INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (IIEE)

REPORT FILE (18019)

 INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (IIEE)

Table of Contents :
 Metal Detector

 Circuit Diagram

 Components Required

 Component Description

 Circuit Explanation

 Block Diagram

 Working

 Advantages

 Disadvantages

 Cost Estimation

LIGHT Detector :
A light detector senses light. As the light level increases and LDR meets the
lowest threshold resistance, the circuit automatically turns on the LED D1.
We can adjust the sensitivity using the preset VR1-10K.LESS
RESISTANCE(VR1)-> LESS DARKNESS TO SWITCH OFF THE LEDHIGH
RESISTANCE(VR1)-> MORE DARKNESS TO SWITCH OFF THE LED

Circuit Diagram:

REPORT FILE (18019)

 INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (IIEE)

Components Required:
 1 VERO BOARD
 1 LDR
 1 x 1 KΩ Resistor (1/4 Watt)
 1 x 4.7K Ω Resistor (1/4 Watt)
 2 x 100 Ω Resistor (1/4 Watt)
 3 x 5mm LED
 220 Ω Resistor (1/4 Watt)
 2 x BE 547 (NPN Transistor)
 1 x 5V Buzzer
 9 OLT BATTERY

Components Description:

LDR :
An LDR is a component that has a (variable) resistance that
changes with the light intensity that falls upon it. This allows
them to be used in light sensing circuits. The most obvious
application for an LDR is to automatically turn on a light at a
certain light level. An example of this could be a street light or a garden
light.

BATTERY :
The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is a
common size of battery that was introduced for the
early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism
shape with rounded edges and a polarized snap
connector at the top. This type is commonly used in
walkie-talkies, clocks and smoke detectors.

REPORT FILE (18019)

 INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (IIEE)

CAPACITOR : A capacitor is a device that

stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is
a passive electronic component with
two terminals.The effect of a capacitor is known
as capacitance. While some capacitance exists
between any two electrical conductors in
proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a
component designed to add capacitance to a
circuit.

POTENTIOMETER : A potentiometer is a three-terminal

resistor with a sliding or rotating contactthat forms an
adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one
endand the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.

LED : A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light

source that emits light when current flows through
it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron
holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The color
of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photons) is
determined by the energy required for electrons to cross
the band gap of the semiconductor.[5] White light is
obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of
light-emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.

RESISTOR : A resistor is a passive two-terminal

electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic
circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active
elements, and terminate transmission lines, among
other uses

REPORT FILE (18019)

 INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (IIEE)

NPN TRANSISTOR :

The BE547 is a common NPN bipolar junction

transistor (BJT) used for general purpose low-
power amplifying or switching applications. It is
designed for low to medium current, low power,
medium voltage, and can operate at moderately high speeds. It was
originally made in the TO-18 metal can as shown in the picture.

BUZZER : A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling

device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or
piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical uses of buzzers and
beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of
user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

Circuit Explanation :
 When the LC circuit that is L1 and C1 has got any resonating frequency
from any metal which is near to it, electric field will be created which
will lead to induces current in the coil and changes in the signal flow
through the coil.
 Variable resistor is used to change the proximity sensor value equal to
the LC circuit, it is better to check the value when there is coil not near
to the metal. When the metal is detected the LC circuit will have
changed signal. The changed signal is given to the proximity detector
(TDA 0161), which will detect the change in the signal and react
accordingly. The output of the proximity sensor will be of 1mA when
there is no metal detected and it will be around 10mA when coil is near
to the metal
 When the output pin is high the resistor R3 will provide positive voltage
to transistor Q1. Q1 will be turned on and led will glow and buzzer will
give the buzz. Resistor r2 is used to limit the current flow.

REPORT FILE (18019)

 INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (IIEE)

Working :
Light falls on LDR, it shows its minimum resistance voltage drops across LDR
less than voltage of transistor, so no current will go from the collector to the
emitter and transistor remains off.  It automatically switches ON lights
when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. (in evening
after Sunset)

When the LC circuit detects any resonating frequency from any metal which
is near to it, electric field will be created which will lead to induces current
in the coil and changes in the signal flow through the coil. Variable resistor
is used to change the proximity sensor value equal to the LC circuit, it is
better to check the value when the coil is not near any metal object. When
the metal is detected, the LC circuit will have changed signal.

The changed signal is given to the proximity detector (TDA 0161), which will
detect the change in the signal and react accordingly. The output of the
proximity sensor will less than 1mA when there is no metal detected and it
will be around 10mA (usually greater than 8mA) when coil is near to the
metal.

When the output pin is high, the resistor R3 will provide positive voltage to
transistor Q1. Q1 will be turned on and LED will glow (not shown in the
circuit) and buzzer will be activated.

REPORT FILE (18019)

 INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (IIEE)

Advantages :
1. It is easy to integrate with lighting system such as automatic lighting
system.
2. It is used for energy consumption or energy management by automatic
control of brightness level in mobile phones and auto ON/OFF of street
lights based on ambient light intensity.
3. LDR (i.e. photoresistor) based light sensors are available in different
shapes and sizes.
4, Light sensors need small voltage and power for its operation.

Disadvantages : It has a limitation of power ,Light turns on when

shadow falls on LDR , LED is a low voltage device

Applications :
 Used in street light applications
 Used in Domestic application

COST ESTIMATION : (250)

S. no. Quantity Component Cost (RS.)
1 2 BE547 BJT 15
2 1 BATTERY 9V 80
3 4 Resistors 20
4 2 Led 10
5 1 Buzzer 20
6 1 Vero board 30
7 1 LDR 30
8 1 Coil & caseing 50

REPORT FILE (18019)