Activity 4
Timeline Of The Evolution Of The Atomic Theory
Timeline Of The Evolution Of The Atomic Theory (B.C.E.)
Democritus and
The Greek philosophers, Democritus and Leucippus theorized that the
Leucippus Create First world was made up of tiny particles called atoms. The word atom
Atomic Theory means indivisible in Greek.
(460-370 B.C.E.)
Aristotle Aristotle thought differently than Democritus; he thought that the
world was made up of air, water, fire, and earth, instead of tiny
(384 - 332 B.C.E.) particles. Aristotle's ideas were used by the Catholic church in the
middle ages, and the people who followed Democritus, were shunned
or killed.
Sir Isaac Newton Newton formed a theory of light, that light was made up of particles.
He also formed the three laws of motion.
(1643 - 1727 C.E.) 1. If an object is moving at a constant speed, it won't move unless you
force it to speed up or slow down.
2. The acceleration of an object depends on the strength of the overall
force applied to it as well as on the mass of the object.
3. With every action, there is a reaction.
John Dalton John Dalton believed in Democritus' work. His theory consisted of four
(1766 - 1844 C.E.) basic ideas:
1) All matter is composed of atoms that are indivisible.
2) All atoms are identical in properties, such as size and mass.
3) Atoms are rearranged as a chemical reaction occurs.
4) Compounds are formed by combination of multiple atoms.
5) They cannot be created or destroyed.
Eugen Goldstein In 1886, Goldstein helped contribute to the events that lead to the
(1850 - 1930 C.E.) discovery of the proton. He observed the changes in a cathode ray tube,
and discovered the anode rays, positively-charged particles that moved
in the opposite direction, from the anode to the cathode. His work
helped Rutherford.
J.J. Thomson In 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered the electron. His work proved one of
(1856 – 1940 C.E.) Dalton's ideas wrong, the atom was not indivisible, but in fact made up
of multiple components. The discovery was made when he conducted
an experiment with a cathode ray tube, when an electrical current was
passed through, glowing material could be seen. When he put two
electrically charged plated on opposite ends of the tube, the light was
bent on the positive plate. Thomson thought that the atom looked like
raisin pudding, a ball with negative electrons clumped on it.
Max Planck (1858 - Called the father of quantum physics, invented the quantum theory.
1947 C.E.) Quantum physics is mathematical interaction between particles in
matter. Einstein used the quantum theory.
Hantaro Nagaoka He disliked Thomsons model of the atom, and created his own. A
(1865 - 1950 C.E.) model that resembled Saturn with its rings; the rings were the electrons
and the sphere was the positive center. Hantaro's model was not
accurate, and it was left to Bohr and Rutherford to fix that.
Robert Andrews Millikan is credited for finding the charge and mass of an electron. He
Millikan did so by conducting the oil drop experiment in 1909. he put a charge
on a tiny drop of oil, and measured how strong an electric field had to
(1868 - 1953 C.E.) be, to stop the oil drop from falling. The mass was 9.10938291 × 10 -
28 grams, and the charge was -1.
Ernest Rutherford In 1908, Ernest Rutherford proved Thomson's atomic model to be
(1871 – 1937 C.E.) incorrect. He is famous for his gold foil experiment which stated the
existence of protons. He shot alpha particles at the gold foil, and
observed where they hit. Most were undeflected, while the rest
bounced off in different directions.
Albert Einstein Einstein is famous for his theory of relativity, and his equation on
(1879 - 1955 C.E.) mass–energy equivalence. E = mc² states that mass and energy is the
same thing. The theory of relativity is split into two theories: special
relativity, and general relativity.
Relative means in relation with something else, so the special relativity
theory states that the speed of light is always constant, no matter from
what perspective it is viewed in.
The general theory states that space and time works together. Empty
space-time without gravity is flat, however space with matter is curved
by gravity. These curves cause time to run slowly. Gravity also bends
light by bending the median it travels in: space.
Neils Bohr In 1913, Neils Bohr created a new model of the atom. It consisted of
(1885 - 1962 C.E.) electrons that orbited in "shells" or layers around the nucleus. As the
energy level changed, so did the location of the electron. Neils Bohr
was also the first to introduce the idea of the quantum mechanical
model, where a cloud of electrons surrounds the nucleus.
Erwin Schrödinger Erwin Schrödinger built upon the quantum mechanical model. He used
(1887 - 1961 C.E.) a mathematical equation to describe the odds of finding the location of
an electron, he called the layers, orbitals. These orbitals could be
described as "electron density clouds".
James Chadwick In 1932, James Chadwick proved the existence of neutrons. He shot
(1891 - 1974 C.E.) alpha particles (two protons and two neutrons bound) at a sheet of
beryllium, that filtered out the electrons. The neutrons hit a sheet of
paraffin wax. The ones that filtered through the paraffin wax were the
protons.
Chadwick discovered that neutrons help reduce the repulsion between
protons to stabilize the atom's nucleus. Neutrons always reside in the
nucleus of atoms, and they are about the same size as protons.
However, neutrons have no charge (a charge of 0).
Satyendra Nath Bose He discovered the boson, a subatomic particle. Bose worked with
(1894 - 1974 C.E.) Einstein. They both found the Bose–Einstein condensate, a state of
matter where a drop in temperature occurs to bosons.
Enrico Fermi Developed the nuclear reactor, and also contributed to the quantum
(1901 - 1954 C.E.) theory. Worked on the Manhattan Project, the secret project to develop
the first atomic bomb.
Timeline Of The Evolution Of The Atomic Theory (21st Century)
Discovery Of Photonic MIT discovered photon particles that can bind to form molecules.
Molecule (2012 C.E.) Researchers thought that it could be similar to the sci-fi "lightsaber"
from the Star Wars series. This discovery may help create better
quantum computers.
Peter Higgs (1929 C.E. - The Higgs Boson particle (or god particle) was speculated by Peter
Present) Higgs in 1964. Thought, recently, the particle has been discovered by
CERN in 2012. It proved the existence of the Higgs field, and stated
that the god particle gave the other particles mass.
The Higgs field occupies everything in the universe. It is visualized as
molasses that drags particles that move through it. Particles that
interact with the Higgs, receive mass. So electrons that hardly interact
with the field have very little mass, and protons and neutrons that
interact with it regularly have more mass.
The god particle's existence was proved in the Large Hadron Collider
at CERN. There are protons that are smashed together to relesase
energy; since Einstein's theory of relativity states that mass is energy
and energy cannot be destroyed, new particles are created from the
release of energy. The Higgs is unstable, therefore it splits into more
particles. The sensors in the collider detected this rare occurrence. It is
rare because there are trillions of collisions occurring.
Alan Guth had a theory in the 1970s, called inflation. Inflation builds
Alan Guth (1947 C.E. - upon the Big Bang theory; the big bang theory states that the universe
is constantly expanding, the inflation theory states that the universe
Present) expands at different speeds at different times. The inflation period is
less than a second where the universe almost doubles in size. There is
evidence in 2014, that inflation exists. The cause of it is gravitational
waves.
TIMELINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATOM
BASIS FOR
COVALENT BOND METALLIC BOND IONIC BOND
COMPARISON
Meaning When there is a strong When there is the When there is a strong
electrostatic force of strong electrostatic electrostatic force of
attractions between force of attractions attraction between a
two positively between the cation or cation and an anion (two
charged nuclei and the atoms and the oppositely charged ions)
shared pair of delocalized electrons in of elements is called the
electrons is called the the geometrical ionic bond. This bond is
covalent bond. arrangement of the two formed between a metal
metals, is called a and a non-metal.
metallic bond.
Existence Exist as solids, liquids Exist in the solid state They also exist in the
and gasses. only. solid state only.
Occurs between Between two non- Between two metals. Non-metal and metal.
metals.
Involves Sharing of electrons The attraction between Transfer and accepting
in the valence shell. the delocalized of electrons from the
electrons present in the valence shell.
lattice of the metals.
Conductivity Very low High thermal and Low conductivity.
conductivity. electrical conductivity.
Hardness These are not very These are not hard. These are hard, because
hard, though of the crystalline nature.
exceptions are silicon,
diamond and carbon.
Melting and Low. High. Higher.
BASIS FOR
COVALENT BOND METALLIC BOND IONIC BOND
COMPARISON
Boiling Points
Malleability and These are non- Metallic bonds are Ionic bonds are also
Ductility malleable and non- malleable and ductile. non-malleable and non-
ductile. ductile.
Bond They are the The bond is non- Non-directional.
directional bond. directional.
Bond energy Higher than the Lower than the other Higher than the metallic
metallic bond. two bond. bond.
Electronegativity Polar covalent: 0.5- Not available. >1.7.
1.7; Non-polar<0.5.
Examples Diamond, carbon, Silver, gold, nickel, NaCl, BeO, LiF, etc.
silica, hydrogen gas, copper, iron, etc.
water, nitrogen gas,
etc.
