GUIDANCE NOTES ON

THE APPLICATION OF SYNTHETIC ROPES FOR

OFFSHORE MOORING

MARCH 1999

American Bureau of Shipping

Incorporated by the Legislature of
and State of New York 1862

Copyright © 1999
American Bureau of Shipping
Two World Trade Center, 106th Floor
New York, NY 10048 U.S.A.
Foreword
These Guidance Notes have been prepared to assist the industry with standardized criteria for
applications of synthetic ropes in offshore mooring systems. These Guidance Notes describe
criteria for design, materials, testing, manufacturing, installation and subsequent survey of
synthetic ropes to be used in offshore mooring systems, which are to be classed or certified by
,ABS. These Guidance Notes are to be used in conjunction with other Rules and Guides
published by the American Bureau of Shipping as specified herein. During the preparation of
these Notes, ABS recognizes that industry participation is a vital factor due to rapidly
progressing nature of this technology, and for the success of developing an appropriate standard
which satisfies practical classification requirements. As such, ABS has foiiiied an Ad Hoc
Committee, consisting of operators, designers, rope manufacturers, installation contractors, and
government agencies, to provide advisory comments to the Bureau on the development and
future enhancement of these Notes. This process is part of the ABS Rule development
procedures, where by, after a period of development and practical trial use by the industry, the
enhanced Notes will be formally recommended to the Technical Committee of ABS for
incorporation into the ABS Rules.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore

CONTENTS

GENERAL 41..V."-elea ■ Mate1.1701.1 ■ 4•1••06000110. ■ ....... -00.000000-16,6 ..... .0t,16-0110

..... 00, ........ .00.0000•• ■■■ 00.•6
1 Scope .”10.1“ 0 . 0 ........... 00001,1160“009.PRIA ............ ..... 0.01 ■ 00.0"0"...00.4...0..40.001, 4000 6
2 Definitions 7
3 References 11

2. DESIGN VERIFICATION 13
1 General 13
2 Submission of Design Documentation 13
3 Mooring Configuration 13
4 Current Rope Types 14
5 Mooring Design/Analysis Considerations 14
5.1 Mooring Line Stiffness Characteristics 14
5.2 Mooring System Analyses 14
5.2,1 Maximum Excursion Analysis 15
5.2.2 Maximum Tension Analysis 15
5.2.3 Transient Analysis 15
5.3 Fatigue Characteristics 16
5.4 Fatigue Analysis 16
5.4.1 Tension/Tension Fatigue Analysis 16
5.4.2 Tension/Relaxation Analysis 16
5.5 Creep 16
5.6 Abrasion, Friction, Wear 17
5.7 Internal Heating 17
5.8 Ultra-Violet (UV) Light Protection 17
5.9 Fluid Loading 17
5.10 Termination Considerations 18
5.11 Torsional Balance 18
5.12 Minimum Bend Radius 19
5.13 Mooring Equipment 19
5.13.1 Anchoring 19
5.13.2 Chain and Wire Segment 19
5.13.3 Other Mooring Equipment 19
5.14 Other Aspects 20
6 Design Criteria 20
6.1 Maximum Tension 20
6.2 Minimum Tension and Maximum Allowable Low Tension Cycles 21
6.3 Creep 21
6.4 Fatigue 21
6.5 Offset 22
6.6 Anchors 22
6.7 Other Safety Factors 23

3. DESCRIPTION OF ROPE AND ASSEMBLY 24

1 General ........................... ........ ......... ....... ...... _...... 24
2 Specification of Rope 24
2.1 General Description of Rope Construction 24

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

 Contents

2.2 Arrangement of Strands

3 Specification of Rope Properties ........... ..... ....... .26
4 Specification of Rope Assembly .......... ..... ...... 26
4.1 Rope Assembly Interface 26
4.2 Rope Assembly Length 26
4.3 Rope Termination 27
4.4 Rope Jacketing and Protection 27
4.5 Assembly Marking 27
4.6 Other Assembly Features 27
4.7 Packing 27
4.8 Handling 27

4. DOCUMENTATION OF ROPE DESIGN 28

1 General 28
2 Rope Design Specification
2.1 Description of Rope Design 78
2.2 Description of Rope Properties 28
2.3 General Rope Prototype Test 28
2.4 Ordered Rope Prototype Test 28
2.5 Production Rope Test 28
3 Yarn Specification 28
4 Manufacturing Specification 29
4.1 Rope Making Parameters 29
4.2 Strand and Rope Jacketing Parameters 30
4.3 Strand Splice Specification 30
Termination Specification 31
5.1 Spliced Termination 31
5.2 Potted Socket Termination 31
5.3 Wedged Socket Termination 32

5. TESTING OF YARN 33
1 General 33
2 Yarn Testing Practices 33
2.1 Yarn Property Testing When Documenting Rope Design 33
2.2 Yarn Property Testing When Making Rope for Testing 33
2.3 Yarn Property Testing during Rope Production 33
2.4 Yarn Testing by Yarn Producer 33
2.5 Yarn Testing by Classification Society 33
3 Testing of Yarn Dry Breaking Strength and Elongation 34
4 Testing of Yarn Wet Breaking Strength and Elongation 34
5 Testing of Yarn Dry Creep 34
6 Testing of Wet Yarn-on-Yarn Abrasion 35

6. TESTING OF ROPE 36
1 General 36
2 Rope Test Practice 36
3 Interpolation and Extrapolation of Data ............. _......... 36
4 Testing of Rope Wet Strength ............... ....... ........ .............. ..... 36
4.1 Test Specimen 36

2 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Contents

4.2 Test Machine 37

4.3 Test Procedure 37
4.4 Data Reporting 37
5 Testing of Rope Wet Extension and Creep Properties 38
5.1 Test Specimen 38
5.2 Test Machine and Apparatus 38
5.3 Test Procedure 39
5.4 Data Reporting 39
6 Testing of Rope Wet Modulus Properties 42
6.1 Test Specimen 42
6.2 Test Machine and Apparatus 42
6.3 Test Procedure 42
6.4 Data Reporting 43
7 Testing of Rope Torsional Stiffness and Rotation Properties 45
7.1 Test Specimen 45
7.2 Test Machine and Apparatus 45
7.3 Test Procedure 46
7.4 Data Reporting 46
8 Alternate Testing of Rope Torsional Stiffness and Rotation Properties 46
8.1 Test Specimen 46
8.2 Test Machine and Apparatus 47
8.3 Test Procedure 47
8.4 Data Reporting 47
9 Testing of Spliced Rope Torsional Stiffness and Rotation Properties 47
9.1 Test Specimen 47
9.2 Test Machine and Apparatus 48
9.3 Test Procedure 48
9.4 Data Reporting 48
10 Testing of Rope Tension-Tension Cyclic Performance 48
10.1 Test Specimen 49
10.2 Test Machine and Apparatus 49
10.3 Test Procedure 49
10.4 Rope Post Test Examination 49
10.5 Data Reporting 49
11 Testing of Rope Tension-Relaxation Performance 49
11.1 Test Specimen 50
11.2 Test Machine and Apparatus 50
11.3 Test Procedure 50
11.4 Data Reporting 50
12 Determination of Wet Rope Strength Factor 50
12.1 Purpose of Wet Rope Strength Factor 50
12.2 Determination of Wet Rope Strength Factor 50

7. PRODUCTION OF ROPE 52
1 General 52
2 Rope Design Documentation 52
3 Quality Control and Assurance 52
3.1 Responsibility 52
3.2 Quality Assurance Manual 52

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 3

 Contents

3.3 Quality Assurance Supervisor 57

3.4 Quality Control Check Lists 52
3.5 Quality Control Report 53
4 Rope Fiber Material Quality Control and Testing ....... ................. ...... .......... 53
4.1 Material Certification 53
4.2 Material Acceptance Testing 53
4.3 Material Storage and Handling 54
5 Rope Manufacturing 54
5.1 Manufacturing Specification 54
5.2 Yarn Assembly Process 54
5.3 Strand Assembly Process 54
5.4 Rope Making Process 55
5.5 Rope Jacketing Process 55
5.6 Quality Control Checks 55
6 Terminations 55
6.1 Termination Specification 55
6.2 Splice Terminations 56
6.3 Potted Socket Terminations 56
6.4 Wedge Socket Terminations 57
6.5 Other Telluinations 57
6.6 Bend Restrictors 58
6.7 Quality Control 58
7 Assembly 58
8 Rope Production Report 58

8. TESTING AND CERTIFICATION 59

1 General 59
2 Inspection, Examination, and Testing during Rope Production 59
2.1 Access to Rope Production Facilities 59
2.2 Testing of Yarn during Production 59
3 Inspection of Completed Rope Product 59
3.1 Examination of Completed Rope 59
3.2 Sampling of Rope 60
3.3 Determination of Rope Strength 60
3.4 Full Yarn Testing (Optional) 60
3.5 Review of Rope Documentation 60
4 Testing of Rope Properties (Optional) 60
4.1 Extra Sampling of Unterminated Rope 60
4.2 Testing of Rope Strength 61
4.3 Testing of Rope Creep and Extension Properties 61
4.4 Testing of Rope Torque and Rotation Properties 61
5 Examination and Inspection of Terminations 61
5.1 Access to Facilities 61
5.2 Extra Sampling of Termination Rope (Optional) 61
6 Inspection of Finished Rope Assembly 61

9. HANDLING AND INSTALLATION 62

1 General 62
2 General Storage, Handling and Installation Considerations ...................... 62

4 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Contents

2.1 Ultra-Violet Light 62

2.2 End Fittings 62
2.3 Twisting from Unbalanced Torque 62
2.4 Bending Radius 62
2.5 Cutting, Abrasion etc. during Handling 63
2.6 Heat from High Speed Deployment and Storage Temperature 63
2.7 Foreign Particles 63
2.8 Wire Rope/Synthetic Rope Mix 63
3 Installation; Specific Design. Considerations 63
3.1 Deployment 63
3.2 Minimum Tension and Maximum Allowable Low Tension Cycles 64
3.3 Minimum Installing Tension for Fiber Ropes 64
3.4 Contact with Seabed during Deployment 64
3.5 Anchor Proof-Test Tensions 64
3.6 Anchor Installation 65
3.7 Temporary Moored Units 65
3.8 Permanent Moored Units 65
4 Surveys at Installation 66
4.1 Condition Assessment of Fiber Ropes 66
4.2 Synthetic Rope Termination Position 66
4.3 Installation Tension and Elongation 66

10. SURVEYS AFTER INSTALLATION 67

1 General 67
2 Inspection and Testing Techniques 67
2.1 External Inspection Techniques 67
2.2 Internal Non-Destructive Inspection Techniques 67
2.3 In-Service Monitoring Plan 67
2.4 Destructive Testing Techniques 68
2.5 Internal Examination 68
2.6 Rope Retirement Criteria 68
2.7 Removal and Replacement of Inserts 68
3 Annual Surveys 68
4 Special Surveys 69
5 Intermediate Surveys 69
6 Survey after Storm or Unusual Event 69

APPENDIX A SUMMARY OF SURVEY REQUIREMENTS 70

A ACIIMENT A INTERPOLATION AND EXTRAPOLATION OF ROPE TEST DATA 72

A.1 Rope Fiber Area 72
A.2 Interpolation and Extrapolation of Maximum Break Strength 72
A.3 Interpolation and Extrapolation of Extension, Creep, and Dynamic Modulus 73
A.4 Interpolation and Extrapolation of Torsion and Rotation 73
A.5 Interpolation and Extrapolation of Rope Cyclic Performance 73

Art ACIEVIENT B MINIMUM GAGE LENGTH FOR ELONGATION, EXTENSION, AND CREEP
MEASUREMENTS 74

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 5

Part I General
I Scope
The main purpose of these Guidance Notes are to describe criteria for design, materials, testing,
manufacturing, installation and subsequent survey of synthetic ropes to be used as mooring
components in offshore mooring systems. Secondary purposes of these Guidance Notes are to
highlight differences with typical steel mooring systems, and to provide guidance on how to
handle these differences during system design and installation.
In view of the influence of rope properties on mooring system performance, the Guidance Note
includes details of how rope testing, mooring analysis and installation can be integrated to
provide a consistent mooring system design methodology. In this matter, these Guidance Notes
cover the following aspects:
• Design and Analysis Considerations of Mooring System
• Design Criteria for Mooring Components
• Design of Synthetic Rope
• Testing and Production of Yarn and Rope
• Inspection and Certification during and after Rope Production
• Installation, Hook-up and Commissioning Survey
• Post-Installation/In-Service Survey
Where the mooring design, construction and installation details are similar or equivalent to steel
wire/chain mooring systems, no further comment is included in these Guidance Notes. These
Guidance Notes are not intended to provide a comprehensive manual on all aspects of mooring
design, construction and installation since these details are adequately covered by other
documents.
The publication of these Guidance Notes reflect the potential growth in offshore mooring
applications for synthetic ropes and the need for consolidated written guidance. The reader may
consider the level of detail, in some areas, to be sparse, but it is to be noted that at the time of
publication, there was limited in situ experience of these types of moorings. As the technology
continues to evolve, these Guidance Notes will be revised. The general statements contained
herein will gradually be replaced by detailed requirements.
These Guidance Notes applies to synthetic ropes used in the mooring of both permanent and
temporary offshore installations such as:
• Monohull Based FPSOs,
• Semi-Submersible Based FPUs,
• Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODUs),
• Drill-Ships,
• SPAR. Buoy Platforms, and
• CALM Buoy (Spread Mooring Only).
Therefore, these Guidance Notes are to be used in conjunction with the latest ABS publications
as follows:
1. ABS Guide for Building and Classing Floating Production, Storage and Offloading Systems;
2. ABS Rules for Building and Classing Mobile Offshore Drilling Units; and

6 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 1: General
3. _ABS Rules for Building and Classing Single Point Moorings.
The Guidance Notes are not intended to cover general marine applications of synthetic ropes,
such as berthing and TITOOTitiV, lines at piers and harbors, towing hawsers on tugs, mooring
hawsers on SPMs and TLP tethers.

2 Definitions
For other definitions and associated discussion of definitions, reference can be made to other
documents [e.g. Ref. 25] as applicable.
6-Strand-Wire Fatigue Life Equivalent: The Classification of a synthetic rope which has been
cycled 100,000 times between 20% and 40% break strength in wet condition. para:6/10*
Applied Fatigue Cycles: The number of cycles applied at a specified tension amplitude about a
specified mean tension without failure of the rope. para:6/10
Average Breaking Strength: The average of the results of several break tests of the rope,
conducted in accordance with Part 6. para:6/4
Basic Yarn: The smallest yam-like component of the rope, generally as received from the yarn
producer, however the producer may carry out some of the inteiniediate yarn assembly steps.
para:4/4
Bend Restrictor: A device placed on the rope adjacent to a termination to prevent abrupt
bending at the teiiiiination. para:7/6.6
Bend Restrictor Data Sheet: A document completed during the application or installation of a
bend restrictor which states the nominal values and records the actual values for each set-up and
step of the process of applying or installing the bend restrictor. para:7/6.6
Classification Society: The American Bureau of Shipping (or another entity contracted by the
Purchaser). para: 8/1
Creep: The strain increase in rope length under sustained tension or cyclic loading. para:6/5
Creep Rate: The creep which takes place over one log increment of time. para:6/5
Creep-Log Time Plot: A graph of creep (ordinate) against the log of time under tension
(abscissa). para:6/5.4
Drag Embedded Conventional Anchor: For the purposes of these Guidance Notes, defined as
an anchor which is drag embedded into the soil (with a constant fluke to shank angle) and is
generally only required to resist horizontal forces. para:2/5.13.1
Dynamic Elongation Properties: The elongation properties of the rope under rapid and
repeated application of tension. para:616
Dynamic Rope Modulus: The ratio of rope stress to strain between the lower (trough) and
upper (peak) stresses imposed during dynamic testing. para:6/6.4
Elongation: The change in length between two gage marks, separated by a known distance
(gage length) as tension is applied to the rope or as tension is maintained over time. para:6/5
Extension: The ratio of elongation (change in length) caused by change in tension to gage
length, expressed as a percent of gage length. para:6/5
Fiber (Yarn) Producer: The entity which produces the fiber and/or yam and/or applies special
processes to that yarn before it is received by the rope manufacturer. para:5/2.4

Para refers to the first occurrence of the definition.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 7

 Part 1: General

Fiber Finish: A designation of the process and finish used on a fiber for a particular purpose,
e.g. "marine finish". para:4/3
Fiber Grade: A designation of the quality of a particular fiber, indicating the adherence of
tolerances on properties. para:4/3
Fiber Type: A designation given by the fiber producer which indicates the mariner in which a
particular fiber has been drawn or spun, processed, and treated with various finishes and oils.
para:4/3
Force-Elongation Plot: A graph or recording of elongation (abscissa) against applied force
(ordinate). para: 6/5.4
Force-Extension Plot: A graph or recording of extension (abscissa) against applied force
(ordinate). para: 6/5 .4
FPSO: Floating Production Storage and Offloading Unit as defined in the ABS FPSO Guide
[Ref. 6].
FPO: Floating Production Unit as defined in the ABS FPSO Guide [Ref. 6].
Friction Compensated Swivel: A swivel device designed and operated to impose essentially
no resistance to the rotation of one end of a rope. A motor driven swivel device which detects
applied torque in the rope and rotates to a position which minimizes torque. para:6/7
FSO: Floating Storage and Offloading Unit as defined in the ABS FPSO Guide [Ref. 6].
Intermediate Yarn: A yarn-like component assembled from twisting or otherwise combining
smaller components and used in assembling larger components, up to the rope yarn. Sometimes
called ply. para:4/4
Jacketing: A braided or plastic covering which is placed over the rope (or over individual
strands) for protection and to hold the rope structure together. para:3/4.4
Lay Length: The length along the axis of a rope in which a strand makes one complete spiral
around the rope axis. Also, the length along the axis of a strand in which a yarn makes one
complete spiral around the strand axis. para:414
Manufacturer: The entity or entities fulfilling the order for the rope or rope assembly. This
may for example be the actual rope maker, a rope distributor, or another intermediary agency.
In the event that the order is placed with an inteiiziediary agency, the responsibility for
documenting the rope design and making the rope is on the actual rope maker, and the
responsibility for other tasks, such as testing and assembly, is on the appropriate party. When
making offers for ropes, the party making the offer is to identify which parties will have
responsibility for the various tasks. para:4/1
Manufacturing Specification: A document which completely describes the process of making
the rope, including instructions for each step of the manufacturing process. para:712.4
Material Certificate: A document prepared by the Manufacturer and the Fiber Producer
certifying the type and grade of fiber material, the properties of the yam, and that the material
used in rope production is that which is specified in the Rope Design Specification. para:?/4.1
Material Chemical Composition: The generic designation of a specific chemical composition
and process of material used in the fiber, i.e. nylon, polypropylene, aramid, high-modulus
polyethylene. para:4/3
Material Specification: A document which completely describes the fiber material used in the
rope, including the material chemical composition, the fiber producer, the fiber type and grade,
and the yarn test properties. para:?/2.3

8 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 1: General
Minimum Bend Radius (N1BR): Minimum radius to which the synthetic rope construction can
be bent to without damage to any part of the rope construction (including the jacket).
para:2/5 .12
Minimum Break Strength (NIBS): The value determined by subtracting 2 Standard Deviations
of Breaking Strength from the Average Breaking Strength. para:3/3.3
Modulus: The slope of the load-extension curve between two designated tensions, usually
between the trough and peak tensions (secant modulus) during cyclic loading, divided by the
modulus stress. para:6/6
Modulus Stress: The mean applied tension divided by the Rope Fiber Area. para:6/6
Post-Installation Stiffness: The load-extension characteristics of a rope which has been
subjected to a tension sequence representing that which might be applied during mooring system
installation. para:2/5.1
Potted Socket: A teiiiiination generally consisting of a tapered socket into which the rope is
inserted with separated strands and broomed out yarns and then secured by pouring of a liquid,
setting resin or similar compound. para:3/4.4
Power Twister: A swivel device which applies a specified torque to one end of the rope while
allowing the rope to rotate in response to that torque. para:6/9
Production Rope: A rope sample removed from production or selected after production for the
purpose of testing. para:4/2.3
Prototype Rope: A rope fully complying with the rope design specification made for the
purpose of testing either before an order is placed or before regular rope production begins for
an order. para:4/2.I
Purchaser: The entity placing the order for the rope or rope assembly. This may for example
be the ultimate rope user, the mooring system designer, a contractor, or another intermediary
agency. In the event that the order is placed by an intermediary agency, the responsibility for
determining design loads and other factors is on the user or the designer. para:3/1
Purchaser's Representative: An individual employed or hired by the Purchaser to observe the
rope making process, rope testing (if applicable) and rope inspection. para.:8/2.1
Quality Assurance Manual: A document which completely describes the Manufacturer's
quality control and assurance program. para:7/3.2
Quality Assurance Supervisor: An employee of the Manufacturer who is responsible for
adhering to all quality assurance procedures. para:7/3.3
Quality Control Data Sheet: A document which lists the important parameters in setting up
and accomplishing a designated step of the rope making and assembly process, including normal
values and tolerances. para:7/3A
Quality Control Report: A document prepared at the completion of rope making and assembly
which includes the completed quality control data sheets, material certificates, and inspection
reports. para:7/3.5
Rope Assembly Interface: Any physical connection which is a permanent part of the rope
assembly (e.g. thimble) which is used to interconnect rope assemblies or to connect a rope
assembly to another tension member (e.g. a wire rope or chain) or to hardware (e.g. an anchor, a
buoy, or a platfoiiu). [Note, this excludes shackles and other detachable links.] para:3/4.1
Rope Assembly Length: The distance between the assembly interface points (as defined in the
specification or purchase order) as measured at a defined tension and by a method agreed to by
the Purchaser and the Manufacturer, para:3/4.2

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 9

 Part 1: General

Rope Assembly: The rope, its terminations, and any other accessory gear, as described in the
Purchaser's specification or order. para:3/4
Rope Construction: The manner in which the fibers, yarns, and strands are assembled together
in making the rope. para.:4/4
Rope Design Specification: A document which describes the design of the rope, including the
numbers and arrangements of strands, the strand pitch, the material chemical composition, and
the manufacturing method. para:7/2.2
Rope Fiber Area: The total cross-section area of load-bearing fiber in the rope, which is
determined by dividing the weight of fiber per unit length by the fiber density. para:6/6
Rope Jacketing Data Sheet: A document completed during the rope jacketing process which
states the nominal values and records the actual values for each set-up and step of the process of
applying jacketing to the rope (and if applicable to the strands). para:7/5.5
Rope Making Data Sheet: A document completed during the rope making process which states
the nominal values and records the actual values for each set-up of the process of making the
rope. para:7!5.4
Rope Production Report: A document which describes the rope product, including rope
design, termination design, and assembly length, and which includes the material certificates,
material test results, and the various data sheets. para:7/8
Rope Stress: The applied tension on the rope divided by the Rope Fiber Area. para:6!6.4
Rope Termination: The method (e.g. splice, potted socket, wedged socket) by which the rope
is attached to the assembly interface. para:3/4.3
Rope Yarn: The largest yam-like component of a strand, generally fosmed by twisting
intermediate yarns together. para:4/4
Rotation Property: The relative rotation between one end and the other end of a rope of unit
length caused by application of tension. para:6/7
Rotation: The tendency of the unrestrained end of a rope to rotate about its axis when tension is
applied. para:6/7.4
Spiral-Strand-Wire Fatigue Life Equivalent: The Classification of a synthetic rope which has
been cycled 600,000 times between 20% and 40% break strength in wet condition. para:6/l0
Splice: A termination type which is normally formed by passing the rope around a spool or
similar attachment, and then separating the rope into strands or groups of strands and tucking
these strands back into the rope structure. para:3/4.4
Standard Deviation of Breaking Strength: The standard deviation of the results of several
break tests of the rope, conducted in accordance with Part 6. para:6/4
Static Elongation Properties: The elongation properties of the rope under slow application of
tension. para:6/5
Strain: The ratio of elongation to the gage length over which the elongation takes place.
para : 6/6.4
Strand Assembly Data Sheet: A document completed during the strand assembly process
which states the nominal values and records the actual values for each set-up of each step of the
process of assembling strands. para:7/5.3
Strand: The largest component of the rope, which is twisted, braided, or otherwise assembled
together to form the finished rope, and which is for rued by twisting or otherwise assembling
rope yams together, generally with an opposite twist direction to that of the yarns. para:4/4

10 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 1: General
Termination Data Sheet: A document completed during the rope teiiirmation process which
states the nominal values and records the actual values for each set-up and step of the process of
applying a termination (splice, potted socket, or wedged socket) to the rope. para:7/6.1
Termination Specification: A document which completely describes the design of the
termination and the process of making that termination, including materials and steps for
making or assembling the termination. para:7/2.5
Torque: The product of applied force and moment arm required to prevent rotation of a rope
when tension is applied. para:6/7
Vertical Loaded Anchor: For the purposes of these Guidance Notes, defined as a plate anchor
which may be drag embedded and able to withstand substantial vertical load. para:2/5.13.1
Wedged Socket: A termination generally consisting of a tapered socket into which the rope is
inserted with separated strands and broomed out yarns and then secured by a tapered wedge-like
device set and driven into the center of the yarns. para:3/4.3
Wet Break Strength: The break strength of a rope in wet condition. para:6/4
Yarn Assembly Data Sheet: A document completed during the yarn assembly process which
states the nominal values and records the actual values for each set-up of each step of the
process of the yarn. para:7/5.2
Yarn Break Strength: The average breaking loads from several yam break tests. para:5/3
Yarn Creep: The characteristic of the yarn to undergo a time related non-recoverable increase
in length when subjected to sustained load. para:5/5
Yarn Elongation: The average elongation at break from several yam break tests. para:5/3
Yarn: A general term for a bundle of untwisted or twisted fibers. para:4/3
Yarn-on-Yarn Abrasion Property: The average cycles to failure at a designated applied load
which the yarn exhibits when tested by the yarn-on-yarn abrasion test method. para:5/6

3 References
1. NDE/TTI Joint Industry Study "Engineers Design Guide for Deepwater Fibre Moorings"
including Design Practice Document (1st Edition 1 Jan 1999) and Engineering Commentary
(1st Edition 1 Jan 1999) (OPL Publication).
2. Cordage Institute High Tenacity Fibers Chart, CI 2003-98 (Publication pending), Cordage
Institute, Hingham, MA.
3. Flory, J.F, H.A. McKenna and M.R. Parsey, "Fiber Ropes For Ocean Engineering in the
21st Century", Civil Engineering In the Oceans V Conference Proceedings, American
Society of Civil Engineers, New York, Nov. 1992.
4. Chaplin C.R., Del Vecchio C.J.M., "Appraisal of Lightweight Moorings for Deep Water
Applications", OTC 6965 (1992).
5. API RP 2SK "Recommended Practice for Design and Analysis of Stationkeeping Systems
for Systems for Floating Structures", 2nd Edition (1996), effective from March 1997.
6. ABS Guide for Building and Classing Floating Production, Storage and Offloading Systems
(March 1996).
7. ABS Guide for the Certification of Offshore Mooring Chain (1986).
8. API RP 21: Recommended Practice for In-Service Inspection of Mooring Hardware for
Floating Drilling Units (February 1997).

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 11

 Part 1: General

9. API Spec 9A: Specification for Wire Rope, 23rd Edition, 1984 & Supplement of June 1988
(ANSI/API Spec 9A, June 1992).
10. API RP 9B: Recommended Practice on Application, Care and Use of Wire Rope for Oil
Field Service, Ninth Edition - 1986/1992 (ANSI/API RP 9B-1992).
11. API RP 2A: Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and Constructing Fixed
Offshore Platforms, First Edition (July 1993).
12. API RP 2FP1 Recommended Practice for Design, Analysis and Maintenance of Moorings
for Floating Production Systems, 1st Edition (Feb 1993).
13. CI Standard "Test Methods for Fiber Rope", CI 1500-97, The Cordage Institute, Hingham,
MA.
14. CI Standard "Test Method for Yarn-on-Yarn Abrasion", CI 1505-98 pending, The Cordage
Institute, Hingham, MA.
15. ASTM Test Method D 885 "Tire Cords. Tire Cord Fabrics, and Industrial Filament Yarns
Made From Man-Made Organic-Based Fibers", American Society for Testing and Materials,
Conshohocken, PA.
16. BS EN ISO 2062: 1995, "Methods for Determination of Breaking Strength and Extension"
17. ISO 8503-1 (1993) "Preparation of Steel Substrates before Application of Paints and Related
Products - Surface Roughness Characteristics of Blast-Cleaned Surfaces - Part 1:
Specifications and Definitions for ISO Surface Profile Comparators for the Assessment of
Abrasive Blast-Cleaned Surfaces".
18. IBC 2nd Annual Conference on "Continuous Advances in Mooring and Anchoring", dated
2nd June 1997.
19. OCIMF: "Guide to Purchasing Hawsers" (1987).
20. OCIMF: "Procedures for Quality Control and Inspection during the Production of Hawsers"
(1987).
21. OCIMF: "Prototype Rope Testing" (1987).
22. ABS Rules for Building and Classing Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (1997).
23. Goksoy and Hearle, "Yarn on Yarn Abrasion Testing of Rope Yarns. Part III: The Influence
of Aqueous Environments", J. Textile Inst. 79 443-450.
24. Flory, IF., "Avoiding Fiber Axial Compression Fatigue in the Design and Use of Tension
Members", IEEE, 1986 (pg 93-104).
25. "Glossary of Marine Fiber Rope Terms", Task Committee on Marine Fiber Rope of the
Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers
(1993).
26. Bosman, R.L.M., "On The Origin of Heat Build up in Polyester Rope", IEEE 1986.

12 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 2 DESIGN VERIFICATION

General
This Part provides guidance for the design and analysis of mooring systems incorporating
synthetic ropes. Requirements as specified in the ABS FPSO Guide [Ref. 6], and API RP 2SK
[Ref. 5] are generally applicable unless otherwise provided in these Guidance Notes. The
purpose of design verification is to confirm that the proposed mooring system satisfies the
specified design conditions, Rules, Guides and other standards.

2 Submission of Design Documentation

In addition to the applicable documentation listed in Section 1.9.2 of the ABS FPSO Guide [Ref.
6] or Section 3/E.2 of the ABS MODU Rule [Ref. 22], design documentation for the synthetic
rope mooring system is to include the following when applicable:
• Rope Design Specification
• Yarn Specification
• Manufacturing Specification
• Termination Specification
• Quality Control Report
• Rope Production Report
• Material Certificate

3 Mooring Configuration
A mooring system with synthetic ropes can be configured as either a taut-leg or a catenary
system. The choice depends on many considerations which are beyond the scope of these
Guidance Notes. A taut-leg mooring (TLM) has a smaller mooring footprint than the
conventional catenary mooring system. This can be particularly important for the field layout of
production installations and in congested development areas. The taut leg mooring systems also
differ from conventional catenary moored systems in that the anchor must resist substantial
vertical load. This is further discussed in 2/5 and 2/6 of these Guidance Notes.

4 Current Rope Types

These Guidance Notes consider four fiber materials: polyester, HMPE (high modulus
polyethylene), Aramid (aromatic polyamide) and nylon. This does not exclude the use of other
synthetic fibers in the design of mooring systems, provided that good engineering practice is
followed, all relevant fiber properties are considered and justification for the use is adequately
documented.
Synthetic ropes offer several advantages over their steel counterparts in the design of mooring
systems. However, unlike steel wires, synthetic ropes are to be treated with due consideration of
particular fiber specific characteristics [Refs. 1, 2, 3]. Some general discussion of material
properties with regard to mooring design considerations is included in 2/6 of these Guidance
Notes.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 13

 Part 2: Design Verification

The choice of fiber material depends on the nature of the application and on the level of
confidence in the material. Polyester and ararnid ropes have better creep resistance than HMPE.
HMPE and ararnids have better strength to weight ratios and are stiffer than polyester and nylon.
Nylon has relatively high creep and poor wet internal abrasive properties which limits its usage
in offshore moorings. However, nylon's low stiffness (lower than polyester) may be useful
where a more compliant system is desired.
For taut leg mooring systems, the synthetic rope axial stretch provides load extension
characteristics which the catenary geometry traditionally provides in the conventional steel
system. The lower elasticity and cost of polyester make it suitable for certain deep water TLMs.
Other fibers such as HMPEs and aramids may be more suitable for applications where frequent
handling is required or for ultra-deep water TLM applications.
Currently, polyester is considered to be a good candidate for offshore mooring applications due
to its low stiffness which induces less tension during design storm, good resistance to axial
compression, good strength to weight ratio and good creep resistance.
Comparison of alternative synthetic ropes in terms of their mechanical properties alone is not
sufficient for design [Ref. 4], relative merit of each synthetic rope can only be assessed through
comparison of mooring system performance obtained from a detailed mooring analysis.

5 Mooring DesignlAnalysis Considerations

5.1 Mooring Line Stiffness Characteristics

Synthetic ropes are made of visco-elastic materials, so their stiffness characteristics are not
constant and vary with the duration of load application, the load magnitude, the number of load
cycles, and the frequency of load cycles. In general, synthetic mooring lines become stiffer after
a long time in service.
As a minimum, the platform mooring system is to be analyzed for the effects of mooring line
stiffness under the following conditions:
• Maximum Excursion — to establish the maximum platfol in excursion and demonstrate that it
does not exceed the excursion capabilities of the riser (and other offset constraints). This
analysis is carried out using the post-installation stiffness (ref. 2/52.1) under the design
stoini conditions [Ref. 6].
• Maximum Tension — to establish the probable maximum tension in any mooring line and
demonstrate that it does not exceed the capabilities of the mooring line, anchor, and other
mooring components. This analysis is carried out using the storm stiffness (ref. 2/5.2.2)
after long service time under the design stain' conditions.
In most situations, the use of the two stiffnesses (as above) would be adequate to design a
mooring system. However, a third (intermediate) stiffness may be considered in the event that
unusual difficulties in calculating the mooring system excursion using the post-installation
stiffness occur. The intermediate stiffness is to be based on adequate rope testing (in accordance
with 6/6) to include the appropriate load range, cyclic frequency, and number of cycles to
simulate an established post-installation 'bedding-in' period. This alternative stiffness may only
be used in the calculation of maximum mooring excursions.

5.2 Mooring System Analyses

Mooring design and analysis are to be performed following a recognized methodology, such as
those presented in API RP 2SK [Ref. 5] or the ABS FPSO Guide [Ref. 6]. Mooring analysis is
to include the effects of line dynamics.

14 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 2: Design Verification
For a taut leg mooring system, mooring line dynamics due to wave-frequency vessel motions
become relatively more important as the wave-induced line tangential motion directly
contributes to the peak line tension. In a conventional quasi-static mooring analysis under the
design static mean loads and low-frequency vessel motions, the vertical fairlead position above
the seabed is usually assumed constant. For the strain-driven taut leg mooring system, the
mooring line load, i.e. tension response, is more sensitive to changes in fairlead position.
Therefore, the effect of external moments such as wind, mooring line failure etc. on the vessel
heel angle (i.e. causing changes in vertical 'fairlead position) may need to be considered in the
mooring line tension analysis. A sensitivity study to show the effects on mooring line tension
may be performed to verify this effect.

5.2.1 Mooring Excursion Analysis

The following analysis is to be conducted and submitted for approval:
Deteunine the post-installation tension to be established in each line immediately after
installation as per 9/4.3. The post installation stiffness may be altered by application of
suitable pretension to the mooring line. In this respect, the testing procedures given in
6/5 of these Guidance Notes provide a lower and in 6/6 a higher post-installation
stiffness. The mooring designer may specify different installation rope tensions
provided that these are reflected in the synthetic rope testing procedures.
Deteuuine the post installation mooring line stiffness characteristics (shape of load-
elongation curve and modulus at load) from the load-elongation plot obtained in step 3
of 6/5 "Rope Wet Extension and Creep Properties" .
Using this post-installation tension and these mooring line stiffness characteristics,
perfoiiii dynamic analyses under the maximum stoi in conditions.
Detei line the maximum platform excursion. Compare this with the excursion
capabilities of the riser (and/or other offset constraints, if any).
For MODU, it may be also necessary to determine the operating conditions of the riser.
In this condition, the mooring analysis can be carried out at the post-installation stiffness
(as given from test 6/5 or 6/6) or use an intermediate stiffness (as defined in 6/6).

5.2.2 Maximum Tension Analysis

The following analysis is to be conducted and submitted for approval:
Determine the service life in hours, e.g. 20 years = 175,320 hrs.
On a semi-log basis, extrapolate the shape of the static load-elongation plots obtained in
6/6 at 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 hrs to determine the load-elongation curve for service life.
Determine the number of wave cycles experienced during the service life.
On a semi-log basis, extrapolate the storm modulus obtained in 6/6 "Wet Modulus
Properties" at 10, 100, and 1000 cycles to the number of wave cycles to determine the
modulus at load.
Using the load-elongation curve at service life and the modulus at service life, perfoiin
dynamic mooring analyses under design storm conditions.
Determine the maximum tension in the most loaded mooring line.
If the modulus at this maximum tension is significantly different than that used in the
analysis, then repeat the analysis using the appropriate modulus.

5.2.3 Transient Analysis

Both the maximum excursion (ref. 2/5.2.1) and the maximum tension (ref. 2/5.2.2) are
to be analyzed for the case of transient conditions after single line breakage.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 15

 Part 2: Design Verification

5.3 Fatigue Characteristics

The fatigue characteristics of large synthetic ropes are not well established.
Available data and experience indicate that typical synthetic ropes have tension/tension fatigue
characteristics at least as good as comparable wire ropes in salt water. (Nylon is an exception to
this.) Section 6/10 "Testing of Rope Tension-Tension Cyclic Performance" is intended to
demonstrate that the cyclic perfonnance of the rope is at least equal to that of six-strand wire
rope, as given in API RP 2SK [Ref. 5], Figure 21. The usage of other fatigue curves will be
considered on a case by case basis provided that sufficient tests have been conducted to
demonstrate the rope performance.
Tension-relaxation fatigue, which can produce axial compression fatigue in fibers [Ref. 24], can
be a problem, especially in aramid ropes. Provisional criteria for tension-relaxation fatigue for
polyester, aramid and HMPE are given in 2/6.2 of these Guidance Notes. If the criteria given in
2/6.2 are overly restrictive, specific rope designs may be tested for residual strength after
specific cycles to minimum tensions in accordance with 6/11 of these Guidance Notes.

5.4 Fatigue Analysis

5.4.1 Tension/Tension Fatigue Analysis

Fatigue calculations are to be performed in accordance with API RP 2SK [Ref. 5] for
permanently moored units. Suitable values of synthetic rope stiffness are to be used to
account for the wave and low frequency tension contributions.
Assuming that fatigue damage in most mooring systems is largely wave dominated, the
storm stiffness (i.e. the highest) together with appropriate wire rope fatigue curves as
per API RP 2SK [Ref. 5] are to be used to provide a conservative approach.

5.4.2 Tension/Relaxation Analysis

Repeat the analysis given in 2/5.2.2 (for Maximum Tension) in order to determine the
relaxation (minimum) tension experienced in the least loaded line.
Derivation of minimum tensions and number of minimum tension cycles is to include
the effects from wind dynamics.
Compute the number of relaxation cycles based on the number of occurrences of the
maximum storm (and other similar storms) and on its duration.
Compare the relaxation tension and number of cycles with the Table 2/6.2.

5.5 Creep
Creep rupture is generally not a concern with ararnid and polyester ropes, but it is to be
accounted for in the design/analysis of nylon and HMPE rope.
The effect of creep elongation is to be accounted for in all types of synthetic ropes. The
following procedures would enable the installation/mooring designer to include an estimate of
winch size and tension capacity for the re-tensioning of the synthetic rope (ref. 2/5.13.2,
2/5.13.3, and Part 9).
The following analysis is to be perfoinied:
• Determine the service life in hours.
• On a semi-log basis, extrapolate the creep plots obtained in 6/5 at 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 hrs to
deteiniine the creep for service life.
• Compare this total creep with the take-up capacity of the mooring line winch.

16 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 2: Design Verification

• Deterrine the necessity to retension the mooring line by assessing the amount of creep
which will cause unacceptable station keeping excursions under design loads. Determine
the intervals at which retensioninp-_, will need to be done.
If short segments of mooring line are to be taken out for periodic examination and testing (as per
10/2.3 of these Guidance Notes), this is to be considered in the above analysis. Creep testing
can be carried in accordance with 2/5.5 and 6/5 of these Guidance Notes.

5.6 Abrasion, Friction, Wear

External abrasion, friction and wear may be avoided by suitable choice of synthetic rope jackets.
Possible internal abrasion caused by the ingress of sand and other particles is to be avoided.
This may be achieved by suitable design of the rope jacket and ensuring that there is adequate
clearance between the synthetic rope teimination and the seabed.
Internal rope abrasion may also be indirectly caused by the formation of salt water crystals
following wetting and drying. This has been shown by the dry testing of yarns which were
immersed in salt water [Ref. 23]. Offshore moorings are to be designed so that the synthetic
rope remains totally immersed in the seawater.
Marine operations and handling can also be the cause of external abrasion. Synthetic rope
jackets can be used to provide adequate protection. The jacket is to be of suitable hardness, the
handling equipment is not to damage the rope or jacket, and the manufacturer's guidance is to be
followed.
In regions of low temperature the jacket's perfoi mance against abrasion, handling, etc. can be
unpaired since the jacket can become brittle and lubricant (if present) freezing can occur.

5.7 Internal Heating

Suitable rope lubricants, fillers and yarn finishes can reduce abrasion induced hot spots,
provided that they are compatible with the yarn. Lubricant loss is not to impair the ability of the
fiber to meet the criteria in 2/6. There may be additional environmental considerations to
lubricant loss.
Heat build up during cyclic loading [Ref, 26] may be caused by the presence of air pockets.
Such air pockets are to be avoided by rope flooding or by the use of blocking compounds.
Because of the potential effects of temperature at the water surface region, the designer is to
consider changes in rope properties with increasing temperature. These details are to be
supplied by the manufacturer or by tests at the design temperature (ref. 6/4.1).

5.8 Ultra-Violet (UV) Light Protection

As applicable, suitable protective jackets are to be provided on ropes made of fibers known to be
damaged by LIV light.

5.9 Fluid Loading

Fluid effects to be considered may include increased drag caused by the marine growth and
vortex induced vibrations (VTV). If marine growth is excessive, it may be controlled by the use
of marine fouling resistive additives or removal methods which do not damage the rope or jacket
construction. Due to the larger size of the rope/jacket, it is possible that current/wave velocities
may cause VIV problems. Where WV effects are shown to be problematic, general preventative
measures such as shrouds, fairings etc. or other measures may be considered. If these effects
cannot be avoided, the additional drag loading is to be included into the mooring analysis.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 17

 Part 2: Design Verification

As applicable, the possibility of long lengths of synthetic rope becoming susceptible to axial
resonance at short wave periods may need to be considered.

5.10 Termination Considerations

The manufacturer and designer are to provide sufficient information to demonstrate the
suitability of the synthetic rope teiiiiination by prototype rope testing with the actual termination
design.
For the spliced eye, consideration is to be given to abrasion and heat build-up caused by the eye
sliding on the pin. Low friction, high wear resistant protection may be provided. Sizing of eye
is to be to the manufacturer's recommended values.
Steel fittings used for terminations or otherwise may be subject to corrosion, and suitable
consideration of this aspect is to be taken into account for permanent installations. Steel fittings
on temporary and permanent installations are to be inspected as per recommended API RP 21
[Ref. 8] and ABS FPSO Guide [Ref. 6] as appropriate.
There may be excessive bending at terminations; connection points due to sudden changes in
effective bending stiffhesses. Bend restrictors at teuiiinations (such as sockets) provide a
gradual change in rope bending stiffness which can effectively reduce the rope stresses to
acceptable levels.
Manufacturing and/or transportation limitations may necessitate that a number of shorter lengths
be linked up to achieve the design length. Practically, this will mean more terminations, linking
accessories etc which may require extra consideration for the storage, transportation,
installation and design.

5.11 Torsional Balance

Special attention is to be given to the torque compatibility among different mooring components
consisting of synthetic rope, chain and wire. This is to prevent excessive twisting from
unbalanced torque during handling, installation, operation and recovery.
There are two categories of torsional imbalance problem to be considered:
a) twist introduced into components and transferred between them during installation, which
may then cause operational problems; and
b) incompatibility between installed components in operation.
Analysis of the above situation requires models of component behavior to predict problems
during installation and information of the response of the installed components to imposed twist,
both statically and in fatigue.
A recommended approach is the inclusion of some suitable marking on the jacket or otherwise
so that any twist or rope torsion can be monitored externally.
The testing of synthetic rope torque and rotation properties (6/7) is to provide information
concerning the torsional characteristics of the rope. The maximum allowable twist that is
acceptable for the rope during extreme conditions and normal operations is to be specified by
the manufacturer or deteimined by actual testing. Any imbalance in the synthetic rope design
outside the manufacturer's specified values is to be justified by analysis and testing.
Where synthetic ropes are pre-installed prior to hook-up, the effect on the synthetic rope
torsional characteristics is to be considered.
Consideration should also be given to any torsional effects of a synthetic rope, which may
damage adjacent mooring components. For example, a six strand wire rope in series with a

18 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 2: Design Verification
synthetic rope of low rotational stiffness. This may induce large enough torque in the wire rope,
to be detrimental to its fatigue life.

5.12 Minimum Bend Radius

Jackets are to be flexible enough at the minimum temperature to meet the minimum bend radius
(IvIBR) of the subject rope. The MBR of the synthetic rope is to be specified by the
manufacturer, especially for handling and installation purposes.
Bend restrictors can also be provided at terminations where there are abrupt changes in cross
sectional area (e.g. socket types) and/or where there is excessive external bending of the rope at
the terminations.

5.13 Mooring Equipment

5.13.1 Anchoring
Depending on soil conditions, mooring loads at the anchor, installation equipment,
water depth, cost and the required perfoiiriance, there are various types of anchors that
can be selected. The choice of which anchor type to deploy is beyond the scope of this
document, but it suffices to mention the four main types of anchors as: suction pile
anchors, pile anchors, conventional drag embedment anchors and drag embedded
Vertically Loaded Plate Anchors (VLAs). At this stage it is also worth noting that with
the advent of the need to resist substantial vertical uplift forces (e.g. TLM), there may be
other anchors in the design stage being proposed for this purpose.
Maximum design line loads computed from the analysis are to be transferred to the
anchor, and the structural integrity and holding capacity of the anchor assessed against
anchor design criteria as identified in 2/6.6 of these Guidance Notes.

5.13.2 Chain and Wire Segment

Appropriate wire or chain segments are to be provided at the fairlead, and winching end
of the rig. This platform segment is to be long enough to allow for adjustment for
installation requirements as well as for the initial peurianent elongation and the lifetime
creep of the synthetic rope. Chain and wire segments are to comply with the ABS Guide
for the Certification of Offshore Mooring Chain [Ref. 7], and API Spec 9A [Ref. 9] and
API RP 913 [Ref. 10] as appropriate.
Since synthetic ropes are not to be exposed to sand and other particles and do not
possess good abrasive properties, wire or chain segments between the anchor and
synthetic rope are recommended. For embedment type anchors, wire lines are usually
preferable to chain at the seabed due to the ability of the wire to cut through the soil, and
provide deeper penetration of the anchor. Any other mooring components (e.g. steel
wire rope) are to be shown to be torsionally compatible with the synthetic rope (ref.
2/5.11).
All connecting hardware components (e.g. steel shackles) are to be adequately designed
for ultimate strength and are to be constructed to a recognized standard. (e.g. steel chain
accessories can be designed, constructed and tested in accordance with Section 2 of the
ABS Guide for the Certification of Offshore Mooring Chain [Ref. 7]). For peirrianent
units (e.g. FPSOs), design is to have adequate corrosion allowance and fatigue strength
to meet the design requirements in 2/6.1 and 2/6.2 of these Guidance Notes.

5.13.3 Other Mooring Equipment

Winch tensioning capacity is to be adequate to remove any initial extension to achieve
the post-installation condition as detailed in the rope testing procedures (ref. 6/5 and

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 19

 Part 2: Design Verification

9/3.3 of these Guidance Notes). If required, winches may also be designed to be able to
handle the anchor proof loading. Further any winches must have adequate capacity for
the re-tensioning of lines over the lifetime following any creepage (ref. 2/5.5). The
necessity of actual re-tensioning any elongation due to creep is to be linked to the
allowable excursions of the unit in the design environmental conditions.
Buoys used for installation purposes are to be of adequate size to minimize the number
and magnitude of low tension cycles to be within the design criteria indicated in 2/6.2 of
these Guidance Notes.

5.14 Other Aspects

Water depth - Appropriate consultation with the rope manufacturer is to be made to verify
whether the effects from the hydrostatic water pressure significantly affect the fiber stresses or
alter material properties.
Rope Snap Failure - In particular for TLM and installation phases (ref. to Part 9), any health and
safety aspects from mooring line failure and subsequent 'whiplash' of the rope are to be
considered.
Fish Bite - In regions exposed to fish bite, sample location tests may be carried out using similar
rope types. Possible solutions to this may be the consideration of hardening the jacket, using
repellent, or other preventative measures.
Temperature - In regions of very warm conditions or where there may be a large temperature
difference between rope ends, there may be instances where the rope strength and modulus may
be affected. In these instances, consultation with the yarn and/or rope manufacturer is
recommended.

6 Design Criteria

6.1 Maximum Tension

Synthetic rope properties important to mooring design are not well understood when compared
with their steel counterparts, As such, these Guidance Notes recommends that the intact
maximum tension (including line dynamics) in the most loaded line at the design condition is
not to exceed 55% of the MBS (Minimum Break Strength) of the line provided that it is new or
in a new-like condition (Table 2.6.1). Maximum tension (including line dynamics) levels for
damaged and transient design conditions are not to exceed 70% and 85% of the MBS,
respectively. In certain instances where experience of rope is limited, reliability is expected to
be less than usual (e.g. rope lengths with many connection points) or requested by the applicant,
lower percentages of MBS may be required.
As indicated in API RP 2SK [Ref. 5], temporary moored units are to be designed using the same
safety factors except that the return period can be reduced depending on the unit's location.

20 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 2: Design Verification

Condition of Moored Unit

Temporary Permanent
Away from other In vicinity of other
installations installations

Design Return Period 5 yr. 10 yr. 100 yr.

Allowable Dynamic Tension

Intact 55% (1.82) 55% (1.82) 55 % (1.82)
Damaged N/A 70% (1.43) 70% (1.43)
Transient N/A N/A 85 % (1.17)

Table 2.6.1
Maximum Allowable Tension Limits

6.2 Minimum Tension and Maximum Allowable Low Tension Cycles

A minimum line tension (including line dynamics) in the synthetic rope is also to be maintained
to prevent lines from possible compressive damage. As part of this design criteria, these
Guidance Notes recommend that the following provisional conditions (Table 2.6.2) be satisfied
(including installed condition and installation procedures, see 9/3.2. A low tension is counted
when the tension has fallen below the minimum percentage of MBS as indicated in Table 2.6.2.

Yarn Material Minimum Line Tension as a Maximum Allowable

Percentage of MBS Low Tension Cycles
Polyester 5% 100,000
Aramid 10% 2,000
HMPE 10% 40,000

Table 2.6.2
Minimum Tension Fatigue Limits
These criteria are based on the approximate tensions and cycles at which 10% strength loss
occurred in yarns during axial compression fatigue testing conducted by various test programs
[Ref. 1]. If these criteria are overly restrictive, the specific rope design can be tested for residual
strength after specific numbers of cycles to a specific minimum tension in accordance with 6/11
of these Guidance Notes.

6.3 Creep
Where appropriate, creep rupture is to be considered in accordance with 2/5.5 and the
manufacturer's recommendations concerning associated creep safety factors. Suitably large
safety factors are recommended for creep design because of the high variability typically
associated with creep data and creep life calculations.

6.4 Fatigue
As per ABS FPSO Guide [Ref. 6], tension-tension fatigue life design criteria can be summarized
in the following table for permanent installations. For temporary installations, the necessity for

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 21

 Part 2: Design Verification

a fatigue analysis can be waived provided that prior to relocation, all mooring lines are fully
inspected either at the dockside or during line retrieval in accordance with 10/3. Design of both
temporary and permanent mooring units is to be such that strain amplitudes are limited to levels
which are acceptable to the manufacturer.

Component Fatigue Life w.r.t Design Service Life

Inspectable Areas 3.0
Non-Inspectable & Critical Areas 10.0

Table 2.6.4
Fatigue Life Allowables for Synthetic Ropes
6.5 Offset
Vessel offset or excursion is usually governed by the limiting excursions of the marine riser
(drilling vessels) or production riser(s) (floating production installation). Accordingly, the
vessel's excursion details are to be verified to be within the working envelope of the riser.

6.6 Anchors
While anchoring is not the primary purpose of these Guidance Notes, there are some special
considerations concerning the application of anchors (such as VLAs (drag embedded), suction
anchors, etc.) which need to resist vertical loads (i.e. for TLMs). While the pulling-out aspect is
similar to a grouted pile anchor, pile designs have a more consistent installation method and
considerably more field experience in comparison with the VLAs. Therefore, the Guide
recommends higher safety factors for ultimate holding capacity in comparison with conventional
drag anchors and piled anchors. The proposed anchor safety factors for permanent units are
indicated in Table 2.6.6. For temporary units, references can be made to API RP 2SK [Ref. 5],
Section 6.6.1.

Anchor Type
Dynamic Tension Drag Anchor VLA Suction

Max Intact Tension 1.50 2.00 1.5-2.0

Max Damaged Tension 1.00 1.50 1.0-1.5

Table 2.6.6
Recommended Anchor Safety Factors

Proposed suction anchor safety factors have been included in Table 2.6.6. However, the choice
of these values presently, is dependent on the soil surveys, and installation consistency.
Pile anchors are to be designed in accordance with API RP 2A [Ref. 11].
Other anchor designs, which do not fall into the above categories, will be considered on a case
by case basis.
Anchor joining shackles and connectors are to be designed, constructed and tested in accordance
with the .ABS Offshore Mooring Chain Guide [Ref. 7].
Structural design, construction and testing of anchors are to be in accordance with recognized
standards and suitable details of same are to be verified to the satisfaction of ABS.

22 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 2: Design Verification

6.7 Other Safety Factors

These Guidance Notes recognize that there are other methods such as reliability-based analyses
which can be used to derive safety factors for mooring system components. Insofar as these
Guidance Notes are concerned, consideration of these approaches will be made on a case by case
basis provided that full documentation of this infozivation is provided.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 23

Part 3 Description of Rope and Assembly

General
This section provides guidance on the specification of large synthetic ropes for use as mooring
lines in deepwater moorings. It covers rope construction, rope properties, rope termination,
assembly length, interface between rope segments, protection and other requirements such as
marking, packing, and handling. Detail descriptions of the rope and its assembly are to be
submitted to ABS for technical review.
Some of the items covered here are unerally not applicable to smaller ropes and to ropes
in other services, such as single point mooring hawsers, ship-board mooring hawsers,
towing hawsers, and lifting lines.

2 Specification of Rope
The applicant is to submit a Rope Design Specification, discussed in 4/2, which describes the
rope in sufficient detail to permit evaluation of its suitability for purpose and to distinguish it
from other similar ropes.

2A General Description of Rope Construction.

The general category of rope construction is to be described. Examples of typical rope
construction are listed below and also illustrated in Figure 3-1. Other types of rope are also
acceptable.
Parallel fiber (parallel yarn)
Parallel twisted-strand (multi-rope)
Parallel braided-strand (multi-rope)
Six-strand (with non-load-bearing core)
Seven-strand (six strand with load-bearing core)
Eighteen-strand (6 12)
Thirty six-strand (6 ± 12 4- 18)
Plaited (eight-strand rope)
Single-braid (twelve-strand rope)
Double-braid

2.2 Arrangement of Strands

The rope description is to also indicate, for example, number of strand layers and number of
strands in each layer in laid construction, number of strands and pattern of braid in braided
construction.

24 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 3: Description of Rope and Assembly

Let-Lay SVarld

Care
Yams
6-Strand Rope (non-load-bearing core)
7-Strand Rope (bad-bearing core) 8-Strand Rope (Plaited)

Outer Strand Middle Strand

Layer Layer

*N• Jacket
36-Strand Rope ('wire rope' construction)
18-Strand Rope ('wire rope" construction)

Left, LayStrands

Right-LayStands

Single Braid Rope ("12-strand')

(Atratngement and number
of strands may vary)
Double Braid Rope ('braid-on-braior)

Parallel Twisted Strands Strands

/
Half Right-Lay an cA
Half Left-Lay

Yams
Jacket
Parallel Twisted-Strand Rope (`multi-rope') Parallel Braided-Strand Rope ('rnutti rope)

Parallel Yams

arcing

Parallel Yam Rope

FIGURE 3-1
Typical Rope Construction Types

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 25

 Part 3: Description of Rope and Assembly

3 Specification of Rope Properties

The rope description is to specify all important rope properties. For each of the rope properties,
the Rope Specification is to indicate the test procedures, definition method for the properties,
target property values, and tolerances as appropriate. As a minimum, this is to include the
following:
• Minimum Break Strength
• Elongation, Creep and Modulus
• Minimum Fatigue Properties
Other rope properties are to be included as appropriate, such as:
• Rotation and Torque Properties
• Rope Tension-Relaxation Performance Property
It is to be noted that rope tension-relaxation performance need only be included if the Rope
Specification indicates that the rope is to undergo more minimum cycles than permitted under
716.7.
Rotation and torque properties are only to be specified when it is noted that this property is
important to the application or specified by the applicant.
Test procedures for the above properties are included in Part 6 of these Guidance Notes.

4 Specification of Rope Assembly

Details of the rope assembly are to be specified and submitted to .ABS for technical review.
These details are to describe the completed rope assembly for each segment of each mooring leg,
including, but not limited to the following:

4.1 Rope Assembly Interface

The interface is the physical connection at the end of the rope assembly which is used to
interconnect rope assemblies or to connect a rope assembly to another tension member (e.g. a
wire rope or chain) or to hardware (e.g. an anchor, a buoy, or a platform). For example, a
thimble, an open link (to accept a shackle), or a tongue, clevis or trunnion (e.g. on a socket),
Full details of the interface are to be specified, including the following as appropriate.
• Strength, fatigue, torque performance of the interface, if these are different from that of the
rope.
• Any critical dimensions of the interface, including tolerances if appropriate.
• Material(s) for the interface if essential to the performance of the assembly.
• Description of processes, finish, coatings, cathodic protection, and other forms of protection
for the interface if essential to the performance of the assembly.

4.2 Rope Assembly Length

The overall length of the assembly between interfaces is also to be specified together with the
method used to determine rope length.
[Note: It may be impractical or impossible to measure the entire length of the rope assembly,
especially at a high tension. It may be possible to determine the length per unit weight of a
sample of the particular rope type at reference load and then to determine the length of the long
length of rope by weight. It may be possible to calibrate a pulley-like device with revolution

26 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 3: Description of Rope and Assembly

counter and then to determine the length of the long length of rope by drawing the rope over that
pulley. It may be possible to use such a length counter device during rope production to measure
intervals along the rope and place marks on the rope cover at these intervals which are later used
to determine overall rope length.]

4.3 Rope Termination

The type of rope teimination, e.g. splice, potted socket, wedged socket, etc., which is used to
secure the rope to the interface is to be described.
The specification is to include the following as appropriate.
• Strength, fatigue, and torque performance of the rope termination, if these are different from
that of the rope.
• Any critical dimensions of the rope termination, including tolerances if appropriate.
• Material(s) for the rope teimination if essential to the performance of the assembly.
• Any processes, finish, coatings, cathodic protection, and other fours of protection for the
rope termination if essential to the performance of the assembly.

4.4 Rope Jacketing and Protection

The specification is to include jacketing or protection placed on the rope, e.g. braided jacket,
elastomer cover, etc.

4.5 Assembly Marking

The specification may describe markings to be placed on each rope assembly and the location(s)
and means of applying these markings. The marking is also to be used as a traceable identifier
for rope certification purpose {816).
[Note: This might include a marking along the length of the assembly and markings at intervals
along the length of the assembly to indicate length from a termination for reference during
installation and inspection. This might include a serial number or a leg designation to uniquely
identify the specific rope assembly. This might include a manufacturing or inspection date. This
might include the name of the rope manufacturer and the material and other characteristics of the
rope.]

4.6 Other Assembly Features

Other assembly features and requirements which are essential to the performance of the rope
assembly are to be specified. These might include for example: bend restrictors at terminations,
abrasion protection at terminations, special abrasion or silt protection in dip section, flotation on
part or all of the rope.

4.7 Packing
The specification may describe the methods and means to be used in packing the assembly for
shipment. This may include a description of the reel or other container. This may include
special markings to be placed on the container.
4.8 Handling
The specification may describe other handling and shipping procedures as necessary for the safe
delivery of the assembly.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 27

Part 4 Documentation of Rope Design

General
This section provides guidance on documenting the rope design, including yarn material, rope
construction, and termination.
The rope manufacturer is to prepare a Rope Design Specification, a Yarn Specification, a
Manufacturing Specification, and a Telinination Specification, as described in this Part.

2 Rope Design Specification

2.1 Description of Rope Design

The Rope Design Specification is to describe the design of the rope in sufficient detail to permit
evaluation of its suitability for purpose and to distinguish it from other similar ropes. As a
minimum, it is to include the details called for in 3/2. It is to include drawings or photographs
which show the rope construction.
The Rope Design Specification is to refer to a Yarn Specification, a Manufacturing Specification,
and a Termination Specification, as detailed below.

2.2 Description of Rope Properties

The Rope Design Specification is to include data on the rope properties called for in 3/3. These
properties are to be deteuiiined through testing, as called for in Part 6. If these tests have not yet
been conducted, estimates of these properties are to be included along with information on how
those estimates were made, and these properties are to be prominently identified as preliminary.

2.3 General Rope Prototype Test

The rope manufacturer may, prior to receiving an order, make prototype ropes to the documented
rope design, test them in accordance with the procedures given iri Part 6, and then publicize and
advertise these rope properties. If this is done, the prototype rope is to be inspected in
accordance with Part 8 and rope testing is to be witnessed by the attending Surveyor.

2.4 Ordered Rope Prototype Test

Alternatively, after receiving an order but before producing, ropes for that order, the rope
manufacturer may first make prototype ropes to the documented rope design and test them in
accordance with the procedures given in Part 6 to demonstrate these rope properties.

2.5 Production Rope Test

Alternatively, after rope is produced to the documented rope design for an order, the rope
manufacturer or the applicant may test samples of rope from that production to demonstrate the
rope properties.

3 Yarn Specification
The rope manufacturer is to prepare a Yarn Specification which completely describes the yarn
material, the yarn properties and acceptable tolerances. If more than one type of yarn is used in
making the rope, then a separate specification is to be prepared for each type of yarn. This
specification may be proprietary, but it is to be made available to ABS upon request.

28 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 4: Documentation of Rope Design

The Yarn Specification is to designate the material chemical name, composition and type, the
yam producer, and the yarn grade, finish and merge number.
The Yarn Specification is to include the properties of the yarn when tested in accordance with
Part 5. When preparing this specification, the yarn producer andlor the rope manufacturer are to
test the yarn to be used in rope making to establish its properties. If prototype rope testing is
conducted before offering the rope product, then this yarn testing may take place in conjunction
with making rope for those tests.
The Yarn Specification is to include the following fiber or yarn properties as determined by
testing procedures given in Part 5 of these Guidance Notes:
• Yarn Breaking Strength
• Yarn Elongation
• Yarn Creep
• Yarn-on-Yarn Abrasion
The yarn to be used in rope making is to be tested for wet properties unless otherwise allowed in
Part 5 of these Guidance Notes. The properties are to be documented in the Yarn Specification
for later comparison with yarns used in production.
If it is demonstrated that there is no significant difference between dry and wet properties, then
only either dry or wet properties need be tested during rope production. The yarn on yam
abrasion test is to be a wet test.
The rope manufacturer is to document the above properties for materials used in braided
jacketing on strands and on the rope as appropriate.

4 Manufacturing Specification
The rope manufacturer is to prepare a Manufacturing Specification which completely describes
the rope construction and parameters, and the steps and processes used in making the rope. This
specification may be proprietary, but it is to be made available to ABS upon request.

4.1 Rope Making Parameters

The Manufacturing Specification is to document all important parameters of the rope making
process appropriate for the particular type of rope, including nominal values and allowable
variations for these parameters. These nominal values and allowable variations may be different,
as appropriate, for each size of rope.
The following parameters are to be included, as appropriate:
Size of basic yarn
Twist of basic yarn
Ply count of intermediate yarns (number of basic yarns)
Twist of intermediate yams
Ply count of rope yarn (number of basic yarns)
Twist of rope yarn
Number of rope yams per strand
Gearing of stranding machine
Speed of stranding machine
Strand closing die bore diameter

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 29

 Part 4: Documentation of Rope Design
Yarn lay length in strand (measured on stranding machine)
Arrangement of rope yarns per layer in stranding machine register plate
Total number of strands
Number of strands per carrier (during braiding)
Bore diameter of rope closing die
Gearing of rope making machine
Strand tension during closing (springs or weights)
Maximum speed of rope production
Lay length of strands in rope

4.2 Strand and Rope Jacketing Parameters

The Manufacturing Specification is to document all important parameters of the process of
jacketing appropriate for the particular type of rope. The rope manufacturer is to set the nominal
values and allowable variations for application of braided jacketing to strands and to the rope as
appropriate. These nominal values and allowable variations may be different, as appropriate, for
each size of rope.
The parameters are to be as listed in 4/4.1 as appropriate for the particular jacketing technique.

4.3 Strand Splice Specification

The applicant is to make known to ABS whether strand splices are being used in the
manufacturing of the rope.
'If strands are to be spliced during the rope making process (or later) then the Manufacturing
Specification is to document all important steps and parameters of the process of strand splicing.
Strand splicing is defined here as the substitution of one strand for another by any means such as
overlapping, tucking, intertwining or interbraiding. In this context, strand is defined as the major
component of the rope structure. In parallel strand rope, this also applies to the first
subcomponent which makes up the major strand, that is the substrand or major yam unless there
are more than 25 such subcomponents.
Strand splicing is not to be done in parallel fiber and parallel yarn ropes.
The Strand Splice Specification is to describe how the individual strands (and substrands) are
prepared for splicing, the process of splicing, the process of finishing the splice, and all critical
dimensions. It is to include complete instructions to the person performing these operations.
It is to specify the minimum spacing of such strand splices along the axial length of the finished
rope (and in the case of sub-strand splices along the length of the strand. It is to include a means
of marking the locations of strand splices (and substrand splices) on the individual strand. It is to
include procedures to assure that the specified minimum spacing of strand splices (and substrand
splices) is adhered to in the process of assembling the strands into the finished rope. If the total
number of strands (or substrands) within the rope is less than fifty, it is to include procedures to
assure that the strand splices (and substrand splices) are not included in rope splices or other
terminations nor within a specified distance from the rope ends of terminations.
If strand splices are to be used in the rope, then such strand splices are to be included in the
prototype or production ropes prepared for break testing (6/4) and for cyclic testing (6/10 &
6/11). At least one such strand splice is to be included in each specimen prepared for these tests.
If the minimum spacing of strand splices given in the Strand Splice Specification permits more
than one splice to be located within the designated rope specimen length (between ends of rope
terminations) then the maximum number of strand splices which might occur within that length
is to be included in each of these specimens. And if accomplishing this might result in a strand

30 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 4: Documentation of Rope Design

splice being located closer than pcii tined to the end of a termination, then the length of the
specimen is to be appropriately increased.
The location of all such strand splices within a test specimen is to be recorded or be marked on
the cover of the rope for future reference. If the rope fails during testing at a stand splice, this is
to be reported in the test report.

Termination Specification
The rope manufacturer is to prepare a Termination Specification which completely describes the
rope termination and its method of assembly or application as appropriate. The Tei 'inflation
Specification is to document the important properties and parameters for the particular type of
termination, including those mentioned below. This specification may be proprietary, but it is to
be made available to ABS upon request.

5.1 Spliced Termination

If spliced teiminations are to be applied to the rope, the Termination Specification is to
adequately describe these. The rope manufacturer is to set the nominal values and allowable
variations for all splice assembly and application parameters appropriate for the particular type of
rope. These nominal values and allowable variations may be different, as appropriate, for each
size of rope.
The following parameters are to be included, as appropriate:
Lengths of preparation of end of rope (e.g. markings)
Method of preparation of end of rope (e.g. removal of rope jacket)
Lengths of preparation of strand (e.g. markings)
Method of preparation of strand (e.g. removal of strand jacket, tapering)
Number and arrangement of strand tucks
Tensioning of strand tucks
Finishing of strand tuck (e.g. tapering)
Dimensions of finished splice
Protection of finished splice

5.2 Potted Socket Termination

If potted socket terminations are to be applied to the rope, the Termination Specification is to
adequately describe these. The rope manufacturer is to set the nominal values and allowable
variations for all potted socket assembly and application parameters appropriate for the particular
type of rope. These nominal values and allowable variations may be different, as appropriate, for
each size of rope.
The following parameters are to be included, as appropriate:
Dimensioned scale drawing of socket
Dimensioned scale drawing of socket insert
Lengths of preparation of end of rope (e.g. markings)
Method of preparation of end of rope (e.g. removal of rope jacket, flaring)
Lengths of preparation of stand (e.g. markings)
Method of preparation of strand (e.g. removal of stand jacket)
Arrangement of strands within socket

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 31

 Part 4: Documentation of Rope Design

Tensioninc,, or support of strands within socket

Preparation of potting material
Shelf life of prepared potting material
Pouring of potting material
Set time after application of potting material
Finishing of potted socket assembly
Dimensions of finished potted socket assembly
Protection of finished potted socket assembly

5.3 Wedged Socket Termination

If wedged socket terminations are to be applied to the rope, the Termination Specification is to
adequately describe these. The rope manufacturer is to set the nominal values and allowable
variations for all wedge socket assembly and application parameters appropriate for the particular
type of rope. These nominal values and allowable variations may be different, as appropriate, for
each size of rope.
The following parameters are to be included, as appropriate:
Dimensioned scale drawing of socket
Dimensioned scale drawing of socket insert
Lengths of preparation of end of rope (e.g. markings)
Method of preparation of end of rope (e.g. removal of rope jacket)
Lengths of preparation of strand (e.a. markings)
Method of preparation of strand (e.g. removal of strand jacket, flaring)
Arrangement of strands within socket
Tensioning or support of strands within socket
Preparation of wedge
Application of wedge
Force applied to wedge
Finishing of wedged socket assembly
Dimensions of finished wedged socket assembly
Protection of finished wedged socket assembly

32 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 5 Testing of Yarn

General
This section provides guidance on testing the basic yarn used in making prototype and
production ropes. Number of yarn samples for testing is to refer to 7/4.2.
The properties of the yarn(s) to be used in rope manufacturing are to be determined by the
following test procedures.

2 Yarn Testing Practices

2.1 Yarn Property Testing When Documenting Rope Design

When a rope design is documented in accordance with Part 4, the rope manufacturer is to
establish the yarn properties through testing of the yarn specified for making that rope.
The test results are to be made part of the Yarn Specification, 4/3, and submitted to ABS for
review.

2.2 Yarn Property Testing When Making Rope for Testing

When rope is produced for testing in accordance with Part 6, the rope manufacturer is to
determine the yarn properties through testing of the actual yarn used in making that rope.
Certain of these tests are also to be performed on samples of yarn removed from the prototype
test rope after it is made, as a basis for comparison with tests perfoinied from yarns removed
from production ropes. See 6/10, 8/3.3 and 8/3.4.
The yarn test results for these yarns used in rope testing are to be included with the rope design
documentation for later review and comparison by the attending ABS Surveyor.

2.3 Yarn Property Testing during Rope Production

When rope is produced for an order, the rope manufacturer is to verify the yarn properties
through testing of the actual yarn used in making that rope.
The production yarn test results are to be made available for review by ABS.

2.4 Yarn Testing by Yarn Producer

If the yarn producer is qualified by ABS, then the rope manufacturer may direct that the yarn
producer carry out these tests and certify the results.
In this case, the rope manufacturer is to obtain certified copies of the yarn test results from the
yarn producer.

2.5 Yarn Testing by Classification Society

ABS may require additional yarn tests on specimens of yarn taken during rope production, as
permitted in Part 8.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 33

 Part 5: Testing of Yarn

3 Testing of Yarn Dry Breaking Strength and Elongation

Four specimens of basic yarn are to be taken and tested. The specimens are to be conditioned to
equilibrium at a temperature between 15° and 25° C (59° and 77° F) and a relative humidity
between 60% and 70%.
The specimens are to be loaded to break in accordance with ASTM D 885 "Tire Cords, Tire Cord
Fabrics, and Industrial Filament Yarns Made From Man-Made Organic-Based Fibers" [Ref. 15].
BS EN ISO 2062 "Methods of Determination of Breaking Strength and Extension" [Ref. 16], or
an equivalent method. The testing method to be used is to be identified in the rope design
documentation. The same method is then to be used whenever the yarn is tested.
The average yam dry breaking strength and dry elongation are to be determined and recorded in
accordance with 4/3, Yarn Specification.

4 Testing of Yarn Wet Breaking Strength and Elongation

Four specimens of basic yam are to be taken and tested. The specimens are to be submerged in
distilled water at room temperature. Care is to be taken not to disturb the yarn twist. The
specimens are to be soaked for a time sufficient to thoroughly wet the specimen, as indicated by
no significant further change in strength and elongation following longer periods of immersion.
A non-ionic wetting agent may be added to accelerate wetting.
The specimens are to be loaded to break in accordance with ASTM D 885 "Tire Cords, Tire Cord
Fabrics, and Industrial Filament Yams Made From Man .Made Organic-Based Fibers" [Ref. 15],
BS EN ISO 2062 "Methods of Determination of Breaking Strength and Extension" [Ref. 16], or
an equivalent method. The testing method to be used is to be identified in the rope design
documentation. The same test method is then to be used whenever the yam is tested.
The average yarn wet breaking strength and wet elongation are to be determined and recorded in
accordance with 4/3, Yarn Specification.

Testing of Yarn Dry Creep

Four specimens of basic yarn are to be taken and tested. Each specimen is to have a length of at
least 1.5 m (5 ft). A knot is to be tied in each end of each specimen if appropriate to maintain
twist and structure.
Each specimen is to be prepared as described in 5/3. The test is to be conducted in still air at
between 15° and 25° C (59° and 77° F) and a relative humidity between 60% and 70%. The test
is not to be conducted in direct sunlight.
A means is to be provided to prevent the yarn from twisting or untwisting if this may be a factor.
At a tension of 1% of the yam dry break strength, apply marks on the specimen separated by a
gage length of at least 1.4 m (4.6 ft).
Then apply a tension weight of 0.5 times the yarn dry strength (deteiuiined in 5/3) to the yarn.
Extension (distance between the two gage marks) measured at 1 minute, at 10 minutes, at 2 hrs
(120 min), at 24 hrs (1440 min), and at 7 days (10080 min).
Plot the extension of each specimen at each actual measurement time on semi-log graph paper
with time in minutes on the logarithmic scale. Fit a straight line through the data. Determine the
percent of creep over one log cycle, for example 10 to 100 minutes from the slope of this line.
(Alternatively, a suitable curve-fit equation may be used).
The average percent creep over one log cycle for all four specimens is to be reported.

34 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 5: Testing of Yarn

6 Testing of Wet Yarn-on-Yarn Abrasion

Eight specimens of basic yam are to be taken and tested.
The specimens are to be prepared as described in 5/4: The wet test is to be conducted in fresh
water at between 17° and 23° C (63° and 73° F).
The yarn-on-yarn abrasion test is to be carried out as described in the Cordage Institute "Test
Method for Wet and Dry Yam-on-Yam Abrasion Resistance", CI 1505-98 [Ref. 14].

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 35

Part 6 Testing of Rope

"I General
This section provides guidance to the applicant as to the tests which are to be conducted to
determine or demonstrate the rope properties. It includes specific instructions for the following
tests:
• Wet Break Test — 6/4
• Wet Extension and Creep Properties — 6/5
• Wet Modulus Properties — 6/6
• Torque and Rotation Properties — 6/7
• Torque and Rotation Properties (alternate procedure) — 6/8
• Torque and Rotation Properties of Spliced Rope — 6/9
• Tension-Tension Cyclic Perfoi mance — 6/10
• Tension-Relaxation Performance — 6/11
• Wet Rope Strength Factor — 6/12

2 Rope Test Practices

The rope tests may be performed on a prototype rope after the rope design is documented (by the
manufacturer) to demonstrate the rope properties before an order is received for a rope, on a
prototype rope at the beginning of production to an order, or on a sample rope taken during or after
production of an order. These alternatives are explained further in Part 4.
The tested ropes are to be identical in material and construction to those used in production ropes,
except as noted herein. If strand splices are to be used in rope production. then the tested ropes are
to contain strand splices, as described in 4/4.3.
Unless otherwise indicated, the term minimum break strength (MBS) used in these Guidance Notes
mean minimum wet breaking strength.
All rope tests are to be witnessed by ABS.

3 Interpolation and Extrapolation of Data

Interpolation and extrapolation are only acceptable in certain instances. Attachment 6/A provides
rules for interpolation and extrapolation_ As a general guide, it is recommended that full scale
testing is to be performed wherever possible. Any interpolation or extrapolation is to be fully
documented and justified, and will be considered on a case by case basis.

4 Testing of Rope Wet Strength

4.1 Test Specimen

Five specimens are to be tested.

36 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 6: Testing of Rope
The specimens are to be terminated in the same manner as that which will be used on the rope
assembly. The specimen length is to be at least 40 times nominal rope diameter between rope ends
of telininations. [For ropes with strand splices, the test specimen length is to refer to 4/4.3.]
The specimen is not to have been previously tensioned to more than 5% of its estimated breaking
strength nor have been cycled or maintained under tension.
The entire specimen including terminations is to be soaked in fresh water for 22 to 26 hours before
testing. The specimen is to be tested as soon as practical after being removed from the water. If
there is a delay of more than 12 hours after soaking, the specimen is to be soaked again for an
additional 2 hours for each 24 hour period of delay up to a maximum of an additional 24 hours of
soaking before the rope is tested. The temperature of the water is to be maintained between 15° and
25° C (59° and 77° F).

4.2 Test Machine

The test machine is to have sufficient bed length, stroke, rate of loading, and force produc
capacity to carry out the test as described in one pull without pause.
The test machine is to be equipped with a force measuring and indicating/recording device which
is accurate to within ±/- 1% of the estimated breaking force for the rope specimen.
The force measuring and indication/recording device is to be calibrated by a recognized independent
calibration agency, using a reference load cell traceable to applicable national standards. This
calibration is to have been done within the previous year. An original calibration certificate is to
be available for examination, and a copy of this certificate is to be attached to the test report.

4.3 Test Procedure

The specimen is to be tested for wet break strength in accordance with Section 11 "Determination
of Cycled Strength" of CI 1500-97 "Standard Test Methods for Fiber Rope" [Ref. 13] as follows:
1. Cycle the rope ten times from 1% of estimated MBS {initial tension) to 50% of estimated MBS
at the rate described below.
2. On the eleven cycle, apply force to the rope at the rate described below until it breaks.
3. Record the breaking force (maximum force applied to the rope). Record the point at which the
rope broke, e.g. between splices, at end of splice, at crotch of splice, in back of eye, or other
description of break location.
The rate of travel of the pulling head during the break test is to be such that the rope is loaded to
20% of its estimated MBS in not less than 2 sec. nor more than 30 sec. The crosshead is to then
continue moving without pause at approximately that rate of travel until the rope breaks.

4.4 Data Reporting

The breaking tension and the location and nature of break are to be reported for each specimen.
The average wet break strength and the standard deviation of wet break strength are to be calculated,
using the data from all five tests, and reported. Standard deviation is to be computed by the n-1
formula.
The minimum wet break strength, defined as the average wet break strength minus two times the
standard deviation of wet break strength, is to be calculated and reported.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 37

 Part 6: Testing of Rope

5 Testing of Rope Wet Extension and Creep Properties

The extension data are intended to be used in mooring line pretension calculations and platform
offset calculations. The shapes of the load-extension curves at 6 min., 60 min., 600 min. and 6000
min may be extrapolated on a semi-log basis (elongation point on noinial scale vs. time on log
scale) to longer times.
The creep data are intended to be used in mooring line creep take-up calculations. The percent
creep at 6 min., 60 min., 600 min. and 6000 min may be extrapolated on a semi-log basis (creep on
normal scale vs. time on log scale) to longer times.

5.1 Test Specimen

One specimen is to be tested.
It is not necessary that the terminations used in this test be the same as those which will be used on
the rope in service. The terminations are to be of sufficient strength to safely withstand at least 70%
of the MBS.
The length of the specimen is to be sufficient to accommodate a gage length determined as follows.
The gage length over which elongation is measured is to be sufficient to achieve +/- 10% accuracy
for the expected extension, as determined from the tables in Attachment 6711 This criterion is to
be judged by the accuracy to which the extension measuring system can measure the difference
between rope length (over gage length) at trough load and at peak load for the intended cyclic load
range.
The gage marks are to be no closer than 5 times rope diameter from the rope ends of teiniination.
Thus the specimen length is to be sufficient to accommodate the gage length, as deter wined above,
plus at least 10 times nominal rope diameter between rope ends of tee ininations.
The specimen is not to have been previously tensioned to more than 5% of its estimated MBS nor
have been cycled or maintained under tension.
The specimen is to be conditioned in water as described in 6/4.1.

5,2 Test Machine and Apparatus

The test machine is to be as described in 6/4.2.
In addition, the test machine is to be equipped with an elongation measuring device and data
collection system capable of measuring and recording the elongation over the gage length
determined above. The data collection system is to be capable of recording sufficient data points
during a load cycle to accurately determine the secant tangent between tensions separated by no
more than 5% of the breaking strength of the specimen.
The entire rope section including terminations is preferably to be immersed in fresh water during
the test, Alternatively, the entire length of rope between ends of terminations can be sprayed with
fresh water during the test at a minimum rate per minute calculated by the following foiniula:

WR = 0.0004 x WL x D2

where:

WR rate of water application, titerimin

WL length of rope over which water is applied, meters
rope diameter, mm

38 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 6: Testing of Rope

The water temperature is to be maintained at between 5° and 10° C (41° and 50° F).

5.3 Test Procedure

The specimen is to be tested for wet elongation, extension, and creep properties as follows. This
test procedure is illustrated in Figure 6-1.
1. Tension the rope to 1% of MBS (initial tension). Measure and record the original initial length
between gage marks.
2. Tension the rope to 30% of MBS while recording elongation vs. tension. This tensioning is to
be done at the rate of crosshead travel established in 6/4.3.
3. Hold tension at 30% of MBS for 30 minutes.
4. Reduce tension to 25% of MBS. Maintain this tension for 6 minutes and then record the
elongation of the rope at this tension.
5. Lower rope tension to 1% of MBS. Measure and record immediate initial length between gage
marks. With minimal delay, recension it to 30% of MBS while recording elongation vs. tension.
This lowering and retensioning is to be done at the rate of crosshead travel used in step 2. Then
lower tension to 25% of MBS and maintain this tension.
6. Maintain the rope at 25% of MBS tension for a total of 1 hour (54 additional minutes), adjusting
tension as necessary to maintain it at 25% ±1- 2% of MBS. At the end of 1 hour record
elongation at 25% of MBS.
7. Repeat step 5.
8. Maintain the rope at 25% of MBS tension for a total of 10 hours (9 additional hours), adjusting
tension as necessary to maintain it at 25% +1- 2% of IVIES. At the end of 10 hours record
elongation at 25% of MBS.
9. Repeat step 5.
10. Maintain the rope at 25% of MBS tension for a total of 100 hours (90 additional hours),
adjusting tension as necessary to maintain it at 25% +1- 2% of MBS. At the end of 100 hours
record elongation at 25% of MBS.
11. Repeat step 5. Then lower tension to zero to complete the test.

5.4 Data Reporting

Tabulate the elongation at 5% of MBS load increments from 5% to 30% of MBS for the first
tensioning and for the retensionings after 0.1 hr (6 min.), 1, 10 and 100 hours by the following
formula:

Eig = LL
where:

LL Length of gaged portion of rope at designated load.

Li Immediate initial length of gaged portion of rope at initial tension before
application of designated tension (Step 5).

For each elongation, calculate the percent extension by the following equation.

Ext 100% x Elg /Li

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 39

 Part 6: Testing of Rope

where:

Ext = Extension

Deteimine the extension at 25% of MBS tension after relaxing from the 30% of MBS tension and
waiting for 6 minutes (Step 4). Report this value as the Lower Post-Installation Stiffness.
Plot extension vs. tension on the 1st tensioning and the retensionings after 0.1 hr (6 min.), 1, 10 and
100 hours. Report the load-extension plots.
Calculate the rope creep at 25% of MBS (as recorded before relaxing rope) after 0.1 hr (6 min.), 1,
10 and 100 hours as percent of initial length by the following formula:

100% x LL Lo ) Lo
where

Lo = Original initial length of gaged portion of rope at initial tension before

application of any higher tension (Step 1).

Plot the rope creep after 0.1 hr (6 min.), 1, 10 and 100 hours on semi-log graph paper with time in
minutes on the logarithmic scale, as illustrated in Figure 6-2. Fit a straight line through the data.
If the plot is nonlinear, then fit the straight line through the later data points only. Determine the
creep over one log cycle from the slope of this line. (Alternatively, a suitable curve-fit equation
may be used).
Report the creep vs. log time plot and the percent creep per log cycle.
These data can be extrapolated to estimate the creep which will occur over longer time intervals.
These data can also be extrapolated to estimate the static load-extension characteristics after longer
times.

40 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 6: Testing of Rope

Figure 6-1 Rope Wet Extension and Creep Properties (Ref. 6/51
Creep, %BreakStrength

NOW

Creep per Cycle

........

6 mu) 1 hr 10 hr 100 hr 1000 hr

Time
Figure 6-2 : Example of Plotting Creep (Ref, 6/S.4)

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 41

 Part 6: Testing of Rope

6 Testing of Rope Wet Modulus Properties

6.1 Test Specimen

One specimen is to be tested.
The specimen is to be terminated as described in 6/5.1.
The length of the specimen is to be sufficient to accommodate a gage length determined as
described in 6/5.1.
The specimen is to not have been previously tensioned to more than 5% of its of MBS nor have
been cycled or maintained under tension.
The specimen is to be conditioned in water as described in 6/4.1.

6.2 Test Machine and Apparatus

The test machine is to be as described in 6/4.2 and 6/5.2.
The entire rope section including terminations is preferably to be immersed in fresh water during
the test. Alternatively, the entire length of rope between ends of terminations can be sprayed with
fresh water at the rate described in 6/5.2.
The water temperature is to be maintained between 5° and 10° C (41° and 50° F).

6.3 Test Procedure

The specimen is to be tested for wet dynamic elongation and extension properties in accordance
with Section 12 "Determination of Cycled Elongation and Extension" of CI 1500-97 "Standard Test
Methods for Fiber Rope" [Ref. 13], modified as follows. This test procedure is illustrated in Figure
6-3_
1. Tension the rope to 1% of MBS (initial tension). Measure and record the original initial length
between gage marks.
2. Tension the rope to 55% of MBS while recording elongation vs. tension. This tension na is o
be done at the rate of crosshead travel established in 6/4.3.
3_ Hold tension at 55% of MBS for 30 minutes. Then reduce tension to 25% of MBS.
4. Maintain tension on the rope at 25% of MBS for 6 minutes and then record the elongation at
this tension.
5. Lower rope tension to 1% of MBS. Measure and record the immediate initial length. With
minimal delay, retension it to 55% of MBS while recording elongation vs. tension. This
lowering and retensioning is to be done at the rate of crosshead travel used in step 2. Then
lower tension to 25% of MBS.
6. Cycle the rope about 25% of MBS mean tension with a tension amplitude of 5% of MBS at a
rate of 5 ±/- 1 cycles per minute (0.083 Hz). Record the rope elongation on the 1st, 10th, 100th,
and 1000th cycle while maintaining the same cycling rate.
7. After the 10th and 100th cycle, repeat step 5, After the 1000th cycle, proceed as follows.
8. Lower rope tension to 1% of MBS. Measure and record the immediate initial length. With
minimal delay, retension it to 55% of MBS while recording elongation vs. tension. This
lowering and retensioning is to be done at the rate of crosshead travel used in step 2. Then
lower tension to 40% of MBS.

42 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 6: Testing of Rope

9. Cycle the rope about 40% of MBS mean tension with a tension amplitude of 15% of MBS at
a period of not less than 1 cycle per minute. Record the rope elongation on the 1,010th, 1100th
and the 2000th cycle while maintaining the same cycling rate.
10. After the 1,010th and 1,100th cycle, repeat step 8.
11. After the 2000th cycle, lower rope tension to 1% of MBS. Measure and record the immediate
initial length. With minimal delay, retension it to 55% of MBS while recording elongation vs.
tension. This lowering and retensioning is to be done at the rate of crosshead travel used in step
2. Then reduce tension to zero to complete the test.
These cycles are to be applied without significant pauses or interruptions.

6.4 Data Reporting

Calculate extension, as described in 6/5.4.
Determine the extension at 25% of MBS tension after relaxing from the 55% of MBS tension and
waiting for 6 minutes (step 4).
Plot and report installation extension vs. tension on the 1st cycle. Report this value as the Higher
Post-Installation Stiffness.
Plot and report dynamic extension vs. tension on the 1st, 10th, 100th, and 1000th cycle.
Plot and report dynamic extension vs. tension on the 1010th, 1100th, and 2000th cycle.
On a semi-log graph, plot the extensions at 5% of MRS (on normal scale ordinate) against number
of cycles (on log scale abscissa). Repeat for extensions at 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%,
45%, 50%, and 55% of MBS.
For the purpose of calculating modulus, the stress in the rope is calculated by dividing tension by
the Rope Fiber Area. Calculate the rope fiber area by the following foiuiula:

rfA = 1,000 x Wf Df

where:

rfA = rope fiber area, mm2

Wf = mass of fiber per unit length of rope, kg/m
Df = mass density of fiber material, g/cc

For the purpose of calculating modulus, the strain in the rope is calculated by dividing elongation
(change in length) by gage length. Strain can also be determined by dividing extension by 100%.
For the purpose of calculating dynamic modulus, use the secant slope (slope of the line joining the
trough (lower) and peak (upper) cyclic loads. Secant modulus is determined instead of tangent
modulus because it can be determined more uniformly and accurately.
Calculate the secant modulus between the extensions at 20% of MBS tension and 30% of MBS
tension on the 1000th cycle. Report this as the Intermediate Modulus.
Calculate the secant modulus between the extensions at 25% of MBS tension and 55% of MBS
tension on the 2000th cycle. Report this as the Storm Modulus.
The dynamic moduli are intended to be used in dynamic mooring analysis. The dynamic moduli
at 10th, 100th, and 1000th cycle can be extrapolated on a semi-log basis (modulus on normal scale
vs. cycles on log scale) to more cycles.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 43

 Part 6: Testing of Rope

60

50

40--
C
a)
—
U)

da
8,R 20 —
C
o -
toi
10

0
Extension

Figure 6-3 Test for Wet Modulus Properties (Ref. 6/6.3)

44 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 6: Testing of Rope

7 Testing of Rope Torsional Stiffness and Rotation

Properties
This test is only necessary for ropes which will be used in a mooring leg where torque and rotation
properties are of concern or interest. It is noted that the methodology presented below and in 6/8
and 6/9 may require specialized devices, which may not be widely available. In lieu of the testing
procedures given below, the Bureau would consider any reasonable test set-up which provides
adequate measurement of torsional stiffness as a function of different tension and rotation
conditions.

7.1 Test Specimen

One specimen is to be tested.
The specimen is to be terminated in a manner which resists rotation and which does not affect the
measured rope torque and rotation characteristics. The termination is to constrain all components
which might significantly influence rotation and torque properties, including the rope jacket. The
teiiiiinations are to be of sufficient strength to safely withstand 50% of the MBS.
Splices are not acceptable, as they do not provide the same torque-tension or torsional stiffness
characteristics as the rope. Resin sockets are preferred. Other means of rope teuuination are
acceptable provided that they meet the above criteria.
The specimen is to have an undisturbed length of at least 50 times nominal rope diameter between
rope ends of terminations.
The specimen is not to have been previously tensioned to more than 5% of MBS nor have been
cycled or maintained under tension. The specimen is not to have been soaked in water nor exposed
to excessive humidity. This test is to be done in the dry condition.

7.2 Test Machine and Apparatus

The rope is to be tested on a tension test machine with a bed length, stroke, rate of loading, and
force capacity sufficient to carry• out the tests as described.
The tension test machine is to be equipped with a torque measuring device coupled in series with
the rope_ This torque measuring device is to resist any tendency of the rope to rotate. The torque
measuring device may incorporate a friction-compensated motor driven swivel device with an
attached torque rotation arm and load cell. Other suitable torque measuring devices may be
employed. The torque measuring device is to have an accuracy of +/- 1% of the expected maximum
rope torque.
The tension test machine is to also be equipped with a rotation measuring device incorporating a
friction-compensated swivel. This friction-compensated swivel may be of a design which senses
any tendency of the rope to rotate, and automatically accommodates this by driving the swivel
through a motor to overcome any friction so as to impose no restraint on the rope against rotation.
Other suitable friction-compensated swivel designs may be employed.
This friction-compensated swivel is to sense and record the total rotation with an accuracy of +1-
03 degrees per meter of rope length (±1- 0.1 degree per ft) up to the intended maximum tension.
The tension test machine is to be provided with a means of preventing rotation at the end opposite
the torque measuring device.
The measurement system is to automatically sense and record torque, rotation, and applied tension.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 45

 Part 6: Testing of Rope

7.3 Test Procedure

1. Mount the rope specimen in the test machine and properly align the terminations to eliminate
any rope twist
2. With the friction-compensated swivel fixed to resist rotation, tension the rope to initial tension
(1% of MBS). Measure and record the torque that occurs as the rope is loaded to the initial
tension.
3. Cycle the rope 100 times from initial tension to 35% of MBS, measuring and recording torque
vs. tension on cycles 1, 10, and 100. This tensioning is to be done at the rate of crosshead travel
established in 6/4.3.
4. Relax the rope. Release the friction compensated swivel to allow one end of the rope to freely
rotate. Tension the rope to initial tension (1% of MBS). Measure and record the rotation which
occurs when the swivel is released and the rope is loaded to initial tension.
S. Tension the rope 100 times from initial tension to 35% of MBS, measuring and recording
rotation vs. tension on cycles 1, 10, and 100. This tensioning is to be done at the rate of
crosshead travel established in 6/4.3.

7.4 Data Reporting

Plot torsional stiffness (torque vs. tension) during Step 2 as the specimen is first loaded to the initial
tension. Report the plot.
Plot torsional stiffness on cycles 1, 10, and 100 during step 3. Report the plots.
Report the rotation per unit length which occurred when the swivel was released after 100 cycles.
Plot rotation per unit length vs. tension during step 4. Report the plot.
Plot rotation vs. tension on cycles 1, 10, and 100 during step 5. Report the plots.

8 Alternate Testing of Rope Torsional Stiffness and

Rotation Properties
The test described below is only necessary for ropes which will be used in a mooring leg where
torque and rotation properties are of concern or interest.
This alternative method may be used when it is necessary to match the torsional stiffness and
rotation properties of a specified wire or another synthetic rope. When requested by the Purchaser,
this method may be used instead of the methods of 6/7.
While this method can be used to confirm a proper match the torque characteristics of two different
ropes, it does not provide sufficient data to be useful for determining how the rope design(s) might
be altered to achieve a better torque match.

8.1 Test Specimen

One synthetic rope specimen is to be tested. The specimen is to be prepared as described in 6/7.1.
In addition, one specimen of the to-be-matched rope is to be prepared as described in 6/7.1.
The lengths of the two rope specimens are to be in the same ratio as the lengths which the two ropes
will have in the actual mooring system. The shorter rope specimen is to have an undisturbed length
of at least 30 times nominal rope diameter between rope ends of teiiiiinations.

46 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 6: Testing of Rope

8.2 Test Machine and Apparatus

The rope is to be tested on a tension test machine with a bed length, stroke, rate of loading, and
force capacity sufficient to carry out the tests as described.
A mean of measuring rotation is to be mounted on the coupling between the two test specimens.
This rotation measuring device is to be capable of measuring rotation with an accuracy of-/- 0.3
degree per meter of rope length (±/- 0.1 degree per ft).

8.3 Test Procedures

1. Mount the two ropes in series on the test machine with the rotation measuring means coupled
between the ropes. Properly align the terminations to eliminate any rope twist.
Tension the ropes to initial tension (1% of MBS). Zero the rotation measuring device.
3. Tension the ropes 100 times from initial tension to 35% of MBS, recording rotation vs. tension.
This tensioning is to be done at the rate of crosshead travel established in 6/4.3. Record or plot
rotation vs. tension on cycles 1, 10, and 100.

8.4 Data Reporting

Report the rotation vs. tension on cycles 1, 10, and 100 during step 2. Report the plots.
In the actual mooring system, the total rotation of the connecting hardware between the two
different ropes will be equal to the rotation measured during this test multiplied by the length scale
factor chosen for the test specimens.

9 Testing of Spliced Rope Torsional Stiffness and

Rotation Properties
A tendency of a splice to twist differently than the rope can be detrimental to both rope and splice
perfoililance, especially in cyclic loading and fatigue_
The torque/tension characteristics of a splice may differ from that of the rope. When a spliced rope
is tensioned, twisting of the splice may affect the torque produced by the rope. Because of this
effect, the torque produced in a short spliced rope specimen may be significantly less than that in
a long spliced rope specimen. Thus when a short rope specimen is tensioned, the torque
experienced by the splice may be significantly less than that which will be experienced in a very
long mooring line.
In the actual mooring system, the torque vs. tension behavior of a long mooring line will be
essentially unaffected by any rotation of the eye splice termination. The intent of this test is to
duplicate this in-service behavior.
The torque tests of 6/7 are first to be carried out on a specimen of the rope. That test provides data
which is required when conducting this test.

9.1 Test Specimen

One specimen is to be tested.
One end of the specimen is to be terminated in the same manner as that which will be used on the
rope assembly. The other end is to be terminated as described in 6/7.1.
The specimen is to have a length of at least 50 times nominal rope diameter between terminations.
The specimen is to be conditioned as described in 6/7.1

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 47

 Part 6: Testing of Rope

9.2 Test Machine and Apparatus

The rope is to be tested on a tension test machine with a bed length, stroke, rate of loading, and
force capacity sufficient to carry out the tests as described.
The tension test machine is to be equipped with a power twister device. This is a motor driven
swivel capable of allowing the rope to rotate while applying a controlled torque.

9.3 Test Procedure

1. From the results of the torque-tension test in 6/7, establish the stabilized (Cycle 100) torque vs.
tension curve for the rope. (If 6/7 has not been conducted, perform that test on a separate
specimen before performing this test.)
2. A reference photograph is to be taken of the splice and measurements of the key dimensions of
the splice taken before placing the rope specimen in the test machine.
3. Mount the rope specimen on the test machine with a "power twister". Properly align the
terminations to eliminate any rope twist.
4. Increase the rope tension from zero to 35% of the MBS while using the power twister to rotate
one end of the specimen as needed to ensure that the rope torque follows the torque vs. tension
curve discussed above.
5. Take photographs and measurements of the key dimensions of the splice.
6. Reduce the rope tension to zero, again using the power twister to achieve the proper torque vs.
tension behavior.
7. Take photographs and measurements of the key dimensions of the splice.
8. Repeat Steps 4 and 6 for 100 total cycles.
9. On cycle 100, take photographs and measure key dimensions of the splice both at the peak
tension and at zero tension.
10. Remove the rope from the machine. Take photographs and measurements of the key
dimensions of the splice.
11. Examine the spliced termination for any evidence of slippage or other deformations that might
render the splice unsuitable for the intended application.
12. Compare the reference photographs and measurements taken before the testing with those taken
during and after the testing. If there is significant distortion or deterioration of the splice caused
by twisting, the splice does not pass the test.

9.4 Data Reporting

Report the photographs and measurements taken of the splice before and after the test. Report any
significant indications of splice deterioration_
Report if the rope splice passed the test or not.

10 Testing of Rope Tension-Tension Cyclic Performance

This test is intended to demonstrate that the synthetic rope has fatigue properties at least as good
as those of either the API Spiral-Strand-Wire Fatigue Life or the API Six/Multi-Strand-Wire Fatigue
Life, as described in Paragraph 6.8 Fatigue life and in Figure 21 'Fatigue Design. Curves' of API
RP 2SK [Ref. 51. This procedure is also to be used when required to test synthetic rope inserts or
cutouts (as indicated in Part 10) in order to demonstrate the remaining strength and to re-verify the
retirement schedule of the used rope.

48 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 6: Testing of Rope

10.1 Test Specimen

One specimen is to be tested.
The specimen is to be teinainated in the same manner as intended for production ropes. The
specimen length is to be a minimum of 50 times nominal rope diameter between rope ends of
terminations.
The specimen is to be conditioned in water as described in 6/4.1.

10.2 Test Machine and Apparatus

The rope is to be tested on a tension test machine with a bed length, stroke, rate of loading, and
force capacity sufficient to carry out the tests as described.
The entire rope section including teiininations is preferably to be immersed in fresh water during
the test. Alternatively, the entire length of rope between ends of terminations can be sprayed with
fresh water at the rate described in 6/5.2.
The water temperature is to be maintained at between 5' and 10° C (41' and 50° F).
Theinial couples or other suitable temperature measuring devices are to be placed firmly on the rope
and insulated from the water bath.

10.3 Test Procedure

The cyclic load test is to be conducted as follows:
1. Cycle the rope about a mean tension of 30% of MBS with an amplitude of 10% of MBS at a
period of less than 1 minute per cycle.
If the surface temperature of the rope exceeds 70° C (158° F), suspend cycling and allow the
rope to relax while the water bath continues until its surface temperature falls to within 10° C
of the temperature of the water bath.
For classification as "6-Strand-Wire Fatigue Life Equivalent" continue cycling for at least
100,000 cycles.
3a. Alternatively, for classification as "Spiral-Strand-Wire Fatigue Life Equivalent" continue
cycling for at least 600,000 cycles.

10.4 Rope Post Test Examination

After cycling, examine the entire length of the rope including termination in detail for any pending
failure.

10.5 Data Reporting

Record the number of applied cycles and signs of deterioration, if any.
Synthetic ropes which pass the 100,000 cycle qualification test may be classified as "6-Strand-Wire
Fatigue Life Equivalent".
Synthetic ropes which pass the 600,000 cycle qualification test may be classified as "Spiral-Strand-
Wire Fatigue Life Equivalent".

11 Testing of Rope Tension-Relaxation Performance

This test for tension-relaxation performance is to be carried out if the low tension design criteria of
2/6.2 are to be deviated from.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 49

 Part 6: Testing of Rope

11.1 Test Specimen

One specimen is to be tested.
The specimen is to be tei ininated in the same manner as intended for production ropes. The
specimen length is to be a minimum of 40 times nominal rope diameter between terminations.
The specimen is to be conditioned in water as described in 6/4.1.

11.2 Test Machine and Apparatus

The rope is to be tested on a tension test machine with a bed length, stroke, rate of loading, and
force capacity sufficient to carry out the tests as described.
The entire rope section including terminations is preferably to be immersed in fresh water during
the test. Alternatively, the entire length of rope between ends of terminations can be sprayed with
fresh water at the rate described in 6/5.2.
The water temperature is to be maintained at between 50 and 10° C (41' and 50° F).
Thermal couples or other suitable temperature measuring devices are to be placed firmly on the rope
and insulated from the water bath.

11.3 Test Procedure

The cyclic load test is to be conducted as follows:
1. Cycle the rope from a trough tension of 1% of MBS to a peak tension of 25% of MBS at a
period of less than 1 minute per cycle.
If the surface temperature of the rope exceeds 70° C (158° F), suspend cycling and allow the
rope to relax while the water bath continues until its surface temperature falls to within 10° C
of the temperature of the water bath.
3. Continue cycling for at least 10,000 cycles.
4. Tension the rope to break, using the test procedure of 6/4.3, to determine residual strength.

11.4 Data Reporting

Report the residual strength, both in absolute terms and as a percent of new MBS.
Report the number of applied cycles.
If there is no reduction in MBS, then the rope may be classed to endure the demonstrated tension-
relaxation cycles.

12 Determination of Wet Rope Strength Factor

12.1 Purpose of Wet Rope Strength Factor

The Wet Rope Strength Factor is the ratio between the aggregate wet strength of the individual load-
bearing yarns which make up the rope and the rope wet strength. It is determined during prototypey
rope testing. It is subsequently used during rope inspection to estimate the strength of the rope.

12.2 Determination of Wet Rope Strength Factor

A 2 m (6.6 ft) long sample is to be taken from the prototype rope when it is spliced or terminated.
Carry out Steps 2.7.1 through 2.7.3 of the OCIMF "Procedures for Quality Control and Inspection

50 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 6: Testing of Rope

during the Production of Hawsers" [Ref 20] on the sample, deteicuining aggregate wet yarn
strength.
After the MBS of the prototype rope is deteiniined, as in 6/4, calculate the Wet Rope Strength
Factor by dividing rope average wet MBS by total yarn strength_

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 51

Part 7 Production of Rope

General
This section provides guidance on manufacturing the rope, including design documentation,
quality control and assurance, termination, assembly, and product documentation.
The rope manufacturer is to follow the practices and procedures called for here and to present
adequate documentation attesting to this to ABS.

2 Rope Design Documentation

The rope manufacturer is responsible for preparing and following detailed documents which
completely and accurately describe how the rope is made, including a Rope Design Specification,
a Yarn Specification, a Manufacturing Specification, and a Termination Specification. These
documents are described in Part 4.

3 Quality Control and Assurance

3.1 Responsibility
The rope manufacturer is responsible for developing and implementing a Quality Control and
Assurance Program and for following this program when manufacturing the rope.

3.2 Quality Assurance Manual

The rope manufacturer is to prepare a Quality Assurance Manual which completely and
accurately describe the Quality Control and Assurance Program. This document is to be made
available for examination by the attending Surveyor during rope inspection.

3.3 Quality Assurance Supervisor

The rope manufacturer is to designate a Quality Assurance Supervisor who is responsible for
adhering to all quality assurance procedures. The Manufacturer may designate Quality
Assurance Deputies who carry out some of the tasks involved in adhering to quality assurance
procedures.
The Quality Assurance Supervisor and any Deputies are not to be under the authority or control
of the manufacturing or sales branches of the rope manufacturer's company organization. The
Quality Assurance Supervisor and any Deputies are to have the authority to stop rope production
when quality assurance is less stringent than the documented procedures or when quality deviates
from the specified values or tolerances, and to notify ABS and the attending Surveyor of this
fact.

3.4 Quality Control Data Sheets

The rope manufacturer is to prepare Quality Control Data Sheets for the processes of yarn
assembly, strand assembly, rope making, rope jacketing, splicing, potted socket application,
wedge socket application, bend restrictor application, and other processes as applicable. These
Quality Control Data Sheets are to cover the items detailed later in this Part.

52 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 7: Production of Rope

3.5 Quality Control Report

For each rope and rope assembly, the rope manufacturer is to prepare a Quality Control Report.
This Report is to include the various Quality Control Data Sheets for the production and
assembly of that rope, Material Certificates and material and yarn test results as applicable. This
Report is to include the rope inspection and test reports as applicable. This Report can be made
as part of the Rope Production Report as described in 7/8.
The rope manufacturer is to maintain this Report for a period of five years or for a longer time if
specified by the Purchaser. This Report is to be available for examination by the attending
Surveyor at the rope manufacturer's offices at any time upon request.

4 Rope Fiber Material Quality Control and Testing

4.1 Material Certification

The rope manufacturer is to certify that the fiber material used in making the rope is that which is
specified in the Rope Design Specification.
The yam producer is to eel iffy the type and grade of fiber material, including finish designation,
merge number, and other identifying information.
Either the rope manufacturer or the yam producer is to certify the following yarn properties,
using the test methods of Part 5:
yarn size
dry break strength
dry elongation to break
wet break strength
wet elongation to break
dry creep
wet yarn-on-yarn abrasion
If there is no significant difference between the dry and wet properties for elongation and break
strength of the yarn, as determined when the property tests were conducted during design of the
rope, then subsequently, only one of these property tests needs to be run for quality assurance
during rope production.

4.2 Material Acceptance Testing

The rope manufacturer or yarn producer is to test each shipment of fiber material for the
properties and using the procedures given in Part 5 of these Guidance Notes.
At least one yarn sample is to be taken at random from each 5,000 kg of material and tested for
yarn size, dry break strength, and dry elongation to break.
At least one yarn sample is to be taken at random from each 20,000 kg of material, and at least
once from the material for any rope order, and tested for wet break strength and wet elongation to
break.
For all materials except HMPE, at least one yarn sample is to be taken at random from each
20,000 kg of material, and at least one from the material for any rope order. and tested for wet
yarn-on-yam abrasion.
For HMPE, nylon, polypropylene, and conventional polyethylene at least one yarn sample is to
be taken at random from each 20,000 kg of material, and at least once from the material for any
rope order, and tested for creep.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 53

 Part 7: Production of Rope

After acceptance testing, each material container or major package is to be marked with a label
which uniquely identifies the material, the fact that it passed the acceptance testing, and the date
on which it was tested.

4.3 Material Storage and Handling

All fiber materials to be used in manufacturing the rope are to be identified and controlled while
in storage, transit, and the manufacturing process.
Prior to entering the rope manufacturing process, the fiber material is to be labeled, stored in a
controlled area, and segregated from other similar materials.
Once the fiber material enters the rope manufacturing process, each material container or major
package is to be labeled as to its contents whenever it moves to another manufacturing step or is
placed in storage. Unless the material container is distinctive and is dedicated only to the
particular fiber, the label is to be removed from the container as soon as the material is taken
from it.

Rope Manufacturing

5.1 Manufacturing Specification

The Manufacture is to completely follow the Manufacturing Specification for the particular rope.
For each size, type and process of rope to be manufactured, the rope manufacturer is to prepare
an Assembly Data Sheet stating the nominal values (and tolerances if applicable) for each set-up
of each step of the manufacturing processes. These Data Sheets for each of the manufacturing
processes will in general include for example:

5.2 Yarn Assembly Process

number of yarns being assembled
size of yams used in assembly
twist of yarns used in assembly
arrangement of yarns in assembly
speed of machine
twist of yam produced

5.3 Strand Assembly Process

number of yarns being assembled
size of yarns
twist of yams
size of closing die
arrangement of yarns in register plate
tension applied during assembly
gearing of stranding machine
speed of stranding machine
lay length of yam path in strand measured on stranding machine

54 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 7: Production of Rope

If strands are jacketed, then a separate Strand Jacketing Data Sheet, similar to the Rope Jacketing
Data Sheet described below, is to be prepared and followed.

5.4 Rope Making Process

total number of strands
number of strands per carrier (if applicable)
arrangement of strands in register plate (if applicable)
diameter of rope closing die
gearing
tension applied
minimum and maximum speed of rope production
lay length of strand path in rope

5.5 Rope Jacketing Process (extruded jackets)

(for braided jackets, information will be similar to 7/5.3 and 7/5.4)
type and grade of jacketing material
type, grade, and proportions of component materials
shelf life of prepared material
temperature of material
rate of application or thickness of material
set time of applied material
A permanent copy of the each of the Data Sheets indicated above (i.e. 7/5.2 — 7/5.5) is to be
included with the Manufacturing Specification. Copies of the Data Sheets are to be posted on
each machine or station used in rope making process, and are to be followed by the operator
during the setup of that machine. The Quality Control Supervisor or Deputy is to complete and
sign the above Data Sheets for inclusion in the Rope Production Report, except the Yarn
Assembly Process (7/5.2) which is to be completed and signed by the operator.

5.6 Quality Control Checks

The Quality Control Supervisor or a Deputy is to examine, approve, and sign each of the above
completed Data Sheets. During the rope manufacture, at intervals as agreed between the rope
manufacturer and ABS, the Quality Control Supervisor or a Deputy is to personally examine the
setup of machines of each part of the rope making process, and is to complete and sign
appropriate Data Sheets for inclusion in the Rope Production Report.
These completed Data Sheets are to be included in the Quality Control Report for that particular
rope.

6 Terminations

6.1 Termination Specification

The Manufacture is to completely follow the Termination Specification for the particular type of
termination.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 55

 Part 7: Production of Rope

6.2 Splice Terminations

If applicable, for each size of rope to be teiiiiinated, the rope manufacturer is to prepare a Splice
Data Sheet stating the nominal values (and tolerances if applicable) for the process of terminating
the rope. This will include:
detailed dimensioned drawings of the thimble, spool, and other associated hardware
detailed dimensioned drawings of any tools used in splicing
detailed dimensioned drawings of completed splice on rope
detailed drawings or photographs of each step of the splicing operation
complete narrative instructions on making the splice
all important dimensions of strand preparation steps
all important dimensions of splicing steps
all important dimensions of completed splice
A permanent copy of the Splice Data Sheet is to be included in the Manufacturing Specification.
Copies of the Splice Data Sheet are to be posted at each location where splicing is to be carried
out. The Splice Data Sheet is to be followed by the splicer during the execution of each splice.
The Quality Assurance Supervisor or Deputy is to complete and sign the Splice Data Sheet for
inclusion in the Rope Production Report.

6.3 Potted Socket Terminations

If applicable, for each size of rope to be teinnnated, the rope manufacturer is to prepare a Potted
Socket Data Sheet stating the nominal values (and tolerances if applicable) for the process of
terminating the rope. This will include for example:
detailed dimensioned drawings of the socket and any associated hardware
detailed dimensioned drawings of the completed potted socket on rope
detailed dimensioned drawings of any tools used in potting
type and grade of potting material
type, grade, and proportions of component materials
quantity of material to be prepared for each potting operation
complete instructions for mixing or preparing the material
shelf life of prepared material
temperature of material
quantity of material
set time of applied material
complete instructions on preparing the rope for potting
complete instructions on performing the potting operation
all important dimensions of rope preparation steps
all important dimensions of potting operation
all important dimensions of potted socket termination
A permanent copy of the Potted Socket Data Sheet is to be included in the Manufacturing
Specification. Copies of the Potted Socket Data Sheet are to be posted at each location where
termination is to be carried out. The Potted Socket Data Sheet is to be followed by the assembler

56 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 7: Production of Rope

during the application of each termination. The Quality Assurance Supervisor or Deputy is to
complete and sign the Potted Socket Data Sheet for inclusion in the Rope Production Report.

6.4 Wedge Socket Terminations

If applicable, for each size of rope to be terminated, the rope manufacturer is to prepare a Wedge
Socket Data Sheet stating the nominal values (and tolerances if applicable) for the process of
terminating the rope. This will include for example:
detailed dimensioned drawings of the socket and any associated hardware
detailed dimensioned drawings of the wedge and any associated hardware
detailed dimensioned drawings of the completed wedged socket on rope
detailed dimensioned drawings of any tools used in applying the wedge
complete instructions on preparing the rope for applying the termination
complete instructions on assembling the wedge and socket on the rope
forces to be applied when assembling the wedge and socket
all important dimensions of rope preparation steps
all important dimensions of wedge application steps
all important dimensions of completed wedge socket termination
A peimanent copy of the Wedge Socket Data Sheet is to be included in the Manufacturing
Specification. Copies of the Wedge Socket Data Sheet are to be posted at each location where
termination is to be carried out. The Wedge Socket Data Sheet is to be followed by the
assembler during the application of each splice. The Quality Assurance Supervisor or Deputy is
to complete and sign the Wedge Socket Data Sheet for inclusion in the Rope Production Report.

6.5 Other Terminations

If the termination does not fit any of the above categories then, for each size of rope to be
terminated, the rope manufacturer is to prepare a Termination Data Sheet stating the nominal
values (and tolerances if applicable) for the process of terminating the rope. This will include for
example:
detailed dimensioned drawings of all hardware
detailed dimensioned drawings of the completed termination on rope
detailed dimensioned drawings of any tools used in applying the telluination
complete instructions on preparing the rope for applying the termination
complete instructions on assembling the teimination on the rope
all important dimensions of rope preparation steps
all important dimensions of termination application steps
all important dimensions of completed teimination
A permanent copy of the Termination Data Sheet is to be included in the Manufacturing
Specification. Copies of the Termination Data Sheet are to be posted at each location where
termination is to be carried out. The Teuuination Data Sheet is to be followed by the terminator
during the application of each termination. The Quality Assurance Supervisor or Deputy is to
complete and sign the Termination Data Sheet for inclusion in the Rope Production Report.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 57

 Part 7: Production of Rope

6.6 Bend Restrictors

If bend restrictors are used, for each size of rope to be tenninated, the rope manufacturer is to
prepare a Bend Restrictor Data Sheet stating the nominal values (and tolerances if applicable) for
the process of applying the bend restrictor on the rope. This will include for example:
detailed dimensioned drawings of all bend restrictor hardware
detailed dimensioned drawings of the completed bend restrictor on rope
detailed dimensioned drawings of any tools used in applying the bend restrictor
complete instructions on preparing the rope for applying the restrictor
complete instructions on assembling the bend restrictor on the rope
all important dimensions of rope preparation steps
all important dimensions of bend restrictor application steps
all important dimensions of completed bend restrictor
If the bend restrictor involves the use of resin-like or other elastomeric materials, then the Data
Sheet is to include details of that material, similar to that covered for potting materials above.
A permanent copy of the Bend Restrictor Data Sheet is to be included in the Manufacturing
Specification. Copies of the Bend Restrictor Data Sheet are to be posted at each location where
bend restrictor application is to be carried out. The Bend Restrictor Data Sheet is to be followed
and completed by the assembler during the assembly of each termination. The assembler is to
complete and sign the Bend Restrictor Data Sheet for inclusion in the Rope Production Report.

6.7 Quality Control

The Quality Control Supervisor or a Deputy is to personally witness the application of each
teuiiination and is to complete and sign the applicable Data Sheet. The Quality Control
Supervisor or a Deputy is to examine and approve each completed Bend Restrictor Data Sheet.
This completed Data Sheet is to be made available to the attending ABS Surveyor during
inspection. They are to then be filed with the Rope Product Documentation.

7 Assembly
The rope manufacturer is to assemble the rope in accordance with the purchaser's specifications
and instruction.

8 Rope Production Report

The rope manufacturer is to prepare a Rope Production Report. This Report is to include a
complete and accurate description of the rope product_ It is to describe the rope design and
termination design and the manner in which the length was determined.
This Report is to include the Material Certificates and material test results as applicable. This
Report is to include the rope inspection and test reports as applicable.
This Report may also include the various Quality Control Data Sheets for the production and
assembly of the rope. Alternatively, the Report is to include certification from the Quality
Assurance Supervisor that all Data Sheets have been followed, completed, and signed and that
they are available for examination at the rope manufacturer's offices.
One copy of this Rope Production Report is to be shipped with the rope and one copy of this
Report is to be submitted to the attending ABS Surveyor.

58 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 8 Testing and Certification
General
This section provides guidance on inspection, testing, and certification of the finished rope
product. Specific survey requirements during prototype testing and production are summarized
in Appendix A.
The inspection is to be carried out by the attending ABS Surveyor. Testing of components and
specimens of the produced rope is to be witnessed by the attending ABS Surveyor.

2 Inspection, Examination, and Testing during Rope

Production

2.1 Access to Rope Production Facilities

Notification of the beginning of rope production is to be given to ABS prior to the beginning of
production.
Access to the rope making and assembling facilities at any time while rope production and
assembly are in process is to be provided to the attending ABS Surveyor. This includes
operations of assembling yams, assembling strands, making ropes, terminating ropes, and testing
materials.
The attending Surveyor may carry out reasonable inspections of the rope making and assembly
processes and question production and quality assurance personnel prior to, during, and after
rope production and assembly.
The attending Surveyor may at any time review the applicable Yarn Specifications,
Manufacturing Specifications, Termination Specifications, prototype rope test results, quality
control check lists, material certificates, and fiber certificates. If such, a document has been
designated by the rope manufacturer as proprietary, the attending Surveyor may not make copies
of it In this case, a copy of the document, certified by the rope manufacturer and ABS, is to be
made a permanent part of the Rope Production Report and maintained by the rope maker so that
it may later be reviewed by the attending Surveyor.
If break tests have been conducted on ropes taken from production, then determination of rope
strength as per 8/3.3 is not necessary.

2.2 Testing of Yarn during Production

At any time during rope production or termination, the attending Surveyor may take reasonable
quantities of yarn samples from production and have them tested, in accordance with Part 5.

3 Inspection of Completed Rope Product

3.1 Examination of Completed Rope

The attending Surveyor may examine and inspect each continuous length of rope after it is
produced and before it is cut or otherwise altered or is terminated. Upon request, the rope
manufacturer will allocate at least one day for this examination and inspection for each
continuous length of rope.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 59

 Part 8: Testing and Certification

3.2 Sampling of Rope

The attending Surveyor will select at random a 2 m (6.6 ft) long sample of the rope from one end
of each continuous length of rope, or if that continuous length is to be cut into shorter lengths
before splicing, may select this sample from one of the cut points.
The rope manufacturer will allow for this sample length of rope when setting up for each
continuous length of rope making.

3.3 Determination of Rope Strength

The attending Surveyor will examine the construction of the rope to assure that the numbers and
aliangerrients of yarns and strands correspond with the Rope Design Specification.
The attending Surveyor will take from the sample rope sufficient fiber yarns for wet strength
testing in accordance with 2.7 of the OCIMF "Procedures for Quality Control and Inspection
during the Production of Hawsers"[Ref. 20], Upon request by ABS, the rope manufacturer is to
conduct wet strength testing of these yarns in an appropriate laboratory.
The attending Surveyor will then verify the rope strength determined based on the yam wet
strength and on the rope construction, using the method of Paragraph 2.7 of the OCIMF
"Procedures for Quality Control and Inspection during the Production of Hawsers" [Ref. 20] and
the rope strength factors determined in 6/12.

3.4 Full Yarn Testing (Optional)

The attending Surveyor may take from the sample rope sufficient fiber yarns for full testing of all
properties, in accordance with Part 5. The attending Surveyor may have these tests conducted in
an independent laboratory.

3.5 Review of Rope Documentation

At the conclusion of rope production, the attending Surveyor will review all rope production
documentation in accordance with 7/8 for completeness.

4 Testing of Rope Properties (Optional)

4.1 Extra Sampling of Unterminated Rope

The attending Surveyor may select at random other sample lengths of the rope from one end of
each continuous length of rope, or if that length is to be cut into shorter lengths before splicing,
may select this sample from one of the cut points.
The attending Surveyor or the purchaser is to inform the rope manufacturer of the desire to
exercise this option before the setup for making that continuous length of rope, so that allowance
for the extra rope is made. The rope manufacturer may charge the user for this extra length of
rope, unless this requirement is called for in the rope purchase order.
When requested by the attending Surveyor or the purchaser, the rope manufacturer is to carry out
the application of suitable terminations for the intended testing. For strength and cyclic load
testing these terminations will be of the same type and quality as applied to the finished rope.
The rope manufacturer may charge extra for these terminations, unless this is called for in the
rope purchase order.
The attending Surveyor may have these tests conducted at an independent laboratory.

60 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 8: Testing and Certification

4.2 Testing of Rope Strength

The attending Surveyor may have the rope tested for strength, in accordance with Part 6. The
rope manufacturer may charge the purchaser for the extra expense to carry out this test, unless it
is called for in the rope purchase order.

4.3 Testing of Rope Creep and Extension Properties

The attending Surveyor may have the rope tested for creep and extension properties, in
accordance with Part 6. The rope manufacturer may charge the purchaser the extra expense to
cam: out this test, unless it is called for in the rope purchase order.

4.4 Testing of Rope Torque and Rotation Properties

The attending Surveyor may have the rope tested for torque and rotation properties, in
accordance with Part 6. The rope manufacturer may charge the purchaser the extra expense to
carry out this test, unless it is called for in the rope purchase order.

5 Examination and Inspection of Terminations

5.1 Access to Facilities

Notification of the beginning of application of rope terminations is to be given to the attending
Surveyor prior to the beginning of application of terminations.
The attending Surveyor will have access to the location where terminations are applied at any
time while terminations are being applied.
The attending Surveyor may carry out reasonable inspections of the rope tet inination process and
question termination and quality assurance personnel prior to, during, and after termination
application.

5.2 Extra Sampling of Terminated Rope (Optional)

If called for in the purchase order, the rope manufacturer is to provide enough extra length in
each continuous length of rope that a break test sample can be taken from it. That extra length is
to be sufficient that a test sample as described can be assembled from it, in accordance with
8/3.2. This sampling is in lieu of the extra rope sampling of 8/4.1 and provides the opportunity
to randomly test applied temiinations.
The attending Surveyor will then select a sample from one end of the terminated rope after
application of teliiiinations. The rope manufacturer is to then cut the rope and apply another
teiiiiination to the end in order to produce the specified rope length.
The rope manufacturer will also apply another termination to the shorter length of rope sample.
This terminated rope sample may then be tested in accordance with 8/4.

6 Inspection of Finished Rope Assembly

The Attending Surveyor will thoroughly inspect the assembled rope, after application of
terminations and as appropriate before or after the application any other appliances and
accessories. Traceable rope assembly markings in accordance with 3/4.5 are to be identified
during the inspection.
If a method of determining the finished rope length is specified and agreed to in the purchase
order, the rope manufacturer will carry out that test in the presence of the attending Surveyor to
demonstrate the specified length.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 61

Part 9 Handling and Installation

'1 General
This Part provides guidance for handling and installation of synthetic ropes. In general, the
considerations itemized in 2/5 of these Guidance Notes are also relevant for handling and
installation purposes. Section 9/2 gives general considerations which are applicable to synthetic
moorings, and 9/3 provides some details as to the specific issues (such as anchoring installation,
synthetic rope installation tensions) which must be addressed in association with the mooring
design. Finally, 9/4 will detail the survey aspects related to synthetic rope mooring installation.
Other requirements are included in the ABS FPSO Guide {Ref. 61, Section 8: "Installation,
Hook-up and Commissioning', and the applicable sections of the ABS MODU Rules.

2 General Storage, Handling and Installation

Considerations
Care has to be taken in packing synthetic ropes for storage after manufacture, transportation to
site, and during installation. In general, the requirements are to be in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendations, and the design aspects as found in Section 2/5 of these
Guidance Notes.

2.1 Ultra-Violet Light

It is recommended that provision be made for the protection of synthetic ropes from the effects
of ultra-violet radiation during storage, transportation and installation. This is to be in
accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.

2.2 End Fittings

It is recommended that during storage, the rope teiiiiinations and other connecting hardware do
not adversely affect the rope. In particular, connecting hardware which have sharp and/or
protruding edges are to be avoided when stored/wrapped onto a spool. Should this not be
possible, adequate protection is to be provided to prevent chafing of the ropes in the storage
spools.

2.3 Twisting from Unbalanced Torque

As noted in 2/5.11 of the Guidance Notes, external marking along the rope may be used as an
aid to torsion/twist free rope deployment. Maximum twist during installation is to not exceed
the manufacturer's limits on torsion.
It should be noted that twist might be induced into components and then transferred between
them during installation procedures. This may cause serious operation problems and should be
avoided. Work wires of a non-torque balanced type (e.g. six strand wires) are not to be used,
unless consideration has been made for the effect of any twist induced into the installed mooring
components.

2.4 Bending Radius

As indicated in 2/5.12, the installation minimum bending radii (MBR) are to be greater than the
manufacturer's recommended allowable MBR. It is to be noted that synthetic rope MBR quoted
for single event occurrences such as rope installation or extreme design conditions need not be

62 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 9: Handling and Installation
the same as for storage conditions, since storage is associated with prolonged static bending.
MBR during storage/installation at different loads are to be in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommended values, given associated tension and temperature ranges.

2.5 Cutting, Abrasion etc. during Handling

In accordance with 2/5.6 all handling equipment, and surfaces exposed to the synthetic rope are
to be of appropriate finish [Ref. 17].
All handling equipment is to not induce any detrimental loading into synthetic ropes, such as
excessive bending, chaffing, grinding, cutting, etc. and the manufacturer's recommended
practice is to be complied with for all handling during transportation and installation. The rope
manufacturer is also to specify any restrictions concerning the clamping devices or other
stopping devices used in the deployment of synthetic ropes.

2.6 Heat from High Speed Deployment and Storage Temperature

As indicated in the 2/5.7 of these Guidance Notes, the synthetic rope maximum design
temperature is not to be exceeded. In this respect ropes are not to be located near to heat sources
such as welding, steam pipes, engine exhausts, heaters, etc. Heat build up from frictional effects
during deployment and re-spooling is to be monitored and cooling methods such as water spray
or other alternative means is to be considered. It is recommended that temperature during
storage or transportation is not to exceed the manufacturer's recommended limits.

2.7 Foreign Particles

As noted in 2/5.6, the presence of foreign particles such as blasting grit, sand, etc. is to be
prevented from coming into contact with the ropes. When the installation work is laid up due to
weather or other reasons, protective covers are to be provided to protect the rope from foreign
matters and excessive UV exposure from the sun's rays.

2.8 Wire Rope/Synthetic Rope Mix

It is recommended that during spooling and re-spooling that mixed wire rope and synthetic ropes
are not to be mixed on the same drum unless some of segregation such as dividers can be
provided.

3 Installation: Specific Design Considerations

3.1 Deployment
It is recommended that rope spooling tension is to be consistent with the deployment tension to
prevent any detrimental effects on the synthetic ropes. Handling equipment usually associated
with conventional steel wire or chain moorings is not to be used unless it can be shown that the
equipment does not adversely affect the rope and jacket construction (ref. 9/3.7 for temporary
units). Deployment techniques of synthetic rope from installation vessels could include the use
of rotary winches, traction winches, caterpillar type winches or hand-over-hand methods using
special grips. Whichever method is chosen, special attention to handling techniques must be
considered, to ensure that damage to rope sections is prevented. In general the manufacturer's
recommendations are to be strictly followed. Procedures for deployment are to be submitted for
review.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 63

 Part 9: Handling and Installation

3.2 Minimum Tension and Maximum Allowable Low Tension Cycles

For installation purposes, it is recommended that the minimum tensions and number of low-
tension cycles are to remain within acceptable limits as indicated in 2/6.2. The total number of
low-tension cycles experienced by the rope is to include the installed condition and installation
procedures. For total compressive loading which is more onerous than permitted allowables,
analysis and/or testing (as per 6/11) indicating acceptability of rope design and construction are
to be carried out, and submitted for review.

3.3 Minimum Installing Tension for Synthetic Ropes

In accordance with 2/5.1 of these Guidance Notes, the minimum installing tension applied to
synthetic ropes is to be defined by the mooring designer and be consistent with that of the post-
installation rope stiffness which can be achieved in situ. Provided that accelerated creep is
shown not to be problematic for the synthetic rope, a maximum recommended synthetic rope
installation tension is either the anchor proof load (i.e. 100% of the maximum intact design
dynamic load) or 55% of the minimum breaking strength (MBS). This would also ensure that
proof tests can be achieved for most drag embedded anchors when they are installed
concurrently. Lesser installation tensions can be applied for the synthetic rope provided that a
suitable full scale rope testing is carried out in accordance with 6/5 and 6/6 of these Guidance
Notes to achieve the post-installation stiffness.
The installation may require a permanent winch to perfoi ii the above tensioning routines and
any other re-tensioning operations due to creep, etc. (ref. 2/5.5 and 2/5.13.3) or the deployment
of anchor installation specific tensioning devices (ref. 9/3.6).
If synthetic ropes are installed prior to anchor installation, the minimum installing tension for
synthetic ropes may be used for anchor proof loading, provided that this load is greater than the
required anchor proof load (ref. 9/3.5).

3.4 Contact with Seabed during Deployment

As noted in 2/5.6, deployment of the synthetic rope on the seabed would be undesirable.
However, in some instances, it is necessary for the mooring line to be pre-deployed prior to
hook-up with the installation.
Any installation proposal involving the pre-deployment of synthetic ropes on the seabed or
otherwise is for example to include: suitable justification through tests or otherwise that the
jacket can provide adequate resistance to the ingress of sand; foreign particle ingress protection
at rope terminations; bottom stability (if laid on bottom); environmental loadings such as waves
and current; rope's compression fatigue characteristics; rope buoyancy considerations (i.e.
flooding or non-flooding rope); buoy's (if used) structural integrity and size. Other
considerations such as the site specific nature of marine operations and particular fiber
properties are also to be included.

3.5 Anchor Proof-Test Tensions

Anchors for permanent mooring systems are to be proof loaded to at least the maximum intact
design load (as defined by a full dynamic analysis) or at least 55% of the MBS, and held at this
load for at least 30 minutes without any drop in load (ref. 9/3.7 for temporary units). A
reduction to 80% of the maximum intact design load may be acceptable for certain high
efficiency anchors located in soft clay soils [Ref. 5].

64 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 9: Handling and installation

3.6 Anchor installation

Anchor installation can be carried out prior to synthetic rope installation or after synthetic rope
attachment. In particular, for conditions after rope is installed, care must be taken that the
induced synthetic rope loading is not detrimental to the overall strength, life and construction of
the rope.
There is a number of possible anchoring alternatives for the mooring design, but each with their
own installation considerations. While it is not the objective of this document to give extensive
details of the installation differences and procedures, some information of this nature is
necessary so that the mooring installation designer can plan the necessary actions.
Drag embedment conventional anchors and VLAs will require proof loads to be applied in all
cases. This load is defined in 9/3.5 of these Guidance Notes. This load can usually be provided
by site specific anchor tensioning vessels, crane vessels, or other underwater tensioning devices.
If the load is being applied through pre-installed synthetic ropes, the effect of cyclic tensions
caused by vessel motions or otherwise is to be monitored carefully. Also, it is necessary to
consider anchor embedment (by testing and/or measurement) so that adequate wire/chain
forerunner can be installed providing an adequate margin between the rope end and seabed.
For suction anchor installation, ABS will determine the necessity of a pull test or the possibility
of reduction in test loads on a case by case basis depending on the extent of the g.eo-technical
investigation, the magnitude of loading, analytical methods used for geo-technical design and
the experience associated with the soils and suction anchors proposed.
Grouted pile anchors are another alternative to the above anchor types. If synthetic ropes are
pre-installed, the use of hydraulic hammer, and associated equipment must be monitored
carefully, to ensure that synthetic ropes are not damaged. The installation designer must ensure
that the wire/chain forerunner is long enough for the proposed pile penetration and provides
adequate clearance between the rope and the associated pile equipment such as the pile guide
frame.

3.7 Temporary Moored Units

In accordance with 2/5.13.2 of these Guidance Notes, steel wire/chain segments are to be
provided at the upper and lower ends of the mooring lines.
Chain or wire chasers are not to be used on synthetic ropes unless the chasers are of an
acceptable design, and shown not to be abrasive on the rope or impair the rope/jacket
construction.
Inspection as indicated in Part 10 of these Guidance Notes are to be perfolined prior to the re-
use of synthetic ropes. Breaking-out of anchors such as drag embedment anchors is to be
-monitored carefully (if synthetic ropes remain attached), to avoid undesirable synthetic rope
loading such as impact loads. In instances where there is continual rope handling (such as in
mobile offshore drilling units), synthetic ropes are to be externally resistant to abrasion caused
by repeated handling.
Mooring test loads for temporary units are to be as high as feasibly possible after taking into
account synthetic rope creep properties, equipment capacity, and soil conditions. In general,
ABS would consider the reduction in accordance with API RP 2SK [Ref. 5]. All proof loads for
synthetic ropes and anchors are to be applied for a minimum period of 30 minutes.

3.8 Permanent Moored Units

As for temporary moored units, steel chain/wire segments are to be provided at the upper and
lower ends of the mooring lines. Due to the continuous rope extension from creep, it is
recommended that a winch be permanently installed on the unit to make the necessary

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 65

 Part 9: Handling and installation

adjustment. Any synthetic rope segment of the mooring line is to be well below the waterline so
that the effect of LTV light can be minimized and damage from surface vessels can be avoided.

4 Surveys at Installation
The surveys depend on whether the installation is permanent or temporary. For permanent
installations such as FPSs/FSOs7FPSOs. reference can be Made to the _ABS FPSO Guide [Ref.
6], Section 8: "Installation, Hook-up and Commissioning". Other temporary installations such
as MODUs, reference can be made to the _ABS MODU Rules [Ref. 22]. Particular areas which
are different for synthetic ropes than for conventional mooring systems are described below.

4.1 Condition Assessment of Synthetic Ropes

Upon completion of installation, the entire mooring system is to be inspected to confirm the
integrity of the synthetic ropes. Particular attention is to be made to the condition of synthetic
ropes at terminations. Ropes are to be examined for any external damage by ROV (Remotely
Operated Vehicle) or qualified divers. Twist and torsion can be verified at installation by
ROV/diver monitoring of any external marking, on the jacket. Limiting values are to be obtained
from the manufacturer or appropriate testing. For temporary installations, such as MODUs, the
inspection can be performed during recovery of the moorings on board the recovery vessel(s), or
it can be perfoi iiied at a base port facility.

4.2 Synthetic Rope Termination Position

Final rope attitudes and terminations positions of the synthetic rope at the upper and lower ends
of the rope are to be verified and compared with design values.

4.3 Installation Tension and Elongation

Installation tension in accordance with design and shop testing is to be applied. Actual tension
and elongation history is to be recorded for each rope installation. Surveyor is to be satisfied
that tension and elongation values are within the design values expected.

66 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 10 Surveys after Installation

General
This Part provides guidance for survey aspects for synthetic ropes after installation. The
objective of this Part is to highlight key areas of difference between conventional steel and
synthetic rope mooring systems. The main emphasis of Part 10 of these Guidance Notes relate to
permanent installations such as FFSs/FPOs/FPS0s, although the same considerations are equally
applicable to temporary installations such as MODUs. Specific survey requirements during and
after installations are summarized in Appendix A.
For permanent installations such as FPS&IFS0s/FFS0s, reference can be made to the ABS FPSO
Guide [Ref. 6], Section 9: "Surveys after Installation and Commissioning". Other temporary
installations such as MODUs, reference can be made to the survey after construction section of
the ABS MODU Rules [Ref. 22].

2 Inspection and Testing Techniques

2.1 External Inspection Techniques

Presently, external inspection techniques generally cover visual examination only. Inspection of
installed mooring system can be performed using a ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle). Prior to
inspection, it may be necessary to remove any marine growth using suitable means which will
not damage the rope itself. Depending on the vehicle type, lighting and visibility, this type of
examination is to be able to show external damage, change in shape of the rope surface, local
elongation (if some marking was originally used on rope jacket), twist of rope (axial marking
referred in 2/5.11) and any external defoiniation due to fish bite, local vortex induced vibration,
any bacterial effects at the near sea surface segments, etc.
Inspection by qualified divers is another technique which can be applied_ This technique will
enable more accurate physical measurements to be made on marine growth, detail reporting on
damage, degree of stretch if reference points can be established during installation, degree of
twist, etc.

22 Internal Non-Destructive Inspection Techniques

Presently, there are no NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) methods which are available and proven
effective for synthetic ropes in the dry or installed conditions [Ref. 18]. Should NDT techniques
be proposed, full justification and trials, etc. are to be witnessed by ABS to assess their accuracy
and suitability for their intended usage.

2.3 In-Service Monitoring Plan

In view of the limited experience and data relating to the use of synthetic ropes offshore, it is
recommended that rope inserts are to be installed for permanent units so that inserts can be
instrumented for load and, elongation history. These inserts can then be removed and tested at
recognized testing laboratories in order to assess damage, cyclic performance, break load, etc.
Recovery and replacement of complete lines can be based on the testing of inserts or appropriate
extracts from line. Facilities of the testing laboratory may govern the synthetic rope insert
length.
Other aspects of synthetic rope monitoring may include elongation, time period between re-
tensioning, removal and testing of inserts, and inspection levels. Full details of this additional

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 67

 Part 10: Surveys after instaiiation

information required for synthetic ropes are to be included in the operations, maintenance and
in-service monitoring plan and this plan is to be submitted to ABS for review and approval.

2.4 Destructive Testing Techniques

If external inspection indicates any uncertainty in rope integrity, then the rope insert may have
to be removed (if present) or appropriate parts of line cut out and respliced for testing. Ropes
may be tested for cyclic performance (ref. 6/10) and break load (ref. 6/4) in order to derive
information concerning the condition of the rope. Inspection of internal rope construction will
provide information as to the failure mode, and other failure cases. When a rope is damaged and
has to be replaced, the opportunity for verification of the condition of other ropes by sample
testing of the damaged rope is to be considered.

2.5 Internal Examination

The internal inspection may take the form of removal of sample yams and/or rope sub-core
strands, for splicing and testing for general properties such as elongation and break. Yarn
extracts may also undergo microscopic examination by specialist laboratories to determine
details such as the level of foreign particle ingress.

2.6 Rope Retirement Criteria

The rope retirement criteria may be determined by the appropriate testing and inspection of rope
inserts or rope cutouts as described in 10/2.3 and 10/2.4.

2.7 Removal and Replacement of inserts

During operations adequate tension is to be maintained in the synthetic mooring line during the
disconnected period from platform, to avoid compression fatigue. Reconnection of the synthetic
mooring line to the rope insert can be made after satisfactory condition assessment of rope
terminations and steel connectors such as the tri-plates, shackles, etc and appropriate testing of
the rope insert in accordance with Part 6 of these Guidance Notes.

3 Annual Surveys
Permanent Units
Annual inspection of mooring components is to be in accordance with Section 9.31 of the ABS
FPSO Guide [Ref. 6]. In addition, these Guidance Notes recommend the following:
• The Surveyor is to review the records of anchor leg re-tensioning caused by creep
elongation, and confirm with designer that adequate chain/wire segments are available for
further re-tensioning due to creep elongation such that the synthetic rope does not come into
contact with the chain stoppers, fairleads, etc.
• The Surveyor is to verify that recorded values of creep are in accordance with the
anticipated design values. Any deviance from design values is to be justified by the
designer, and appropriate remedial action is to be taken accordingly.
• The pre-tension of mooring lines is to be within the designer recommended limits. It is to be
noted that the measurement of catenary angles as indicated in Section 9.31.1b of the FPSO
Guide [Ref. 6] may need to be adjusted for TLMs (Taut Leg Moorings). Other means are to
be used to determine the mooring line tensions to the satisfaction of the attending Surveyor.
Temporary Units

68 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Part 10: Surveys after Installation

For mobile units (such as drilling units), the examination may take place at the dockside or
during mooring line retrieval prior to each rig move. Careful examinations are to be performed
in accordance with 10/2.1, with special attention paid to all terminations and synthetic rope near
the water surface to ensure that no damage has occurred. The attending Surveyor is to be
notified if there is any damage to rope construction and/or any uncertainty in rope integrity.
Suitable consultation may be made with the rope manufacturer or a competent third party, and
appropriate samples may be taken for testing and/or internal examination (ref. 10/2.3 and 10/2.4)

4 Special Surveys
A Special Periodical Survey is to be carried out once in every five year interval as indicated in
Section 9.1.5 of the FPSO Guide [Ref. 6]. In accordance with Section 9.33 of the FPSO Guide,
Special Survey is to include a dry-docking or underwater inspection, and all components of
mooring system are to be examined to the satisfaction of the attending Surveyor. In addition,
particular attention is to be given to the examination of the following for synthetic ropes:
a. Conditions of the terminations;
b. Foreign particles in way of rope body and crevices;
c. Marine growth, whether such growth is affecting the condition of the ropes;
d. Determination of stretch and creep by measurement data review; and
e. Measurement of the synthetic rope tension and re-tensioning, if necessary.
Where synthetic rope inserts have been installed, at least one insert rope (e.g. most loaded line)
is to be removed and tested for tension-tension cyclic performance (ref. 6/10) in order to assess
damage, and that rope is able to last until next inspection. The rope can then be tested to break
(ref. 6/4) to show any strength loss. Recovery and replacement of complete lines can be based
on the cyclic perfoiivance of rope insert tests.
For Temporary Units, reference is also to be made to the applicable sections of the ABS MODU
Rules [Ref. 22].

5 Intermediate Surveys
An intermediate Survey is to be carried out twice in any five year interval (with interval not
exceeding 3 years between intermediate surveys). Details of inspection of mooring system are
included in Section 9.3.3.2 of the FPSO Guide [Ref. 6], and special considerations in 10/3 and
10/4 of these Guidance Notes.
For Temporary Units, reference is also to be made to the applicable sections of the
MODU Rules [Ref 22].

6 Survey After Storm or Unusual Event

At least one annual inspection (ref. 10/3) as indicated above is to be carried out after events such
as storms (defined as environmental conditions approaching the design storm conditions), vessel
collision, etc. for permanent units [Ref. 12]. For temporary units, inspection of the synthetic
mooring line is to take place immediately or at the next rig move provided that this is no longer
than one month.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 69

Appendix A
Summary of Survey Requirements

A. Prototype and Production Testing to Be Witnessed by the Surveyor

Yarn Testing (Part 5 of the Guidance Notes):

a) Yam Dry Breaking Strength and Elongation (5/3)
b) Yarn Wet Breaking Strength and Elongation (5/4)
c) Yarn Dry Creep (5/5)
d) Wet Yarn-on-Yarn Abrasion (5/6)
Rope Testing (Part 6 of the Guidance Notes):
a) Rope Wet Strength (6/4)
b) Rope Wet Extension and Creep Properties (6/5)
c) Rope Wet Modulus Properties (6/6)
d) Rope Torsional Stiffness and Rotation Properties (6/7)
e) Alternative Rope Torsional Stiffness and Rotation Properties, When Required by
Design (6/8)
f) Spliced Rope Torsional Stiffness and Rotation Properties (6/10)
g) Rope Tension-Tension Cyclic Performance (6/11)
h) Rope Tension-Relaxation Perfoiniance (6/11)

B. Production Tests and Inspections to Be Witnessed by Surveyor (Part 8 of

these Guidance Notes)
1. Inspection, Examination and Testing during Rope Production (8/2):
a) Access to Rope Production Facilities (including operations of assembling yarns,
assembling strands, making ropes, terminating ropes and testing materials) (8/2.1)
b) Testing of Yarn during Production (8/2.2)
2. Inspection of Completed Rope Product (8/3):
a) Examination of Completed Product (8/3.1)
b) Determination of Rope Strength (8/3.3)
c) Full Yarn Testing (8/3.4)
d) Review of Production Documentation (8/3.5)
3. Testing of Rope Properties (8/4)
a) Rope Strength (8/4.2)
b) Rope Creep and Extension Properties (8/4.3)
c) Rope Torque and Rotation Properties (8/4.4)
4. Examination and. Inspection of Terminations (8/5)

70 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Appendix A: Summary of Survey Requirements

5. Inspection of Finished Rope Assembly (8/6)

C. Survey during Installation (Part 9 of the Guidance Notes)

Refer to ABS FPSO Guide or ABS MODU Rules, in addition to the following:
1. Inspect Entire Mooring System to Confirm the Integrity of the Synthetic Ropes (9/4.1)
2. Verify Final Rope Attitudes and Termination Positions (9/4.2)
3 Review Installation Tension and Elongation Values (9/4.3)

D. Survey after Installation (Part 10 of the Guidance Notes)

1. External Inspection (examine external damage and local changes, etc.) (10/2.1)
2. Review and Approve In-Service Monitoring Plan (10/2.3)
3. Destructive Testing (If external inspection indicates any uncertainty in rope integrity, the
rope insert may have to be removed if present or appropriate parts of line cut out and
respliced for testing) (10/2.4)
4. Internal Examination (10/2,5)
5. Annual Surveys (in accordance with ABS FPSO Guide. In addition, review records of
anchor leg re-tensioning, verify creep and examine pre-tensions) (10/3)
6. Special Surveys (in accordance with ABS FPSO Guide. In addition, examine condition of
teiiiiinations; foreign particles in way of rope body and crevices; marine growth; stretch and
creep; tension and re-tension) (10/4)
7. Intermediate Surveys (in accordance with ABS FPSO Guide, or ABS MODU Rule) (10/5)
8. Survey after Stoiiii or Unusual Event (10/6)

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 71

Attachment 6/A
Interpolation and Extrapolation of Rope Test Data
For the proposed interpolation and extrapolation of data, tests 6/7, 6/8, and 6/9 may be conducted
on rope specimens made of rope with a minimum break strength of at least 4 MN (408,000 kg,
950,000 lb). This special rope specimen shall otherwise be identical in construction and material,
except the number of yarns in the strands may be appropriately reduced in proportion to rope
size. This special rope specimen shall be terminated in the same manner as the larger rope
design, except for the special torque resistant teiiiiinations called for in 6/7 and 6/9. This special
rope specimen strength may be determined using the following interpolation procedures given in
6/A.2 from break test data for larger ropes. The results of these property tests using special rope
specimens may then be extrapolated to larger ropes using the following proposed extrapolation
procedures given in 6/A.2.
The following rules are suggested to interpolate or extrapolate rope properties of ropes of the
same material and construction, provided that construction details such as number of strands,
lay length, etc. do not change significantly.
ABS should be consulted on a case-by-case basis to deteiiiiine when use of these rules will be
permitted during preliminary design, final design, and certification application.

Rope Fiber Area

The rope fiber area given here can be applied to interpolate and extrapolate properties which are
functions of rope area, provided that construction details such as number of strands, lay length,
etc. do not change significantly. It represents the cross-sectional area of the load-bearing fiber
in the rope. (Rope area might be defined in a number of other ways, but in generally they are
more difficult to calculate and apply or are less consistent and accurate.)
Calculate the rope fiber area by the following formula:

rfA = 1,000 x Wf / Df
where:

riA = rope fiber area, mm'

Wf = mass of fiber per unit length of rope, 1,r/rti
Df = mass density of fiber material, gr./cc

2 Interpolation and Extrapolation of Minimum Break Strength

If the Minimum Break Strength is known from prototype tests for ropes larger and smaller than
the size of interest, then the Minimum Break Strength for that rope may be determined by linear
interpolation between those strengths on the basis of Rope Fiber Area.
For purposes of preliminary design, bidding, and placing of rope orders, Minimum Break
Strength may be linearly interpolated on the basis of Rope Fiber Area down to 25 percent of the
tested prototype Rope Fiber Area.
For purposes of preliminary design, bidding, and placing of rope orders, Minimum Break
Strength may be extrapolated on the basis of Rope Fiber Area to the 0.97 power up to twice the
tested prototype Rope Fiber Area.
Except for the case where the Minimum Break Strength has been deteiuiined by linear
interpolation between Minimum Break Strengths of larger and smaller ropes which were

72 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Attachment 61A: interpolation and Extrapolation of Rope Test Data

determined by prototype rope tests, the Minimum Break Strengths shall be verified by additional
testing after award of the rope order.
If the Minimum Break Strength deteiiiiined by this testing deviates from the specified break
strength by less than 10%, the rope design may be adjusted by changing the amount of load
bearing fiber, and that Minimum Break Strength may be then interpolated or extrapolated by the
applicable above method to determine the Minimum Break Strength of the redesigned rope.
If the Minimum Break Strength determined by this testing deviates from the specified break
strength by more than 10%, the rope may be adjusted and the Minimum Break Strength shall
then again be verified by additional testing.

3 Interpolation and Extrapolation of Extension, Creep, and Dynamic Modulus

Dynamic Modulus does not require interpolation or extrapolation when the stress is based on the
Rope Fiber Area.
The force values on the ordinate of force-extension plots should be scaled by the ratio of Rope
Fiber Areas.
The absolute force required to produce a given rate of creep should be scaled by the ratio of Rope
Fiber Areas.

4 Interpolation and Extrapolation of Torsion and Rotation

Torsional stiffness may be adjusted on the basis of Rope Fiber Area.
Rotation may be adjusted on the basis of the square root of Rope Fiber Area,

5 Interpolation and Extrapolation of Rope Cyclic Performance

The cyclic rope perfoi mance is generally applicable over a wide range of rope sizes.

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 73

ATTACHMENT 6/B

Minimum Gage Length for Elongation, Extension, and Creep

Measurements
The minimum gage length necessary to achieve a required degree of accuracy during extension
tests is a function of the ability of the elongation measuring system to accurately measure the
change in length which occurs between the trough load and the peak load. Its ability to measure
the overall distance between the gauge marks is only of secondary concern, as that distance can
be accurately determined by other means and is of much less importance to the accuracy of the
determined rope extension.
For this purpose, the accuracy of the elongation measuring system cannot simply be specified in
terms of percentage of gauge length. If the actual extension is 4%, but the elongation measuring
system has an accuracy (over its gauge length) of +1- 1%, then the potential error in determining
extension can be as great as ±1- 50%, no matter how long the gauge length is.
Thus the accuracy of the elongation measuring system must be specified and judged in terms of
its ability to measure the absolute value of the change in length.
For example, if the expected extension is 4 %, and the gauge length is 100 in. then in order to
determine extension with an accuracy of +/- 10% accuracy, the elongation measuring system
must be able to measure the change in length to an accuracy of +1- 0.2 in. The tables which
follow are based on that principle.
This principle is discussed in more detail and the relevant equations are given in Appendix A,
"Determining Change-in-Length Properties of Synthetic Fiber Ropes" of the Cordage Institute
publication "Test Methods for Fiber Rope", CI 1500-97 {Ref. 13].
The following tables give the gauge lengths which are required to achieve +/- 10% accuracy in
determining various extensions as a function of the accuracy of the elongation measuring system.

74 Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring

Attachment 6/B: Minimum Gage Length for Elongation, Extension and Creep Measurements

Minimum Gauge Length Required to Achieve +/- 10% Accuracy When De einiining
Extension
"English" Units Length Measurement Accuracy Between
Trough and Peak Elongations, inches
Extension +1- 0.2 in. r 4-/- 0.16 +/- 0.12 - 0.08
1% 400 320 240 160
2% 200 160 120 80
3% 135 108 80 60
4% 100 80 60 40
5% 80 64 48
6% 67 56 40
7% 58 48
8% 52 40
9% 48
10% 44
Minimum Gauge Length, inches

Table 6/B.1
Minimum Gage Lengths in Inches

Minimum Gauge Length Required to Achieve +1- 10% Accuracy When Determining
Extension
SI (metric) Units Length Measurement Accuracy Between
Trough and Peak Elongations, mm
Extension ±1- 5 mm. -r-/- 4 mm +/- 3 mm +1- 2 mm
1% 10000 8000 6000 4000
2% 5000 4000 3000 2000
3% 3400 2700 2000 1350
4% 2500 2000 1500 1000
5% 2000 1700 1200
6% 1700 1450 1000
7%© 1450 1150
8% 1250 1000
9% 1150
10% 1000
Minimum Gauge Length, ram

Table 6/B.2
Minimum Gage Lengths in Millimeters

Guidance Notes on the Application of Synthetic Ropes for Offshore Mooring 75