QoS in Wireless Mesh Network

Shivani Dwivedi#1, Riddhi Ohri#2, Vaishali Kansal#3, Anil Gankotiya#4

COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
Uttar Pradesh Technical University
INDIA
1,2,3
{shivanidwivedi168, riddhiohri, veshukansal}@gmail.com, [email protected]
Abstract— the wireless themselves. These social partnerships in urban The mesh nodes (wireless
mesh network is a new networks are robust and rural areas. AP) that are usually fixed to
emerging technology that will and have low up-front In the non-meshed WLANs, create the skeleton of 802.11s
change the world of industrial and network stations must associate with wireless network and serve
networks connectivity to more maintenance costs. A an access point (AP) to the 3rd level.
efficient and profitable. Mesh WMN may be thought access the network, and these The Mesh customers are the
networks consist of static
as a multihop mobile stations depend on this access customers that are often
wireless nodes and mobile
customer; have emerged as a ad-hoc network point with which they have mobile and use services via
key technology for new (MANET) with extended come together to the 802.11s.
generation networks. The QoS connectivity. As communicate. In a mesh APs The remainder of the paper is
is designed to promote and deployments of WMNs can communicate with each organised as follows. First,
support multimedia continue to grow, we other directly without going we discuss about WMN uses
applications (audio and video), expect these networks through an external in different cases, second is
real time (ToIP, VoIP). to have the ability to network[3]. an introduction to our
However guarantee of QoS on analyzes and comparisons in
support the new
wireless networks is a difficult
generation of Section 3. A network layer
problem by comparison at its
deployment in a wired IP streaming-media approaches is explained in
network. The reason is the applications, such as Section 4. A link layer
random mobility of nodes, the voice over IP (VoIP) and approaches is presented in
nature of wireless channel video on-demand Section 5. At last, a physical
(interference), the multi-hop (VOD) [2].These layer approach is elaborate in
communication and the lack of applications require section 6, with a global
a central coordinating concluding and remarks in
quality of service (QoS)
authority. Wireless Mesh Section 7.
Networks (WMNs) are guarantees in terms of
commonly considered the most minimum bandwidth
II. RELATED WORK
suitable architecture because and maximum end-to-
of their versatility that allows end delay. Most Wireless networks has
flexible configurations. This existing work on been an active area of
paper mainly focuses on wireless mesh research interest and a
classification layer of the networks rely on significant work has
largest existing approaches been done on routing
dedicated to QoS. It is also
adapting protocols
originally designed for in wireless networks [4-
discussing the most interesting
works on QoS in WMNs mobile ad hoc 6] and MANETS [7,8].
networks. networks, and offer The wireless mesh network
little support for QoS. defines four possible
deployments: residential
Keywords— QoS, deploying for the digital
routing, wireless A group IEEE 802.11s was We use a hybrid mesh
created in January 2004 [3] home, deployment for a
mesh, architecture[1] company as WLAN,
to provide benefits and consisting of three
features of the mesh network deployment in public places
types of nodes, Mesh to allow access to the internet
I. INTRODUCTION architectures and IEEE Clients representing
802.11 protocols. More and finally as temporary
Wireless mesh end users, Mesh wireless network
specifically, to define the Routers that
networks (WMNs) have infrastructure disaster.
necessary amendments at the communicate with
emerged as a popular In the residential case, the
MAC and physical layers to clients and other mesh
alternative to provide mesh network, also called the
create a wireless distribution routers, and Internet
last-mile connectivity digital home, will create low
system based on IEEE 802.11 Gateways that
to Internet users. cost and ease of deployment
technology.
Wireless mesh communicate with with an excellent wireless
WMN self-organizing and
networks [1] are mesh routers and the coverage in all floors of the
self-configure increases the
dynamically self- external Internet. house. The main motivation
coverage of wireless LAN
organizing and self- behind the introduction of
standard (802.11n) to the
configuring networks wireless mesh MAN The gateway nodes are used mesh networks to provide
where participating (802.11s) without significant for wireless mesh nodes connectivity in the company
nodes automatically additional infrastructure passed to external networks is to use a wireless
establish and maintain deployment. It also offers a such as Internet, GSM, technology performance,
connectivity amongst good platform for promoting WiMax, etc. reliable, inexpensive and
easy to deploy. This allows even if the nodes do not the protocol AODV is the
companies to control costs communicate with each best in terms of delay, C. Optimization of routing
associated with network other, including DSDV throughput and that the DSR algorithm in WMN
installation and reduce the (Destination-Sequenced- is the worst among the four For specific application like,
time required for deployment Distance Vector),OLSR protocols mentioned. emergency or search and
but also guaranteeing (Optimized Link State Furthermore, the authors rescue operations in case of
mobility for employees. Routing) and MPR (Mesh introduced TCP and UDP in natural disaster, policing and
Networking Routing the scenarios of the first part, fire fighting military
III. APPROACHES FOR QOS IN Protocol) to assess the degree of impact applications such as on the
WIRELESS MESH NETWORK Reactive called also 'on- of the transport layer at the battle field, meeting rooms,
demand' for which the paths network layer. The results sports stadium etc, almost all
Different approaches have are computed and maintained confirm that UDP is more routing protocols in one way
been proposed by the state of only when needed, including interesting than TCP in terms or other, try to converge into
the art spread over the AODV (Ad-hoc On-demand of QoS management. shortest path routing. One of
different layers of the TCP / Distance Vector), and DSR There is no ideal and the best the advantages of using
IP; we will summarize the (Dynamic Source Routing) routing recommendation for shortest path routing is that it
most interesting in the [9] DSDV [10-12].It is a WMN. From the protocols is good for overall energy
following section. modification of Bellman- studied in this paper, OLSR efficiency because energy
Ford algorithm implemented and AODV should be needed to transmit a packet is
IV. A NETWORK LAYER in RIP (Routing Information considered as the ideas worth directly proportional to path
APPROACHES Protocol) adapted for self- considering. However, length or number of hops.
configuring networks. Every scalability is one of the But the shortest path routing
As WMNs become an node maintains its own crucial problems also in this is restricted to use the same
increasingly popular routing table with the case. One of the solutions is set of hops to route the data
replacement technology for information about network to propose a new routing packets, thus causing some of
last-mile connectivity to the topology and the cost of the metric for the existing the heavily loaded nodes and
home networking, links between the nodes. protocols, use hybrid routing thus causing some of the
community and AODV [13]. It uses Route techniques or/and multiple nodes to die earlier resulting
neighbourhood networking, it Request/ Route Reply radios and interfaces in order into holes in the network or
is imperative to design an (RREQ/RREP) mechanism to improve performance of even worst into partitioning
efficient resource for route discovery and the network and provide of the network. Thus the need
management system for these destination sequence better capacity of the for load balanced routing
networks. Routing is one of numbers for each route entry network. emerges.
the most challenging issues like DSDV. This helps Authors in [14] formulate the
in resource management for detecting outdated routing. B. R-AODV Rate Aware problem of routing as a
supporting real-time Moreover, it keeps track of Routing Protocol for WMN network optimization
applications with stringent the next hop instead of the After our previous analysis problem, and present a
QoS requirements. In entire route. and existing literature, the general LP (linear
general, there are two main Several studies have routing protocol AODV is programming) formulation
kind of routing protocols for compared the routing most advantageous to ensure for modelling the problem.
multi-hop wireless networks: protocols used in most QoS, and naturally, lot of The authors propose the
(i) topology-based protocols networks Mesh, to find, works was directed towards optimized algorithm for
which need topological expand and improve those the extension of AODV, to known traffic demand and
information to set up a path who gave the best results; the improve its performances. It then explain the performance
between the nodes, (ii) most recent are listed below. is the aim of the paper. Rate ratio for this. The routing
position-based protocols aware routing protocol based algorithms derived from
which require some A. Analysis of Routing on AODV (R-AODV) uses these formulations usually
geographical information for Protocol Performance in minimum network layer claim analytical properties
the route discovery process. Wireless Mesh Networks transmission time as a such as optimal resource
Among the topology-based This work [9] is divided into performance metric. Nodes utilization and throughput
routing protocols considered two parts: the first part, the will select higher data rate fairness. The simulation
here, two distinct categories compared protocols are: link using R-AODV. results demonstrate that their
can be defined: AODV, DSR, DSDV and The simulation result statistical problem
Proactive which maintain the OLSR, using a fixed indicates that R-AODV can formulation could effectively
information about the routes topology and other mobile on improve the network incorporate the traffic
to every node all the time by wireless mesh network with throughput and decrease demand uncertainty in
sending periodic updates NS -2. The results show that network delay. routing optimization, and its
algorithm outperforms the number of retransmission the algorithm on the campus detection of selfish nodes in a
algorithm which only required is minimized. wireless mesh network WMN.
considers the static traffic testbed. Their It uses statistical theory of
demand. To achieve this E. Routing Packets into implementation and inference for reliable
objective the problem for Wireless Mesh Networks experiments show that their clustering of the nodes and is
congestion has been On the forward path, from mechanisms can improve the based on local observations
designed. mesh nodes to Internet nodes, network stability, throughput, by the nodes. Simulation
for all mesh nodes only route and delivery ratio effectively, results show that the
D. A Throughput Optimizing information for one while decreasing the number algorithm has a high
Routing Protocol for destination, the gateways, of route failure. They detection rate while having a
Wireless Mesh Networks needs to be maintained. implement their proposed low rate of false positive.
The goal of the proposed However, on the backward algorithms on the testbed
routing protocol is to path from the Internet to through an improved DSR H. Algorithm for Congestion
establish a route from the mesh nodes, an individual protocol. Their Control in Wireless Mesh
source to the destination that route for every mesh node is implementation and Network
allows traffic flow within a required. experiments show that the Congestion control is an
guaranteed end-to-end The authors investigate mechanisms can effectively important research area in
latency using the minimum protocols for backward path improve the network wireless mesh network
control overhead. The routing in wireless mesh stability, throughput, delivery (WMN). In order to solve
protocol is based on a networks. Using simulation ratio, while decreasing the congestion control in WMN,
reliable estimation of experiments with realistic route invalidation ratio, and a random routing algorithm
wireless link quality and the mobility patterns of can guarantee the fluent based on path weights (WA)
available bandwidth on a pedestrians and cars in cities, transmission of multimedia is presented. The algorithm
routing path. It also they compare three protocols, streams. adopts multi-gateway
minimizes control overhead each of which represents a In order to support wireless mesh network
by effectively controlling routing protocol family: (i) multimedia transmission with routing protocol to solve the
broadcast messages in the AODV with an extension for QoS requirements, they congestion problem of single
network. The QoS-awareness mesh networks, a reactive improve the wireless routing gateway.
in the protocol is achieved by routing protocol, (ii) FBR, a protocol on the test bed with And any cast service was
a robust estimation of the proactive routing protocol, a dynamic ACK mechanism, used to ensure the successful
available bandwidth of the and (iii) GSR, a source which is used to balance the rate of service requests.
wireless channel and a routing protocol. Their throughput and the quality of Simulation results show that
proactive discovery of the results indicate that FBR has transmission. Additionally, WA is the better algorithm as
routing path by an accurate the highest packet delivery authors introduce a dynamic it has less average wait time
estimation of the wireless ratio but is not scalable to the mechanism to change the and the successful rate of
link quality. In addition, the network size. The extended multimedia coding rate service requests. The
protocol uses the multi-point AODV seems to be neither dynamically at the source algorithm can effectively
relay (MPR) nodes to scalable nor does it achieve a node according to the solve congestion problem,
minimize the overhead due to high packet delivery ratio. A available bandwidth. and make the network stable
flooding. good compromise is provided Moreover, they also made and efficient.
The key contributions of the by GSR, which is the most improvement on the
paper are as follows: (i) it scalable. admission control protocol to I. A new vision of routing
exploits the benefits of using facilitate an experiment. protocol
MPRs and circular routing to F. Backup Routing for The mesh network, as is a
increase the network Multimedia Transmissions G. Efficient Routing Anomaly special case of Ad-hoc
throughput by reducing the over Mesh Networks Detection in Wireless Mesh networks and MANET
control overhead. (ii) It Liu et al. [15] proposed an Networks networks. These include a
computes a link quality available bandwidth The throughput of a WMN new vision of routing
estimator and utilizes it in estimation algorithm plus a may be severely degraded protocols based clusters,
route selection. (iii) It QoS backup route due to presence of some whose principle is very
provides framework for mechanism to accommodate selfish routers that avoid simple: divide the whole
reliable estimation of multimedia traffic flows in forwarding packets for other network into several parts,
available bandwidth in a mobile wireless mesh nodes even as they send their each party will elect a central
routing path so that flow networks. Moreover, to own traffic through the node, responsible for
admission with guaranteed validate the correctness of network. Jaydip Sen. [16] coordination of routing
QoS satisfaction can be our proposed algorithm, the presents an algorithm for information between other
made. It also ensures that the authors have implemented adjacent nodes, that node is
named CH (Cluster Head), the latency experienced in a activates links in a way that The contribution of this work
other nodes called its wireless network occurs in maximizes network capacity. [20] is twofold. First Riggio
members. accessing the shared medium. To this end, Chin et al. [18] et al. propose a methodology
Communication in this type In addition, MAC protocols propose a novel link for evaluating multimedia
of network is simple, any must be interoperable with activation algorithm that applications over real world
member wishing to transmit, existing wireless networks maximally creates a bipartite WMN deployments.
do it through its CH. The operating on the same RF graph, which is then used to Second, based on the defined
latter has a routing table, if spectrum and fair toward all derive the link activation methodology, they report the
the destination is internal (in users. schedule of each router. results of an extensive
the same group), then the Authors verified the measurement campaign
delivery will be direct, if not A. A Distributed QoS MAC proposed algorithm on performed exploiting an
the CH sends queries to Protocol for Wireless Mesh various topologies with IEEE 802.11-based WMN
neighbours to find the right increasing node degrees as testbed deployed in a typical
path. Abundant hidden node well as node numbers. From office environment. The
Very recent works have collisions and correlated extensive simulation studies, focus of their research on
focused on this type of channel access due to multi- authors find that their three mainstream multimedia
MANET routing. Mukesh hop flows degrade QoS in algorithm outperforms applications: VoIP, Video
Kumar [17] compared a wireless mesh networks. QoS existing algorithms in terms Conference, and Video
routing protocol named in nearby WLANs operating of the number of links Streaming. Two single-hop
CBRP (Cluster Based on a single channel is also activated per slot, super star-shaped network
Routing Protocol) which affected. Mathilde frame length, computation topologies (with symmetric
gave results much interest as Benveniste propose using time, route length and end-to- and asymmetric links) and a
the basic protocols in terms wider contention windows end delay. multi-hop string topology
of QoS (delay, throughput) for backoff to lower the risk have been exploited in order
and a good transition to of repeated hidden-node C. A Real time Video Stream to provide a comprehensive
across the MANET. collisions, a spatial extension Aggregation in WMN evaluation of the testbed’s
of the TXOP concept called Navda et al. [19] design and performances.
J. Conclusion 'express forwarding' is an evaluate Ganges, a wireless
The first assertion that we enhancement of the mesh network architecture E. Enhancing Video
can do, is that, according to CSMA/CA protocol designed that can efficiently transport Streaming in 802.11 Wireless
the comparative studies to reduce the latency real time video streams from Mesh Networks using Two-
results, done to determine experienced end-to-end by a multiple sources to a central Layer Mechanism Solution
what is the best choice multi-hop wireless mesh to monitoring station. Video Moleme et al. [21] proposes a
between the existing routing clear multi-hop flows sooner, quality suffers from two-layer mechanism for the
algorithms in the state of the and a new mechanism called deterioration in the presence transportation of real-time
art, AODV and OLSR are the 'express retransmission' to of bursty network losses and video. In this mechanism,
best choice by report to reduce collisions on due to packets missing their rate adaptation is
others, in terms of QOS. retransmission. Simulation playback /deadline. Ganges implemented in the data link
The second assertion is that results show the potential spatially separates the paths layer for channel error
several trends have emerged, benefit of the proposed to reduce inter-flow control, link stability and
as follows: enhancements and impact on contention. It finds out a fair reliability. In addition, the
Extending the traditional fairness. rate allocation for the network layer routing
routing algorithms such as different video sources. protocol is optimized for
AODV, DSR, OLSR, to B. A Novel Spatial TDMA The wireless routers in the congestion control and
improve their performances. Scheduler for Concurrent mesh network implement optimal route selection by
Changing values of the Transmit Receive WMN several optimizations in order using congestion information
metric, like hybrid or A key approach to increasing to reduce the end-to-end from the data link layer and
dynamic metric, as network capacity is to equip delay variation. Ganges link quality metric from the
bandwidth of links, or end- wireless routers with smart improves the network network layer.
to-end latency instead of antennas. These routers, capacity by a shortest path The proposed scheme aims at
number of hops, for example. therefore, are capable of tree, and video picture ameliorating the performance
focusing their transmission quality by Central. of UDP in WMV video
V. A LINK LAYER on specific neighbours whilst streaming applications by
APPROACHES causing little interference to D. On the Support of improving throughput, packet
MAC protocol design is other nodes. This, however, Multimedia Applications loss and latency, so the
important in meeting QoS assumes there is a link over 802.11s authors in this work try to
requirements since much of scheduling algorithm that improve a standard protocol
(UDP) to improve the QoS, proposed, as we shall see multiple directional antennas. algorithms greatly improve
us you know as we know, below. The end-to-end throughput the best approximation ratios.
affect the operation of a characters of the proposed
standard protocol is a risk, it A. A Study of End to End WMN are studied based on a D. Gateways and
may have secondary effects Video Robust Transmission network model considering Performance of WMN
on the proposed solutions via WMN the directional antenna. Gateway has fixed bandwidth
The Video Transmission over A STDMA based centralized to be shared by all the clients
F. An STDMA-Based the multi-path fading link scheduling algorithm is for communication. It causes
Framework for QoS wireless channel has to used to ensure proper reduction in per client
Provisioning in Wireless overcome the inherent operation of the backbone throughput as the number of
Mesh Network vulnerability of compressed transmission. It provides clients is increasing and thus
The framework is based on video to the channel errors. necessary conditions to may lead to overall
STDMA scheduling at the To effectively prevent the verify the feasibility of rate performance degradation.
MAC layer, which is corruption of video stream vectors in the networks, and Associating clients to
periodically executed at the and error propagation in use them to derive upper gateway is a crucial point in
network manager to adapt to spatial and temporal domain, bounds of achievable end-to- deciding performance as is
changes in traffic demand. proactive error controls are end throughput. The gateway placement, routing
While scheduling widely been deployed. A approaches are illustrated by and scheduling at the
computation is centralized, novel video transmission simulation examples. The gateway. Associating nodes
admission control is architecture via WMNs is results show that their to a single nearest gateway
performed locally at the proposed to meet the error scheduling algorithm has a causes reduction in capacity
wireless backbone nodes, robust requirement of better throughput of WMN and unfairness
thus reducing signaling. wireless video Transmission. performance compared with amongst the nodes. Clients
The scientist proposes two This architecture address a scheduling algorithm using can be associated to multiple
bandwidth distribution and strategy of jointing sources greedy method. gateways. WMN are
related admission control coding and channel coding dynamically self-organizing
policies, which are at based on H.264 video code C. Distributed Gateway and self-healing and this
opposite ends of the network standard. By taking the time- Placement for Cost imposes even more
utilization/spatial fairness varying wireless channel Minimization in Wireless responsibility on gateways.
tradeoff. condition and video codec Mesh Network Having multiple gateways in
characteristics into account. The problem of gateway clustered WMN can improve
G. Conclusion placement for cost performance significantly.
The link layer is very B. Characterizing the End- minimization (GPCM) in
important to provide QoS for to-End Throughput in WMN two-dimensional wireless
Wireless Mesh Networks. Using Multiple Directional mesh networks. They are
Researchers are focused on Antennas given a set of mesh routers;
specific areas as we have In WMN backbone, the assume they have identical VII. CONCLUSION
seen. A set of researches throughput is mainly limited transmission range r, This paper summarizes the
focus on mechanisms of by 2 factors: the represented by unit challenges in QoS
allocating resources such as ingress/egress congestion in transmission disks around provisioning for Wireless
CSMA/CA or TDMA. Other gateway and link interference them. Mesh Networks (WMNs).
studied queue management, caused by simultaneous A router may be selected as a We reach at the obvious
by doing a control admission, transmissions. Recent study gateway at certain placing conclusion that if we want to
and another approach is to found deploying multiple cost. A router is served by a optimize network resources
use correcting codes. gateways in WMN is an gateway if and only if the WMN to ensure QOS, the
efficient way to alleviate the gateway is within its most effective way is to
VI. A PHYSICAL LAYER ingress/egress bottleneck. transmission range. The goal combine the most effective
APPROACHES Besides, utilizing multiple of this work is to select a set solutions in the three layers
The problems of the channels, multiple radio of mesh routers as gateways together.
propagation of radio waves in interfaces and directional to serve the rest routers with In terms of routing, we think
a cluttered environment with antenna technology in WMN minimum overall cost. This the approach of clustering is
lot of obstacles, are can greatly alleviate problem is NP-hard. the most interesting and in
numerous and known. Works interference problem. In the According to the authors, no another paper, we present our
on these problems were paper, we propose a practical distributed algorithm with a proposal of clustering routing
progressed, but new solutions wireless mesh networks constant approximation ratio algorithm, with a
are regularly found and architecture using multi- has been given before. Their presentation and discussion
channels, multi-radios and of several simulations.
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