Capital Budgeting

Final Paper 2: Strategic Financial Management,

Chapter 2: Capital Budgeting, Part 2
CA. Anurag Singal
Learning Objectives

Budgeting Under Risk and Uncertainty

Methods of Incorporating Risk

Calculation of NPV

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Capital Budgeting Under Risk and
Uncertainty

• Risk denotes variability of possible

Risk outcomes from what was expected.

Standard • Standard Deviation is the most

commonly used tool to measure risk.
Deviation

• It measures the dispersion around the

Measurement mean of some possible outcome

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Methods of Incorporating Risk:

Risk in capital
Budgeting

Risk Adjusted Certainty

Other
Discount Equivalent
Methods
Rate Approach

Scenario Sensitivity Simulation Decision Tree

Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis

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1.Risk Adjusted Discount Rate

• The use of risk adjusted discount rate is based on the concept that
investors demands higher returns from the risky projects.
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• The required rate of return on any investment should include
compensation for delaying consumption equal to risk free rate of
2 return, plus compensation for any kind of risk taken on.

• If risk associated with any investment project is higher than risk

involved in a similar kind of project, then discount rate is
3 adjusted upward in order to compensate this additional risk borne.

• After determining the appropriate required rate of return (Discount

rate) for a project with a given level of risk cash flows are discounted
4 at this rate in usual manner.

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Contd.
Risk Adjusted Discount Rate for Project 'k' is given by

rk = i + n + dk

Where,

Ii = risk free rate of interest.

N = adjustment for firm's normal risk.

Dk = adjustment for different risk of project 'k'.

rk = firm's cost of capital.

If the project's risk adjusted discount rate (rk) is specified, the project is accepted if N.P.V. is positive.
N.P.V. = ∑At / (1 + rk)t – Initial Investment

t= Year 1 to Year k

At =expected cash flow for year 't'.

Rk = risk adjusted discount rate for project 'k'.

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Illustration I
A company engaged in manufacturing of toys is considering a line of stationary items
with an expected life of five years.

From past experience the company has a conservative view in its

investment in new products. Accordingly company considers the stationary items
an abnormally risky project.

The company’s management is of view that normally required rate of return of 10% will
not be sufficient and hence minimum required rate of return should be 15%.

The initial investment in the project will be of 1,10,00,000 and expected free cash flows
to be generated from the project is ` 30,00,000 for 5 years.

Determine whether project should be accepted or not ?

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Solution I:

PART I

PV of cash inflows =30,00,000 x PVIAF (15%, 5)

= 30,00,000 x 3.352

= 1,00,56,000

NPV = PV of Cash Inflow - Initial Investment

= 1,00,56,000 - 1,10,00,000

= - 9,44,000

Thus project should not be accepted.

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Solution - 2

PART II

Had the required rate of return be 10%. The position would

have been as follows. Present value of Cash Inflows

= 30, 00,000 x PVIAF (10%, 5)

= 30, 00,000 x 3.791

= 1, 13, 73,000

NPV = 1,13,73,000 - 1,10,00,000

= 3, 73,000 (Hence NPV positive and project is acceptable)

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 Illustration I
A pencil manufacturing company is considering the introduction of a line of gel pen with an expected life of five years.

In the past the firm has been quite conservative in its investment in new projects, sticking primarily to standard pencils.

In this context, the introduction of a line of gel pen is considered an abnormal risky project.

The CEO of the company is of opinion that the normal required rate of return for the company of 12% is not sufficient.
Therefore, the minimum acceptable rate of return of this project should be 18%.

The initial outlay of the project is Rs10,00,000 and the expected free cash flows from the projects are given below:

Year • Cash Flow

1 • 2,00,000
2 • 3,00,000
3 • 4,00,000
4 • 3,00,000
5 • 2,00,000 10
Solution I:
 N.P.V. = 2,00,000/(1.18)+ 3,00,000/(1.18)2+
4,00,000/(1.18)3 + 3,00,000/(1.18)4 + 2,00,000/
(1.18)5-10,00,000

 = (-) 1,29,442

 Project not feasible.

 Firms used different discount rate related to risk factor for different
types of investment projects. Discount rate is low for routine
replacement investments, moderate for expansion investments and
high for new investments.

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Illustration II:
 Determine the risk adjusted net present value of the following projects:

 X Y Z
 Net cash outlays (Rs) 2,10,000 1,20,000 1,00,000
 Project life 5 years 5 years 5 years
 Annual Cash inflow (Rs) 70,000 42,000 30,000
 Coefficient of variation 1.2 0.8 0.4

 The Company selects the risk-adjusted rate of discount on the basis of the coefficient of variation:

 Coefficient of Variation Risk-Adjusted Rate of P.V. Factor 1 to 5 years At risk

 Return adjusted rate of discount
 0.0 10% 3.791
 0.4 12% 3.605
 0.8 14% 3.433
 1.2 16% 3.274
 1.6 18% 3.127
 2.0 22% 2.864
 More than 2.0 25% 2.689

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Solution II:

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Illustration III:
 New Projects Ltd. is evaluating 3 projects, P-I, P-II, P-III. Following information is available in respect of
these projects:
P-I P-II P-III
Cost 15,00,000 11,00,000 19,00,000
Inflows – Year- 1 6,00,000 6,00,000 4,00,000
Year-2 6,00,000 4,00,000 6,00,000
Year-3 6,00,000 5,00,000 8,00,000

Year-4 6,00,000 2,00,000 12,00,000

Risk Index 1.8 1.00 0.60

Minimum required rate of return of the firm is 15% and applicable tax rate is 40%.
The risk free interest rate is 10%.
Required:
(i) Find out the risk-adjusted discount rate (RADR) for these projects.
(ii) Which project is the best?

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Solution III:
 (i) The risk free rate of interest and risk factor for each of the projects are given. The risk adjusted discount rate
(RADR) for different projects can be found on the basis of CAPM as follows:

 Required Rate of Return = IRf + (ke-IRF ) Risk Factor

 For P-I : RADR = 0.10 + (0.15 - 0.10 ) 1.80 = 19%
 For P-II : RADR = 0.10 + (0.15 - 0.10 ) 1.00 = 15 %
 For P-III : RADR = 0.10 + (0.15 - 0.10) 0.60 = 13 %

 (ii) The three projects can now be evaluated at 19%, 15% and 13% discount rate as follows:
 Project P-I

 Annual Inflows 6,00,000

 PVAF (19 %, 4) 2.639
 PV of Inflows (Rs 6,00,000 x 2.639 ) 15,83,400
 Less: Cost of Investment (Rs) 15,00,000
 Net Present Value (Rs) 83,400

Contd..

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Solution: III Contd.
 Project P-II

Year Cash Inflow (Rs) PV (15% , n) PV (Rs)

1 6,00,000 0.870 5,22,000

2 4,00,000 0.756 3,02,400

3 5,00,000 0.658 3,29,000

4 2,00,000 0.572 1,14,400

Total Present Value 12,67,800

Less: Cost of Investment 11,00,000

Net Present Value 1,67,800

Contd..

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Solution: III Contd.
 Project P-III

Year Cash Inflow (Rs) PV (13% , n) PV (Rs)

1 4,00,000 0.885 3,54,000

2 6,00,000 0.783 4,69,800

3 8,00,000 0.693 5,54,400

4 12,00,000 0.613 7,35,600

Total Present Value 21,13,800

Less: Cost of Investment 19,00,000

Net Present Value 2,13,800

Project P-III has highest NPV. So, it should be accepted by the firm

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Limitations

i) Difficult to estimate dk consistently - determined by adhoc

basis

ii) Risk increases with time at constant rate - not a valid

assumption .

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2.Certainty Equivalent Approach
• Allows the decision maker to incorporate his or her utility function into the
analysis
1

• Set of risk less cash flow is generated in place of the original cash
flows.
2
• Certainty Equivalent Coefficients transform expected values of uncertain
flows into their Certainty Equivalents. It is important to note that the value
3 of Certainty Equivalent Coefficient lies between 0.5 & 1. .

• Certainty Equivalent Coefficient 1 indicates that the cash flow is certain or

management is risk neutral. In industrial situation, cash flows are
4 generally uncertain and managements are usually risk averse.

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 Steps in the Certainty Equivalent
(CE) approach
Step 1: Remove risk by substituting equivalent certain cash flows
from risky cash flows. This can be done by multiplying each risky
cash flow by the appropriate α t value (CE coefficient)

Step 2: Discounted value of cash flow is obtained by applying

risk less rate of interest. Since you have already accounted for
risk in the numerator using CE coefficient, using the cost of
capital to discount cash flows will tantamount to double counting
of risk.

Step 3: After that normal capital budgeting method is applied

except in case of IRR method, where IRR is compared with risk
free rate of interest rather than the firm’s required rate of return.

Note: If C.E. coefficient is not given then we shall compute it as follows:

αt= Certain cash flow t

Risky or expected flow t
α is read as Alpha
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Calculation of NPV

 NPV = n

 ∑ (∝t . CFt) – INV

 Where, t=1 (1+ rf)t

α is the certainty equivalent coefficient of the Net Cash flow of

year ‘t’

INV is the investment in the project

NCFt is the Net cash flow of year ‘t’

rf is the risk free interest rate

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Illustration IV:
Investment Proposal – 45,00,000

Year Expected cash flow Certainity Equivalent coefficient

1 10,00,000 0.9
2 15,00,000 0.85
3 20,00,000 0.82
4 25,00,000 0.78

Assuming i = 5%, calculate NPV.

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Solution IV:
 N. P. V.
 =
 10,00,000(0.90)/(1.05) +
 15,00,000(0.85)/(1.05)2 +
 20,00,000(0.82)/(1.05)3 +
25,00,000(0.78) / (1.05)4-
45,00,000

= 5,34,570

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Illustration V:
XYZ PLC employs certainty-equivalent approach in the evaluation of
risky investments. The finance department of the company has
developed the following information regarding a new project:

Year Expected CFAT Certainty equivalent quotient

Initial Outlays
0 £(200,000) 1
1 £160,000 0.8
2 £140,000 0.7
3 £130,000 0.6
4 £120,000 0.4
5 £80,000 0.3
The firm’s cost of equity capital is 18%; its cost of debt is 9% and the riskless
rate of interest in the market on the treasury bonds is 6%. Should the project
be accepted?

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Solution V:
Determination of NPV :

Year Expected Certainty Adjusted PV Factor (at Total PV

CFAT (in £) equivalent CFAT (CFAT * 0.06)
CE)

0 (2,00,000) 1 (2,00,000) 1 (2,00,000)

1 1,60,000 0.8 1,28,000 0.943 1,20,704
2 1,40,000 0.7 98,000 0.89 87,220
3 1,30,000 0.6 78,000 0.84 65,520
4 1,20,000 0.4 48,000 0.792 38,016
5 80,000 0.3 24,000 0.747 17,928
NPV 1,29,388

Since NPV is positive the project should be accepted.

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Lesson Summary

Feasibility of the project

Risk Adjusted Discount Rate

Certainty Equivalent Approach

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Thank You