civil “Engineers, Geologists, Eologists Environmental Scientists and Landscape Architects are some ofthe specialists involved. The effects project willhaveon habitats and the ecology ofthe areaarereally, ‘important and wealso have othink about sustainability This includes looking at the effects a project will have onthe people wholive locally, both during construction and after the projects completed regularly review on-going projects with the Project Managers. — ike my job because very interested inthe subject. It gives me a great sense of satisfaction to feelIcanmakea difference When we're designing engineering facilities, theresareal sense of excitement when the plans tur intoreality, especially with something innovative I's great to work with people Whoall share adesireto seesustainable development.78 Unit Gadget box Researchers at the Commenweat red en showering 20%. When thedertedshowerendisfted, (Cestesavacium hat suclsinaand Pairwork 1 How eamafully-sustainable eco- Goto Grammar reference p.120 1 complete the gapsin this text withthe correct form of the appropriate verbs, allow to) cause to) eto) make stop prevent Land mines kill 800 people every month and, * peopleeturningtothelrhomes aftera conflict is over, Comet lisa experimental rmine-learing robot developed at Chiba University in Japan Itisfitted with caterpillar tracks, tit move quietly over rough ground. For mine hunting thas silegs, sito walk delicately through ‘mine fields .t takes 20 seconds to calculate each step. Slow processing speeds ‘Comet ibfrom moving more quickly but faster processing chipsshould____sComet I tozeach ‘human walking speeds in future, Comet lIhas stereo vision provide by two digital cameras This “itnavigate by itself without the help of remote control Comet IL hasmetal detectors and ground-penetrating radar, Ditto detect diferent typesof mine Areflected signal romaine {Comet iltoprobe gently to ‘uncover the mine Vibration or pressurecan, —______ramineexpiode.sothe work smustbe done with care Sometimes the round is very hard, which 2°the probe uncovering mines [Newer modele fitted with dlls and anairhose will _—______"therobotdothis safely. robotic hand will__ stherobotto pickup rocks.2 Decide onthe relationship between each ofthese pairs of actions. Then link them using an appropriate verb. 1 Thepowersensorreportslow battery currenttothe processor. ‘Therobot cannot move, 2 Thebumperis pressed in “Theobject sensor eports an obstaceto the processor. 43. Thesensorsdetecta‘clif ‘Therobot reverses 4 Infrared signals from the robot arereflected by a wall “Therobot changes rection and moves parallelto thewall, 5 irthits the acoustic impact sensor plates Theplates vibrate 6 Thesensorsdetec the vibration and pase signalta the processr. ‘Therobot cleans the area again. It’s my job 11 Before youlisten tofaako ‘oonen, Senior Manufacturing Systems Engineer answer these questions witha partner 1 What doyouthink aako's responsibiltyis? 2 Oneofhis products {involves biosensors, What do you think biosensor 3. Whatdoyouthinkisthediference between, rechanisation and automation? 2 @ Now listen and check youranswers. 3 @ Ustenagainto ind the answersto the questions. 1 Whatddne study at college? 2. Why did the mobile phone company need to automate? 3. What does a blood glucose monitor do? 4 Why mus the process of manufacturing the monitors be automated? Robotics 83 Speaking Assessing explanations ‘Agood way o prepare fo presenting information to othersisto practise in small groups fist. Workin groupsofthree,A.B and Student Gotop. 110 Student® Goto. Student Read text Cbelow. plays the role of speaker first, telling the others about ‘theirtext using only notes tohelp Bplays the ole of Reporter taking notes from As talk and reporting t briely€ plays the role of Astesor, lsteningearefully tobothtalksandjudging how accurately Bhas reported, theres disagreement you canrefertothetets. Continue until each member ofthe grouphas played ‘the partof Speaker Reporter and Assessor once Discuss in your group which parts were the easiest and the mos ditfcultto play and what would helpyouto play these parts better. c FLRST-For inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology ea US organization founded by Dean Kamen, inventor ofthe Segway. FIRSThas run ‘ananmual Robotics Competition since 1992 for teams ‘ofhigh-school students Teamshave sx weeksto ‘design and constructa robot tosolvea particular task, ‘which dfferseach year, ‘Teams usually consist ofabout25 students with three ‘orso professional Engineers who volunteer to assist ‘them. They often include subteams wholock after different aspectsof the design of the robot, suchas preuratics,contrl systems, mechanics and electrics Each team ie supplied witha standard set of ‘components inchudinga remote contol recetverand ‘transmitter, microprocessor and software motors, sensors, apowerpack,and mechanical pats “More than’300 teams from seven countries, although mainly from the US took part n 2007. FIRST also organizes robotics competitions for younger students,24 Unit ——————— Webquest FRSTie not the only robot competition available. Work insmall groups o research some others and report back othe class what you have found out You should getinformation about what the rules are, where the competition s held and what typeof competition Init bated on a competitive sport suchas football ois ftarace orachallenge? hesestes may help: vives shef.a.uk/-noelcompetitions hrm! 1q.htmifiNKOT? http robots netic http//eswmyeessex ac uk/staft/hhu/compettion html httpirobogames net/index php Make your point Parts ofa presentation Avatar has sent you head presentation and some pha the correct headings. gsforparts ofa 5s, Put the phrases under a T'mgoingtotalkabout/tellyouabout Thankyou or yourattention ¢ Wecanseethat. 4 Tw Tom Huber from Allied Industries anditsa tobe with you today. . ed aX ¥.and2 f Let ooknow at itsmy view that Good morning afternoon et 1 Tiibehappy toanswerany questions you may J Iveaiscussedx.¥.andz X seems clearthat ‘The purposeof my m Iwanttoturn now. kts 2. Makea shor presentation (maximum three minstes) toyour lass / group on any aspectsof robotics. Use the phiasesint ‘STARTING YOUR PRESENTATION Greet your audience Invoduce yourself Saywhat you're goingto do Move toa new point ENDING YOUR PRESENTATION Rerindyour audience of yourmsin points Moke your conclusion Thank he audience Invite questionsRobotics 85 LE Project 11 Workin groups. Imagine that you haveentereda competition todesign one of these robots 42 arobot helper foro people arobot pet animal © arobot fruit picker Decide together 1 theactionsthe robot should be able perform 2 how it will move from place to place 3 thepowersourcestwilluse 4 thesensorsitwillneed 5. itsapproximate size and weight. You can lookfor ideason the Web, wuwibbc.couk/science/robots/techlab/sub_selectorsh tm! www seanet.com/=garyteachout/robots htm! 2_-Asagroup, present your proposals tothe other groups. Give reasons for your decisions. Use the phrases from ‘Mae your point Be prepared to answer questions about your proposals. 3. Asaclass,agreeon the best proposals foreach typeof robot. You can combine proposals from different roups Checklist ‘Assess your progress thisunit.Tck(¢) the statements whichare tue. Icanpredit text content I cantik pairsof actions Icanshare ideas on how to solve a problem My readingand listening are good enough tounderstand most afeach textin thisunit [eres resents Key words Adjectives acoustic extreme infrared movable navigable Adverb paallelto Nouns automation caterpillar tracks explosive impact power source sensory system Verbs exert navigate program Note hete anything about how English is used Intechnology that fnew to you.12 Household technology Reading Making kitchens2 Scanthetexttocorpletethe tables ‘Component Materials used ors worktops ‘Abbreviation cnc ‘Meaning MOF 3. Readthe text again thstime n mare detail and ‘compete the flowchart. Household technology 87 NE Inthicun 6 listening toa technical explanation €@ scanning. text for information and then reading in etal tocompletea flowchart 1 how toaskforinformationand reply politely 1 phrases using the verbs mate do, have, and take SaeeeenererENNE S Kitchen units Kitchen units comprise carcasses and doors which are ‘manufactured by diferent processes. Most modern kitchen manufacturers use CNC machines (computer ‘numerical contrl).The carcasses are generally made of melamine-faced chipboard which iefed nto CNC ‘machines. The machine cuts the requited pieces to size, then drilsholes forthe fitngs (hinges, doorhandles, -knobs et) and grooves for shelves and backs. Thenext stage isedgebandingastripof melamine or PVC the same colouras the boards glued around the aw edge. ‘There are three basictypes of door. The slab doar isthe simplest It one piece of iat materal—solid wood or board. it may be coated with acrylic vinyl-wrapped,or lacquered. ‘The moulded door isnormally made of MDF-medium. ersity fibreboard. ACNC router, which s essentially ‘motor with acutter mounted below its used tocarve apatteror moulding and then the dooris coated with acrylic viny-wrapped or lacquered, The most complex typeof doors the five-piece door—a twaditional doormade of MDF ar sod wood Itcosists offive parts—two stiles, tworails and a central panel Fist the parts are made using variety of machine rocesses, The next stage or bath thecarcasses and the five-piece doors isthe assembly (Once assembled the units refinished Frst.the pieces passthrough automatic spray tunnels. Then they are denibbed to remove any roughness, then sprayed again Finally they pass through a drying tunel This is allcontroled by one single computer program, ‘The cheapest worktop is made of chipboard which ‘melamine cated, Then there area numberof man- ‘made materials suchas corian made by ICL This ‘material consists f several layers welded togetherto Jookas fitisallone piece Worktops can alzabe made ofstone, suchas granite sate, or, most expensively, smatble.88 unt “Themicowave oven was invented by accent! ec Spencerat fsytheon Corporation wae ortingona dar research projec chocolate ba inhis pocket began tomeltHethen tested papcom ndanegg.and can ealedthatow-densty microwave energy cule be sed ook food The frst microwave ven produced in 1947, weighedover750 poundsand was 5 fetta © Language spot Question review Tee teeters teal yererceetiee et Wh uestions? Wt qoeton fx thas res Whereis thefactory? son the industrial estate near therver Can solid wood be used forcarcasses? Yes tcan solid wood can be used for carcases. ee, ee ee) [ve ordered sicboxes of screws. 2 a ? Yes Isaw the edgebander working 3 ‘No They haven't got any computerized ‘machines. ‘They use melamine coated chipboard 5 ? He studied in the United States, 2 Workinpairs.Askand answer the questions above ving only the underlined part ofthe answer « We often use a polit form tomake requests, We use thestatement word order If isa yes/no question we use ifor whether, Could you tell me how much his costs? Taliketoknow ithe materials resistant tool Take youto spray bothsides {wonder ifyou could demonstrate the router ‘Would you mind bringing methe hinges, please? Notice that weusethe-ing form ofthe verb after would ‘you mind, ‘Make these requests more polite Whats theserial number? Could you tel me what the serial numbers, please? Repeat that 2. How does it work? 3 Emailthe onde. 5. Senduea manus 6 When wilitbe ready? 7 Hold this forme 4 Answers few @ Whatisthe problem? questions. > Goto Grammar reference p120 @) steno Asma Bakour a Kitchen Designer, talking about technology inthe kitchen As youlisten, note down key words. Listen againif you need to Qualifications Jobttie ovens Hobs ‘Workin palrs Using your notes taketurmstoaskeeach other questions about Asma. [A What qualifications does Asma have? B Shesa cabinet taker and she studied Wood teehnologyand Business at university [A Whatdid she say about the technology used inHousehold technoisgy 88 Gadget box a pe oa pce eens ea chika aieeer epee ere a en een ere ae et eee ee Soananonrticiccarn —_Gcetnenbedoleeoner a —— Pronunciation Pairwork Polite requests 1 wekinpenusiiepnaeinieatuslannaied global warming? How can the design of household 1 @)Lsten to thisrequest sid into afferent ways Sree ean Whichone sounds poiteand whichone sounds rude? ‘A Couldyoutell me how this oven works? 2 Lookat the pictures of four devices which havebeen the gripperis one ofthe seven, ‘cameras carried by herobot.At______sof therobot thereisa mast. At ofthe ‘mast thereisacamera with azoom lens. There sa speakerat “ofthe robot anda microphone 2 the boom to allow ‘communication with anyone detected by the robot. to themast therelsan antenna ‘Whichallows signals tobe transmitted and recenvedat aline-of sight range f.2km For out-of sight control, ‘there saspooloffibreopticcable—____* ‘thespeaker Atthefrontof the machine —_ » ‘the Doom there isa balisticcover to protect the robot. ‘At both sides there are caterpillar tacks. Defer echnology 95 2 study the map that shows the movement of Soldier X. Complete the report with prepositions of time and movement, ‘Using GPS,x was tracked, the valley. 308.40and09:30.He stopped. >the village «25 minutes. Hewent the village at 09.55 He came thevilage 1035and went. theriverby the footbridge. He walked, >theroad heading north, 2othe watermill, and DEES sine trace the pass. hills 300 and301. He reached the top. 41350.Hecame theotherside__ theharbour 2 Zand went the ferry fory__» 150596 units Gadget box Dea datlefesbxracon-Assst Robots designedtoresue oundedsolderomtheitesls eareanpckip load of 13Sigwitnonearmandcary Ws over ough terrain tanks tS Cater vaesandcanclimb hil pshedby Wares nee asthe abit thie andmeve wien rone positon \hydoyouthinkBearhas oun aca ears? Pairwork 11 Workin pars, Aan Bist forms oftechnology which ‘could be used in non ethal weapons to control hostile crowds without causing serious injuries. 2. Now read about anon lethal weapon and be prepared todescrbeitto your partner Student Goto 12. Student 3 EE Laser weapons Anumberof companies ate developing now lethal laser weapons for riot controland peace-keeping ‘operations For example Laserissuader uses ed laser light to temporarily blind opponents. Itean be fitted to shields so that police forces can protect ‘themselves and incapacitate the opposition It an be ‘combined with bluelaser light so that counter. _measures such as goggles are ineffective The US “Marine Corpsisexperimenting with Velling Glare Laserasysternthat uss light inthe ultraviolet range, ‘which means that the eyes see only glare. One development. Pulsed Energy Projectile (PEP). uses high energylaserand can beset tocitherlethalor non-lethal Itseffectiveup totwolilometresand is designed o explode fuel tanks and vehicle tyresand cut communication ins, 3. Exchange information with your partner. Together ‘thinkof countermeasures to resist these weapons. Problem-solving Workin groups. Choose one of these examplesof ralitary technology and discuss ways in which they reused in ivilan fe and what possible future civilian applications they might have share your ideas with the restof the class and decide which posable applications are most ikly unmanned vehiclesand aircraft 1 2 weapons guidance systems 4 obotsoldiers 5 sonar devices Webquest Decide ona topicin technology. Youcan choose any af the toples covered n this book oratopicof your awn, Here are some ideas ‘iow something s made, e.g petroleum, aircraft, batteries printed circuits ‘How something works eg. aetengine, a high: efiition TV,radar, RSS feeds ‘Future developments,eg energy sources, homes, consumer prodcts defence technology ‘9 Aprocesseg electroplating waterjet cutting Research yourtopic Youare going touse the Information you find tomakea poster presentation In addition to your college library. youcan search for online sources wachowstufworks com wowwikipedia. org ‘You can find pictures and other raphicson Google Images, but remember these may be copyright You must not publish them ona webpage ot blog orin print form without permission of the copyright holder.Defence technology 97 Nee Make your point Giving a poster presentation Youcando this individually orin small groups of thee, providing everyone contributes equally. Youneed one largesheet of paper for your poster. Refertothe Poster design ideas from Lee Avatar Decide on the main points fr your presentation and vite the text foreach point Keep it brief Use images where possi Decide on the layout Print out your texts and graphics 1 fixthem to your poster. Pinup your posterand be preparedito explain any pointsto your cassmates.Taketimetoview theirs and toask one question about each poster on display ‘Wake your poste peasingtolok at byusingclour andgraphis. + Makesre the wx canbereadeasity fom abou 1S reves, + Havea clear heading soitis easyto see what your topicis. + Nakesurethatitis easy tofollow the cect order of our presentation Use numbers eter, rrr. + Dont fileverysquare centimetre. Leave white space andseparate out the seins. ‘+ Distibutetextand graphics evenly with enaughtext twcmlainthegaphies Checklist Assess your progress in thisunit. Tick (/) the statements which ate tru. can combine information from technical text anda diagram |canisten for main points and make notes |canuse prepositions ‘My reading andlistening are good enough ‘tounderstand most ofeach text in this unt aE Key words Adjectives armoures high-tech non-lethal stealth uncrewea unmanned visible Nouns ‘countermeasure hacker hull, radar warship Verbs minimize trigger Note here anything about how Englishis used in technology that new to you.98 Units 14 Electronics Switch on 2 Study thie Make somponentistwiththe sumbers names and yluesoeachcomponent Say hat tects use fo ‘Match 1-10 withthe circult symbol diagrams A- 1 ampliter 6 NANDiogicgate 2 capacitor 7 rey om 3 diode 8 npntransistor re cae! 4 resistor 9 switch (single-pole, | | tingle throw) 8 /Jexeer | 185, 5 light-emittingdiode 10 potentiometer (pot) I Reading an Electronic alarm circuits number 1 Workin pair Maealistf electronic alamesin ® rl comma NetewhattiggestheslarmincaumnS, gy ‘Two.xamples ae completed for you Hause a e arm Teger a ‘motorycleanti-thet moving the motorce z {fidge door leaving thei door pen py — o : a nC aes sw operational uaran amplifierBectronics 98 Nee 3 Nowread the desripton ofhow the device works Then putthe events in the correct sequence. The fist andlastevents are entered for you, a Therelay is activated ’b Current flows through thecollector-emittercircult. ¢ Thevoltageinthe base-emitter circuit rises above o7vots The resistance ofRi rises. The warning device isswitched on 7 The temperature falls. Small differences in voltage are amplified by the amplifier —__ TT Acircuit diagram ‘The diagram shows asimple frortalarm.Itcan be used towam drives that roads may beicy orto warn gardeners and ful farmers toprotect thelr crops. It ‘analsobe sed toswitch on heaters Iti triggered by afallintemperature When the temperature falls O°Corany temperature selected, the alarm operates, ‘Theprncipal components the thermistor R1As the temperatue alls, the resistance of Rises. At25°Cit hasa resistance of 15k0.AtO"Cthe resstanceis 4540. ‘The 100K0 potentiometer, R2,can be adjusted tallow the circuit to triggerat other temperatures. ‘Thehigher the resistance of RI, the smaller the voltage Agwing othe amplifer, UA Thisisa very sensitive Amplifier which amplifies small differencesin voltage. ‘Tne output from the amplifierisfed tothe base ofthe ‘ransetor,BCIOTB.This ats like a switch When the voltage in the base-emitter ccultrises above 0. vats, current flows through thecollector-emitte ict, activating the relay The diode, D1,across the relay events sparking RS helps toensure the relay changes Smoothly when the trigger temperature is teached, ‘Therelay can trigger warning device suchas abuzzer corlight orswitch ona heater Inthisunit 1 discussing and reading about electroniccircuts 1 describing how electrniccircuits operate by using complexsentences «listening toan interview with an electronics technician ‘words which often go togetherin electronics ‘© howto evaluate andimprove presentation sil e Language spot Complex sentence review ‘9 Wecan use complexsentences oftwo or more clauses {adeseribe howa seriesofeventerelatetoeach other «Study these ways of forming complex sentences: 1° Using time causes to inkactions 1. When the temperatuefalls the alarm switched on 2 Acapacitor charges untiitis full 43. Asthecapacttor charges the voltage rises. Using clauses tolink cause andeffect 4 excess curentis passed, the transistor wiloverheat Using relative clauses tomake definitions 5 Diodes are electronic devices which allow current to ‘passin onedirectiononly. 6 Using relative clauses toadd information. We se Commasto show this is extra but nt essential {information 6 Diodes whichare made ofsilicon or germanium, have many usesin electronics. 1 Wecan replace which orwhoinarelative clause followed by a Continuous or Simple verbwithan active participle, the ing part ofthe verb 17 Thiscompletes a cicute whichgeneratesa series of pulses oR 8 Thiscompletesacircut generating a series of pulees Now note how we canlink these eventsin the fost alarmeizeut, 1 Thetemperatureallstozera 2. Thetransisor switched on 3. Thisactvate the relay. 142 When the temperature fallstzerthe transistors switched on 263. Thetranstsorisswitched on, which activates the relay 14243. When the temperature fas to era the transistor feswitchedon which activates the relay. oR 14243. When the temperature fallsto zero, the transistors switched on activating therelay » Goto Grammarreference 7.122100 Unit4 11 Make sentences by matching the information in columns A-C and then linking it together usinga relative clause with which or who. a 8 Silicon, which comes from sand, san important component of some semiconductors. c Subject ‘Additonal information ston sor orbnana 1 Digital electronics Heworked at Bell aboratores 2 Water Brattain ‘Thismeanslightemiting diodes, 3 Abit itis used in everything fromwatches to computers. 4 Uthium They were poneersin the study batteries ofelectrity. 5 LEDs IReomes from sand 6 Ohm,Volta.and Ampere Theyare often used in cameras 2 Linkeach pairof events to make one complex sentence. Usethe cluein bracketstohelp you, 1 Amiliarameterisa device It measures very small currents (relatveclause) 2 Aresidual curent device tips. An excess current passes through acireutt (time) 4 Lightstrikes the solar cell This generates voltage {elative clause) 4 Anelectrolyticcapacitoris connected wrongly. The ‘capacitor willbe damaged. (condition) 5 Youtouch memory chips. Make sure you are earthed time) 1 6 Dtype connectors come ina variety of sizes D-type connectorsare widely used forlinking devices to computers. (relative clause) 7 Arelay san lectro-mechanical witch Itusesan electromagnet (relative clause) The nput signal to an inverteris1 The output signal ‘willbe 0 (condition) 9 Asignalis detected Itis amplified. time) Alogicprobeis atest instrument It provides an easy ‘way of checking simple logic circuits (relatveclause) 2 Importantinfermation Hewas one of three inventors of the transistor They are remembered in thebasicuntts of electricity. Theyare used in watches and many electronic displays ‘They can provide a higher current than other batteries. Itisan important component of ome semiconductors Itisconcemed with electrical systems made up ofa serie of switches, Itisasingle unit of infermation, It’s my job Answerthe questions 1 Whatsubjectsdoyou thinkare included an Electronics course? 2. Whatsort of work can an Electronics Technician do? 3. Whats thelink between lighthouses and electronics? @ Usten tothe interview with Brian Jones, an Hlectronics Technician. Answer the questions. How did he becomenterested nelectronies? ‘Why did he ike the lab workat college? ‘Why did he give up his repair business? ‘What is the Marine GDPS and why ist important?5. Why does he visit remote places? 6 Whyishenot thinking of changing job? 3.) Lstentotheinterview again Write down the interviewers questions ‘4 Workin pairs. Compare your versions ofthe interviewer's questions Role-play the interview, 5 @Ustenagaintocompare your version ofthe {interview with the recording Pronunciation Reading component values 1 Identity these components ‘Component and value 2 @ Ustentotherecording and note the values 3. Practise saying the component values aloud 4 @® Usten again and compare your pronunciation to therecording Gadget box Printabletotteristhinnethan pager _halcTheycanbeusedfortalking arebeingcevelopedty numberof getingcard smartcard. RFD Companies Teyareflenbechep,— fadoFreauene entiation) Sndrehargeabiesndrangein tags and many other ppatons ‘theknes fom 0x mmto 300 ‘What oterappleatonsaethere mmicronsthethicknessof@humen _forpentabe bates? Electronics 88 Problem-solving ‘Workin groups, and B Study one ofthese circults,A cr B Decide what the circuits for and prepare a detailed explanation of how it works. ‘Workin pairs with someone from the other group and explaintathem how your circuit works Be prepared to answer any questions your partnermay have.102 Unita “heres enough icon in LO gains of sandtobuldthe lett ceutsina Srl computer 3. complete the explanations ofcircuts A and usingthe ‘words below. You will not need to use all the words. activates current probes battery Aiode relay 1 bel emitter resistor buzzer falls rises capacitor flow temperature chip a thermistor ‘arcuit light transistor collector off value conduct on sound contacts open. switch [a] Thiele thermostat ta conta the operation ofa centraLheating system. The changes Inresstance withthe Fintheroom. This alters the voltageinthebase-emitier *,turing te transistor ‘ifthe temperature fallselowapre- sThisallowsa . emitter dreit which = tofiowin the TT riherelay dlsingits 2 and switching onthe system tthe Temperatureoftheroom above the preset valuethe thermistor the “ansistorand the heatingsystem = Inthesameway @ ‘Tsisa device to detect moisture The components are: ‘pn junction. Alightemiting| 2a 2a buzec two probes anda 9a = Nocurtent ows Inthe baze-emitercrcuitwhen there sar between thetwo_____.othetransstristurned off Ftheprobesare placed on damp surface the moisture wil______?.,Acutent wil *tothebase tuning the ‘ransstoron Curent then flows rom te battery tothe emitting code andthe hing bath visible and audible Vocabulary Collocations in electronics Look atthe table In electronics, the verbson the eft ‘commonly occur with one or mare of the nouns on the right See how many matehes you can make verb Noun actuate capacitor adjust acireuit amplify ‘control boost ‘current change frequency charge anoutput complete arelay detect asignal discharge avoltage energize generate ‘induce modulate produce stepdown/up Complete the sentences using the correct formofan appropriate verb fromt 1 Thetransformer__ 2uovtoov 2 ‘the contol so the meter reads 210. 5. Withiow levelsoflightsolarcelis. verylovr voltage. 4 When the circuits switched off, the capacitor keeps ‘operating unlit 5 Thechanging magneticflux—__ voltage in the secondary ofthe transformer 6 Changing the capacitor wil the frequency ofthe osilator, 17 Pressingthe switch —__ allowing current toflow. 8 iftherelayis___ 9 ThetRreceiver signals from the remate contol Inthe fina stage, the signals. and fed toa loudspeaker, the voltage from theciteut, the contacts close and decodestheMake your point Evaluating a presentation Workin pars. Study Lee's checklist s there anything youwould ike tochange ortoadd? content Waste speaker ell prepared? asthe speakerhnowledgeable about the subject? consanzarion Was there aninvoducton? Was hereacanclsion? asthe talkwellorganizea? DeLWERY VOICE \Was the speaker enthusiastic and convincing? Did the speaker make the subjetinteresting? Didthe speaker peak dearly enaugh? asthe speed ight or you? Didthe speaker ead the presentation oak fom notes? DELvERY — MANNER Was the speakerelaxed? Dithe speaker use apropite gestures? Dicthe speaker make eye contact wth he auience? ‘Didthe speaker involve the audience with questions suas Didthespeakerusevsualaids? Were theyeasytosee? Didtheyhelpyou understand? Prepare and deliver to your class a short presentation (maximum five minutes) ona topieof your choice Evaluate each other’ presentations using Lee's checklist jour revised version oft. Nee Checklist Assess your progress in this unit Tick he statements whichare tue. know basic terms used inelectrnics Icandeseribehow electronic circuits operate leanevaluatea presentation My eading and listening aregood enough tounderstand most ofeach text in thisunit Key words capacitor diode frequency oxcllator pulse relay resistor switch transformer verbs amply conduct induce modulate Note here anything about ho intechnology that new toyou.104 Units 15 Career development Switch on Look tthe pictures. They show Sani Hassan at diferent stagesin his carer Discuss with partner whatheisdaingateach stage Listening Interview with a Network Designer @ tstento ami describing hiscareepathtobecoming Network esigner.Completethe table with what Sami was doingat diferent ages 16 _Sittingexamsat school (@ tsten again and answerthe questions 1 Whatsubjects dia samistudy at school? 2 What doesa Service Technician do? 3. What did he ike about the job? 4 what were is responsibilities at the exchange? 5 What qualifications id he have by thetime he was 20 © What did helearn when he oined the Network Design depart 1 What ld hestudyat university? ‘8 Whathas head toleam as a Network Designer? Workinpairs, and, student a student Askandancwer questions about Sams career. 1A Whatdid youstudy atschool? B_Mathsand Physics. When did you leave schoo? When was 16 id youd next? dan apprenticeship with aT a 2 a 8 aCareer development 305 Nee o Language spot Future review expect the interview won't be very difficult. We're going ocheck the switching equipmentat the exchange. We're attending the conference in Milan on Thursday. LE llprobably take two hours tof ‘he'sgoing toapply for anew ob Tmmoving toa new department next month, 1 Underline the verb forms used totalkabout the future inthe sentences above. Match verb forms-c ‘with their uses1—3 will 1 intentions and predictions based on evidence goingto 2 plansand arrangements ¢ Present Continuous 3. expectations and predictions without evidence » Goto Grammarreference p23 2 complete the sentences withthe most suitable future form ofthe verb in brackets a We_ (start) the training courseon Monday. ve gatthe details b Mary saysshe ‘more responsibility Good ideal © know there (be) problems, there always are! ae cel (discuss) the ‘information storing project atthe meeting? © Whendo you think the company lantroduce) the next generation of mabile phones? (meet) the supplier tomorrow (discuss) technical (look fora job with moming We, specications 3. Makealistofthree things you have arranged to doin ‘thenext few days and three things you intend todoin thefuture.One thing in each list should be untrue. mnot coming tothe iesson next week. mgoing tostudy Blectronicsat university, Inthisunit {© review how to talkabout the future 1 how to prepare for ajobinterview © how towritea covering letter ¢@ technology game reviewing language, career knowledge, and sil from Units 1t015, 4 Workin pais Read your sentences to your partner ‘Your partner should guess which sentence is untrue. '5 Workin pairs, Make predictions about life twenty years from now. Discuss these topics or choose topiesof your ‘mobile phones ‘technology yourcompany activities # yourjob telecommunications Vocabulary Key skills 11 Mateha word /phrase in Awitha word phase in a 8 ‘agoodattendance ability hive techni background "good communication record anindustry skis agood team maker agooddecision organized be well multitasking soodat worker prometion experience ‘work opportunities et i working hours exible satisaction 2 Workin pars. White about people you know using phrases fom thetable int lafhasan industry background. He worked for ‘Siemens forfour years106 Units ‘Make your point Preparing for an interview 1 How would you prepare for an interview? Workin patrsand makes list okey points 2 Look atthe checklist Le Avatar giveshis clients. How rary ofthese points éidyou thinkof? 3 canyouthink of any other points that would be important in yourculture? 4 Readthe common questions he mentions again Spend ten minutes thinking about how you would answer these questions ina interview, . = + Find out wha youwilbetalkingto The department bos will askspecitaskreate questions andsomeone rom Fersonnelwilash about your general sil + Find evtabout the company =the preducts2nd services, customers and competors. + Prepare forsome common questions that are often asked durngan intervie. \hat are your strengths and weaknesses? hy doyou wanttoworkForus? What id you tke most in yourlastob? Hon do you get on with ater people? Doyouwerkbest onyourawn orinateam? How ao youmanage mutiasking? How doyoudealwithstess? ead more ofthese typical questions att scone Dusst erby seeing forexampl, on Google. + Be postive «+ Wear sma, businessike ‘ Gverelevantanswers —_ dathes # Askquestons| + Gettothe imerviw en 5 Workin pairs Roleplay an interview situation One of youis the interviewer and the ther the applicant. Ask land answer the questions you noted down in& When you have finished, discuss each others performance And how toimprove Reading Job ad and covering letter a Feira rected anes covering letter This should get the employers sttontion and make a positive impression, 1 Read the advertsementand answer the questions. 1 Whatjobisbeing advertised? 2. Whe should apply? that should youdoif you are interested? Anglo Telecom is looking fora [AT isa multinational organization. Duero company “expansion we now require a Neowork Engineer work fon our 2lstcentury development proyect. You will ‘work on aside range oF networkingrechnologiesand be imvovedinallareasofthe project, ‘Theideal candidate wll havea university qualification in Telecoceananiceens engineering ors rated ribet ad some experince in sitehing and transis, Strong communications sills are necessary and you will work effectively ina tear. Experience of working Ath ditfrentcltuter wold bean aeaneage, Please send your CV and covering leter to Dominik Abraham, Network Planning Department, Anglo Telecom, High Row; London, NW12 6PE 2 Reaand complete the ltteron p.107 with these words. ability opportunity responsibility application reference team experience response 3 Workin pars and discuss the questions 1 Does Anna havethe right qualifications forthejob? 2 Doyou think Mi Abraham wil be interested ner application? Why? / Why not?Career development 107 el mikround )asevesofists thatiage Companies make esenyeartocoleges 3nd interstedin working forthe 234 Castle Rise kingston 9 6x a4 612398, mobi Te:1077986542 nat] asthone.co.uk We Abraham Network Planning Departrent Anglo Telecom High Row, London a2 6PE 26 August 2008 4 application for Network Destoner Dear Me Abraham in 2 to the advertised position for a Network Designer in the Teleconminicat ions Engineering Journal on 18 August 2008, 1 as wetting £0 ask you to consider wy eee an Tooking for the ‘oportunity to gain experience in this Feld gained hands-on Sin switching and transafesion shile studying for wy 10 in Nanchester and was fortunace enough to spend fix months im Sweden with Telia as part of an ‘exchange programme. While there, T worked on raintenance and fault-fnding at che exchanges 4 3 Network Technician and was given efor implementing new systens. Tgained valuable experience of working as part ofa ‘and in conmunicating with ocners Lan very interested in joining a leading telecon company such as Anglo Telecom. hy WQ Fesults show that ay technical Ge eae er rneeting deadlines. Thave excellent corputing skiTls and a very positive attitude to learning new skiTT5 I would appreciate the __*to meet you to discuss my application and Took forward Xo hearing from you Yours sincerely ‘Anna Sucharé Webquest Visit atleround com and entera sectorthatyou are Interested in, such as Engineering, nthe Search box, then find job you thinkis interesting nd follow the link When you have done your research, writea covering eter forthe job, ‘nw milround.com/sg/jobseckers/ Speaking ‘Second interview task Forsomejobs you may be interviewed twice. Afterthe fist interviews, the employer wil produce a shor ist of suitable candidates: usually nomore than three Ifyou are invited toa second interview, you will probably be asked toprepareand perform task Imagine youhave been invited fora second Interview. Make aposter of an ironing board with at least two drawings showing the ironing board setup and folded. annotate the drawing with information about patsand materials used. You have 20 minutes toprepare Workin groups. Present your workto your group of students and listen toother students giving thelr presentations When you have finished discuss what you have done well andthinkabouthow you could {improve in the future. Use the checklist in Make {your point, Unit 14,p103 to make constructive comments Decideon the best piece of workin your group. Asa group presentittothe est ofthe class108 Units Technology game This game reves what you have learned in this book. Workin groups fix Divide into three pars Youneed ane dice foreach groupanda Counter foreach pai. ules Decide who is goingto start Place your counterson thestart square The fist pair throws the dice and moves their counter tothe comect square Read theinstructionsaloud, You se allowed one minuteto discuss your answer (Theother pairs should alsothink about the answer) Give youranswer inniomore than one ‘minute ifyou cannot answer, anatherpaircan offer anansvre. another pair thinks that the answer is Incorrect they can challenge andofferanother answer they get the correct answer, they an ‘movetheircounter along one square Itis now their tum to throw the dice ifthe answeris correct and thetes no challenge the pal lls again ‘The fist pair toreach Finishis the winner. Red squares give instructions I Yellow squares est your careerskillsand knowledge EE Green squates test your speaking kils Brown squates test your language knowledge I (grammar vocabulary) 2),b).<) squares lf there area).b,ore) questions, the rst pairto landon the square can choose which they want toanswer.Thenext time a pairland on that square they mustanewera different question. Ifthe squarehas only oe question thenext pairtoland on the square must givean answer that is different tothe fist pair. ‘Talkaboutsquares the instructions tellyou to Talk about... you must talk for 30 seconds. Good lek! pexp habeus oueyou coulis ame 3 different college courses snes seeyoront suds Bieverenmesouctoens Brana oan seer, 1b you did yesterday, eee Bites teenie wigrcomnved — Py 1 how atuneisconstce BF oscitestrdgeyoutaow- noe, kabhi ane Tomo pao ae | ar aly ee = crepes oer ne no eae anni Oe Bie Bb Dieses efanee cy. BD aaboutatpeotectolosy designed save eneg. Drawandéexribeaneletonic etsymbo BEd ne2siyouhavettatyou ‘uldmentoninaleterat appar.Career development 188 na Wratfolonstesevebs-ingorte “iat 2 oi ugg. eoy ' deci leamain. ae 2sertenestsay what mnufocuescan/reableto de wih psi. Ja Give vers tat descibe movement inmectaims. DD sive2tinesyou B msrtdo Hyoanto bul abose sive 2eamplsofebtsandsy hat they Dern evn ‘pe a Wiaisrecon grt? Name two wast preening fond. PBrerscecnystie PB tee atenpsisat vatbyae a » Gres opie tae 3 pans ofanaerpane and hehe oct. BD) oeciteseasesafshome tine fare. Name 2 parts adiln gana ether Tanti, ot phrases withthe wor ‘a tehlogy 1 waste ate Brore omesicaptanes Desde 2fomsof technology that Tae been developed ai wwaipbeng tee eprint. J cive2picsofatvicabouthowte Checklist “assess your progress inthis unit Tlek(/) the statements which are true. Icantalk about the future know howto prepare forajob interview knowhow towrtea coveringletter ‘My reading andlistening are good enough ‘tounderstand most ofeach text inthis unit (co Key words Nouns ability applicant application attendancerecord candidate covering etter ‘ecision maker rmuttitasking opportunity prometion reference responsibilty sta team verbs apply Note here anything about hw English s used imtechnology that snew toyou.TO Pairwork act a Pairwork activities Unit 1 p.4 Student A Tee ‘ystems Diagnostics inching using electrical and ipeseiaretunane sets pores ates eects Mathematics 5. Aeroplane aerodynamic Gasturbine eines, Propels Asatte serrated Camputer us production Unit 6 p.39 Make your point Student B Boeing 747-8 Cruising speed: 913 kmh empty weight 185.972 kg max takeoff weight-439,900g 2hvition weather reprt at 0800 UTC on 6 une Temperatire 16°C Dewpoint:°C Pressure:1028hnP3 Unit 2 p.12 Student A ‘Orange growers have always ha the desir to make theirorangesas orange as possiblel Oranges grown in some pars ofthe world aredullandlackcolour because there aren cold nights, while those grown inareas with cool nights are usually brighter in ‘orange growers take theit feshiy- picked ge buildings where ethene gas ts used ‘to stimulate the chlorophylin the oranges to bring ‘out more natural colour After that each fruits ‘photographed from every possible angle using a ! a a ee cStocioretrol oe, ort oa br ane rateeereard siege — Eonar omen cae eae — Yee a crude oi (70 residue Unit 12 p.89 Student B The Watsons an attractive looking device that show how mach energy i being consumed.at ary point of time Aclipattacesasmal ransmitteraround the elect cable beside the electricity meter This ‘ocsuwieeseconnection tthe ists, hich {abe placed anywhere inthe house. The device glow inbineor med elartrolnrinescnce Ee indicatelow (camry unelected proven farddataonenergy consumption and an show how Sere sages Compact fnorescent bubs (Fla) ae used in pace conventional incandescent ight bulls. Afharescent {ubelsfiled with mercury vapour An letra discharge through this mecary vapour eit uta violet ight This makes a coating iid thetube glo Tightly producingubout for tmesasmuchlightasa conventional bulb with the same wattage The ist energy saving bulbs werelong and lage butusing slecroncs inthe base ofthe bulb has reduced the‘M2 Pairwork activities Unit 1 p.4 Student B 2 Introdvetion otelecommunictionsEletronis, Microprocessors and crocontral's 3. sDmodeling OpertingsystemsforcAD users, Communication skills 6. Shipperformance tse Marine machinery systems, Offshore engineering 7 Ordnance, munitions, and explosives, Guns and vvehicles.Sensorsystems Unit 6 p39 Make your point ‘Student A Boeing 47-8 Fuel capacity: 216840 lites Maximum ange: 8,000 nautical miles People capacity: 467 (3-lass) ‘Aviation weather report at 1800 UTC on 30 January \Wind-~5knots from 40 degrees SE.varlabilty 110-270 degrees Unit 8 p.48 Student A Staghathasthe frst commercial Maglein tie sri Tiina canrea3$0ke/htn te minaterand igs arama topeateaustesteres pc aie ep a ese Catia cep al ean satan er teletenalotise orton Caropernte on 0" gradients They ravelontalsed ildays shore the iy wich ae wey expenatet© id bl tet nalaenarc steer gaint lee hari comrectce al tape hr 0 eager atu aarti Saceteaal aes ee alae lett producing no palltion from the vile The speed andthe ditanes between tales are tail contraed ae alae by the geet ete eerec te oae Ba weather or congestion have efertonthe ate piece Unit 12 p.89 Student A ia eaters eee ate peaal Hao battery const of two cecodes made of petal Alloys When thes are immerse nvetera chemicl teaction tates plac whch pesuces lect Over fare tie ate epee here rata es Gree ever ‘The eco-kettle allows you tobollonly theamount of water you require Ithas a double chamber. The inner reservoirholds full capacity of water ready tobe used, By pressing a valve button the required amount of ‘wateris released nto the outer boiling chamber. The level of water can be seen through the front window, ‘This kettles designed to reduce the excess amount of water peoplebol Unit 13 p.96 Student A | pa Silent Guardian Raytheon, an American company, has developed device which projects millimetre wave energy ata frequency of 94GHz which itcalls Silent Guardian. It heats the surface ayer of skin causing protesters to _move back quickly away from the pain source. tie effective upto 250 metres.Ithurts but t doesnot kill The waves only penetrate the surface layeraf the skin, which s deep enough to cause pain. but not to ‘injure, unless those targeted are exposed for more ‘than four minutes.In practice tis unlikely anyone ‘would stay within range for solong but the system also incudes infrared scanners which check for any ‘excessive skin heating. The system is intended for ‘embassy protection, peacekeeping operations,and checkpoint security on sensitive installations such as ‘ucla power stationsPairworkactivities 13 Unit 9 p.71 Student A a eS —_ sto cr0 diesel ois Sie 2otec pene eto a @ Unit 10 p.78 ‘Student A Unit 11 p.83 Student B Speaking (] ‘Gemuinoid ia humanoid robot which ooks and sounds just ike hisereator, Hires Ishiguro of Osaka Univesity in Japan Its features are madefrom silicon ‘moulds of his own body. thas thesame air colouring and stye,and wearsthesame glassesand cdothes. Drishigure demonstrates his robot by using itto ‘teach hisclasees, What makes this robot 0 convincing s that itappearsto breathe itseyes lin, and it fidgets just ikea human. tals speaks with his voice. These effects are achieved by technology which {nchides SO sensors and motors under Geminoids skin to give expression tots face and torepliate human movements. The breathingetfects caused by compressed airforce into the chest. motion capture ystem track the real Drlshiguzo mouth movements which are then copied bythe rbot. His voice is elayed through aspeater in therobot. Delshiguro believes that in future, humanoid robots ‘willstand infor people whocannotbe present atan event Wemay havenot only robot teachers, but robot politicians and singers.114 Grammar reference —=&=&z==—=—=—ieEeEeE— Grammar reference 1 -ing form and to infinitive -ing form The-ng form sed recy afer certain eb ‘These ina an ayo cose dea. dey tefey rsh get. ie ep fon) postpone, pecicesicten apt Students hold consider doing computer rue ‘pees merece test te geen aia Sy ee she raceeced el a Petes ee Fire toinfinitive ‘The fo infinitive is used directly after certain verbs These include: agree aim attempt egin choose, continue decide expect fil hope, nten, learn, manage ‘mean. offer prepare promise, propose, want. ‘The planners agreed to make the proposed changes. ‘TheDrillers managed todig anew well Note that we can use the negative infinitive not to. ‘The company decided not todevelop the new system Verbs followed by ing form or to infinitive ‘There are several verbs that can be fllowed by either the-ing form ortheto infinitive, with very little change inmeaning ‘These include: begin continue hate intend, ke, love, referstart. We continued practising our communication skills throughout thecourse We continued t practise our communication sills throughout thecourse Note that we donot generally setwo ng formstogether. Weare starting tolearn about databasesystems. NoT We arestatingdeasning about database systems. 2 Past Simple v Present Perfect Past Simple ‘Weuse the Past Simple totalkabout an action that happened inthe past We often use time expressions sucha last month, yesterday, 250 years ago,in 1850. Present Perfect Simple Wieeuse the Present Perfect simple totalkaboutan action that happened ina period oftime up to the present Sometimes, no specific time is mentioned. Thiscan indicate that something happened very recently. or thatthe time period stretches from any pointin the pastuptonow. ‘The industry has announced its profits (= recently) ‘The industry has been atthe forefrontofnew We can use time expressions such as: recently this weeks far over thelast two years, Soar this year the industry has not developed any new techniques Present Perfect Continuous Positive ‘Thelandownerhas been planting tres, subject +have /has-+been + ing form Negative Wehaven'tbeen using the new equipment. subjects have /has-+not(haven't/hasn't been) fing form (Questions How have manufacturers been improving the design? = (question word have /has + subject + been +-ingform uke the Present Perfect Simple, the Present Perfect Continuousisused talk about an action that carries ‘onup tothe present Sometimes, we can use either tense without much difference n meaning expecially when werefer toa longer-term situation. He has worked /has been working here for 20 year mother cases, the Present Perfect Continuous emphasizes the fac thatthe action has continued upto the present and may notbe finished. The Present Perfect Simpleieoften used totalkabout quantity Compare He's been planting new tees (=he may of may not have finished) e's planted 500 new trees. (=he has finished planting the trees)Grammar eference 15 3 The Passive Most bridges are bullt of concrete these days \When cracks began to appear, the bridge was strengthened ‘Anumber of construction methods have been used. = subject + be in correct tense) + past participle Weuse the Passvetotalk about processesand about how things are madeand built Most tenses usedin the Active can be usd inthe Passive. ‘The exceptions the Present Perfect Continuous, Not Anew tunnel ebecrbeing built. We would use either Present Continuous Passive ‘Anew tunnels being built Present Perfect Passive ‘Anew tunne] hasbeen built ‘Modals in the Passive ‘Wecan use wllormiodal verbs inthe Passive. ‘The tunnel must be finished on schedule ‘The bridge wallnot/won'tbe finished on time. ‘subject + will/ modal verb (+ not) + be past participle ‘Modal verbs are commonly used in the Passive in offical signs Such notices in the workplace ae ften connected with issues ofhealth and safety and tellus What wemmustand mustn't do. Safety equipment must be carted at all times ‘Any incidents should be reported tothe site manager by Passive forms ate used to avoid mentioning who performedan action This iselther because the agent is trelevant othe process desribedorsunknown, Sometimes, however, we may want{o use a Passive formandmention the agent inthis case we inuoduce the agent with by ‘Thecabiesare supported by twin overs 4 Ability and inability ‘There are several ways of talking about ability, possibility and opportunity Ability / inability in the present © can/can't Bioplastcs can help reduce the amount of waste we produce. ‘We can't recycle conventional plastic food wrapping. infinitive Weuse can / canto express ability, possbiity,and opportunity This structure canbe usedin the Passive Conventional plastic wrapping can'tbe recycled. © /am/areabieto-+ infinitive Weuse is/am /areabletoto express ability or opportunity. Thisstructure slightly more formal thancan /can't Weuseis/am /areabletorather than canafter a modal verb ‘We should beable to reduce biowaste considerably by 2020, Ability / inability in the past (© could couldn't infinitive could couldn'tarethe Past Simple forms of can! cat. Inthe past we couldn't mould plastic into complex shapes. © was were abe to +infinitive was were abe toare the Past Simple ormsof sam are ableton many cases,was/wereabletoare used in exactly the same way as could couldn't nthe pas we weren'able to mould plastic into complexshapes However, when we want totalkabout ability onan isolated occasion rather than general ability, we can only use was wereableto. After doing a Google search he was ableto find the exact information he needed Ability / inability in the future © wil/ wont be abieto infinitive ‘Bywsing additives, we willbe able to improve the ropertesofthe plastic. However nate that itis very commen touse twill! won't he possble to + infinitive instead.‘6 Grammar reference ‘By using adalitives willbe possible to improve the properties ofthe plastic. ‘This isespecially the casein the Passive, toavold the awkward repetition of be {Tew be possible to stop chemical degradation. NOT Chemical degradation withewblatohactopped © can /can' + infinitive ‘Wecanalso.usecan can’ totalkabout future ability ‘oropportunity-Thisisless formal than will won't be ableto, Weean talktothe Manager when he arrives, [Note hat we can'tuse wilan / willcan't Not Wevittaan talk tothe Manager 5 Past Continuous v Past Simple Past Continuous Positive Wave energy was eausing several problems subject +was/ were'-ng form, Negative ‘The generator wasn't running very smoothly subject + was/ were not(wasn't/ weren't) +-ing form Questions ‘What equipment was the controller using? (question word +) was/ were subject +-ing form Weuse the Past Continuous to talkabout an action in ‘ogress inthe past. Past Simple ‘WeusetheFast simpleto talk about acompleted action oraseriesof completed actions in the pas. The rotor turned against the wind and started the turbine, when | while / as ‘ThePast Continuous and Past Simple ar often used together when one action comes inthe middle ofa longer one. We can use time expressions suchas when, while, oras before the longer action Note the position ofthe comma When / While Iwas studying at university. became Interested in altemative energy. ‘Wecan reverse the order of the two dauses.Inthis case,thereisno comma, Tecame interested in alternative energy when /while Twas studying at university. ‘When can also go before the Past Simple. {was studying at university when Ibecame interested in alternative energy. Note that when can introduce twoPast imple actions todescribe an immediate consequence of an action. When thecomputeractivated the yaw motor, the rotor tured against the wind, nthe otherhand,asis used to describe two actions that happen simultaneously. ‘Asthegenerator was turning, the turbine broke down. 6 First and Second Conditionals First Conditional Form ffelause main clause finish thecourse, _ Twilleam more. =f+subject + Present Simple /subject+ wil infinitive Note that inthe result clause wecan use amodal verb, eg may, might, can, could, should instead of wil Ifthe tests go wel the project might start ahead of schedule. Note the position ofthe comma in the above example. ‘The f-lause normally comes first, but tcan come after themain lause In this case, there sno comma, The project might startahead of schedule the tests ge well Use \Weuse the First Conditional totalk about a possible scenariooraction and the probable result, Second Conditional Form ‘felause ‘mainclause ‘ft workedasan would ear more money. areacontroler,Grammarreference 117. =f esubject +Past Simple /subject+ would + infinitive Note that we can alsouse could or mightin the result clause. 1 thad acatculator, might /could /would work this ‘out more quickly. ‘With the First Conditional. the order ofthe clauses can be reversed. I might /could / would work this out more quickly f hhada calculator. Use ‘We use the Second Conaitionaltotalkabout an smaginary situation and te speculateon the result unless \Weuse unless as an alternative way of expressing a condition. Unless replaces ifn the clause, ands always followed by a positive verb. The result clause ‘anelther be positive or negative. Compare: Ifyoucan'ttake pressure you won't be successfulin this job Unless you can take pressure you won't be successfilin thisjob ‘As with other conditional sentences, we can reverse theorderof the clauses You won't be successfulinthisjob unless youcan. take pressure. 7 Obligation and necessity ‘Weuse both have ond mustto talk about obligation, but there are some differences. haveto has / have to + infinitive can beusedin other tenses, but not in continuous tenses PastSimple:had to Present Perfect:have had to Future; will haveto {had /'ve had to obtain planning permission before building the extension Not Isvaehavingte obtain planning permission. \Weuse has have towhen we talk about something that we can orcannot do because of the circumstances, orbecause ofa legal requirement. can't come tomorrow because thave togo toa meeting with the planning department. (= ircurnstances) Allappliances have tobe earthed: (= legal requirernent) ‘The question formis Do / Does + subject + haveto + infinite. Does the extension have to comply with buling regulations? don't haveto ‘Werusedon'/doesn'thave + infinitive totalkabout something thats not necessary. There sno sense of obligation. Your home doesn'thaveto have solar energy panels but Atwould saveyoua ot of moneyon bills People won't have toworry about small rooms, as Interior space will be mere flexible ‘must /mustn’t ‘Weuse must /must’t+ infinitive to talk about ‘obligation It has similar meaningtothe usage of have to oralegal requirement hstih o/(used about sensor etc) responding to sound or vibrations activate /wksivew vtomakea device start working adaptable 9 .cpiobl ad abletobe changed inorder to deal with new situations aeronautial 69/9 9h ag) relating tothe study orpracticeof buliding and ying arratt amplify vmpliw vtoincreasethe ‘strength of asignaloran electrical apologize 2 point! vtosaysory for doing something wrong or ‘causing a problem appliances paisns! namachine designed todoa taskin thehome, such as preparing food cleaning, applicant eplikont ma person who appliesforajod application pi: kein na formal ‘written request fora job apply 9 plas vtomake aformal written request forajob apprentice > prent's nayoung ;erson who work fran employer fora fixed period of time tolearn the particularskls needed nthe job approach > p20) vtomovecloser fosomething armoured | od) (used abouta ‘military vehicle) protected by metal assembly /scmbli/ nthe process of putting parts together inorder to ‘make something attach to.) 6 vtofastenorjoin ‘tosomething attendance record 9 tendons soho ‘nanaccount of howoften someone has been present ator absent from their work automation > meijn/ntheuseof ‘machines to dowork that was previously done by people bacteria ‘bel: tris nverysmall living things. made of a ingle cell bed wire bo: ais) nstrong wire with shor sharp points ont, used for fences barge bo: nalarge boat with lat bottom, used for transporting thingson canalsandrivers biodegradable | bois orsilsbl aa ‘abletebebroken down by bacteria and nat damage the environment bit iv nthe cutting part ofall ‘able “ob nthick strong metal rope used for supporting bridges ‘candidate Kscouiot doit na person who isappying fora job canning “en nthe processot putting food or drinkin cans ‘capacitor ko pestis) na device ised tostore an electrical charge12 Glossary arbonemissions | ko-bo0 Vnifivin harmful gases contaning carbon, that are ent outintotheair ‘argo "kaig20 nthe goods cared on ‘ashiporaircrat caterpllartrads /kceopil> seks! n ‘metal belt fastened around the ‘wheel ofa vehicle or obotsothat it ‘antravel overrough orsoft ground cellulose | jl00s nasubstance that forms the walls of plant els and wich s used in making plats cockpit kokpil ntheareaat the front of plane where the pilot sits callapse ‘ko lps v{used about bullaing.ete ofall down or fala suddenly ‘commercially vable > [9 ‘vals od (used about a business planet) capable of makinga profit component i 93991 monet ‘the parts ofadeviceor machine compression isin'prefn ntheact of pressingor squeezing something Intoa smalerspace condensation oi io) nwater ‘that forms ona cold surface when steam or warm aibecomes cool and changesintoa liquid conduct kaki v(used about Substance) toallowheat or electrity to passalong it ‘confi 30s vtostate that ‘somethings definitly rueor congestion (0 seston! nthestate ‘ofbeingcrovded and fll of traffic constituent ho sii9nt noneof the parts of something that combine toformthe whole construct sirsk! vtobulldor make something consumer 0) ju nist naperson who buys goods or uses services ‘ontainership io wens jp naship designed to transport goods that fate packed in arge metal boxes containets) contamination (hoo (emt nein ‘the presence of dirty or harmful substances in food, wateret convert isn't to change ‘something from one frm to another ‘converter 30 vto2) na device that ‘changesone formot eneigyto another form convertible 509-9 adjable tobe changed to adiferent form oruse countermeasure 06594") 93 ‘courseof action taken to protect against something bador dangerous coveringletter son) Sein ns Tetterthatyou send with something, togveestrainformation op op ma plant that grown in Targe quantities for food current“ kssoi nthe ow ot lectiity through a wire deat with i: id Vtotakeadtionto solvea problem decision maker 6599 kote) na petson who can make difficult ot important decisions agree gris nthe qualification ‘obtained by students who successfully complete a university (s) na patoa piece of furnituresuch asa desk, that slides Inand ut andis used for keeping thingsin Art a tool or machine used for making holes durable o2rsbl adj able toast for along timewithout breakingor pettingweaker feammoney 9) si vtoreceive rmaney forworking cenergysaving “e>1) svi ed (used about amachine.ete) using less energy thanis usual ‘environment ysir>amont nthe natural worl which people animals and plantsve environmental sai/o9 ent ad) connected withthe natural word and the effect of human activity upon it ‘environmental impact vn,vavranment!‘mpekt/nthe effect that a particular action wl haveontheenvironment evaporate \uporei v{usedabouta liquid) to change into gas exert ig 201 vto put force or pressureon something explosive sk spisvsn something ‘that could cause an explosion extreme i sr:m ad) (used about physial conditions) nat ordinary or Usuabserious or severe fascinating “ssc adjexremely Interesting fermentation | process in whicha substances chemically broken down by bacteria, et. during which alcohols produced fitration i'n nthe process of passing liquid through after (= ‘evice that removes any materials thatarenot wanted) find faults un! 1's vtofind things that stopa machine from working corectly flaps eps: napartofthewingofa Planethat can be moved upor down tacontol upward movement ‘fue gas treatment 00 > rtmont ma process for removing harmful substances fom thesmoke thats produced by factories fossifuel “fos! ful nfuel suchas ‘caaloroil formed from the remains ofanimalsor plants foundations 000 ve/nz! nthe sold base of buildingGlossary 133 frequency | kon ntherateat whicha soundoran electrical wave ‘movesupand down, gearbox “gioboks: nametalcase containing the gears of vehicle; thesystem of gears ofa vehicle germinate /d52:minew v(used about the eed ofa plant) tostartto grow slobalwarming lov! vom n ‘the increase nthe temperature of theearthsatmosphere, caused by increased amountsof gases such 3, carbon dioxide {goods 1 nthings that are made tobe sold rain orn ntheseeds of food plants suchascomorrice hacker “huxko(") napersonwho gainsaccesstoacomputersystem ‘without permission inrdertosteal data,ete harvesting “ho visin ntheactof cutting and gathering crops high-tech is! ick agjusing the most modem electronic technology hinge “ny na movablejointona 00.0 lid. by whichitopens.or loses hull il nthe main, bottom part ofa ship that goesin the water hydraulisystem ro sion ‘namechanical system thats, ‘operated by liquid movingunder pressure through an arrangement ofeyliners and pistons hydrocarbon a9 ko-bon ma chemical made upof hydrogen and ‘atbon, that's found in petro. coal, andnatural gas Immerse 10» vtoputsomething Into liquid sothat it iscovered completely Impact |impsekv mtheactofone ‘objecthittng another the force with which this happens Impurities 0 poor msubstances ‘thatare present in small amountsin anathersubstance,making it ity orefpeor quality Induce ins vto produce an lecticcurrent Infrared | fi adjusing ‘clectromagnetic waves which are longer than those of red lght Inner 1991) adjontheinside of something Inigation 1 es)n/ nthe process of supplying water oan area ofland sothat crops will row know-how "5 haw! nknowiedge and experience of howtodo something landing gear endo") nthe wheelsand otherpartsofanarcraft that supportitwhenit son the round Wife nthe upward pressureof air ‘onanaireraftwhen tistiying Vining /lasnu9 alayerof material Used tocover the inside surface of something location io hem the place where ‘something exists orhappens lower / loi) vtomakesomething godown lubricate obrikow vto puto grease etc.ontheparts ofa machine sothat they move smoothly magnetic 9.29 seuk ad ableto attract iron objects towards it marketing - m9) nthe activity of resenting advertising, andseling ‘company’s products media) 0 nthe main formsof public communication such asTy, radionewspapers.tc minimize inimase vtoreduce somethingto the lowest possible level ‘modulate | moduli vtochangethe characteristisofasignalorawave, byaltering its frequency. amplitude, molecule “rik thesmallest ‘groupofatomsintowhicha Eubstancecan be divided without changing ts chemical nature motorway. 020:0e1 nawideraad with severalanesin each direction, where traffic can travel fast frlong distances movable 5 adjableto be moved from one place or position to another multitasking soll o'skuy nthe ability todo several fferent things atthesametime navigable 0190! ad (usedabout ‘apathoran area fland) that a robot can move across without fallingoverete navigate 00 vtofind and follow a path throughanatea or-lethal p90 |) adjnot causing death offshore of Jo) advin the se,not ‘arfrom theland opportunity 0p unot machance todo something xdlator “piois(r) nanelectrcal device that produces analternating current = electrical current that changes rection many times. second) outer 01917) adjon the outside of something ven "1! nalarge device shaped lke a box with adoeron the front in hich food i cooked packaging “psi materials used towrap or protect goods that aresoldin shops panel psa flat pece of wood, glass.o1 metal that forms partofa ‘door wallet paperwork peipows-h nthe partof '3)0b that involves writing letters, filing informs, ete parallelto perme! (9 advina straight line, wile maintainingan ‘equa distance from another abject crsurface passenger psa") naperson ‘whols traveling ina vehicle pasteurization | poor zijn a the processof heatingand then cooling aliquid, such as min ‘order tokillharmful bacteria pier (p22) nacolumnora support Torabridge pigment -pigiont nasubstance that adds colour to something124 Glossary pitching "pi nthe upwardand downward movement ofthe front ofaplane plasticizer plestsavo(ey na substance added toa plasticso that itbecomes easy to bend platform "ls malarge sed structure in the sea that provides base forarigwhen ailing fro powersource > ss nthe place ‘or device that supplies the electrical energy for something preservation prez vein nthe process of treating food sothat it {doesnot rotor decay pressurize "pie)sair vtoincrease the pressure inside something production costs p30 kiss n ‘theamountof money that a business needs to spend inorderto make something program *provgr'em vtogivea ‘computera set of instructions to makeit doa particular task project “pros!ckt/ na planned pece ‘of work that sdesigned to produce something new promotion p> 3/0! nameve toa ‘more important jb ar positionina company proposed ‘p20 l/adj(used about ‘plan ete) suggested for people to think about and decide on publictransport pik srensnot n ‘system of buses trans etc which people use to travel fromane place toanother pulse /psIs na singleshortinreasein ‘theamountof energy. electricity, etc produced by adevice qualification) kein’ nan ‘examoracourseaf study that you have sucessfullycompleted qualified voli adhaving the necessary qualifications to doa particular job quality assurance "0 9)51/9 joss inthe practice of making sure that goods or servicesare kept at high standard radar 'ro(0)/nasystem thatuses radio waves to find the position and ‘movement of panes, ships. ete. rail noneaFthe two metal bars that form the track that trains un on raise 17 vtoliftormovesomething toa higherleve! raw materials | 9 ovis!” nbasie ‘materials that are used to make a product recommend «oh» nich! vtoadvisea particular course of action teference “oivoes nastatement that Iswiltten bysomeone who knows ‘you, giving information about your character and sls fefine un vtomakea substance pure by taking other substances out oft tefrigerant 750 ma substance usedin coling devies, suchas fridges and freezes, refrigeration (59/0) nthe process ofmaking something old in order to preserveit reinforced concrete ©n!>st ‘cnnr-v neonerete with metal bars orwitesinside to makeit stronger relay "lev na device, usually Containing an electromagnet, which Ismade active by aflow ofeurrent in one cicuttinorder to open or close another circu remediation i/o» the temovalofharmfulchemicalsand industrial waste from anarea of land remind 010! vtohelp somebody remember todo something renewableenergy 11/9) ead) ‘nenetgy suchas wind and wave ‘energy. which e replaced naturally reservoir 10790910") nanaturalor anartfiiallake, used asa store of water resist st vtonot be damaged by something resistor 11's") adevice that reduces the flow of curentinan electroniccicuit responsibility «| spon ils nthe duty ofbeingin charge ofa particular activity tig. 0) nalargepieceof equipment, ‘sed for taking oll orgas rom the {groundorunderthe sea raling.":501 nthemavement ofa planein which one wing rises wile the other wing falls rotor /15012(8)/na partofamachine Which turns around, for example ‘oneofthe blades ofahelicopter seabed | bs nthefloorofthe seed 9) nasmallhard part produced bya plant fromwhicha new plant an grow sesufiient si <9 jo" adj able toproduce everything that youneed without the helpof ther people sensorysystem | se7s0) sion ‘theequipment ina robot that notices changes inthe environment, concering heat light pressure sewage "su ily nwaste matter produced by human bodies and Caried away through sewers sewer 50") nanunderground Pipe, used forcarying away waste rmatterfrom human bodies shear 91°) nmovementin which ‘wosurfaces side past eachother the foreor pressure that causes thistohappen shore-bazed "(> 0's! ad) doneor happening onland atherthanat sea stall na partiularabity led ica having the ability, knowledge and experience todo somethingwel sonar “s(:) nasyster for finding objects underwater using sound waves span sicn nthe part ofa bridge between ne vertical support and anather the distance between these supports spoilers =>” npartsof plane's wing that canbe ralsedinorder to interrupt the flow of airoveritand reduceliftGlossary 135 stabilizers ‘ster devices ‘that keep an aircraft level and stopit fromrolling toone side statistg 0 Usk ncollections of information shown in numbers stealth sci ad) (used about an aircaf.a ship, etc} designed with technology that prevents it from being seen by radar sonar etc structure ssh") nathing that Ismade of several parts, such asa building suggest > Uses! vtorecommend Something that may be suitable for particular purpose suspension bridge => spen/o beads Inabridge that hangs from ste! ‘ables that ae ized totowersat eachend switch na device that opens or closes anelecticeircut team 7 na groupof people who ‘work together at a particular job tension cnn nthestateof being pulled tight thermoplastic 01>» plestik ma typeof plastic that can be melted and cooled repeatedly without becoming diferent in quality thermoset." >:msusct adj (used about atype of plastic) treated so thatitwillnot meltor become soft ‘againwhen heated thrust ri nthe force produces by An engine that pushesa plane forward tolerance "iolo20s ntheamount by which avalue or measurement is permitted tovary tralingedge 01) e's athethin, tear edge ofawing transformer ens main) na device used for changing the voltage of an electrical current transistor 05 io) pan electronic device, used in computers, ‘aios,etc, which controls current byactingasaswitch orasan amplifier («a devicefor increasing anelectrial signal) transmit ens mil v(usedabouta device or substance) toaliow heat, energyete-to passthrough trigger “tn02(") vtocause adeviceto start functioning turbine “5 dain’ namotorwith blades that are turned around by theairwatenetc inorder to aenerate electricity tuncrewed 0 irs ad) (used about ‘anairraftetc} without any people onboard to operateit underground | \>9s0 1a) underthe surfaceofthe ground tunmanned | 0! nl aj (used ‘about an airratete) without a person on board tocperate it ventilation 0) i)" nthe flow of airinandout ofa room building versatile vs! aj (used about a material) able tobe used for many diferent purposes vessel vcs! nashiporaboat vibrate bre v tomovefrom side ‘toside veryquicklyand with small visible “rl adj abletobe seen warship °>:\ip na ship used inwar waste ‘cist material that sno longerneeded andis thrown away water purification 910 pivonii kiln nthe process of making water clean by removing substances that are dirty harmful ete. wave ‘cima aisedline of water that moves across the surface of the sea.etc weaken 00) vtomake ‘something less strong welded © ci! adj (used about two pieces of metal.et} joined together by heating the edges and pressing them together wellinsulated 0! \0slel ad (usedabout ahouse,room,etc) protected witha material that reduces the oss of heat, sound etc. asfaras possible wind. ind m the natural movement oftheir wingspan | uspien/nthedistance fom the end of onewingtotheend ofthe other workexperience © ih spnrions ’n the work jobs that youhave done in yourlifeso far wrapping " the movementofa planeinwhichit turns tooneside, ‘way from astraight course Yflld the total amount of ‘cropsete. thats produced