Long Quiz 2 Topics
For a substance composed of molecules, the chemical
formula gives the number of atoms of each type in the
molecule.
This formula does not express the order in which the atoms
in the molecules are bonded together.
Isomers – different compounds that have the same
molecular formula.
Chemical Formula
Compounds with that same chemical formula:
(a) Acetone (b) Propylene Oxide
C2H6O – does not precisely describe the compound since there
are 2 compounds with the same number of carbon (2), hydrogen
(6), and oxygen (1), which are dimethyl ether and ethanol.
CH3OCH3 – a chemical formula that clarifies the bonding
sequence that this compound is dimethyl ether
• C2H5OH – a chemical formula that clarifies the bonding
sequence that this compound is ethanol
Constitutional Isomers – different compounds that have the same
molecular formula but differ in the sequence in which their
atoms are bonded, that is, in their connectivity.
Constitutional isomers usually have different physical properties
(e.g., melting point, boiling point, and density) and different
chemical properties (reactivity).
Stereoisomers have their atoms connected in the same sequence
(the same constitution), but they differ in the arrangement of
their atoms in space.
The consideration of such spatial aspects of molecular structure
is called stereochemistry.
2-butanol
• This atom has 6 electrons. It must be carbon
• An ion is an atom or group of atoms that carries an electric charge.
Ions that possess a positive charge, such as the sodium ion, Na+, are
called cations. Those carrying a negative charge, such as the chloride
ion, Cl-, are called anions.
Ionic Compound
Ions form because atoms can achieve the electronic
configuration of a noble gas by gaining or losing electrons.
Ionic Compound
Ionic (electrovalent) bonds are formed by the transfer of one
of more electrons.
Covalent bonds result when atoms share electrons.
Atoms without electronic configuration of a noble gas
generally react to produce such a configuration because these
configurations are known to be highly stable. This means
achieving an octet of electrons in the valence shell.
The tendency for an atom to achieve a configuration where its
valence shell contains eight electrons is called the octet rule.
Ions form because atoms can achieve the electronic configuration
of a noble gas by gaining or losing electrons.
In this process, negative fluoride ions become surrounded by
positive lithium ions, and positive lithium ions by negative fluoride
ions. In this crystalline state, the ions have substantially lower
energies than the atoms from which they have been formed.
Lithium and fluorine are thus “stabilized” when they react to form
crystalline lithium fluoride.
Ionic compounds – often called salts, form only when atoms of
very different electronegativities transfer electrons to become
ions.
Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom to
attract electrons.
Covalent bonds – form by sharing of electrons between atoms
of similar electronegativities to achieve the configuration of a
noble gas.
Molecules are composed of atoms joined exclusively or
predominantly by covalent bonds.
Molecules may be represented by electron-dot formulas or
more conveniently, by bond formulas where each pair of
electrons shared by two atoms is represented by a line.
Ionic Bonds
Covalent bonds
We write the formula of an ionic compound by
adjusting the relative numbers of positive and
negative ions so their total charges cancel (i.e. add to
zero).
The name of an ionic compound is formed by giving
the names of the ions, with the positive ion named first.
The rules for naming compounds are determined by the
Committee on Inorganic Nomenclature of the International Union
of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Oxidation state or oxidation number is the number of electrons gained or lost
by an atom of that element when it forms the compound.
Oxidation states are always assigned on a per atom basis.
Treat the rules in order of decreasing importance.
Name the less electronegative element first and the more electronegative element second.
The more electronegative element will have a negative oxidation state and is named by adding “-
ide” suffix to the unambiguous stem.
Stems of nonmetals:
Sample Names of Binary Ionic Compound
(containing metals that exhibit only one oxidation state):
Name the less electronegative element first and the more electronegative element second.
The more electronegative element will have a negative oxidation state and is named by adding “-
ide” suffix to the unambiguous stem.
Stems of nonmetals:
Sample Names of Binary Ionic Compound
(containing metals that exhibit two or more oxidation states):
Name the less electronegative element first and the more electronegative element
second.
Molecular compounds involve two nonmetals.
Although many nonmetals can exhibit different oxidation states, their oxidation states
are not properly indicated by Roman numerals or suffixes.
Prefixes and stems for naming nonmetals:
Sample Names of Binary Molecular Compound:
Binary acids are compounds in which H is bonded to a Group 6A element other
than O or to a Group 7A element.
They act as acids when dissolved in water.
The pure compounds are named as typical binary compounds.
Their aqueous solutions are named by modifying the characteristic stem of the
nonmetal with the prefix “hydro-” and the suffix “-ic” followed by the word
“acid.”
Compounds of hydrogen, oxygen, and (usually) a nonmetal.
Nonmetals that exhibit more than one oxidation state form more than one
ternary acid.
These ternary acids differ in the number of oxygen atoms they contain.
The suffixes “-ous” and “-ic” following the stem name of the central element
indicate lower and higher oxidation states, respectively.
Acids containing one fewer oxygen atom per central atom are named in the
same way except that the “-ic” suffix is changed to “-ous.”
The oxidation state of the central element is lower by 2 in the “-ous” acid than
in the “-ic” acid.
Ternary acids that have one fewer O atom than the “-ous” acids (two fewer O
atoms than the “-ic” acids) are named using the prefix “hypo-” and the suffix “-
ous.” The oxidation state of the central element is lower by 2.
Acids containing one more oxygen atom per central nonmetal atom than the
normal “-ic acid” are named “perstemic” acids.
Ternary salts are compounds that result from replacing the hydrogen in a
ternary acid with another ion (cation).
The cation is named first. The name of the anion is based on the name of the
ternary acid from which it is derived.
An anion derived from an “-ic” ending is named by dropping the “-ic acid” and
replacing it with “-ate.”
An anion derived from an “-ous acid” is named by replacing the suffix “-ous
acid” with “-ite.”
Acidic salts contain anions derived from ternary polyprotic acids in which one or
more acidic hydrogen atoms remain.
The word “hydrogen” or “dihydrogen” inserted after the name of the cation to
show the number of acidic hydrogen atoms.
