450 Chapter 8 Vapor Power Systems Dec Corn Analyzing an Ideal Rankine Cycle Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine at 8.0 MPa and satu- rated liquid exits the condenser at a pressure of 0.008 MPa. The net power output of the eycle is 100 Mw. Determine for the cycle (a) the thermal efficiency, (b) the back work ratio, () the mass flow rate of the steam, in kg/h, (2) the rate of heat transfer, Qj into the working fluid as it passes through the boiler, in MW. (e) the rate of heat transfer, Qou, from the condensing steam as it passes through the condenser, in MW, (f) the mass flow rate of the condenser cooling water, in kg/h, if cooling water enters the condenser at 15°C and exits at 35°C. SOLUTION Known: An ideal Rankine cycle operates with steam as the working fluid. The boiler and condenser pressures are specified, and the net power output is given. Find: Deterthine the thermal efficiency, the back work ratio, the mass flow rate of the steam, in kg/b, the rate Of heat transfer to the working fluid as it passes through the boiler, in MW, the rate of heat transfer from the Condensing steam as it passes through the condenser, in MW, the mass flow rate of the condenser cooling water, Which enters at 15°C and exits at 35°C. Schematic and Given Data: ty oo anlar ra. t81 Engineering Model: 4, Each component of the cycle is analyzed as a control volume at steady state. The control volumes are shows on the accompanying sketch by dashed lines. e 2. All processes of the working fluid are internally reversible. : 3. The turbine and pump operate adiabatically. & 4, Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. Q 5. Saturated vapor enters the turbine, Condensate exits the condenser as saturated liquid. begin the analysis, we x each ofthe principal states located on the accompanying schema @® Analyst see es diagrams Starting atthe inlet to the turbine, the pressure is 80 MPa and the steam is a saturated apr, so from Table A3, hy = 2758.0 Kifkg and sy = 5.7432 KiMkeg « K. v v E hy 54450 Chapter 8 Vapor Power Systems Analyzing an Ideal Rankine Cycle Steam is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle. Saturated vapor enters the turbine at &0 MPa and satu- fated Tiguid exits the condenser at a pressure of 0,008 MPa. The net power output of the eycle is 100 MW. Determme for the cycle (a) the thermal efficiency, (b) the back work ratio, (e) the mass flow rate of the steam, jn kg/h, (d) the rate of heat transfer, Qn into the working fluid as it passes through the boiler, in MW, (€) the sic of heat transfer, Qqy, from the condensing steam as it passes through the condenser, in MW, () the mass Tow rate of the condenser cooling water, in kg/h, if cooling water enters the condenser at 15°C and exits at 35°C. SOLUTION known: An ideal Rankine cycle operates with steam as the working fluid. The boiler and condenser pressures are specified, and the net power output is given. Find: Determine the thermal efficiency, the back work ratio, the mass flow rate of the steam, in kg/b, the rate bf heat transfer to the working fluid as it passes through the boiler, in MW, the rate of heat transfer from the Condensing steam 2s it passes through the condenser, in MW, the mass flow rate of the condenser cooling water, which enters at 15°C and exits at 35°C. ‘Schematic and Given Data: ‘gla 8 0.008 MP Fig. £8. Engineering Model: 1. Bach component of the cycle is analyzed as a control volume at steady state, The control volumes are shown on the accompanying sketch by dashed lines. 2. All processes of the working fluid are internally reversible, 3. The turbine and pump operate adiabatically. 4, Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. 5, Saturated vapor enters the turbine. Condensate exits the condenser as saturated liquid. @ Analysis: To begin the analysis, we ix each of the principal states located on the accompanying schemati ‘and T-s diagrams. Starting at the inlet to the turbine, the pressure is 8.0 MPa and the steam is @ saturated ‘vapor, 60 from Table A-3, hy = 2758.0 ki/kg and sy = 5.7432 ki/kg - K. v v hy 58.2 The Rankine Cycle 451 «state 2s fixed by py = 0.008 MPa and the fact thatthe specific entropy is constant for the adiabatic, intersaly remnible expansion through the turbine. Using saturated liquid and saturated vapor data from Table A-3, we find that the quality at state 2 is —> Ok Pa, Sno Se _ 5.7482 — 0.5926 _ atu. aH Feccgeeauere: 1W, a ‘The enthalpy is then 5 ok Pa, by) tte how hyt tgs sans coousparst , hq> bet %C4™P i = 1794.8 ki/kg, State 3 is saturated liquid at 0.008 MPa, so fis = 173.88 ike. = he State 4 is fixed by the boiler pressure ps and the specific entropy s« = $3. The specific enthalpy hy can be found by interpolation in the compressed liquid tables. However, because compressed liquid data are relatively sparse, ares it ig more convenient to solve Eq, 83 for hy, using Eq. 8.7b to approximate the pump work. With this ‘approach | Fm by hai dng = fa + Wott = hy + vile) = | py 'Terting property values trom Table AS Noy iter, = 10° Nn | kt - 14 = 173.88 kJ/kg + (1.0084 3m’ (8.0 — 0.008) lo h 3.88 kIIkg + (1.0084 x 10°? m*tkg)(8.0 ea wpe |New = 173.88 + 8.06 = 181.94 kJ/kg. fi 2 (a) The net power developed by the cycle is ee Weyae = Wi- Wy ‘Mass and energy rate balances for control volumes around the turbine and pump give, respectively, | wy W, Foon — hy and P= hay i ri Tn where ri is the mass flow rate of the steam. The rate of heat transfer to the working fluid as it passes through the boiler is determined using mass and energy rate balances as oe fone } ‘The thermal efficiency is then . (rs = fa) = (ha = hs) 7 Bie hy he _ [(2758.0 - 1794.8) ~ (181.94 = 173.88)] kik a (2758.0 — 181.94) kik = 0371 (37.1%) (b) The back work ratio is e vor = We ams (181.94 — 173.88) ki/kg own W, fh (2758.0 — 1794.8) kik = 306, 3 = BS = sa1 x 107 (080%) (©) The mass flow rate of the steam can be obtained from the expression for the net power given in part (a). Thus, Woce 7 ger in teu problewy 9 Thy = ha) = (he Fa) ‘ ae (100 MW)|J0° kWIMW}3600 s/hj ated (963.2 — 8.06) kJ/kg = 3.77 X10 kgh452 Chapter 8 Vapor Power Systems Oia = rn(Itn — Ira) _ (3.77 x 10° kg/h) (27580 ~ 181 7 [3600 s/h) f10* WIM) 4) ks = 269.77 MW (© Mass and energy rate balances applied Dou = rit(h, — ts) (3:77 % 108 kg/h) (1794.8 ~ 173.88) kikg [3600 sik IOP WIMW = 169.75 MW @ Note that the ratio of Qpu 0 Qin is 0.629 (62.9%). state, the net power developed equals the net rate of heat transfer to the plant Woe = Qin ~ Qow Rearranging this expression and inserting values ou = Gin ~ Woyse = 269.77 MW ~ 100M ‘The slight difference from the above value is due to roundoff. Be — Wy + Ft Bats where sitgy is the mass flow rate of the cooling water. Solving for titer ray ~ hs) (Chrenoat ~ Pein) 0 tonout) + ria(Hta Titow (169.75 MW) (146.68 — 62.99) Kvkg {10° kWI/MW [3600 s/h} titen = — one @ Note that a slightly revised problem-solving methodology is used in this example problem: We begin with a systematic evaluation of the specific enthalpy at each numbered state @ Note that the back work ratio is relatively low for the Rankine cycle. In the present case, the work required to operate the pump is less than 1% of the turbine output. @ In this example, 62.9% of the energy added to the working fluid by heat transfer is subsequently discharged to the cooling water. Although consider- able energy is carried away by the cooling water, its exergy is small because the water exits at a temperature only a few degrees greater than that of the surroundings. See Sec. 8.6 for further discussion. iF the mass flow rate of steam were 150 ke/s, what would be ‘et power, in MW, and the thermal efficiency? Ans. 143.2 MW, 37.1%. then: (@ With the expression for Qj, from part (a) and previously determined specific enthalpy values to a control volume enclosing the steam side of the condenser give ‘Alternatively, Oya cat be determined from an energy rate balance on the overall vapor power plant. At steady 169.7 MW (Taking a control volume around the condenser, the mass and energy rate balances give at steady state fs) ‘The numerator in this expression is evaluated in part (¢). For the cooling water, h = f(T), so with saturated Tiguid enthalpy values from Table A.2 at the entering and exiting temperatures of the cooling water =73 x key, gD Reajat bECSS) Ssuitsoevel } { sketch the Ts dagram of ‘ihe basic Rankine cyl. fix each of the peal states ard reteive necessary property deta apply mass and meray balances. Dealeulate performsnce parameters for the ce,Dee com Inclass problem: Problem 8.29: Water is the working fluid in an ideal Rankine cycle with reheat. Superheated ‘vapor enters the turbine at 10 MPa, 480°C, and condenser pressure is 6 kPa. Steam expands through the first stage turbine to 0.7 MPa and then is reheated to 480°C, Determine for the cycle (@) The heat addition, in kJ per kg of steam entering the first stage turbine (b) The thermal efficiency (c) The heat transfer from the working fluid passing through the condenser to the cooling ‘water, in kJ per kg of steam entering the first stage turbine. Problem 8.20: Water is the working fluid in a Rankine cycle. Superheated vapor enters the turbine at 8 MPa, 560°C with amass flow rate of 7.8 ke/s and exits at 8 kPa. Saturated liquid centers the pump at 8 kPa. The isentropic turbine efficiency is 88% and the isentropic pump efficiency is 82%. Cooling water enters the condenser at 18°C and exits at 36°C with no significant change in pressure. Determine (@) The net power developed, in kW (b) The thermal efficiency (©) The mass flow rate of cooling water in kg/sPROBLEM 8.24 ‘Ralowinas - je-the working Glutid th an ideal Rowbine cycle with vdreat, the Sealie SMe Baha enbtie Stopes art the candensr exit are specified. Fiwpy Delermiine (@) the rate of heat addition of Shean Plowing, C8) ] Teague, po tees lel salieri e condenser per kg of shea condensing. : SCHEME £ C\VEN DATA: 7 70 Obi be ca YH abot | [eo Bin § [ore He ps “4 iS y= 400% s EUGINEEZING mopeL: See, Example 8:3, ANANSI: Fest, Cie all of the:principal states, Shale p,= 100 ban 1.480% => bys saan erlkg,S\26.S282 betlleg= K Stake? pet bey Sy, > oe ES voaeie, he 2684.8: larly Shales por ban, 400% = h,= 34364 thy, sy 18723 Laly-k Sialed s pyeo.ot ber Sy=85 4,05“ FE4 » onda, bye 2dest & | SHaleS? peo. ban, sab Mguitel > ee 151.52 ktTky }o. Stale 64. hy % IgV Crem Ps) = a? voENlin™, | Uno" | (2 we" 2151583 2s C1osene%) Tj Cleo-0.0e)ber| 7 bar || Tow ‘6, BISWS3+ 10.06 = ibis? LTT a4 ” “Cas For the control volume enelising the stexin generator (Sey hehe dig ev [Ohne +Chghal] > bis, # Charbel +Chs hy) | 6 Qvalvh = (33214-16159) +094304420848) a + 39134 1 bg $e by the thermal ePtlciony ie r= Neselelt i inte | Wayetelrk = Ch be) +Cogrha) ~Chay- bs) = 636+ o3.3— 10.06 =1634.8 lalkg | ‘Ths we RRS soa Cad “ES w pnpreavem 6:24 (Cont 3) (ed: For the condenser re Oar = te Chgnhs) > St = lygnhs ; # 2Atsb-Ishs3 < 22744 Fe Seu mvberiahvely io inal & Sila Wogelora, = 391A = 1634.8 = 22740 kstkg (Thi i ‘ here A a Fesalls of ts analyse can be compared te the uals of Rrokjen 6 Gye. some ofthe eMfects SE Twcorpornh Hee tal ect! ee 2PROBLEM 20° kwon): Water isthe working Puta ina Ramlaine eycle,. “The condenser peau dude fuabine inlet stale ave spacitted . The nines fsa a f sitam ie given. gael thn abit a pang ssh teceoh fete aye 0M come give: -codlihg water entering an Ting eoncdser or cl FIND: Delevwatne (@) the net power, Ck)the thermal elticiency,, wud Ge) he witss flow rede of woling wagers sine orang the condenser scelemprie & Given DAT: ihe fe ae Ns ray 36% “ef Cohenser- Ms Cooling waet TatiB%. wrote Ye Rr00b bor . ‘sat liguid . S le nee 641 Sameas Problem 8:2, exceph vipeo.88 aol ypaoite. Also, 12 Assume thak he pressure drop Is Reglijable-for-tHa cpsling wialer Pass yi vie oP eee Ag wile prsctng ugh the condenser, areal Aimysiss First, Fe each of Yaa pineal states. Stabe: ts Re Gober, T= 860% 7 hye 3845.3 BST by Sy? 69072 aT kg Galee: peo OBbar, $25, a ag Sas 20.024 y yg@2Ibl0 valk Using tha beep tare lag Both WP ai ob has bay taylay- bins) 223271 uatky Siale 3! R=0.08 bar; sab, liquid, 3 he 2113.88 kTIkG Biadeds py = Bo ber, hem hat BERRY mit a 0 oath ye|toulat| ET 173.0854 (soba dys (6O-BOB)b LA Lich 2181.44 “P| Using he nego pump trelcedy togek hq We ae adhys hy Chazhs Witp = 783.58 ETlkg | @ The Wat power developedis Wayle = [thzb.)-Chy-had) ; | O46 gle) ease 325001) (8858 noes] ; ee | = 4426 Lew. equle | (Oy To-fiind the, Hrerrinal efbicheney, fist gut Bias sy Bins Ma(hrrha) = 8 Vasas.3- 168.86) | “| =26,221 LW | Thass ypc, Weyele /g. = 942 oat ='0.384 (35.9%), wProgvem: 8.20 CContd) ©) the miss flaw oe Coblilng water passing through, the. condunser is Wow * Rewin™ WPA hays bgt) whe, 3 C78 bgls)(03 2%.1~113,88) Veg (150.86 ~Tsv88) eTlky = 228.0 kgls Yew h, capac