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Image Processing Full Notes

Image processing notes

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Md Anas
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259 views99 pages

Image Processing Full Notes

Image processing notes

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Md Anas
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_ LAST MOMENT TUITIONS For Full Course www.Lastmomenttuitions.com 20. INDEX Explain sampling and quantization with diagram - 5 Explain image file format - 8 What is image processing ? explain digital Image processing and its application - 14 Color models and its types for digital image - 16 > RGB model - 17 > CMYK model - 18 > HSI Model - 20 Explain Chroma-subsampling - 21 What is digital video ? explain CCIR standard - 23 Explain homomorphic filtering - 25 Explain histogram processing with example - 27 Problem on Histogram equalization - 30 . Grey Level transform - 35 . Bit plane slicing - 39 . Problems on Zero point memory operation - 41 . Filters - 43 Region Growing and Region splitting - 49 . Problem on Hough Transform - 53 . Normalized Chain code - 55 . Discontinuity based Segmentation - 57 . Edge linking using Hough Transform - 63 . Explain the first difference make the chain code invariant to rotation - 66 ( update of this answer will also come ) What are Moments ? Explain with example - 67 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39, 40. Explain Polygon Approximation with example - 71 What is unitary matrix - 72 Write 8*8 hadamard transform matrix and its signal flow graph for fast hadamard transform with example - 73 Discrete cosine transform [DCT] - 76 Explain for digital image having salt and pepper noise, median filter is the best filter - 77 Justify/contradict Laplacian is better than gradient for election of edges - 79 Image Enhancement techniques in special domain - 80 Calculate FFT using DIT - 81 Define Euclidean distance ,city block distance, chessboard distance,and connectivity - 83 Distinguish between Image Restoration and Image Enhancement 85 Walsh transform - 86 Justify all Image compression techniques are invertible - 87 Explain Wavelet Transform - 89 Explain fidelity criteria - 90 IGS Sums - 93 Lossy and Lossless compression difference - 94 Run length encoding - 95 Huffman coding - 96 Arithmetic encoding- Arithmetic Encoding Improve gray scale sum - 99 More update of videos and notes will be coming stay tuned Taal , Huous cencecl olerta Into —__ii) Quan treatin Se aThel Tetakie: Folens behind camp |_— Digisieing the coordinate values Ps catled = Sampling. In simple terms, .carnpling aefercsto ' am —eliviching “Hoe Proaye ip equal parts: —_—_ @— 2 Digitizing toe amplotude values fc _catted ov, —_ @uantication. Jre_clividing Imaye ace. to totensity values — >in Fig 0b) 9 onezelimensienal functon te | plotted clepenct'ng on jac jnlonsity value of [sth Image found _aFten ccannige image by —a_scan Line AB. The random variqtiony are | ___dlue_-to_nofee- — — Now we _snapple the fiunet'on cecthy eG ually | — spaced camps along Line AB indicated by | Jer bt fick merki'n bottom of By lt Ce) I -damples_are thowwn e3 crnalt Circles on te £? | in rig at tide oF Ap DG, there ita scale _ |—elileled tate P intervals ranging fom Sface_ —to_wbite Co-7). finchion 1s quantived atcoretiag to Shye _valigy a The _Mgirtel_camples resulting fir boty sompling _« quantitation Gre shown tn — fig ol) _ = starting fim top of Vmage h carrying out above procedu re Dine- by bine produces 2-1 —oligitaltanage. S$ be ice: eal Date | I | oe ee @® — IF _an_ sensing array Js.ca1ed for sampling & quontization| —_The_nos OF sensors in the areay setae _estabitches the limit of saropling_in both alivechions: fig la) | — MMactaty this concept Ae = Figl2) shows ¢ continucns Image projected onto | | plane of -an Abreey £0800, Ag 2)b) Shows image ____af ter sampling quanticatton. pS Wercan clearly observe that tte totencity value of | A partauar pixel 1's rounded off to Weare iin tene!ty ss Value, ss : beth Page No. | @ | naan po | Sple Reader $ > wed to Idemtify tne ctype of fie cS | -Fplate ange Eile Pormats shoe VT ea PO BITMAP Trrage (beng) {J > this is the roost! Commonly used File format, | cHot Supportecl: Yrnage. ranges hem 4-32. bits. a We can use «bmp file in Windows es woll os 20 other Operating systems. e@ TF used In Windows, -bmp File maker vase mar a Nencer Fle called ca Windows. br’ ——| => While using jo other 0.5. Futouing herder | Shuchire ts usec 5 th hee 3 Petes a Heid Sie a Desciption bE Type 2 tharactens BM Heat deeb zal i bP Stee. ri — Sle Size nee | LF Reservedtd 2 Unwed ne) || bFReserved’ = _ Unused _ _ EFOP eB, | ofbet to stort of pleel cata lf © ee bf Types wd 4 7 | srnage 4 Héader$ -_ — IE concict oF 'c enti hy_ mp ax OIE. File. Ip bevadedrnat ie, BM to Ascr1 itd bfStee. 4 wt ice ok BMP File in bytes HPFResened $ Hree ae aeserved, th’ crctiel value clepercs 00. the application tat Creates the forage fOffset’ offiet te. starting aclelves, of the by te where Hoe : bitmap %mage clata can be found. _ - : << tY BITMAPCORE (be) $0 Ia. 7mppzneo Cer) Ady : — Size oF BITMAPINGO is 20 bytes > that of = SBITMAPORE js 28 12 byte. hi tables = BITMAPINEGO @ era Sie. Description fee biStre Ars ghee of tite hreacter C40 yrtes’) _|} —bildidty i 4 bitmap_wi'el+th jn pixels |] bitetgng bitmap helgbt th _pixele - _____|biNoof ColorPlane | 2 | nm of color planes Crowsk bei) |] i No.of Bis | 2 | re. of bits per plael, iwbloh te colon clepth __ brave 45 Lan -oF:Froage. Typical values are 1, 4,8 16 24682 | | bilonpeession. Mod! de | Compresslon rnethod- being. epee _ || br Raw Sieve | A.M The te size oF ran bitmap datas a Luror | - —O.can be given for 81. RGR bitmap | ieifteriaetial Rea | 4 | | Hertker tet ftuohutiva ob. tive fac ge 4 | Bi Verbal Res Nertical- Fesolubiva of tre. Joage —__ © LiNo.Color.Palette! 4 | No- of colon in the color palette | # or to deFeutte: to. 2% sat 4 bINOWIMP. Color 4 no. oF lanporkint colors used, or _ 0 wher every color Fe. jnmportant | _____ as ne BLIMARCORE ‘hence contains 2 st Fete oF tne BrTMAPINEO header, 9s) | Cotor olor “Tablet _ — color able Gpaletted occu in the BMP image | File_olirecHyaFte> MP file header = — Color abe can he of #0 a Rcequas | | enrRree Fel size | Desciphion feta Sic Descripttor _ ——_rrgbBtue Bhat color pete | hdr 1 brreen Color Vatae 1g)Blue 1 Blue Color Vale | rgb Rel Pet Color Value _xgbGren \__ Green Color Value }— a raeanaa rust be cern: lt Pe Coter. Matee | RGBTRIPLE 7 a | Pirel Deka 8 stiekepioe ny =) For spiel. its we colcabibe. raw. ht Lob Soap ovale oF Height C Frew. Stce_can be ig iven.aa. os aHlelghtn bIHEBMY Pay Sig 2 LiRawsie | wa Baten, . be Raw Size Le a Bae ring bipts: perntous! BPR = effE (chiar tinsmesertpafogig—— | Wes @ || for Abie there are tivo rartanh cleveloped_by Trtel__ Tagged..Trage Lele Forrnat ( beth) ee >? TIPE is Flexible, adapthte File Format for handling Images A dela within a single Be, by Inctucting header clags_cleFining Ihe Frage’: geometny —— 2 Tags are nothing but sice, resolution , nar Ete oF Nenetge hoor Woo bytes o | Intel] Motosola Byte Oreler a 2 i Version Nam bor * 4 Pointer to First image Bile aliechiny ——& ) - ss T dmose File Directory TIFF HEADER SRocTURE Byte: Orcler = a - ee 9 Here we specifically took after sequerte [orcler ___which_bytes are_storeel. Pa __& Morrolo ab | MHD [ =tag xb | X44). SData Type | x46 I Length | ota Vatu of Pct X4E ~7ay Tb X40 Data Type xr) Leng to KHlk Value offset X420 No.of Bytes Bary ui Divedtory Baby | Pit pS ele pip Divectory Labey 5 —\—— next LD { JY PEG File Format _ | — > SPEG Fe 0_acronyes ‘for oink Prati — Experts Group > The SIPEG comprescion etlgositomn feat it's best eR pho-togrephs paintings of gealivtte stenes I wv emooth variatons of tone: f colors. PS TPEC File clo not heave Formal berclers, bite Fg jpeghead0 Fy? jpegheadl) detcwns relewrt Information fom tte files stort of trome Segment TThic_ te called Heacter For consietency with other Ge Formacts. —__ Senage oO 2 JPEG start of | Jeong LS0T)_creicker 2 i 2 Lanqge width Io_pixets 2 | Image Hel bt Sn_pixets__ 6 | No.of components (t= Greytcale, 3 = REE) | (___Honzontal [Vertial_sanpling factor fon cemponent bo | a —+ | Sempling Factor for component 2. CREB) JF Sampling taetor for Component 2 GE AGES Page No[ | Co Marks) [what te IP? €ypledn Digitet TP € i ts applicebtons IMAGE PROCESSING® : | _____ Zt _fe_e_process _gubere— an_Imay cepkired based _tpoo th require 08 ,_lmag. he processed. Digktat_ Image Processing 8 _|Lau Arte, An Franape. may. be _olefined 41 QA 21> r | Fenction F C4) where 2% £4 etre spatPat | Coordinate, amplitude of fart ciny ofe ____ |oF coordinates (4, y) fe catted Potendity of | Hoe Pnnage at dhat porate | her ay Lb nkencity vatues of F_@re_ Uiscrete GQuantitier, we calt the 2 Ravage ee Dig Ftat_ Favage. “The _Digrted_Laneige ___ — | Processing refers Ee processing obigiteel_mqge by mean. of _a_ctégitel_conyrcter. = = — oe Steps in Digitet res [skip if asked foc Meots) a _ le_Image Acquisition i _achlon_of Retrevirg an. an == | Fmage from _chare. source, usually 2 blo based | ource, 60 it be. A Shrug whatever | __precescing need _1_occur aftervarets._ | Ze Image Enhancement? process of manipula ting sjrage _—__ 0 that the result ts more stteble i Phe 7 | origtoal for a_specthe application £4. dd > get 7 ___brightersarage.__ _ _ Date | _|| —_parb_or_ object. ae + Image Restoration? cleale _extth improving the ____ —Ctppearane of _an_imege. Chale forage enhancement, _ which '< subjective, Image restoration Peo bjective. Bestorato technigues are based _on_mecthemeticat _ models _of Frage Oleg areca ton 4+ Color Image Processing & Ad Gree: Hat hes gained in lig heel Foneges over Internet Vario _mettrods_ceseel here cre color complements, color ~slictiag, Calor corcechionth. S. Wavelet Processing’ llavelets ave founeation for = Fenpor tance becouse of -S1gor' fico wereage 57 ce of meray yy Jancyges In wares clegrees of _wesolution - It tx See yeod for Image ata compression & pyramictat Meppresenteton of Poy jes b. Compression & techniques for reducing storage requived. -to_rave_an_'mage OF Aoe_beret bouscheorct Ho repiloce _-to_treinsmi't fb. 7: Merphotegicat Processing & cleats corte trole to_extroct __ image cormponenta_ Het ave _cosePul Fo_represertetion | Lk clesertpto of foe _oheepe- | 3: Seyrmentation 2 park? G00 cn eenage Jato fb Conctiteent- Ds Represeote ter L4 Desiriptions Pepreseating Fc Pereage shag —— Bounclay vep resentation or Fegiornil rep resera-tet tren _ Descriptive deat with toutes Prat result in Lome _quart'tative Job uttos of /'rterese ject Peroynition 3 Process of ex se igning Jabel tD_ar object pened 00 tts deseo Applications @ 1) Trrage-sht-peatn 1 > =c0eominy, bluse! A Bestoratlen bh er pe calew _dekectirrg edlg<4, image etreval, Prrcue recogni oa 2) Mediceet Piel - - _ » PET Scan, 1: ey inal, —— gamma rag imagiy Medical CT, OV imaging 2). Amazing 7 — +0 cletect jnbashucture Alarrayjes eetised by ap estrtoguake — A) Machine | Febot Victor oo — $) Hurdle Detection ee 6) Pattern Reegnition a _ VY) Video Treeuig oe — _ Color Models for TF igteet — _ (or Maks) There aire 3_chi leven cole _mecctels_Hacctcire_tused_ __| accoreling tothe capplicertions + 7) RGB Modet ———EEEEE i) CMYK. Model ee WHS Medel — “clay K_Mocet 3 — —2_consict of eet en Magenta, | Yetta & Keirboo, hence lemon ov aetna __cetor Moclele —=>_Useel_t in igit_pikny & phategpapy ujheres —— | RGB Fs used Ter comeras << Comptet —_ ( \ Rg hs} wt B Date R68 Moctels oe _ a —_ toidaty _tued jo color TU seth, R -Reo!, B-Riue, e ~b¥ eer 2 RER_ar pamion Colox_hence_ PShie_ic¢erllect Pomnory Modet |__ > Operation performed ysiry ROB rundel are easy =) Ib Ss_hbased on Cartecfan_Co-ord?nates. System. _____ —5_lAlitin dis model oe_arequire 8 -bits of yedl 7S -bila_of | green _£_g-bib for blue. Overall ROR model Yo 24 bit nvodlet. 7 = =, a — > Ny picat_woay oes Keprasenting- Roa fmage 7 ex) tuhere 20°F y _ts_stine physical sixe of yage dsb tom |_____planes 8, G,I&8 So_we_can_Say Hot _an_ RGR mee. 2 mage is_q_sstack of 3 planes of size 21% YY — |} = Not vey yeh fac Pmage processing nts — - oF RGB csnnot be treated i artependentty ——— — B, 7 BS eo | — EE 71 2 ——— pragyentay <1 fe 7 1 _ 7 fg a — ~ | O i foo ee ae a ReV(1,0,09 = ———————EE = oS Page No.| cHs1_ Model 8 = - | ——> used by lu can _eye— = — > Aue _eye can determine color Using +O%< ________ model where sH~ Hue Uhilon i cte Fined cts _ov _A8nt or _cimply— color ov shade which ___ dominates Hae} Maye. _ = ~_Satueretion , che a mount of white Colow present ta sae put colon | Hue + — pS | > 1 Intensity, brightinen of Senewgye |_ > it _clecaples_lotencity fiom Color foformation |_—> Fdeeit fon devetopiny Proaye processing. algon toms _—_____ 2 Considen_an -% of a _bucteet full of red _colon = color red Carresponcu tto_hue & Sctu ection js maxim. When ur add Li'ttle white colon inthe bucket of reel, wed ters tq. ge2ta. : |____$0_bue _betanes Magenta € saturretion red ees bo OH SE we adda bucket of be white t_ — ib ber real tucns +o tohite-_ _ | > Consteler_cno+nen fy. Where there tsa budeet — | oF Reet colon, JF ewe aclol Mittle Rial colon to $k then Red stuens to clare red _€ 4 Pus _ i |____Keep 00 adding black olor Io the bucket _ oa | nen rest Color till kuea_into blacle, > Bo ue cin cay that dark od 6 Magonty ore _ ati Ffement saturations of red cotor, Date[__| white Rea Black. pie Sabinetion Rect Nfettew aaa ine © ie BSG 260-0 iF &B>G © cog | = L@-O+ce-9) = Lcr-wo% ce) (omen) ; = . ee eee wee S : R4+GtB l a : I a Page No. luminance, Cinmountof_2Pergy ‘rece! ued _ fam source OV-= Chrominance_lchroma_, combined OF Ate & satutet'en ____victeo. processing jo Tl cet. Sie. huma tuces cued to emncienb = jee. “Black -o-~wohite “Ty sets > huni ioe eed “toad {just _bs'yhtney isthe _| Block G vohite Tu sets oe — systens 2 UV color_modet_is rcunty cused tot 19, Ptect Chrom_is ued to add color intormetion - tn SE leick=n white TU sets. = _ — 2 MOV model is usecl in chroma Subsonpling — UV 'mecet_ can _be_denivec!_ from RB Hode wohich I s Follocacs 7 — = - = - = Y=o-493(R8-Y) _ Y=o-299R+oss7gG tose Y= 9-8771(R-¥) — Se Senna - ® Date a . lain Chroma © Syb sam, = Chinma_cubsanipliag te “aie Sob compression. ___ = Lt it _elifferent Bom aspatial L temporal compression WH by mock video com cston algorithms dn clokeck Crease oF tte ‘mage’ in_a frame, or adiocs a no, oF Frames _evhere ? OF Fill herieosil) Reawtutien ah Vertiat Reoluton Ja he Feentet resolution! al) Verticat mesolate g Hovicentat ve solutt Rui Vertical resolu Hon, Chroma lubcamnpliag. hes 4. vartanint | jt) 42424 4» No subcampling fi): 4.3 B22, 2? ech horicontal scanline has. 2 Chima Values cent for every Luma -valtes Wi) +2121 > Jf emmma velue seo er aery + % Lume vetives Seu) 48.230 9 for every “4 Lume verhees rere evokidel be 2 Be Brat chroma cenpnent <0 fee an fon which will not .cromt "olen image Fours cassumre 2 valee Fir per Stantine by Oy /olr Image oli ABCD \Ato. B+ G42 b43 s| |S 6 1) EF GH Eta Fas Gre Hat) S ISIS U0 4 [Avo RA B42) Raa \e*4 | was 5 Dt aes [ato Ane aaa) Ata ih B+ oss, +6 +6 o+7 lato ari | at2\ ets ‘le 0-7 Black to white A-H dome colors ercucr jatel ets st (Arg A4S BAC (R47 eee eee 4 | | \ z * | i @) pate| || | || tAlhat Pe _eligittet Video! Explat CCIR standard Digiter Nedeo® Meee ea sy | > Digiteu _alteteo is fenbieta esl ahetag tng Miscat | tages in the fxm oPsadsatedaligitalecteda. 2 Digital _vitleo comp rises’ oF a seriesaf orthogonal bitmap oligtial tmages elixplayed:.'o repid seecession at_a_conctent pate, 2 | = Digital video cen be copied xv no_degradetion ta, quality Mo matter tow roany. generations of a clityttet ssourte fr copied) j/k sill till he as Clear cia Hho ontylnay Fink generction of He lig tat Potage. ) Advantages § é 5 _ i) PRarctom Direct Acces > good for non-Linean suldeo ed pH fi) noe. problem for pepectedl gecoreing i) no need for blanking & synz pulie Consubsive Comm hee 1 Fon introaoa Rade (ons: 7 _ Ab hoy wvertour verstor Core ~ 6018 |__ "et Ups Tolerlased amin, sn onc Belel only has boll np tsk = | Mertfont wevole tion, [sp cee dette etait sppaninnty 165 hp = _ttseel__for broad casting Page No. 6 jo Ln System BR, In each Bowne there ewe. Chars stem A 3 ee mi | > a frame ctotett “pletun. Fame aute te — Pictures cesplayed In one_second. But each me_is actualty scanned _fevice (oferdecsicg—) Odd ever Lines, : Bach scan te known as a sLinaa, ade feta rake | he Hutte tie. Barre Pate, e- 4.05 Line, 60 Line rate. ps B05 times Bare Frequency ive. wt bine Frequency = 405 K20 slog He 2 dlere video band vurelty ty. G04 Hz, 2 the channel bane eolel Hy iy’ £ MMe. 2 Used tn Color = wed AS soupye)_mne ister | COIR. Syslers be _ He otf seney 62S Lines. per foie «| ® w+ line Brey uenty = 625426 = (S620 He 2 Video Band width 1) 5-0 MHz Fourier Transform] fOotyd] x Rourier Tae ep) tale apply Loy both J tales be Flay) = a flay)» Lovbleesp) |___——» ov applying Fourier hans forma Ht gek- | Ef Loup) = =F [tp ae za Alen ol bee. lew) EF; TE lev)- ee A Where yp fi law) Fe nee "fourier pancho 1 06 hp Ebb? Lp Oty aeapectioely. PageNo, | ce "Now we cen copplay shomemorphic filkee ca | Suv) = Z(uyv), Hluv) s a — Slav) = Ey dav) Hla, vd +R lav avd os Bitered Image in spatial clorraln is F[Sta,yJ=F Cex tava) J+ F [lav lewd] | e he. | af 4 | Sly) = 2 (x,y) +o Guy) | oe ZCuyyd wa Ferpoee/ ay taking netoral Log oF Up image, Bue Mevene the process by taking | exponential of Filtered result thorns olp Jarry e | gery = eo | bee Ginp=< Ble nye 0 (x,y) , temy) ony) Leo whre, . ony) Lo (Gy) = & J 7 ey om Cauyd = The Filtering approach Jost derived. Cn be Suromer rit cect og? resort enf er Hfoos apt ip—— lp fmoye = image ——— Date| | | | Explain -Mictogram Processing ust Clomasts) 2 shistogrtins of cr_ctigitat image wlth Sotensity Levels in Hor mange [0, L1J is 4 cliscrete functen bled where ay is toe K'? Intensity value & Nk &s_No of pixels tn fanege volth intensity Sk. > fs tog ram ic_a_globat_descerption of Image | Here we plot vatues of tmaye ort x GY anis, 2 On A-ax!s we plot Te vatue Conteris Nk vatiey. = There are 2 clifferent Histogram proceacing techni quead_ 3)_Linear stretching ii) cfticto grams Equatlcs on _ MW ble began Spect# cation, Linear /-Hictogrem Gbretehing $ Sere main_aim se to convert be Joput- image. j0t0 the high _conskrent Image. | for a's wwe _mcake_use of slope which 1's Sax - Smin Tox — Tin —Slepe | here, Smax.8_ Mare. intens ty /o_olp _ Senin? Min. labensi'ty | olp Vimar Max Intensity in fp EesEEsEIDEsESDEINIES Vp 8 Min_intens'ty in_tlp | 5 Now fines etretehing will be caleulatest os (SRS RON (ra Sonic) tb Sen Slope Germain’) + Soin Page No| | for 0) | Grey Leveled OK ott © [too] ao bo reinge Co, 7] | Soe SS SO —Cmox = Tmin =O _ |_luobite electing Base, obec for grestet apeezern Tp cl keg Won-cevD Wie veetue “ || Now, _ LN Cr od0 _ —_ ar ° = je. Sage usen't be _ _witn Lines _sbretehiag, we get a_mork _ eee 4 image buck ee chet ee can noe _ | 5 for ~Hate equatirertion orethocl is twee! + > In _ordler to_get Rot hictagram, ase 7 conoliHony roust be co-Hebied. |B ros must be motootorialy in intreaging 2 a single “valued. ———— ) “Range oh Jokensity value shoulel_rernge befvoeea ______ oO, bi] je. O< Tery Next we aateutebe Watue oF Geter Salt yo 3 seren our off the vate of Se (bet) av eeUGY IT as=> Date| |-Brblem on He, teyram —Sualiex Hon Piret Vatwe [70 [100 [eo 80 | bo{4¢o]s [2 [Gray Level | o |] t | eulal als 6 mi Hn | CE (Se)) Sell) ows | pees 0425 | aegis | Os { 3.675 ozs | cow | OBIS) bles Oo SW | 6-827 ot | 6969 NY =Z00 Mow consider 1, 2° 6 Lak column | Od teeny Level Pixel (ne) | { ver Dato sistoyrein Specification * Mere we Gra ~equctlice the bots histoy reins. ——* then compare eq ueliceel values STEN clo BeLene reapping ty. 1 1 | 2 | a, | z | co \« A Mk | 19° | 1073 | asv | Sse | Bra | aac | ier] a1 & be) oO] 4 a2\|s 4 Ss 6 4 DM. |o rt | ° | sal ‘| Shs G14 777 Histograms «4S “Histograms By we | me | PRFLeDE SKL-) ROME | poe | CDF | Se} ° 190 | wrig/ond | 1-23] Yio ° 8 0 1 1923] 0-2} 0444 3.0313 lo | o Jo ° 2 | gsp fo ztfobs| +ss]/o}o | o | © ° 3 ose | oth fos] 67] fois forsfows | hos + 329 |B Jo. R9 623] 6 819 lore baS] oar S eas Jobo. 95/665 [7 par] 0-3 fobs aise 6 122 [00 | 098/686 | 7 laa }or lows] 5. OF q 2) loo] lo] tro] Tou lous] eo] 7 n= 4096 - ne foe _ mo nk St. ce ne = St ° 30 =e £ ° —_ I lors 4 3 ° —~o 2 B50 a 9 3 sb 1 msg 4 64 | 328 j= + sy Ss 24s ig 122 =—aS ae }22 js 6 B19 >& =) a\ u ee a RO ° ° 8° PageNo| | || Now perham revere woppieg aE, = Gonnpare— Brotha Reaitiecticect—teistog rang OF a a Se RH — J tresSe bold) ne Sat ettea io A) OOo a 190 es Bee t | |@ lo ARH 4 | |p |- eC ( Ja} a} 4 Cray Level ransforms é JA ar = fahancing an imay — ~The hantfecmetien £2 Ki 9 ‘S=EOrya ae where a3 pixel: of sp “$2 pikels of lp A eae 72 tanct'ee that dremfonne chch Se eter 1) Logern' thai i)» Power Las miei e Lt rmahion 8 has tuo ty. pea 8 ef 1) taentity 6 : a ests nae DMNNeAco-not 4 —o. fds Hr rey i) Newall Ns ae aa op we hs acini pe ES Ag stew ok —2 tei Hon is srepresented ¢ S= b=) 0%.) = ee tubers Lot range. of Tagen. — 2). Logan'thnsic TrancFormation s. sesh vice . generat Farm of- hens Formation At ( 9= ¢ fog CI+¥) where C3 4 constant which we add tote =9 tteahah. sha typen se iN iets 1) Log Transitisa : Ww) nerve it1on, clask pixela 1 tg) Date| | Power Lausg . : ——- 3 Hes wo bon tHany 2 on? power ft ook —2_expreased oy} Ss cat = a wher hb is. called As Gomme clue Fo which Hata. ctremsformation: i cette ey Gamma Trent foc mation > Vestation tn vere enhancement oF image —_ 7 Conthat Stretching * > @ process nat exparcls range oF Sotenuitg Levels In image so that TE cpans ett totensity ©. tn Tecercting meeliim { cliplay olevice Here clarker friaga are caphired clue to poor Maminane oF hight — Gaph ty gin by Lig. ps clvtded Jato & regivny | ‘0. 00 2 25) a a ° ALC ; : Oly, 82) ple) Cle Mss G4 =$2 — a tue observe Pparperty ab eden tity “han Poem | 6 wy ea, 20 Sabo) __ SS O12 “Thresholding # - > provides_an_easy Wa On the heat of — ab ferent ingkenci'ttes or —_ —Colore_ip foregreund & beets ground tia te => Seg cnenetartines ts cleterminey by @ “ingle = -perrarmeter_ finoesn 23. Intensity Ares hotel. | — > Tho single pay each plrel value is —_ Compared with threshold, TF pixel intensity | @ i ic higher ~than threshold, then pirel ty set to ccay white in Olpp ele black Feat, Hhreskalding can be represen tect = -s2[0 y bet _ A | tuhere 9 threshold ~ Plane Stein => pixels etre cligitat numbers comporec! oF bits For €, Intensity oF e6th pixel in 9 266-level —grey scale __ image i's composed oF P-bita. 2 Here Instead of highlighting Intensity Level_aanges, Gy u we high tight dhe combution mace cto total Image appearance by «pecihe bt. jee. We observe toe Changes jhe Jrvege bit hy bre One Bit Bit plemeT - Byte P| Cmsey - Bie plane O a cLsR) a TS 1T-PL9NE Representation of 8-Rt Triage FP Te_ebsetve charge bt -by- bit un Sirat convert _ the fobers ity veileies '070_1'&< binary 2ocu'vatent _ Tn _we_slice sthe_biinary image hom Mist ty LSk. Jres_ we form _ob'Flerenk Jooages For wach Lt bef intent ‘ey. oy ie - — [ssolvory ry ria] = >] 001] 00 | 100 6] 3|3 [ego jou [ou Ms Middte Bik Ls o/o|t ofrfo}] |i to ain ofe|i] — foft | oo ff vf oft. PageNo.{ | I |_ Tntensity Levet_Sticiog-8 _ “Highligixting_e:_spec! ie_menge _of_lnkensities _ No ein inage—of bea ts_of fkereaks Applicertiba_lnclude. —_____ Lenhancing Feaketres such a.1_asses of _werter in | cateltite imagey € enbancing Pteuve io Xaray trates “Te_procen, of ben cotledl tn tem ty~ level Lclicley, ca be_lanplensented! 10 several Uses | but mat are van'atiooe of t00 bowie theres» ———, Ore ep precich te to_cti'cpplay JO_one_valse — | Csay white) cte_-bt values tn the _pange— of Woterest || ein anoter (say black) all other jatens hey. This. cranchormatien js clown 10 Fig la, prodette —_—_———— |e, br Bf janege- — Tie second approach, heused. on creas torortfin Ja fy Cb) tenightens Cor clewkenc) cleyirel 2 ge of traterae Hy. but Leavey all Ofpen Intercity ténchang cd. ——— tv | -t-+ _ v a 1 E E | 4 _ ZA Lf if a Ss jen & Ter) | - | = L. ——— 7 | — be j-_-_| . —i 1 . . Liste 1 1 ~ 1} at 1 1 ay a oO A B iW - A tt Fig lo By CBS. || higntignts intentity —chightighta ange [0,12] — : ind preservea ll 9 ther intenc ity levels. |_remje LA,8Y tedvteg CU Other _jrtentities bo. a Lower fever Date | Pmrblems on Zero Point Memory Operectior! = Silt 4 _ No O19 bY O10 — vol tor] Goo |] Vay _ too J ory { PSO | Boy a pro fron fii | uo |. [_— ma ice ; Be Bit es = = - tensity Level Slicing with Beckgevund s Ronge [3, 5] Here we ae palace oe_lo kerncity Jp _rannge £3,.6. —) cut __ | Phe — back grouret seaserncity—s'-e+_by 7. a 7 Page No. giteut_ Meqcctive MNGi tat eguttue oF aay Trresholcting ® with £= Plodmmexpeptete Vere : —— _ ee | Li 5 SSR _ a = _| —_tir - _ Ss : ot w<3 a — Sat > To8 wes ee a|oO}]o]fo _ - o|#7| ° | 7 - 7 7] o[°? ° a a p ‘o} T[ 7 T Filters @ There cre typeof filters — A) Low Pecs filter (Lep) | Smoothniny Filter J Aigh Pass Filter CHPED | Sharpring Filter — In Low pass -Frlter, It blacks the high frequemey pixelc © attows foc intensly vates pefrequeny pixels 250! asp 280|e so]? S19 | 240} 270/25 % 2xD| AO | 240 | 280 [eFolleso 2Fo|s0| oP \O | yo | yo | 10 wo} io | io fis yo | yo [19 | wlio] i fro fio yo} yo fie {ref iof iw] wlio 90 | 90 | 90 | ¥0 | 30] 90 | 90 | S0 W19 | W490} Ho] MO | 119] 10 [10 | IF ogo | 260] Wo | 20} 250] 50 | 250] 250 2f0} r50| 20 | 260] rfo| ww | 29] wo oso] 20) aso lero [efolare asolaso Date CIT — Ey = (e109 0, |bOwW Pass Median Lilte 2 low pass Qvertging Alter, }f He famage oF Size we get_a blur Image, | 2 TS ove % ome th Lue tigi big gem ~ Low medfon Filter |>_TF. the ieege Conc ict of salt oe Pepper 20!se, Hea we || ——-tece mechan FP i fen 2 Steps to tue medias filer’ ne FB) frecune 2x2 Empty sk 1) Place pousk of fanege. — Ati) Arerenage. values €rttem la Ascenchiay 1 Beserrcting - WW ehvese a median Bem Hroc6e 9 values YI Ke place rrectian yahve 1n_Ouckpet saage SN ) Cootinue process for re bole _jpmege 1,19 VO 410, SF wD) Mea ve yo & oe — Fj Meslian 19 - Oyo a lo “Sfie} G/[z50 | > 55 je [aso |B] 50 [Ceo] azo) to | 10 fro wo | 10 19 | 10 fo | 10 J to yo | 1 fro | yo] to 190 | 1 [90] golasol 20 | 250 | 250 High Pass Filter § Jhera etre applied or tied 0 —> After high pass fis On ilp image swe get mor _enberred. edges J Abe olp imege > staoderel mask For High Peas filter ts the centered Value — Tn steneterel HPP meat tg ue Gant other cure —ve - — Here we clucays get cretion of meskes Sto - “hy. - [ofr Hoy ve His -o- re 9 [so [v0 mweso-w! ig | \g | 10/10 57270 syerte 19 |S . =o “ > 4270 1 Wo joo \oo yoo ole = Date to Olp Aamage wwe get veutues ts +270, 270 whith —_ }—_etre_ oot orange for she imager = To. sdve thc problem Shere are two coletionss 1) Replace —ve vatues_do_O a = Gb tls observed thar at the edges values oF ple are out oF range. 10 avoid Sole we tse G sealing factor which hetps to get tee _verhie_vot'ttain range. te _Luill cise Scaling Factor~ ero the mask & boty col a new mut) doe _eutcpur Foo -_ oe} cfo]leo]} ele fe jo_ el elalic)eicle @ 7 7 of elelefele {elo — _@ ol efelo| ofole |° _ 7 | 0] 20 {20 | eo | ze | 20/20 | 20 _ 7 : —fefefefe}efesese | 7 ; ofejo o]e;e}eye | _ : . colo lofe fo jo jo |? 7 ore te ee ange — 3 Here are PageNo.| | thigh Boost Filtering: HPF hetps to get ooly Forey rpund_inege esol, p_________ | beet if we want foregwound-de coetl cy back gepun ___ image tw olp this technique valll_ not _wosts, tp = |___@vertome this we _u HBF, | Here we pass high frequency pixels along with ________ Lov Frequency pixels. a — | —> we know tert, __ oo High Pass = Ontgioct = hous Pass ________ | fo-Bind HEF woe use mils pliicattye Feetor A High Boost = (A) Originat ~ how Pass __ ba we get —_——— High Boast = Hig! Pass : _ |e. chhigh Boask = Original Lowe Posy | To get AiR E ee vette of ~A_?s_celedeyyc pber aa i ———EEE If g Azlsom high freq uenty etre added oto > | original imeye. HRE = DDO ginal a Oviyinat = boi fs i 3 Thic_bechri'gque is called Unsherp Pleskiag = = => Mast j4 given eu - - a { x] -) far la ae sere in shts meuk QU § Valued cre —ve w berea: | cen ben verte fsbo tobe found K= 9A) =I — oe @ Date ee : BJ tt hast typort _| Singh dinkage 2 Kegon Cronsing ch Bayon = Sabregs 2 ead Fapton Region. Growing § : |} Here -we— join te piret -by_comp. aning the — —hetghtourhood veetues 0 Find whe hether they ~they setirh, the threshold vatue Po Single Linkage WY Centervia. Linkage MN-Hy brid Linkage Lourhood values? Wwe We 4 = connected method: —> Here for Compaping [oe re La 1 [a 72] | ost sel | aw] Re . joj las fog stro : —| fog jo? ez | an | Centaid Linkege é | > Here sue fut Calta late mean value oF region Lo fe | hen compare_tt tutta news piret Dtk her 2 cases. & PageNo. | © when _pisel_valie ti Clore to mean vatueok |. Neighboucing segmmenk. | New pirel + to“ u ee [ou a] ee gu 0 . sae [oe he : i —- M= 1027 — a Date Gn) en oe | © _Pixet vate oo: not ft In _2ny region _ $s af fe Pa o nou a a Mm = 30 may Proll . 7 New pire = TS ~ create bow region [75] maT Hy beiel Cobage! —3/t tag maximum Crkelyhood dechnivue ie 7 here tue frst Consider fevo Pikel_vataes we Find out nefghbounry ish of portical pixel, bi then Mind! Gee caeatinn piven per? bot Cyt TF we Find More -han co% Commen Clement — Hen maker rt Fearn. az 232,31, 76, 33,3,32, 31,92 4 —_ bi yp 32, 30°, 32,3), 34, 30,30, a/F vs hore than £9 6 -elemenh are This _ne__rnate Tey hoa Ri PageNo.| @ Region Splitting & M 4 e ¥& ferginy ? = considera whole Inge L cielde Stet image | ve) 4 parh Se ppreshold_Poeyn't lcotis fy = _Contiaue qbove_ctep argh 0 farther Splitting’ tu paces bler— —— = Per foren 163.400 merging by compariay _hetghsourhoad- ppitets 4 merg LE Shrahold, 21H hres | — Continue 9 bove the int'l _o_ Further _ ft mrecging possible. _ de . e tho Feqtony qo t =\0° — 7 ; tee) 2 (0,1) 9 Ao, fe c || jf eso, tf mzo,¢_ _| fer _(-1, -2) _t=m- | fF ¢=0 if _m=zo — y &) Page No. See “The gia _point_are —cvllinern ay all three _ _ Aine _tnterseee ab (3,9) et |_ we cubshiue m=2 C=) ti &m | - A —yem x+e = - _ : oe = 3xty _ a ee By? oF Cree — _ a oe as a Ge @) Dato| || NMormaléred Chain Code 8 -Mormalized Chain Code —- 5- connected system SiunnionenanNEnenNEene = 7 - i : Ss tham (nde; OO BS aoa, = 7 ___with oreler = 8 — | for cateulerting Normabieed Chain Codes || 7) calalate chalp Code | 1) treat chain code np etreelar Lshlon HW) catuslate ciredom Rest oltfrerence iv) caltulate shape oes PageNo.| | ||_chain code Cec} = 03032211 _CED = 3193/0303 |_ NCES = 0303 3133 vor, Changi ny starting pr ccf 33221010 GD + 03033133 NCED ! 03023) 33 Neen 2 93023133 : Le! /0033 212 if — 1 ‘T C£b? 4o3033I3 | = Tin_cliseontin sb rae approach, he park OF: Frage te based on some abrupt Changes !0 The. ff soihan sakens ity of core _ — | —» Here we mainly terest fa Ielewitfrertion ok _ Lsolatecl points, ines k edges tn trnage. 2 for An edge fea boundary bet” 400 regiong baning —___oliictince_latener'ty Level. _* TE ic very weet tn cadet oF alitconinally in = an In fe in tmige Pane Ae clark = coh) _ vice-varse, < rh (o) intensity profile Gb) Venter derivative ore w@? order Glerivative PageNo| | ED : | Pisk-Order Derivative i atime by 2 th sill? a a ‘ : Th = gyal C2) af gap a Ta Sheng took 7 Fs magninde 06 (6) _ __ @ EV Gi + Gy" sul oe beg Ee = Plath) ~ F009) < F=gy _ oe FLY, yr) Fo4) ee a eae marew - t o | =! _ - - a NTE Sant Efe} pal | fy Netious masks used for Boye Detection ares, _ D) Roberds Mack — Fal ze-z9/ ok ee | _wvlFl= t _ ee = = 2) Prewitt's “Operator feeaueteementee oe fa a [zr +28 +z) — Gee - @ 7 fy = eee ee ees | - y 8 Es ce - | “A fol]! ee _ = -fo |) ; D Sobel Mesk & Fas |\(z1+24e+ Zo) — (41 +972.4751 -\ [-2]-3 o}fojo vilo2qy | 7 “1] O45 -2/o9 | 2 a - lol, a 7 oe patel [| | Edge _Lfolsing using -Hough —“Ticans Force —_____ | — Ore powerfil global metirod lor cletecting_edlges is ____ Uled —Nouge _Travae Ferm. __ ee i Consider co “pont C4, 4), “A line pascing teypugyh point — Gy 4% ACY. plane_can be swxitten_ja_slope=iotercept Foran aa —————— - yh moxie m—sloyee, C= 10 tercept- | 5 using above ~e & varying tne vetlues of © ©, am inBol te no. ¢ oF Lines passing the polot_Caut, yyid-can be daawn y : | > The above 67" crn also _be _eva'tten 10 Eerars of Slope + ni_& intercept C cut a me ye 2 Lt can be plotted i9_na-c_plene (Hough spaced gives singe lire 10 me plaoe fore tired poiat (Xi, yé) |____ where At &¢ ween a — CHa FYF — +m | > similenty fox another pein. £0 544) there will be |___ another Une fn mic-plane, _ | 3 “koth point (01 s4yOoS_ Coy yi coil exist at the boterecttos_| | __lntensection of Hye lines ct mo & 6 in moc plan | a_Une_in_2ty-plane with 1 clope mf. latercept ¢ passes _ chorough_botn_cthe_pointa+ ft + Thus___| Page Nol | MI the point comerined on came line josey plane ——____ muct _heve_conresponeliag Lines ta _paranreker — pace Shak jsrtersects Gly!) ee | > For keeping Arack of alt poinh pasidny Mrnagh chaight | Lines in an Image, Mme parametne spoce ts -cubelivicteel tate _actturetators cells a3 chown? coos | == —— | wwhere (amin, man) fe Comin, Crix) are cx pecte cl | eemnges of parameter values For slopes mmc hrkntept e.__ I Cel_witin coordinates 1,j has oO _clecurrulator Velue ACL) Each actunula tor represents acpecih'e auage oF “phe | —)_=% nitally atl A¢¢linajator ell ar set cto O- _ —>_ for “Every —poiet Cae, Yr)-i0 fie tenage Plane, —_____ ___-for each of the cttowed subthuiclon galue DE ale pe he to_aceumulerto Cell 2s Hoe _Vertue_of nearest Pt Cie Worked out, & wounded off +0 Viicwved Value, Date | — iF a choke of clope mp for point Cn, YE wesulta in esoluHon ob jotercept Bq then eiceermuletor ett Alp ,g) is Tnltermen tec At sre end, value oF 0: Qin cccumulector cell AU JS Roeticates she Q_ points tying on othe line, oe PY EON EK] tohere mt_ EG ore range slope € tpkercept- _|| covered by accermulator colt AC, }) = — bq, let_there are_toree points (0,19, C1,49, ¢=1,523 a |} —Us.ing hougn theineFesan_voe che cle iP these Point are Collinery we (0, CS O+ 1 =} a ne 7-m=0 (rn, c.) =C0,1) || fer 4) es met renee - 7,092) PageNo.| | | AN the tree Lines intersect at point (31% oe Y= aa +1 is sthe Zquation of Line. | Explaia: The first chifPerente makes the chein code Pavartent to rotation = 7 | The 4 drectiond chen Code_con version ie shown ey! 1 0 z | ‘ale fake asterrtiny points bet ctetting point be _p, sAle . |_wnove in _Clockwice cretion quer ume - I 7 : coe E Me _chate Code will bes | 100003221232 Date Shape numer ts clefined as toe smnetlest enogoitude oF circular Rat dlfference Corp y. IAle hene need to Find out Pit J oll FRerence € circulen Flat difference 7 Chein tore 1 | i] ofolo]o]als | ae Fine diferee|! 9 | 3 | o| 0] © Blo}s = 9 |e] a3] ole] e/ale eis eofofo]sfolsfjafi fi fafa fo [a | ! Ahat_cire Nloments { ~fx plein eatth ~eo, || > Moments _are__ctused_sto_re present object w+ & ovientertion | —> With the hetp of moment We com Find the shape € | Sire oF te Imege Se _ > for image of cize 9x0 He moment ot C1,j 9° | —_poclHon icf ten Fly) ix_given by - = oli,} ae cecly f£lyy) #6 14. mto,0d = ee fey) 4} mod = a Ae Py a J mbon) SA y Feuy>_ Jo De St ay, Fay), PageNo.| | ‘by, a = a keep any one rome constr Fouy) > keeping % constont = (S442 +0)4 (2¢0+34I) HV HR4140) *+U4+34042 | (0,19 = ey ta, oD) —— = (34242 4D42(It0434254 (24341 +0) + ¢lot+it+o+4+25 = BSALetelei2 —mlo,2) = = y? Feary) = = 1 Ce 24e4 + 47404342) + 32434140) ¥ 16(6 414042 HF StS 4 SH 4 7 = 133 ie ° m9 (2,0) = aw POx,y) = 184142 4004+ 402 4043419 + 90243 41409 + 11+ 340429 H+ ore 4+S4 +96 = 18090 ml, = st = o"y? £0ay) x J HL C12 IE KD EK E787 KDA X OD] op LG? xt x29 4 (Par Kort (1x 32x DH 2x 4x 1) J +B x 2D 4 Ca? x27 BDH C33 +024 x00] SCP ID EPR? KBD CH BKODE PK 472] = OSs CR SHB HO + (BLO +108 4 64) 4 Cigti0s + arto) 4 Cbtgr2go4sia) _ 254)80+ 2071+ 720 _ = 1132 Te Overcome Central Memenks& — if we change chape © size cf image, bls Moment vilue cilia change. Ths is the Aeadven tage of basic mament+ This we we, central moment 2 he central moment Fs given by, AUG, py = et st Croat etyag th #Gy) .7 wu(0,0) = a = Flayd = mlo,0) JiCi,o> = ttle 1 =e, ut(2,0) = ML, od~ ximMl1,0) ALO, 2)) = 900.0) Se aon). wd = mas) -y!mu,o0) sp Pan sus aa | “Explain Polygon _Approximection cuits “fey -— > Here we Pac external charecterstes of 97 Imege by sey en-ting He mee — 2 The main technique used here is splitting Eechnique- —2_ Steps For splitting + ") Consider a Closed! aay WeSelect mejor axis he. He farthest point of fmege. 18) Sample the mejor axis iv) Gelect Minor Axis vy) Select points & fasrr polygon - Page No. (J Pathak ts —unitbemy Metory $d _ SE TPs eniteny maton, theo — —*! 7! T wT = TL | Met plying both _cleles by T ——______ | where inctlertes complex Conjugate | Yle lenow thet 2b ~ BPI meets x con be piven cus is L T= ! 1 ' yj cl “J ol ~| to- —|—+# jo- BNE caleu lectiny of “Pre _1Sstemalernel “Ey” for | Janay hit fat T Je check whe then _T ie_cuai'tary mab, we Lneed to check Following rele tzanship— sata : frou 4 [1 oy 4 oars fr joa vif soo 2 toe] toast | fro \ Uboj oa sy 4 | |4 o 0 0 _ = 7 =]? 4+ © oj}, ar — _ {fo + © ee | oO o © +J - 2 — | -DET I an By. of lunrtery refer, ______ pare[ TT _|| foc % (nm) = 21,2, 141,3,2, 1,23 Write 8X8 Hadamard Teanchosm mobic & jes signat Paia_geaph. | fore fas: Hadamard chansPosenr Compute Ha dle mand efeetiny Foren | Hacla mard moactr'<_of orcler 2? can le vecuirsiively genere teal. 102) = Hie) x Wie) His) = Hed x Hee) — fi |__we Enow ste | The _& point _fask Hadamard transform Plocograph— _. $06 shown inthe figure. PageNo| | ca S| (Ss Oy 77 Date | Given Od = 21, 2, 1,1, 3,2,1,29 —__]] whaye TE = Xoo +x) = 142 atoS— ON) = to F vted4+Xlsy = 14 = = 2l2>~-xl(3) = 1-1 =o F alad tA = Broa _ : = UH) xls) = 3-2 =) - - \ = ACGDHXO = 14a 23 = *6)—XOWD = I~ =, a _ e* a oe a Es a ae = _ Me A N= O= P= Stage Me X= T4+M = sa8 =12 - . XD = D4nN = -) 40 27-1 / ; x= KtoO= 142 = 3, — xcd= btP = 142 =4 xX@= 7 s-B8 =-3 Discrete Cosine —Teansform Cher) s - —"bcT_ is uses Mainly in Image Compression we . Poraraaily Uued in _ TPEG fenage compression. _— Z | > Matrie fir DET ic_given by, = oe wo os US ors ee T= ]o0- 853 or270$ ~—- 9-205 — 0-683, Os Ort ~ Or Os 0.2705 0653 9 6S2 0-2 708 01270" - 0270S os 0s OT os o2T0s 9.653 653 W205] [sa 8 6 13 ve GS | fore 24s3 0S PRAT po 3B} 4.347 -V2TOS) J ow” Or2mF “OS rpebys “leo 71 ~1 1S [foe pam pf obs3f isi 0,224 076s 0653 Jf or-S p40 OS gone [12 0007 3 orbs = |-269 -oa4 2.3 o3g | ~ | | 35 146 ike 63 ~ = 003 160 095 yas] Date A ADeT expresses a Finike sequente of date points — —tn_teems of 4 sum oF car ine Fuacttas Oscilertirg ——ork_al'fherent freq uenci's + Explain 2 for aigitel Page heaving alt & pepper Mole, Median Filter fe the best SI ker —_ Averaging filter remove rote by brurciing sb th te n0_ Longer MECN. Put I'n the process, tk also blue _ CY oe Nigger the eweragiing aes ky Pore _'e blurring e || 2 There_ore tres tuhen sage °2ntainy all & pepper p noice. ZF we tide Qveraging Biter Poe .genrou'ng He seme, %E will blur Ahe notre buct~ 2+ evotld ecteg wuUin Abe eg || — Hence _we reed to elim) pate salt & pepper notre 5 _ | we work _eus'te Non-Linear filter Known as Median _ eee er, They. ore Qhio Oreler ctetjctic Filter becuse _ Sher veoponse/s_baced_00_orden'ag er _rargkiy of __ Trels conterinedl .o0ttin neugbke 5) Tn thre cone, we tte a mask _c/milor Te_averagiag 7 filter except that Mask heg no_vatyes do itt ike — | Working oli rectty ob _y_nelghbor of centre pixels J Steps For Medien Fi Ltediags 1) Assume 3% 2 empty mak . _ ii)_place mask _cct_lePt hare _comen ss — 18) Arrange Spinel in ascenctiag. | descending oreter — | jv) Choose meclian from SD vattes. — a Place -pnis median at -the_@ntre = FA) Move mask jo clml tan ~Rechion sto aseaaleg Loner IF we_onty se_move _ no tce_witrout_obistrurtsing edy Ree ec cokes ne S. let_in Fig. below 2-60 _be satt & pepper ole | SLE we use _tverag ny Filter nolge would s/redel out Le eclgew would also end_up getting bluared—_______ |} do jo tote ito yo aoe to to) \o lo yo 10 yo lio 29 10} 10 ‘0 \o lie 10 jo | to oc 1o yo ° \ os = fo fo So BO Vw 1 yo so £0 er 6 oO) 0. oo) 0 so so SD go SS co 0) SO SO SD DD re Wle_ctert_placiag mask At let corner, lAle Moore bo ders. Accarying Q pisets_in Ascending _Oreler weet Lio, 10, Lo, Lo, 19, (a, 19, 10, 270) weeltan = 10 Ais will be pkiced cut cenlite- _|lale new move mak to new Location &. continue Same perocedere,_perForent A, Phis_Operectiin on Image, we Con c30c tat tre rite tt elloairatey without ais bering edges. = PMeclian Dike Bho ‘ostonishing resul® y ever when anmunt of nojse setabively by ges : Date| | Suutihy /Conteactict & Laplacian ix better than gradient etecton oF eclges : = | Feutse. The Line prolate of Laplaeien Opercitor js_shown below: || Since Lopiacian ic cr second dertuatioe Filten, Ib te very | sensitive to noise. Hence ia_a Imeye, DP tiene can -_P0hte. vw 7 entice /naje. Bromdliy deconctly rrqgartade oF Laphret'ar produces __clouble eel yea whith a0 cnctestyeble ePhecks Re crnue_ok-_-fhee Awe draw| fac Meplactnn aa tied fire edge cle tection _ | prevent, Laplactan Gia very Cirge values © ouins Ve s ce ——————— Tenage “Enhantement. technique i9 Spatial bomain _|| Spatiat_ctomcin _meeny tuortiny ja given pace, 7) sthic_coue Aine jangyes Tt Implics worklny volt phyel Nalues or {1 other worl woeklay dlirectty with rea data, | Apatiat_domea'n enhancement On be curried out in two _evceys2 Point Procesing , Neigh Lourbood Roca ay || Point Processing HS we wore vite siggie pixels te. T re IXI operator 2 Nevo vetue of Fay) depends 09 operetor T & present FLY). “Ss Digtat Negative, Contrast Stretehiag, Threshol diy, Grey Level suiting, Bit plane sire Neighbourhood Pro cessiay 3 we Not Only comider a pixel but aly 6b immediate neigh bours+ Wwe C7 eharye veatue of pixel 40,Y) based a Veeluey of (6 &. rely bdsors su shown Irsterd oF 2x2 netghbor te coutd alfo use SKS 6r IAT a _ y+) a [Fema | seen yd | £eeny4) a Seyy-) | FO) FH y+) ae | Fcxayyd] FOanyy | fot gay 2x2 neiyhbourtwod ena Mask. \ || > Te achieve ~Retyb bornood_, Procesiing We place megk On —— the imaye, mutttply eacis component of mask vith | ——COrrea ponding vette oF innage ,cidel therm up & ____ }__place He vetie Har cre pine contre» = -|| ST's opercition it came ay convolution, SEF te -originatimaye. & 9 Li modi bed Image Hen gly = FCA Yy Pee EA SU ae PA ye Dab Wa Pla, yor : WEP Le, yd + We FOG yey tb Wy Flt4, Y= E we f(y) Awy Karty yr _|]_Cenesteete PET ting DLT — Fina Frou. pple oA = C09 EO) p= ftoo~Ffl2)y : te FO Fey a a meftn-Fisy als) = Ate = Ploy+hoy t+ FUd4 FO tO) = B-Ne Flo FO) FU 4 FO) 5 aw = A-c | fod+foy —FOY~ Fa) ALIS Bedye ftH- FO) FO} — FOd$ « We First cateleete Row wie _ a For youl Ao) = OF V4ea4i St a amy ot) = O- @-jayare a ot AW)= oF2-l-l=o —2 A= 0-2 +5-) Aratlarty Calewlertiny Atl Way We ger - e -2 oO -2 Ss 2 mh - ° 12 2 Oo 7} ~XN- Bo -2 o° te - Now cetteetlate Column swhe oe _ For Column 43 me) = & ABHN274P = Br nit = BS +8 = 4 yee _ a mie Fy -8f mien Lalerloting att cowmra we get Date | _ ye re Dee [Oo r-x.94 ys yo) — | ~Detioe + Cuctececn Distonte, City Block Distance, Chess Roarel Disternte, }—Euctedecin Distance as = J—=3-Sbraight line dlistonee bet” two pies |} iF p & 4 ere Je00_pixels with C2, 541 & Oh, hen _ Ms connethyity be (99 =1 eee Blocte “Digtence (be) i 5 for point Pp CH,y 9, lays) Cy block diutace 35 ole Bineet_ aa _ Deglpgd-=—beuaseel tly og al |__ S it meestiree path bet” piel hosel on 4 connected _ nelghporhood» Z = 2 piret whore eclges touch ow Lunt apart G pire | glow touch! ny Aogonatey are ugk spit. a - ee \ 2 | i ) ol | ee _ i os Chess “Bo are? Sis perte8 _ cleFinecl a9 _ Deness (p,q = De (pq) = Moy IXi~xal, { > Measure path bet? pixels based On P-connected Nehohborhood» oe —S Pikes whose edges sue _-forch cre Lunt apare pf pe Pepe fel es J Of fe EP eal _ a Ze 2 2 a 1 -Co Ohectivity & 7 Sect +0_oliminated louble part That Cun'se shee we tue 8-000 nectivity pO 2 2.7) Mere cond” vee ts pixel wb). o 2.0 os belong Ara.region IF batye — J ig 2, When we tue O 272 ole fe} oO & connectiv'ty ue gee ° Lu Piket_cut_ aight Upper Corner »This_amb} gquity ts remned _vsley_ao-connecth We ns vol ce [™1-connectivety ole Mined ay tp XKq_are cai to be | rr-connectedt JF iv Na lp) OR ges ic Ns lp) We set N4 Gp) Nag) ts —eraplys 2 a get_connetted pote[ TT] —||-—Jenaye _“Reatoyertion nage Enhancement __ | Plmprrving tergge to meter =. Hagproerng Lanage To _____||___ fre Onbginal_orey| cline come hidden cletar'ts =| oe Acinzug into evide, O04 J oa | _part_of Lange + Ab ts = — —_ daly a pplicel Locariy fs pot — Deceacanly conghained to__ pk —_ Matcha, original. Peat Jona ge. _| Butt jgbet Looks clearer | 2tompansate for ctata_ > Tea to fer smage to get | —? makes pictire Look better 7 back cto reat, a image | __tulthnoute regerrely st 40 0 || —deeunt Look good « Ze_opyar lé realy uly chould be etarsunin doen wipe | fades (pe-stteted telly but a actual «tertine. veliies befor. ib got clegratled. £ lage 3 fProuate_en'ten'on. of goa 2 manipielates canege that (frets wptinal estinte. to take aadvarntaye of _ OF clestreel resell a peycho, poy Lal_aypects & - human wl euat syste a | 2 “Renpucel of innag nirsik ctretebiy —beyed | applying FBmetivadie DE | peimon'ty on the pleasiay bietering Fanctea iy | eupects ja the viewer ___trerhrection technr'g ws ? alten yitcwal_taypact Hat _enron., notre € geometsia_|___image haa 0? _jaterpreter/>_ _ ais tactitn | 4 Ruthiva drat iimproves tin formect lo _tonten ti Wath chenuferms ty nothing but stequerte ortlered Hladarnard Thans ferns —_n2270tn'Xe oF in_ecch you ZE ux arcane these po F690 change 14 Vis 2gat af motive @re a0t- oh ign changes dam ard free. ULB. opus 2 la treasiay onder get wath _preanphem mats Bin Change | pA) Ge je fe] ela [ | Date, Justi hy | Conbercticrs AN Image compresion technique Ore Paver He Feue dt LE tfp xo) hanshumed by 9 tuachiaa T predwe an ofp Yo then_puttiag yo /0T._/hverse furnctien , ovet peck. produces, ttn) Kb vice verss: Dees Yoou= TLxem] & = - wtnj)= TT Lycox] oe - educh a hans Formcetion Which eg Snvere called || favertote, Nee att functiine have an ‘averme: —— Zr ineye compression , a Freer performing Lossless Compression ewe can yet hack the an\ginat_/maye+ Hence hoscle compreatoa kechnig wey are_toverttbles —rowever while Pertoaniigg. Lossy eomypresston, be _ _Adlctere! nat cate echicn ty not Gkcse esaaley igo bea Senet 1's! mposetble 4p yet hack oniyloet_/nagpe + _ Hence aut conpresrioa technigue are notin verhble. What—are_cli'fFerent oly pes al Reelin clanties® Cocting Redun dancy 2 — a 2 _tode_is_ar_system oF symbolised to present 4 body oF information on. set of- event _ 9 Sach piece _of in fo_or event is cusigned + 9 vente of Code symbols colted 4 eocle word: No of esyarbols (9 each tOde word isi length. J B-bit_codea AShat- are wed 40 represent Losens tes a_most__2% sotenily etreys contain More bits teen That Cire Nnecctet 7a repo revert — Faken tty —> Can be avolded using Hatimen lectins —pre es Enouwledge ca so ag! 2 LFF : a blarrect (0 2 a baleps 21 120 - emply culso duplicate Pass ee ing Bille _| peg fing mej has ___ Trreterant/ Psycho istial Redtunetancy ® > -Hurxn perceptly of Jake taal Loaye norrntitty a ——dloes_not_Pavolve— Buen pixel _vatue in Images J!) _generat_an observer cearctyes Por Pectoral regions mentally conbing tne worth into —recegnleable Orupiigg — = | <> _ Berwin thea Conrelates these groupliags cvi'ty __. “3 pot at 1/; Terap wnat [Gots lies Fpecturctapngy => Becawe pise_of- _commelictec! Spebiatty in formations a | __Pe plicated ta Whe perecrtetio o& coretcred plkebar +3 In vldeo_tequere, temyocanity Csreteted phxes | fo_recluce Eaciesian _| offre quennltatiee cinatys tt oF tn _orderto Complete Image at 2 Jakeutty arrays ey were. ~ | Medan Bie! — wed fo re ctice cate = _Pepher hots + edges are not Airturbed on lured (n ofp -—_a.verey/nj_mask has No . — _|—walites, 12. _€rnphy, ing KK ju _eesed 7 fs _tyeols con _~n_nature__| =) Nonb/near_'a_gatire —_____— Date —Explain_Ia\avelete _Tian.sFoma : _ _==3_wavelete analysts ts_extgtnally hnbodeiced. tn order to |__Improve_seizmic_ signal analysis _-Fe-pee—bel_by Seoltehiny Bam chore Hime fourer analysis 72_____. New better efgedthou te detect << onaly re —arbaupt changes 19 ~fynats « > Fowler anatys's ts based on 77 Muerbiaivety hoag Cosine wate OF 4 specrArc fregventy —S Wavelete analysis te heed 9 chore durattn luquelete of a Speerfie center Bequercy wCs,C) = J Lt) Phe (ED ate Flt) = ff hés,0) Ya (0) oltas h(sc) (£27) ~ ep @ convert signal fora tenes of ewavelea provide a way -for analycting wave forms, bounded Wn bot Frequency & durotiin Alto Signals 40 be stored More ePhrerentty Laan tourer haniforms by better cpproximake. Teal-wortel vignal ¢ be awe to qwelt salted For cipproxiecting ole ewity harp clisonti nut fy Y PageNo.| | Enplain Fiecli lity Colbert + sents — Frectitity orltecta=meacured Io terms of eloseness || 2) Objective Frea'li'bey Cntter'g | bee |0f an _irnige Hoan oaginat source ©F ideal jonaye___ “The_generect _clasies of cx'tedas ee = | 11) —denpective fleditity Co'ter4 | Objective Fed! ii'ty Cr'ter'as —— — when info Loss con be expressed ca —— matnemaetal fof ip € ofp of comyppressfos ——____ precen tbs cara po be base dO Objective Fl. ____ his rook een syuare boror_beb? hws Ionaye Lee fOA, ioe be_itp Vmage £.gley a ep. Jonge | Pesalter QFter com pressiod 2 7 | for cay value ak 4 & y error eCx,g) bet” Ay a flay) glen ca _ _ 002, 4) = Yt Y= Puy) -do__-fotat_error bet” fwo imayes by 2 ee scene Is Lmage tires an ts ain “The _2eok_e0n guar loon) Beta or seen mages ts then ie Sg Wa bed | esror civerciged Ove fVixN cimeuys je __ | [ye eH pe, a aoe re ap ge oe Fee Date| ...] ee ee IF GF OLyts Considered tp he sim bk on'g/aal s'mope = | Foerg) € an _etor or nollie signal € 64,4) te ___ Mean square signal to note _tttla oF output /mage — —— || -elenotect SN Pry cen wgeen MeL, Ned Be i et he _ SN Bny = SRR Se Subjective Aectitity ye ar oe —_dHlere jhe change 1a the sage. _ Aepencts pon She a _hemean _percepher - 2 There are wo —teetanigues_7o_evaluate, She Hange || ta'4ain_dne storage € — eee i) Rating _ tt) Sidle-by = Sile_com, parlor — a erive_—€q” fac_contrask_=sbreteri ey = — Pago No.| | NSH Xr soser 2) Se Sta fP(F-¥) Se 4he-9) 3) S-g = Who-ie) Jed = Pt 2133012), 7 Ss osy OS eg. | abr) } versie Bpomsitei) 4. 14 or sis |} —“By—-pplyres- ave mentioned 72-90 for eettn |e gee re 07 12 03 oy (ae 10 Is 0G o7 12 OF ty Ie I i) 63 os a 3 \ ae 2 foe Puen |e WO 2 BS 3 2 a3 1s | v ge I ar is I ae 7 yo 1S WS aes S13 Se] ’ ee eee eee Wyo 2 = Sind 3 blt TES Codded_ - ——— Calectate Bits per plree (BPD 7 ane Calcdtae Jase &° PSNR oo Mar. yetue 0s S7 Cray Level Bioorg Meelere @ 13 Oot Io] + glo lloe& 12 Oo} [0p é— 13 ooljole Olo saat —00)0Ne—poritt —nay _ S701 Ibppok tr O01N eg Colloo __ 00} lo 9 01010, oot i le 001100, —“brooio oo | Wwe now ofind— -dlecoded j'nrege by Conuerdiey 7 OS |_asrele fo Cleei'’mat Falue._ | prey level P63 Des mal ty a - 13 00} tne D - Sh AU ov SOE | = eemmenli ce Ofc & g [Sb] g a 13 010 wwe 6. fle fel st ie Noo e fs [16] nes Wo. me fe ul ool zg | lo ot | oR ' a Ve plo! 16 PageNo.| | Oi nah (7s 4) + (12-16) ] : =k x Os APIS FOEIHTED ES HUG] + fts-ay® Sure wes Cog 2-13-16 yttco-3 = 314062 - Lassen —Compreniva_ D> Reversible — Loy. Lompreaton a Brreverrsble _ > ree peewee {tency _Contalas | —3 Fecons reseed beat cova NO Hows of nfo cu erace _ Lost of Info hich $a tan ___ Fealpueted of on'ginat | __produces dlishort’en Io hme. bong tapas bl ___| - Mean} cq vere Ener (Mse)=0 | Maes _ret zero — 5 Lou compre seit seta __| 9 Very fangs —)_sulpteble font nt Fi > fie_phoreyraph & satet{te Conypresion : irmaye _comprautos _ => rue man, Arita met SS JPEG, F645 ee || tere Gre fue says to _repracot dats “9 || —_@_saxnsi'ty value “Run Lengin Encoding 2 ane a Used tn bmp File image where dass. _sxptnscnied) — 29 }n Broo oF ao, 3) kncocte eee eae = her. ve clivide coguene oF caty ja fee : @® Leng te of Intensity valu — NM) Absolute _ Set —E =) Meprevent lat ee ing Follows ay _veetye 2 ____ 0 =) end of fre 1 3 end oF Page + _____ move __fo_ pert positon __ = 3-266 9 tet pirel fees adel Boe 44 44% sosst — ut 1 | | _ = = “ co a == 2 4 4 3 3 3 aaa ae Rao Lengo CALYIP24 4333 sp Run Leng tn ending is very —tioyple to use bare __ if cthere yelies jo _olecta_stteean clo nak repeotPoes— her a chame oF yetbiy rin Lenyte onde Qrerkn Athan _ealginedl dake apbon po ! oe 4 _ _ ee ee ee = rt ot a] _ a= RLEMN314| _ Page No,| 1 Auffman. Cocliny & —)_Losslecs culgosit ory — we Find vew table Aengtn code wit min redlundavney Steps TY Qrepare Usk oF probebiuttes 11) Arerange proled bj tiptes in_evescencling Order en it) Adlel Last -heo pre babi Mas - iv) Repeat Born Ci) enti tingle vetuc Founel Vv) Drew a Heffran tree brovergy'n ¢ ae Cae’ | high Prpobitinns _ _ 4) Aastgo Ie Aekt_chitel_& Odo afgor chile Mi) Obten huffran code aaa a a auaccuenees _ —ftete dtr 29 222293993 age eS OO oo ot ne pict hn _ a ai} TF pet ons. deas a 7 a G Ody Oru | Sos one Ue 4 ont v3 on ee |e on | 1! Orbe Date | { a OnsT Ora - LAs. Vis Oo — = Oree 0,2) ae a EES feu] =z - a _ “NS =| for} [ores] = di Pinar Code tutor te ae } QO] ko | —*% ato 2 oO a ee 3 Bu "4 on = joo ie = eee Lo fb on _ te Ato OClo\ a oe ee aa / oO loo _ a : — _ - — = | Arithmetic _ Pa 3 | 2 we Lind renge of, proba bi titra p—» blow Lelue + fog each Letter Or ty. 09 bo} wu) ty —help 6F_foeeban gluco sequence 2 Range oF prbabititias Ns caleute ted oy —tntervat (2) = Lh, b+ lU-2) Pi], Lh tlu-0h,, 2 tlu- BY, - 13 Lower Umit UV Upper bdmip Py Po Pa, Po 2 Rone A pm Lach rte PageNo| | Plo Range Oe . — [0, 0.29 sn fee ce 0.025 0 EEE ojos Ae) \ . — 0.088 «| : $/e|——— = _ \ F 7 : |__.-0.015- — pf —$+-— 0b 62— a pis 91 038 AL: 9.086 | Semper Gray Seate C7ES)e | — Lossy compression techaly ue —_ er eeee ae 6 > And binary vatlee 6& glven Joteoslyy ma give lems A) Lowe bit of mocli Fest plyel aw addea to prevent pret iD New MSR OF presertt pixel Ore Hoken ay TGS WD Yepeat CI & Cit) after moving peeto New _plret | Vv) JE MSR oy ale $f Ve the adel G06 O Saslead of CsB bib: OF previcus ur _— oe aey Lovet Binary Sum _ ze loo OlLo o100 ONO OPO _ 110 Olmo tlio Ons Volto fat O11 Iioo Otnyyto ory - fay Ot |log _fovol OF Os too 0 13° goo voto pooot tt oO 00 | a 1,0 O1lo lio Ol 200 too 1000 si ool ore oc i Be 11010010, tlottfoo, Not Strongly suggest to see Sandeep maheshwarti — Hideos

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