HISTORY OF MUSEUM
In its most basic sense, a museum is an institution that houses, cares for, and displays objects.
Usually, these objects are of cultural, artistic, historical, or scientific significance.
The word “museum” is derived from Latin which was, in turn, inspired by mouseion, the
Greek term for “a shrine to the Muses.” In Classical Greek mythology, the nine Muses are
the goddesses of the arts and sciences, making them perfect patrons for these knowledge-
based institutions.
While the formal “museum” did not emerge until the 18th century, collections of objects
resembling this seemingly modern phenomenon date back thousands of years.
Early museums began as private collections of wealthy individuals, families or institutions of art
and rare or curious natural objects and artefacts. These were often displayed in so-
called wonder rooms or cabinets of curiosities.
The oldest such museum in evidence was Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum, dating from c. 530 BC
and devoted to Mesopotamian antiquities.
In 1925, archaeologist Leonard Woolley discovered a curious collection of artefacts while
excavating a Babylonian palace. They were from many different times and places, and yet they
were neatly organized and even labelled. Woolley had discovered the world’s first museum.
It’s easy to forget that ancient peoples also studied history - Babylonians who lived 2,500 years
ago were able to look back on millennia of previous human experience. That’s part of what
makes the museum of Princess Ennigaldi so remarkable. Her collection contained wonders and
artifacts as ancient to her as the fall of the Roman Empire is to us. But it’s also a grim symbol of
a dying civilization consumed by its own vast history.
http://museums.eu/highlight/details/105317/the-worlds-oldest-museums
History of Greenroofs
The origins of green roofs began thousands of years ago. The most famous green roofs were the Hanging
Gardens of Babylon. They were considered as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, were
constructed around 500 B.C. They were built over arched stone beams and waterproofed with layers of reeds
and thick tar. Plants and trees were then planted. In more recent times, people used sod to cover their roof tops
for the purpose of insulation, it kept their homes cool in summer and warm in winter. Modern green roofs may
have had their "roots" in ancient times but technological advances have made them far more efficient and
expensive than their ancient counterparts.
Modern green roofs are made of a system of layers placed over the roof to support soil medium and vegetation.
This is a relatively new phenomenon and was developed in Germany in the 1960s, and has spread to many
countries, since then. Green roofs are also becoming increasingly popular in the United States, although they
are not as common as in Europe.
https://www.ltu.edu/water/greenroofs_history.asp#targetText=The%20origins%20of%20green%20roof
s,of%20reeds%20and%20thick%20tar.
RAIN LOAD
Rainwater ponding has lead to the collapses of many buildings due to lack of, inadequate, or plugged
roof drainage systems. One inch (25.5 mm) of water collecting over a 1 ft2 (0.09 m2 ) area of a roof,
weighs 5.2 lb (25.4 kg). A 20 ft x 20 ft (6.1 m x 6.1 m) roof area with 1 in. (25.5 mm) of water would have
over a ton (908 kg) of additional roof loading.
GAPS Guidelines
A Publication of Global Asset Protection Services LLC
WIND LOAD
Wind loads are randomly applied dynamic loads. The intensity of the wind pressure on the surface of a structure depends
on wind velocity, air density, orientation of the structure, area of contact surface, and shape of the structure. Because of
the complexity involved in defining both the dynamic wind load and the behavior of an indeterminate steel structure when
subjected to wind loads, the design criteria adopted by building codes and standards have been based on the application of
an equivalent static wind pressure.
https://www.civilengineeringx.com/structural-analysis/structural-steel/wind-loads/
wind directionality factor
Per ASCE 7-10,Section 26.6, the Directionality Factor Kd is defined as a parameter that
makes the design more rational by considering the dependencies of the wind speed, the
frequency of occurrence of extreme wind and the aerodynamic property on wind direction.
Topographic effects
Topographic effects are considered when the average slope of the
upwind topographic features such as hills, ridges, escarpments, and cliffs exceeds 5% and
where features increase wind speed by more than 5%.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167610508000032#targetText=Topographic%20ef
fects%20are%20considered%20when,speed%20by%20more%20than%205%25.
Gust effects
The gust effect factor is defined as a ratio of the. maximum response to the mean response of
a structure, and is given by (Simiu and Scanlan, 1996)
Wall Pressure Coefficient
The difference of pressure at the point in wall and the wind static pressure will be used to design the value of wind
pressure.
https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/definitions/wall-pressure-coefficients-
8#targetText=Both%20external%20and%20internal%20pressure,values%20greater%20than%2010%20%
C2%B0%20.
Flame tree
In addition to its ornamental value, it is also a useful shade tree in tropical conditions, because it
usually grows to a modest height (mostly 5 meters, but it can reach a maximum height of 12
meters) but spreads widely, and its dense foliage provides full shade.
Dwarf coconut trees are so named because they are typically shorter-stemmed than tall
varieties, but they may still reach 20 to 60 feet in height. Dwarf coconut trees may be
successfully planted at any time of year, when given the proper care and the right conditions.
Christmas Palm
Characteristics. Native to the Philippines,
these trees have been cultivated
throughout the tropics for centuries. They
grow quickly until reaching about 6
feet tall then continue to grow more slowly.
With time, Christmas palms can grow
as tall as 25 feet with a canopy spread of 5
to 8 feet and a 6-inch diameter trunk.
Esperanza or Yellow bells is an irregularly
shaped, deciduous shrub, normally 3-6
ft. tall in the US but more southerly
varieties can reach 9 ft.
PHYSICS BEHIND
WIND-SUCTION
If we first look at the facts, we don’t
often hear of green roofs having
been blown-off during storms. Such
an event might happen with pavers,
waterproofing and similar, but this is
not the case with green roofs.
But do we know why?
If we consider the physical
components of the wind-suction effect,
we know that when the wind blows
over the roof certain negative pressure
areas (vertigos) are created. These
forces are able to grab and tear
elements from the roof if they are
too light or if they are not fixed
firmly enough to the basic roof
surface (Picture 1)
If we look at waterproofing, we need to do one of three things in order to keep it in
place:
– Ballast it with gravel / tiles
– Physically, mechanically fix it
– Glue it to the roof surface (with PU / hot bitumen)
Why does the same not happen to Green Roofs?
There are several factors that differ when wind forces impact green roofs, the most
important of which is the permeability of the green roof surface. Vegetation and growing
media have open structures with many open spaces and irregularities that prevent the
wind’s negative pressure vertigos from gaining a strong grip. The total negative
pressure affecting the green roof surface is distributed such that the final effect
represents only a fraction of the real forces
impacting a regular roof (Picture 2).
WE KNOW THE PHYSICS – SO WHAT KIND OF TESTING
WOULD BE APPROPRIATE?
There still is no consensus as to what should actually be monitored. Do we simply want to
know what part of a vegetated roof will not fly away during a severe storm and hurt
someone (safety factor); or do we want to know how much damage will be done to the
vegetation (visual factor)? For the purposes of the building / roofing industry, wind up-
lift testing should focus on safety measures, which should be our number one priority,
so I want to focus on that. Let me just point out the main concerns and try to identify and
summarise some of the key points that are making some global consensus on green roof
wind up-lift testing such a challenge.
Real life (in-situ) vs. laboratory testing
1. Real life / In-situ testing and monitoring
These tests usually last a long time and are the best as they represent real-life
situations in specific geographic / climatic areas. The main drawback, however, is the
distinct likelihood that the testing period will not see any extreme wind situations – so the
quality of the final test result is questionable. Also, there are so many different green roof &
roof designs with their own specific characteristics that real-life testing should not be
considered due to the complexity, cost and duration of the process. In my opinion, they
should only be used to help confirm lab test results from real-life monitoring.
2. Laboratory testing
Laboratory tests are then (as always) the best option owing to several factors:
– fast
– easy to test in extreme situations
– allow us to test many different applications, installations, and types of green roof designs
where both time and funds are limited
– are easily standardised globally
There could be some drawbacks as well, as they don’t necessary mimic real life situations,
but this is something that needs to be tackled up-front, in the design stage of the test
protocols.
Looking into current testing practices, there are two types of lab tests that are mostly
widely used by the green roof industry:
a. Negative pressure test
This test protocol comes from the waterproofing / roofing industry. During the test,
negative pressure is applied to the roof surface / waterproofing until the
waterproofing membrane becomes detached from the base roof surface and is lifted
off (sucked away from the surface). The same test protocol can also be applied to the
Green Roof System.
This type of test protocol is well respected and recognised in Germany. The bulk of the
wind uplift design approach presented by the FLL (German – Guideline for the Planning,
Execution, and Upkeep of Green Roofs) consists primarily in first calculating the building’s
wind loads in accordance with European standards and in line with the above testing
procedure. FLL states that the overall design uplift load results of the test should naturally
decrease with the use of green roof systems due to effects that are the result of a
combination of factors associated with green roofs. These factors include the coarseness of
the vegetation, additional dead loads from residual substrate moisture and vegetation, the
root system’s ability to bind growth media, and the wind permeability of the vegetation. (Vo,
2013)
As the guideline does not explicitly list any correction factors (as there are as many
variables as there are different green roof systems) each system should be tested
separately and theoretical correction factors calculated.
b. Wind-tunnel test
This test tries to model real life wind situations.
