EDO UNIVERSITY IYAMHO
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
MTH 211: Mathematical Methods I
Lecturer: SILOKO Israel Uzuazor. Email: [email protected]
Lectures: Tuesday, 1pm–3pm, CLR2. Phone: (+234) 8164830801
Description: This course is intended to give the students a thorough knowledge of
differentiation and integration. This course covers topics such differentiation and
integration and their applications. Mean value theorem. Taylor series. Real-valued
functions of two or three variables. Partial derivatives chain rule, extrema,
Lagrangian multipliers. Increments, differentials and linear approximations.
Evaluation of line, integrals. Multiple integrals.
Prerequisites: Students should be familiar with the concept of differentiation and
integration of a function.
Learning outcomes: At the completion of this course, students are expected to:
i. understand the concept of derivative,
ii. differentiate explicit and implicit function,
iii. understand the concept of line, double and triple integrals,
iv. understand the concept of total derivative.
Assignments: We expect to have assignments, tests and a final examination for
this course. The assignments will be given at the end of a particular topic and two
tests will be administered and structured as preparation for the final examination.
Grading: We will assign 10% of this class grade to assignments, 10% each for the
two tests totalling 20% and 70% for the final examination. The Final examination
is comprehensive.
Textbook: The recommended textbook for this class are as stated:
Title: Engineering Mathematics, 7th Edition
Authors: K. A. Stroud and Dexter J. Booth.
Title: Higher Engineering Mathematics.
Authors: Dass, H. K. and Verma, E. R.
Title: Schaum’s Outline: Advanced Calculus, Fourth Edition.
Authors: Robert Wrede and Murray R. Spiegel.
Real Valued Function
Peter Dirichlet a German Mathematician (1829) conceived a function as a variable,
called the dependent variable having its value fixed or determine in some definite
manner by the value assigned to the independent variable or to several
independent variables . The value of both and are real. The
statement is read as is a function of . Again,
indicates the interdependence between the variable and . The function is
usually given as an explicit formula such as for all real.
Usually, in algebraic expression, a real variable may take any value in a certain
range. If the lowest value of is and the highest value of is and may take
any value between and , then is said to be a continuous variable in the range
[ ] and takes all values such that . Since the end points are included
among the values of which form this range, the interval is called a closed
interval. The interval defined by the inequality is called an open interval
and is denoted by .
Review of Differentiation
1. Function of a Function.
If is a function of and that itself is a function of , then the derivative of
with respect to is
This is also called the chain rule of differentiation.
Example1: Find the derivative of each of the following.
√
√
Solution
Let
√
⁄
⁄
⁄
⁄ ⁄
√ √
⁄
⁄
⁄
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
√
2. Derivative of a Product.
If where and are functions of , then the derivative of with respect
to is
Example2: Find the derivative of each of the following.
√
Solution
Let
Let
√
Let √
( )
3. Derivative of a Quotient.
If where and are functions of such that then the derivative of
with respect to is
Example3: Find the derivative of each of the following.
√
√
Solution
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(√ )
(√ )
Implicit Differentiation
The process of differentiating implicit function is called implicit differentiation.
Example4: Differentiate the following implicitly.
Solution
Differentiating term by term with respect to we have
Assignment
Parametric Equation
Given that where is a parameter are called parametric
equation.
Example5: Given that and , find
Solution
Higher Derivatives
Given that is also a function of . The derivative of with respect
to is ( ), ( ) is called the second derivative of with respect to and is
usually denoted with .
The third derivative is while the fourth derivative is . In general is the
derivative of with respect to .
Example6: Find the first, second and third derivatives of the following.
Solution
Assignment
1. Find the first, second and third derivatives of .
2. Given that , show that
3. Given that , show that
Applications of Differential Calculus
1. Tangents and Normals to Curves.
At any point on a curve, at that point gives the gradient of the tangent at the
point. A straight line perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact of the
tangent to the curve is called a normal to the curve.
Example1: Find the equation of the tangent and the normal to the curve
at the point .
Solution
If is the gradient of the tangent at the point , then
At the point , we have that
The equation of the tangent at the point is given by
If is the gradient of the normal at , then
Hence, the equation of the normal at the point is
Example2: Find the equation of the tangent to the curve
At the point
Solution
If is the gradient of the tangent at the point , then .
Therefore the equation of the tangent at the point is given by
2. Maximum and Minimum Points.
The point A in the figure above where the gradient is changing from positive
through zero to negative is called the maximum point. The point B where the
gradient is changing from negative through zero to positive is called a minimum
point. The maximum and the minimum points are both called turning points. The
point where is called a stationary point. The value of at the maximum
point is called the maximum value while the minimum point of is called the
minimum value.
To find the turning points of a given function, we shall carry out the following test
Example1: Find and classify the turning points of the following curves
1.
2.
Solution
This shows that it is minimum point.
This shows that it is minimum point.
Assignment
Find the turning points of the following curve .
Review of Integration
Differentiation measures the rate of change while integration measures area.
If , then
∫ ∫
where C is called an arbitrary constant of integration.
Example1: Evaluate the following integrals
∫ ∫√ ∫
Solution
∫ ∫ ∫
∫√ ∫
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
Techniques of Integration
1. The Integral of the form
∫
Let
∫ ∫ ∫
Example2: Evaluate the following integrals
∫ ∫ ∫
Solution
Let
∫ ∫
∫
∫
Let
∫ ∫
∫ ∫
Let
∫ ∫ ∫
2. The Integral of the form
Let
∫ ∫
∫ ∫
Example3: Evaluate the following integrals
∫ ∫
Solution
∫ ∫
∫
∫ ∫
3. Integration by algebraic substitution
An integral that is not in the standard form can be reduced to one that is in the
standard form by making appropriate algebraic substitution
Example4: Evaluate the following integrals
∫ ∫
Solution
Let
∫ ∫ ∫
Let
∫ ∫ ∫
Assignment
Evaluate the following integrals
∫ √ ∫
4. Integration by Parts
This is a technique use for integrating product were substitution method fails. If
, then by product rule we have
∫( ) ∫( ) ∫( )
∫ ∫
∫ ∫
∫ ∫
Example5: Evaluate the following integrals
∫ ∫
Solution
Let
∫ ∫
∫ ∫
Let
∫ ∫
∫ ∫
Assignment
Evaluate the following integrals
∫ ∫
5. Integration by Partial Fractions
If a rational expression is not in a standard integral form, it could be transformed
into a standard form by splitting it into partial fractions.
Example6: Evaluate the following integrals
∫ ∫
Solution
Using cover up method, to solve for let and to solve for let
Similarly,
∫ ∫( )
∫( ) ∫( )
∫
Since the degree of the numerator is higher than the degree of the denominator, the
expression must be in a proper algebraic fraction form.
Solving for A and B, we have and respectively
∫ ∫( )
Assignment
Evaluate the following integrals
∫ ∫
