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Common diseases of dairy cattle in Bangladesh

Conference Paper · February 2012

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 1"t International t
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Gommon Diseases of Dairy Gattle in Bangladesh

M. Giasuddin, M. H. Rahman and M. J. F. A. Taimur
Bangladesh Livestock Research lnstitute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
E mail: [email protected]

Dairy catge farming in Bangladesh are getting momentum during the last two de
During this period high yielding and cross breed animals are introducing in out
farming. This highly slnsitive and risk oriented field needs good scientific knowle
run satisfactorily and e"onomically. Commercially run dairy cattle farms suffered
range of disease which reduces the optimal production potentials of the herd. Ll
y""i= a number of emerging and re emerging diseases reported in Bangl
blinically a few diseases can be diagnosed but for confirmatory diagnosis, labr
examinations are required. ln Bangladesh laboratory diagnosis facilities is very
for this reason proper treatment and disease control activities are not found succ
this article some important dairy diseases and their possible measures for remed
given which may be supportive to the farmers.
Key Words: Dairy cattle, high yielding, and disease

INTRODUGTION
Catle farming has a vital role in the development of Bangladesh. lt plays an importan
the economy through contributing directly towards employment generation and
reduction. Large number of people is becoming increasingly dependent on it for their lit
in rural area. Catle's farming is growing with a faster rate than the national income' lt 6
full and part time employment to about20% of the rural people and accounts for 189
agricultural export earnings. Although the focus of this paper is dairy cattle, meat is
important contributor to our protein needs. Furthermore the trade and export of
products, bones and offal also have many significant contributions to our econorn
power is still a significant source of power for cultivation. The consumption of milk a
products in Bangladesh is very low even when compared to neighboring countri
average daily consumption of milk is 42 ml per day/person against a recommended qu
2SA dlday. Bangladesh would currently need to import or produce five times its
production if it has to meet the WHO, recommended daily requirement. Thus, there is
gap between production and requirement. Milk import in Bangladesh has been increas
2.2 billion taka in 1996 to about 8 billion taka today. There is a huge scope to establi
industry in Bangladesh to meet the requirements of the country. But due to preva
various dairy cattle diseases, farmers lose their interest to establish a cattle farm.
reason, small holder dairy still contribute to the major part of the dairy produ
Bangladesh. Dairy cattle are susceptible to the same diseases as other cattle. Many ir
and noninfectious diseases and pests affect the cattle industries of the world of which t
serious ones are prevalent in the humid and less developed countries including Ban
The common diseases of dairy cattle are given below'
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naldiseases : Foot-and-mouth disease, Shipping fever

rcterial diseases : Mastitis, Pneumonia, Brucellosis
otozoal diseases : Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis
etabolic diseases : Milk fever, Ketosis, Downer's cow syndrome
her diseases : Dystocia, Metritis, Retained Placenta , Prolapsed Uterus, Anoestrus

n important Dairy Gattle Diseases and their possible measures for remedies
given below

)T AND MOUTH DTSEASE (FMD)

and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that primarily affects
n-hoofed livestock and wildlife. Although adult animals generally recover, the morbidity
b very high in naiVe populations, and significant pain and distress occur in some species.
*t may include decreased milk yield, permanent hoof damage and chronic mastitis. High
ality rates can be seen in young animals. Foot-and-mouth disease was once found
lwide (Alexandersen et al., 2002). Unless strict precautions are followed, FMD can be
ly re-introduced into disease-free livestock. Once this occurs, the disease can spread
ly through a region, particularly if detection is delayed. Outbreaks can severely disrupt
bck production, result in embargoes by trade partners, and require significant resources
rntrol (Grubman and Baxt, 2004). Direct and indirect economic losses equivalent to
ral billion US dollars are not uncommon. Since 1997, a PanAsia lineage virus has caused
tbs of outbreaks in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Europe. Some outbreaks, particularly
r in Taiwan and the United Kingdom, have been devastating. Serotypes O, A, C, Asia1,
l, SAT2 and SAT3 are found globally. Scandinavia, Great Britain, North and Central
rica, Australia and New Zealand are free from this disease. Serotype O, Asia -1 and A are
rted from Bangladesh recent years. Quality Vaccine can play an important role in FMD
rol program. ln Bangladesh vaccine contain serotype O, Asia land A using twice a year
il effective to control FMD. Antigenically mach appropriate vaccine and regularly ascertain
elationship between field isolates and the vaccine strains is needed for effective control
agy development (OlE, 2004).

Enent: Treatment of affected animal with mild disinfection and protective dressing to
ned area, administration of broad spectrum antibiotic to reduce secondary infection can
in early recovery. Mass Vaccination in and around the infection zone reduce the spreading
r disease.

iTITIS

itis is an inflammation of the milk secreting tissues of the udder, caused by microbial
libns in one or more quarters which is characterized by Swelling, pain warm and redness.
b a most costly disease affecting dairy cattle throughout the world. This causes significant
omic losses to the dairy industry of Bangladesh. lt may causes loss of functional quarter,
red milk production and even death of affected cow. For this reason poor quality milk and
ictic residues in milk is found. Mastitis is primarily a management problem. lt can be
olled by improvement of farm management (Petersl , et a\.,2002).
 1"t International I
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CAUSES OF MASTITIS:
r Bacteria (- 70%)
I Yeasts and molds (- 2%)
r Unknown (- 2B%)
o physical
trauma
weather extremes
Treatment: Use of antibiotic in udder after removal of milk. Anti inflammatory drug also
reduce the inflammation.

BRUGELLOSIS
Brucellosis is usually caused by Brucella abortus in cattle. Abortions, placentitis, epidi
and orchitis are the most common consequences, although other syndromes are also re
The main impact is economic; deaths are rare except in the fetus and neonatal call
species of Brucella can infect animals other than their preferred hosts, when they come i
contact. Most cases are caused by occupational exposure to infected animals or the in1
of unpasteurized dairy products. lt causes abortion in animals and also some genital dir
in human. Brucellosis results from infection by various species of Brucella, a Gram ne
facultative intracellular coccobacillus or short rod in the family Brucellaceae. Six
species occur in animals but the most important for dairy cattle is B. abortus (Marin, et al.,

The disease is transmitted by contact with the placenta, fetus, fetal fluids and r

discharges from an infected animal. Through milk and uterine discharges during subs
pregnancies. Entry into the body occurs by ingestion and through the mucous memk
broken skin and possibly intact skin. Most or all Brucella species are also found in s
Males can shed these organisms for long periods or lifelong. The disease can also be
through feed and water (Corbel, et al., 1979).

Treatment:
r Antibiotics are usually the mainstay of treatment; long-term treatment may be requirec
r Some forms of localized disease, such as endocarditis, may require surgery.

Prevention:
I Herd additions should come from brucellosis-free areas or accredited herds.
r Animals from other sources should be isolated and tested before adding them to the h
I Domesticated animals should always be keptfrom contact with wild animal reservoirs.
r Commercial B. abortus and B. melitensis vaccines are available for cattle, sheep and
Vaccination can interfere with serological tests; this is minimized when only young anir
are vaccinated.
t B. abortus can be eradicated from a herd by test-and-removal procedures, or by depopu
r Good management can reduce the incidence of infection in an infected herd.
r Whenever possible, animals should give birth in individual pens.
r Transmission is reduced by immediate disposal of the placenta, contaminated beddinl
other infectious material, followed by thorough cleaning and disinfection.
 1"t International Exhibitio
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K FEVER

also called Hypocalcemia (low calcium in blood). Usually observed within 2 days after
hg-can occur before calving also. The disease observed in cows of 3rd lactation or greater
erinary Medicine 5th ed.1979). Cause due to rapid synthesis of milk into udder, drains
Um from blood. Milk fever cows show no fever and low body temperature. Cow downs
I may be staggering. Frequently found off feed .Glazed eyes, "S" bend in neck
ermeier, et a|.,1950).

ilment
ium supplement (lA/, subcutaneous) give good result, But must be careful of overdosing

rention
7 detection while cow still. standing and balanced ration, especially before calving

OSIS
s off fat so fast creates "ketones" in blood. The cows which in low energy balance often
rved this disease. Low body condition and any other cause for going off-feed cause of
disease. "Smell" of acetone on breath common in affected cows. Animal remains off feed
ermeier, et a1.,1950).

finent
Dextrose saline (lA/)
Propylene glycol drench
Glucocorticoids
Consult veterinarian for protocol

rcntion
Balanced ration for all stages of lactation cycle- including dry cows
Maintain proper body condition for all stages of lactation cycle
Prevent other diseases

UNER COW SYNDROME

wner cow fails to attain its normal standing posture and becomes recumbent for prolonged
ds. Even proper support fails to make it rise. Downer cows always have a negative
omic impact, sometimes one that is quite severe. Good management at calving is vital as
P/o of downer cows the primary problem was a difficult calving.

ftnent
Proper nursing is the key to treating downer syndrome in cattle. Lodge them in well
bedded yards or loose-box if housed. Provide food and water in easy to reach wide-
based containers. Give calcium, phosphorus and magnesium as necessary
More severe cases call for local disinfection and treatment.
 1 "t International Exhibitio
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AINED PLACENTA
has fetal membranes still attached to uterus-partly outside the cow. lt occurs after calving-
lst 12 hours later. Dystocia , Milk Fever, Twin calves (Habek, et a\.,2001).

nosis : "Cow didn't clean off placenta "even 12 hours after calving.

[nent: Consult veterinarian for removal of suspended membranes. Antibiotic treatment may
need.

ention: Avoid dystocias, Prevent milk fever; well balanced dry cow rations can prevent the

RITIS
tis is an infection of the uterus that has actually invaded into tissue. lt is usually observed
n two weeks after calving (Adamec, et.a|.,2006)

Enent: More severe case requires antibiotics and consult veterinarian for protocol

ention
t Avoid dystocias
I Prevent milk fever
I Well balanced dry cow rations
I Prevent retained placentas
I Physical exams of cows for 7 to 10 days after calving

lcLUsroN
kcsses from diseases occur not only from the death of animal but also owning to
nditure for the treatment there reduction of growth, decrease milk and meat production.
rces also decrease reproductive efficiency which ultimately reduces farm income. Proper
h management can overcome this problem.

ERENCES

damec V, Cassell BG, Smith EP and Pearson RE (2006). Effects of inbreeding in the
am on dystocia and stillbirths in US Holsteins. J. Dairy Sci. 89:307-314.
hxandersen S, Zhang Z, Donaldson Al (2002). Aspects of the persistence of foot-and-mouth
lsease virus in animals -the carrier problem. Microbes lnfect.4:1099-110.
hillidre Tindall, (1979). Parturient paresis or milk fever. Veterinary Medicine (Sth ed.). pp.
27-836.
€ndixen P, Vilson B, Ekesbo I and Astrand D (1986). Disease frequencies in Swedish dairy
orvs. l. Dystocia. Prev. Vet. Med. 4:307-316.

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