International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE)
ISSN: 2319–6378, Volume-2, Issue-6, April 2014
Experimental Utilization of 2-Ethoxy Ethyl Acetate
as a Blend in a Single Cylinder CI Engine
Rahul Sood, Ashwani Kumar, Gurpreet Singh Batth
Abstract: In this investigating study diesel fuel was used as a Particularly attractive are P-series glycol ethers, which
reference fuel for 2-Ethoxy Ethyl Acetate –diesel blends. The contain both ether and a propylene glycol end-group. This
blends containing 5, 10 and 15% of 2-Ethoxy Ethyl Acetate fuel
by volume are tested on test rig developed for the
paper deals with 2-Ethoxy Ethyl Acetate criterion and
experimentation. All the tests were conducted in steady state and emmision reductions in modern diesel engine. Diesel engine
were set at constant engine speed 1500 RPM. With the addition exhaust emissions (commonly known as 'diesel fumes') are a
of oxygen in the fuel, it has been observed that the emission mixture of gases, vapours, liquid aerosols, and substances
contents reduce remarkably. Moreover there is an increase in the made up of particles.
Brake Horse Power and Brake Thermal Efficiency of the engine.
So it can be concluded that the addition of 2-Ethoxy Ethyl II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Acetate by 10% in diesel not only helps to reduce the exhaust
emission but also increases the performance of the diesel engine. The test rig facility used in the experimentation is developed
10% blend increases the BHP by 7.6% and BTE increases by 7.2 at GGS College of Modern Technology, Kharar. It consists
% at full load conditions. Also this blend ration decreases the CO of CI engine of 5 HP rated power, a single-cylinder, 4-
% by 16%, HC by 11.9% and Smoke Opacity reduces by 19.11%. Stroke, water-cooled engine. An electrical dynamometer
The experimental results prove that the use of 2-Ethoxy Ethyl was used for loading the engine; a 5 KW generator was
Acetate fuel as a blend improves the engine operation and attached to the engine. A digital tachometer was used to
reduces the environmental pollution. measure the speed of the engine. The exhaust gas
temperature was measured by a K-type thermocouple. The
Keywords: 2-Ethoxy Ethyl Acetate, Oxygenated fuel, Diesel
engine, Engine emission, Exhaust smoke, Carbon monoxide, concentrations of NOx, HC and CO were measured by an
Carbon dioxide, Hydrocarbon. exhaust gas analyzer. The output power of the engine was
calculated based on the data of the engine torque and speed,
I. INTRODUCTION while the brake thermal efficiency was obtained by using
the data of the engine output power and the data of the fuel
The diesel engine dominates the field of commercial consumption measured by using burette.
transportation and agricultural machinery on account of its
superior fuel efficiency. However they emit more emissions.
The use of oxygenated fuels seems to be a promising
solution towards reducing emissions in existing and future
diesel engines. Oxygenated fuel is a chemical compound
containing oxygen. It is used to help fuel burn more
efficiently and cut down on some types of atmospheric
pollution.
Oxygenated fuels are characterized by the following
molecular conditions of the fuels: molecular weights are low
and the molecules have high hydrogen to carbon ratios and a
low number of carbon to carbon bonds which lower the
formation of solid carbon particulates, molecules contain
oxygen which suppress the formation of soot, molecular Fig. 1 Test Rig with all Equipment
bonds break up to radicals at reasonable activation energy Figure 1 shows the experimental setup used for
which leads to high cetane numbers. The oxygenated blends experimentation. Table 1 highlights the specifications of the
usually enhance the combustion efficiency, burn rates and diesel engine used for the experimentation.
the ability to burn more fuel and these blends offer the
reduction of exhaust emissions. Oxygenate utilization to Engine manufacturer Kirloskar Oil Engines
produce "cleaner burning" diesel fuels has been known for Limited, India
over fifty years. Oxygenates are well known to reduce Engine type Vertical, 4-stroke, Single
particulate emissions. Low molecular weight alcohols, such cylinder, DI
as methanol, ethanol, and t-butyl alcohol, have been Cooling Water cooled
reported to reduce emissions. Higher alcohols, carbonates, Dynamometer Eddy current dynamometer
diethers, such as diglyme, and various glycol ethers have Rated power 3.75 kW at 1500 rpm
also been reported. Horse power 5
Bore/Stroke 80/110 (mm)
Manuscript received on April 2014. Compression Ratio 16.5:1
Er. Rahul Sood, PG student, Mechanical Engineering Department,
Rayat & Bahra Instituteof Engg and Bio Tech, Kharar, India. Injection pressure 200kg/cm2
Er. Ashwani Kumar, Associate Professor, Mechanical Engg. Engine weight (kg) 175
Department, Rayat & Bahra Institute of Engg and Bio Tech, Kharar, India. Table 1 Specifications of the Test Rig
Er. Gurpreet Singh Batth, Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering
Department, Chandigarh College of Engg Tech. Sec 26 Chandigarh,India.
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Experimental Utilization of 2-Ethoxy Ethyl Acetate as a Blend in a Single Cylinder CI Engine
Also figure 2 shows the block diagram of the experimental
Variation of Brake Thermal Effeciency (η) % in
setup. Exhaust gas temperatures were also recorded for all various load conditions
loads. Airrex exhaust gas analyzer (German Make) is used
30
to measure CO, CO2, HC, and O2 in the exhaust gases at all
loads and graphs are drawn to analyze the emissions. A 25
centrifugal governor is mounted to maintain the constant
speed. The engine is properly balanced and flywheel is 20
statically balanced for the smooth operation of the
% of η
experimental work. 15
10
0
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Load in % Diesel 5%blend
10%Blend 15%blend
Chart 2 Variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency (η) with
Changing Load
Chart 1 shows the engine power output (Brake Horse
Power) under the changing load operating conditions. It is
clear from the chart that the power of engine increases with
the amount of oxygen in the fuel blend. Chart 2 shows the
brake thermal efficiency (BTE) variation with respect to
Fig. 2 Schematic arrangement of the test rig (block varying load for Diesel and 2-EEA blends. The brake
diagram) thermal efficiency increases with increase in 2-EEA
Parts of the Test Rig percentage.
1. Fuel tank 2. Burette (fuel measurement) Variation of BSFC (Kg/kWhr) in various load
3. Fuel filter 4. Air filter conditions
5. Diesel engine 6. Generator 0.8
7. Load cell 8. Thermocouple
9. Emission gas analyzer 0.7
BSFC in Kg/kWHr
III EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND RESULTS 0.6
For getting the base line data of the engine first the 0.5
experimentation is performed with diesel and then with the
blends of 2 Ethoxy Ethyl Acetate (5%, 10% and 15 %). 0.4
Performance and emission tests were conducted under
different loading condition on these various diesel-EEA 0.3
blends. The optimum blend was found out from the graphs 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
based on maximum thermal efficiency, minimum brake Load in % Diesel 5%blend
specific energy consumption and safe emission at all loads. 10%Blend 15%blend
The performance of an engine is evaluated on the basis of Chart 3 Variation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption with
the basis of brake thermal efficiency, brake horse power, Changing Load
brake specific fuel consumption and. The readings from the
experimentation are tabulated in the form of column charts. Variation in CO % under various load conditions
Variation of Brake Horse Power (BHP) kW in
various load conditions 0.38
6
0.33
5
0.28
4
0.23
% of CO
kW of BHP
3
0.18
2
0.13
1
0.08
0
0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 0.03
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Load in % Diesel 5%blend
10%Blend 15%blend Load in % Diesel 5%blend
Chart 1 Variation of Brake Horse Power (kW) with 10%Blend 15%blend
Changing Load Chart 4 Variations in CO % under Various Load Conditions.
Published By:
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International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE)
ISSN: 2319–6378, Volume-2, Issue-6, April 2014
The variation of BSFC with load for different blends and IV CONCLUSION
loads are presented in Chart 3. It is observed that the The results from this research lead to the following
readings for the BSFC at different load conditions with conclusions:
different blends, that the BSFC for all the fuel blends tested 1. 2- Ethoxy Ethyl Acetate blends can be use as
decrease with increase in load. This is due to higher supplementary fuel in compression ignition engine.
percentage increase in Break power with load as compared The engine operates in a similar manner with the 2-
to increase in the fuel consumption. Ethoxy Ethyl Acetate the diesel fuel, as reviewed in the
Chart 4 shows the CO emissions. The exception for load at engine stability data.
75% may be due to the observed change in the fuel blend 2. In the process of using 2- Ethoxy Ethyl Acetate
properties. In general, CO decreases as load increases, also, products to improve the efficiency of an internal
the amount of CO decreases with oxygen addition. combustion engine combustion aid acts more like
Variation of HC under various load conditions combustion "catalyst" than a fuel. These improvements
in combustion also add energy to the combustion
90
process and allow more of the hydrocarbon fuel’s
energy to be released in the engine’s cylinders to
75 produce work.
3. 10% blend increases the BHP by 7.6% and BTE
ppm of HC
60 increases by 7.2 % at full load conditions. Also this
blend ration decreases the CO % by 16%, HC by
45 11.9% and Smoke Opacity reduces by 19.11%.
30
REFERENCES
[1] Kent Nord and Dan Haupt, “Particulate Emissions from an Ethanol
Fueled Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Equipped with EGR, Catalyst and
15 DPF”, 4530r11; SAE Paper 2004.
0% 25% 50% 75% 100% [2] Wietschel Taylor, “NOx Emission and Performance Data for a
Hydrogen Fueled Internal Combustion Engine at 1500 rpm using
Load in % Diesel 5%blend
Exhaust Gas Recirculation” , Int J Hydrogen Energy; 28:901e8 2004.
10%Blend 15%blend [3] Wang Morrone, “Use of Hydrogen to Enhance the Performance of a
Vegetable Oil Fuelled Compression Ignition Engine”, Into J
Hydrogen Energy 28: 1143e54 2004.
Chart 5 Variation of HC % under Various Load Conditions [4] Bhavin H. Mehta, Hiren V. Mandalia, Alpesh B. Mistry, “A Review
on Effect of Oxygenated Fuel Additive on the Performance and
Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine”, National Conference on
VariationofSmoke opacityundervariousloadconditions Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology, 13-14 May 2004.
[5] Keith D. Vertin and James M. Ohi, “Methylal and Methyl-Diesel
70 Blended Fuels for Use in Compression Ignition Engines”,
International Spring Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition
Dearborn, Michigan May 3-6, 2005.
[6] Ayhan Demirbas, “Progress and Recent Trends in Biodiesel Fuels”,
60 Energy Conversion and Management, 6 September 2005.
% of Smoke
Er. Rahul Sood is an M Tech (Mechanical Engineering) student of Rayat
and Bahra Institute of Engineering and Bio-Technology, Kharar, Punjab.
50
He did is B.tech from the CEC, Landran. His areas of interest are
Automobile Engineering and IC Engines.
Er. Ashwani Kumar is presently associated with Rayat and Bahra Institute
40 of Engineering and Bio-Technology, Kharar, Punjab. He is pursuing PhD
from PEC, Chandigarh. His area of interest is IC Engines, Thermal
Engineering and Manufacturing Technologies.
30 Er. Gurpreet Singh Batth is presently associated with Chandigarh
0% 25% 50% 75% 100% College of Engineering and Technology, Sector 26, Chandigarh. He did is
M Tech from Rayat Institute of Engineering and Information technology,
Load in % Diesel 5%blend Ropar, Punjab. His areas of interest are Cad Cam, Automobile Engineering
and IC Engines.
10%Blend 15%blend
Chart 6 Variation of Smoke opacity under Various Load
Conditions
The variation of HC emission for different blends at various
loads is indicated in Chart 5. Fuel-borne oxygen aids the
reduction of hydrocarbon emissions. Chart 6 shows typical
smoke levels for various engine loads. It is possible to see
that 2- Ethoxy Ethyl Acetate blends produce lower smoke
levels than their diesel counterparts for corresponding speed
load conditions. It is clearly confirmed from the Chart 6 that
oxygenation reduces the total amount of smoke and by a
more significant margin, reduces the total number of carbon
particles.
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