BIOINFORMATICS
1.1
APARNA P, AD HOC CSED, NIT CALICUT
The marriage between computer science and molecular biology
◦ The algorithm and techniques of computer science
are being used to solve the problems faced by molecular
biologists
BIOINFORMA
TICS ‘Information technology applied to the management and
analysis of biological data’
◦ Storage and Analysis are two of the important functions –
bioinformaticians build tools for each
BIOINFORMATICS
The need for bioinformatics has arisen from the recent
explosion of publicly available genomic information,
such as resulting from the Human Genome Project.
Gain a better understanding of gene analysis,
Necessity of taxonomy, & evolution.
bioinformatics
To work efficiently on the rational drug designs and
reduce the time taken for the development of drug
manually.
To uncover the wealth of Biological information hidden
in the mass of sequence, structure, literature and
biological data.
It is being used now and in the foreseeable future in the
areas of molecular medicine.
Goals
It has environmental benefits in identifying waste and
clean up bacteria.
In agriculture, it can be used to produce high yield, low
maintenance crops.
Molecular Medicine
Gene Therapy
Drug Development
Microbial genome applications
Fields of Crop Improvement
Forensic Analysis of Microbes
bioinformatics Biotechnology
Evolutionary Studies
Bio-Weapon Creation
In Experimental Molecular Biology
In Genetics and Genomics
In generating Biological Data
Where Analysis of gene and protein expression
bioinformatics Comparison of genomic data
helps Understanding of evolutionary aspect of Evolution
In Simulation & Modelling of DNA, RNA & Protein
FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION
DNA
Class Overview
RNA
PROTEIN
Cell theory
Cell and chromosomes
Molecular DNA
biology basic
facts RNA
Proteins
All living things are made of cells
Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the
Cell Theory cell
All cells arise from preexisting cells
Has a surrounding membrane
• Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid
Cell • Organelles – structures for cell
characteristics function
• Control center with DNA
Prokaryote Cell : A single celled organism that does not have a
nucleus
They do not have a nucleus, and their genetic material is not
stored in the nucleus.
Eukaryote Cell :A more complex cell with a nucleus and
CELL TYPES
many organelles.
They all have a nucleus where the genetic material of the cell is
stored
CELL TYPES
CELL TYPES
Cells life cycle –
BORN,EAT,REPLICATE,DIE
REPLICATION
-Important decisions like collection of necessary nutrients.
CELL LIFE -No brain like structure
CYCLE
DECISIONS ARE MANIFESTED IN COMPLEX NETWORKS OF
CHEMICAL REACTIONS CALLED PATHWAYS
(synthezise new materials,break down other materials as for spare
parts,signal time to eat or die)
Cell system works
-stores necessary information to make a replica of itself
-contains machinery requirements to collect and
manufacture the components
CELL SYSTEM -carry out copying process
-kick starts it’s new offspring ☺☺
SO CELLS ARE BASIC UNITS OF LIFE !!!
CHROMOSOMES
- A packet of coiled up DNA
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosome s
- They are in the nucleus of cell
- Chromosomes contain a single , long piece of DNA
- DNA is twisted and coil to fit inside the nucleus
- Each chromosome has a single strand of DNA
which carries the code for a couple of thousand genes
DNA
All organisms holds three basic types of molecules
BASIC TYPES
-DNA :represented in 4 letter alphabet{A,T,G,C}
OF
-RNA: represented in 4 letter alphabet{A,U,G,C}
MOLECULES
-PROTEINS : long chain of amino acids ,represented in
IN CELLS 20 letter alphabets
DNA - holds information regarding how cell works
RNA - transfer short pieces of information to other
BASIC parts of the cell, used to synthesize proteins
MOLECULES
PROTEINS- form enzymes that perform biochemical
reactions, send signals to other cells and perform
actual works .
DNA
DNA
STRUCTURE
DNA
STRUCTURE
DNA
STRUCTURE
DNA
STRUCTURE
DNA
STRUCTURE
RNA is single-stranded
In RNA, the sugar molecule is ribose rather
RNA than deoxyribose
In RNA, the fourth base is uracil rather than
thymine.
RNA
STRUCTURE
RNA
STRUCTURE
Protein synthesis begins with a section of DNA called a
gene which contains the information for the
production of a single protein.
GENE
CENTRAL
DOGMA OF
BIOLOGY
CENTRAL
DOGMA OF
BIOLOGY
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION
CODONS
CODONS
A third form of RNA called transfer RNA, tRNA is found in
the cytoplasm.
-tRNA locates the exact position of the proper amino acid for a given
codon.
TRANSLATION
-There are 20 types of tRNA and 20 amino acids
-Each type of amino acids binds to different amino acids
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION
TRANSLATION
CENTRAL
DOGMA OF
BIOLOGY
Systems biology is the computational and mathematical analysis
and modeling of complex biological systems
taxonomy is the science of naming, defining and classifying
groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared
characteristics.
Biological
homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of
dictionary structures, or genes, in different taxa
Scientists communicate the results of their research to other
scientists primarily through the scientific literature, which
therefore constitutes a permanent repository of scientific
knowledge and a record of progress in scientific enquiry.
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