PYTHON REVISION TOUR II
STRING FUNCTIONS:
1. string.lstrip(): Returns a copy of the string with leading characters removed.
e.g. >>>str= “there” output:
>>>str.lstrip(“the”) “re”
[matching strings like ‘t’, ‘th’ etc are removed from left of the string]
2. string.rstrip(): returns a copy of the string with trailing characters removed.
e.g. >>>str.rstrip(“care”) output
“th”
Do it at your own:
WAP which reads a line and print statistics like:
Number of uppercase letters:
Number of lowercase letters:
Number of alphabets:
Number of digits:
LISTS IN PYTHON
A list is a data type in python storing sequence of values separated by commas
and enclosed in square brackets. It is mutable data type. E,g. [1,2,3]
Creating empty list
L=list()
Creating list from existing sequences
L=list(“hello”)
>>>L
[‘h’, ’e’, ’l’, ’l’, ’o’]
Creating list from keyboard input:
L= list(input(“Enter list elements:”))
Enter list elements:234567
>>>L
[‘2’,’3’,’4’,’5’,’6’,’7’] #by default string came as output]
To enter list of integers:
L= eval(input(“Enter list elements:”))
Enter list elements:234567
>>>L
[2,3,4,5,6,7]
Difference between Lists and strings:
1. Lists are stored in memory exactly like strings, only difference is that list
store a reference at each index instead of a single character as in strings.
2. Lists are mutable but strings are immutable.
LIST OPERATIONS:
1. Traversing a List: Processing each element of the list
L= [‘P’, ‘Y’, ‘T’,’H’,’O’,’N’]
for a in L
print (a, end=” ”)
output:
PYTHON
2. Joining lists: concatenation operator is used to join lists.
>>>L1=[1,3,9]
>>>L2=[6,12,15]
L1+L2
[1, 3,9,6,12,15]
3. Replicating list: Repeating a list that many number of times
>>>L1*3
[1,3,9,1,3,9,1,3,9]
4. Slicing the list: Extracting a sub part of the string
Seq=L[start:stop]
E.g.>>> L= [20,21,22,23,25,26,29,30]
>>>seq=L[3:5]
>>>seq
[23,25]
LIST MANIPULATION
1. Appending elements to a List: the append () method/ function is used to
add the items at the end of the list.
>>>L=[10,12,14]
>>>L.append(16)
>>>L
[10,12,14,16]
2. Updating elements to a List: to change an element in place in a list
>>>L=[10,12,14,16]
>>>L[0]=5
>>>L
[5,12,14,16]
3. Deleting elements from a List: del statement is used to delete an element
>>>L=[10,12,14,16]
>>>del L[2]
>>>L
[10,12,16]
MAKING TRUE COPY OF A LIST
Only using assignment operator does not make a copy of the list
e.g. colors=[‘red’,’blue’,’green’]
b=colors #does not copy the list
b=list(colors) #Now colors and b are separate lists(true copy)
LIST FUNCTIONS
1. index method: returns the index of first matched item from the list
>>>L=[10,12,14,16]
>>>L.index(12)
1
2. append method: adds an item to the end of the list
>>>L=[10,12,14,16]
>>>L.append(18)
>>>L
[10,12,14,16,18]
3. extend method: used to add multiple elements(in form of list) to the list.
>>>L=[10,12,14,16]
>>>L1=[20,21,22]
>>>L.extend(L1) # argument is a list
>>>L
[10,12,14,16,20,21,22]
4. insert method: inserts an item at a given position
>>>L=[10,12,14,16]
>>>L.insert(3,15) #insert(pos, item)
>>>L
[10,12,14,15,16]
5. pop method: used to remove an item from the list using index
List.pop(index)
>>>L=[10,12,14,16]
>>>e=L.pop(0)
>>>e
10
6. remove method: used to remove first occurrence of given item from list.
List.remove(value)
>>>L=[10,12,14,16]
>>>L.remove(10) #first occurrence of passed value will be removed.
>>>L
[12,14,,16]
7. clear method: remove all items from the list and make it empty
>>>L=[10,12,14,16]
>>>L.clear()
>>>L
[]
For deleting the list del <list> statement to be used
8. count method: returns the count of item passed as argument. if item is not
in the list, returns 0
>>>L=[18,20,15,20,24,20]
>>>L.count(20)
>>>3
9. reverse method: it reverse the items in the list
>>>L=[10,12,14,16]
>>>L.reverse()
>>>L
[16,14,12,10]
10.sort method: sorts the items in the list
>>>L=[10,9,14,16]
>>>L.sort()
>>>L
[9, 10,14,16]
TUPLES IN PYTHON
A TUPLE is a data type in python storing sequence of values separated by commas
and enclosed in parenthesis. It is immutable data type. E,g. (1,2,3)
Creating empty tuple
T=tuple()
Creating tuple from existing sequences
T=tuple(“hello”)
>>>T
(‘h’, ’e’, ’l’, ’l’, ’o’)
Creating tuple from keyboard input:
T= tuple(input(“Enter tuple elements:”))
Enter tuple elements:234567
>>>T
(‘2’,’3’,’4’,’5’,’6’,’7’) #by default string came as output]
To enter list of integers:
L= eval(input(“Enter tuple elements:”))
Enter tuple elements:234567
>>>T
(2,3,4,5,6,7)
Difference between Tuples and Lists
Tuples are immutable while lists are mutable
e.g. L[i]= element #valid for list
T[i]= element #invalid for tuple
TUPLE OPERATIONS
1. Traversing a Tuple: Processing each element of the tuple
T= (‘P’, ‘Y’, ‘T’,’H’,’O’,’N’)
for a in T
print (a, end=” ”)
output:
PYTHON
2. Joining tuples: concatenation operator is used to join tuples.
>>>T1=(1,3,9)
>>>T2=(6,12,15)
T1+T2
(1, 3,9,6,12,15)
3. Replicating tuples: Repeating a tuple that many number of times
>>>T1*3
(1,3,9,1,3,9,1,3,9)
4. Slicing the tuple: Extracting a sub part of the string
Seq=T[start:stop]
E.g.>>> T= (20,21,22,23,25,26,29,30)
>>>seq=T[3:5]
>>>seq
(23,25)
5. Unpacking tuples: creating individual elements from a tuple
e.g. t= (1,2,’a’,’b’)
w,x,y,z =t # four elements in tuple
print(w, ”_” , x, ”_”, y, “_”,z)
1_2_a_b
TUPLE FUNCTIONS
1. len() method: returns the length of the tuple
>>>T=(1,2,3,4,5)
>>>len(T)
5
2. max() method:returns the maximum element from the tuple
>>>T=(1,2,3,4,15)
>>>max(T)
15
3. min() method: returns the minimum element from the tuple
>>>T=(1,2,3,4,15)
>>>min(T)
1
4. index() method: returns the index of existing element
>>>T=(1,2,3,4,15)
>>>T.index(3)
2
5. count() function: returns the count of an element in the tuple
>>>T=(1,2,3,4,3)
>>>T.count(3)
2
6. tuple() method: constructor method to create tuples from diff. values
>>>t=tuple(“abc”)
>>>t
(‘a’ , ‘b’, ‘c’)
Dictionaries in PYTHON
It is an unordered collection of elements in the form of key-value pairs
that associate keys to values. Dictionaries are mutable.
Creating a dictionary
Emp= {“john”: 25000, “blake”:30000, “smith”:40000}
Key are : john, blake and smith
Corresponding values are: 25000,30000 and 40000
Updating existing elements in a dictionary
>>>Emp[“john”]=50000
>>>Emp
{“john”: 50000, “blake”:30000, “smith”:40000}
Deleting elements from a dictionary
>>>del Emp[“blake”]
>>>Emp
{“john”: 25000, “smith”:40000}
pop() method is also used to delete key value pair but it returns the
corresponding value
>>>Emp.pop(“blake”)
30000
>>>Emp
{“john”: 25000, “smith”:40000}
Checking for existence of a key
>>>”smith” in Emp
True
Dictionary Functions and methods
1. len() method: returns the length of dictionary
>>>len(Emp) # before deletion
3
2. clear() method:It clears all the elements and dictionary becomes empty
>>>Emp.clear()
>>>Emp
{}
3. get() method: to get the item with the given key
>>>Emp.get(“smith”)
40000
4. items() method: to return all the items of dictionary as a sequence of
tuples.
myList=Emp.items()
for x in myList:
print(x)
5. keys() method: return the keys of dictionary in the form of a List
>>>Emp.keys()
[“john”,“blake”, “smith”]
6. values() method: return the values of dictionary in the form of a List
>>>Emp.values()
[50000,30000,40000]
7. update() method:The items in the new dictionary are added to the old one
and override any items already there with the same keys.
Emp1= {“john”: 25000, “blake”:30000, “smith”:40000}
Emp2= {“kevin”: 50000, “lalit”:30000, “smith”:25000}
>>>Emp1.update(Emp2)
>>>Emp1
Emp1= {“john”: 25000, “blake”:30000, “smith”:25000, “kevin”: 50000,
“lalit”:30000}
WAP that checks for presence of a value inside a dictionary and print its
key.
Sol. Info={“Riya”:”Csc.”, “Mark”:”Eco”,”Ishpreet”:”Eng”,”Kamaal”:”EVS”}
inp=input(“enter the value to be searched for”)
if inp in info.values():
for a in info:
if info[a]==inp:
print(“The key of given value is”,a)
break
else:
print(“Given value does not exist in the dictionary”)
SORTING TECHNIQUES
SORTING: Arranging elements in a specific order ascending or descending.
1. Bubble Sort:The basic idea of bubble sort is to compare two adjoining
values and exchange them if they are not in proper order.
Program to sort a list using Bubble Sort
aList=[15,6,13,22,3,52,2]
print(“orginal list is:”, aList)
n=len(aList)
for i in range(n):
for j in range(0,n-i-1):
if aList[j]>aList[j+1]:
aList[j],aList[j+1]=aList[j+1],aList[j]
print(“List after sorting”, aList)
2. Insertion Sort: It is a sorting algorithm that builds a sorted list one
element at a time from the unsorted list by inserting the element at its
correct position in the sorted list.
Program to sort a sequence using insertion sort.
Sol. aList=[15,6,13,22,3,52,2]
print(“orginal list is:”, aList)
for in range(1,len(aList)):
key=aList[i]
j=i-1
while j>=0 and key< aList[j]:
aList[j+1]= aList[j]
else:
aList[j+1]=key
print(“List aftersorting”,aList)
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