◊#˜Ïã˛ï˛ˆÏlƒÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚y!

ôܲyÓ˚˚ ˘ 73
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!§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚
!òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– ˆÎ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çyly ˆÓyV˛yê˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚•z xô≈§ï˛ƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚–
ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáy ˲yˆÏ°yñ xô≈§ï˛ƒ !ܲv !Ù̃yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG !Ó˛õIlܲ– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§
ˆ°áy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xˆÏlܲ ˛õyë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚•z §•!çÎ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !ÓÓ˚yà çß√yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xl%Ó˚yà òy§
çß√yÎ˚G– ~ܲ!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ~G ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §•!çÎ˚y !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y–
~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ §Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ §ï˛ƒ ܲÌy!ê˛ ÓˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl ◊# !ÓÙ° Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚
Ù%ˆÏáy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ÈüüüÈÚÚxyÙyÓ˚ Ó°yÓ˚ ܲÌy •°ñ ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ Ü˛òÎ≈ ˛õÌ ˆÓˆÏÎ˚•z Î!ò Óyí˛z°
§•!çÎ˚yÓ˚y §#Ùy•#l fl∫ˆÏà≈Ó˚ !ÓfløÎ˚ í˛zͧy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õÌê˛yˆÏܲ•z ÙÓ˚y lò#Ó˚ áyˆÏï˛Ó˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚
Óy•yò%!Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ˆÎ Ú!Óã˛yÓ˚Ü˛Û fl∫!lÎ%_´ ï˛yˆÏܲ Úxy§yÙ#Û á%Ó áy!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ á%Ó ≤Ãyã˛#lܲyˆÏ° !§¶%˛ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÎ˚ ~ܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ°ñ ÎyÓ˚
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly–ÛÛ åˆàÔí˛¸#Î˚ ˜Ó£èÓ G ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ §•!çÎ˚yñ ˜ã˛É •z!ï˛É xÓñ ˛õ,/ 285ä– x!˲Óy§ˆÏl•z §%ˆÏÙÓ˚#Î˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ çß√– ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~•zã˛É xyÓ˚É •°–
Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãӈ϶˛ ~ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆl•z– ï˛ˆÏÓ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛Ìy !ï˛!l ï˛álܲyÓ˚ !Ó !ê˛¢ çyò%âˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãáƒyï˛ !Ù¢Ó˚!Óò ï˛Ìy ≤Ãyã˛ƒ!Óòƒy!Ó¢yÓ˚ò– §ÙÎ˚ê˛y
§!ÓlˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÓòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z– ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ •°ñ §•!çÎ˚yÓ˚yñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ §yôܲ Óyí˛z°Ó˚y àï˛ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&Ó˚ !ܲS%È ˛õˆÏÓ˚– ~ òy!Ó ÷ˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏà xy=l §Çfl,Òï˛ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚
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ÌyˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yôl˲yÓly– ã˛Ó˚Ù â,îƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ç#Ólã˛Î≈y G §yôl˛õk˛!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲ
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÷ô% lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ç#Ólã˛Î≈y•z •° ˜Ó!òܲ ï˛Ìy Ó y·˛îƒôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– ˆÎ
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!òlÙ!î–ÛÛ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ Ó y·˛îƒ Ù)°ƒˆÏÓyˆÏôÓ˚ ܲ!‹T˛õyÌÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ §•!çÎ˚y ◊#˜Ïã˛ï˛ˆÏlƒÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝– ܲ#Ì !°áˆÏSÈl 1921 á #fiê˛yˆÏ∑– ï˛ï˛!òˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ã˛ã≈˛yÎ˚ xyÎ≈
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§ÓˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï xyÓyÓ˚G §%ô#Ó˚ ã˛e´Óï≈˛# ܲ°Ù ôyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zÈüüüÚÚȘÓô# !ÓçÎ˚Ó˚ˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛õï˛yܲy í˛z!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §%l#° xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛–
§yôlyÓ˚ ¢yˆÏflfy_´ !lˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÓí˛¸y ˆË˛ˆÏ. Ó yï˛ƒ xhs˝ƒç ÙsfÓ!ç≈ï˛Ó˚y àˆÏí˛¸ ˆlÎ˚ lï%˛l G•z ï˛_¥ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ xyÎ≈Ó˚y •zˆÏ®yÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ lÓ˚ˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢yáyó á #fiê˛˛õ)Ó≈
ç#ÓlÙsf xyÓ˚ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç#Ól¢y°# x§Çრx§yôyÓ˚î àyl– §ˆÏï˛ˆÏÓ˚y xyë˛yˆÏÓ˚y !mï˛#Î˚ §•flÀyˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ ˆì˛yˆÏܲ– ~ÓÇ fliyl#Î˚ oy!Óí˛¸#Î˚ G
¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˜Ó£èÓ ˛õòyÓ°# §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˆÎ ï˛_¥Ü˛y!ë˛lƒ xyÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔl/˛õ%!lܲï˛y ~ˆÏ§ x!fiê˛∆ܲ xy!òÓy§#ˆÏòÓ˚ •!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ §%Ù•yl xyÎ≈ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚– xyÎ≈Ó˚y
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≤Ãyî≤ÃÓyˆÏ• xyÓ˚ §Ó !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ ¢!_´Ùyl í˛zFã˛yÓ˚ˆÏî–ÛÛ fliyl#Î˚ˆòÏ Ó˚ ˛õòylï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓñ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ e´#ï˛òy§ ÓylyÎ˚– xyÎ≈Óy˚ ˆÎ §ÙÎ˚ áy•zÓyÓ˚ !à!Ó˚Ód≈
~•z˲yˆÏÓ•z ◊#˜Ïã˛ï˛lƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ Îyl x§ÇრÙyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#Ól˜Ïã˛ï˛ˆÏlƒÓ˚ xÇ¢#Ë)˛ï˛– x!ï˛e´Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#lï˛Ù ôÙ≈@˝Ãsi }àˆÏÓò Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&–
Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢ xhs˝/¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl !ï˛!l– ˆ°yܲ§yôܲ !ÓŸªy§ §ÙÎ˚ܲy° xyl%Ùy!lܲ 1500 á #fiê˛˛õ)Ó≈y∑– }àˆÏÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xÇ¢ G xlƒylƒ ˆÓò
ܲˆÏÓ˚l Ó#ç xyÓ˚ ‚y!òl#Ó˚ §Ùß∫Î˚•z ˜ã˛ï˛lƒ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ à)ì˛¸ xyã˛Ó˚ˆÏîñ ç#ÓlˆÏÓˆÏà ˆÓòyhs˝ Ó˚ã˛ly •ˆÏÓ xyÎ≈ˆÏòÓ˚ !§¶%˛ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÎ˚ Ó§ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚– !ܲv ï˛álG xyÎ≈Ó˚y
ˆ§ÈüÈ!ÓŸªy§ flõ!®ï˛ •Î˚– ï˛y•z ÷k˛Óyò# ˜Ó£èÓ §Ùyç Îál Ùyl%£Ï ◊#˜Ïã˛ï˛lƒˆÏܲ !°áˆÏï˛ !¢áˆÏÓ ly– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ 800 á #fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ˆ§Ù#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ°áyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ˆòÓy!Î˚ï˛ñ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õ¢yáyÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ xlyÙ# à#ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ §y•§Ë˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ÈüÈ≤ÃܲÓ˚î !¢ˆÏá ï˛yÓ˚y çß√ ˆòˆÏÓ Ó y·˛#!°!˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §Çܲ!°ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ
xÜ%˛Z˛ ˲y°Óy§yÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ≠ Ú◊#˜Ïã˛ï˛lƒ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ lyÙÛ– §Ù@˝Ã ˆÓò ˆÓòyhs˝–
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 75 76 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
•z!ï˛•y§ï˛ˆÏ_¥ ~ܲê˛y ã˛y°% ˙!ï˛•ƒ •°ñ !°!˛õ Óy !°ál˛õk˛!ï˛ ã˛y°% •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà xàîl ˆÜ˛w ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ lyly ã˛yM˛°ƒÜ˛Ó˚ ï˛Ìƒ– ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈñ !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛y
ˆÜ˛ylG çlçy!ï˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ ≤Ãy!à!ï˛•y§ !•ˆÏ§Ó àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y– ܲ#ÌÈüȧ• xlƒylƒ lyˆÏÙ §Ë˛ƒï˛y!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°Gñ ~Ó˚ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ !§¶%˛ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
xyÎ≈Óyò#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏôÓ˚ §%Ù•yl §%§Ë˛ƒ xyÎ≈çy!ï˛ˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 700 ÓSÈÓ˚ !°!˛õ•#l xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §Ó˚fl∫ï˛#ÈüÈò,£Ïmï˛# xÓÓy!•Ü˛yÎ˚– §Ó˚fl∫ï˛#ÈüÈò,£Ïmï˛# ~ál ÙÓ˚y lò#ñ !ܲv
ï˛Ìy ÓÓ≈Ó˚ Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ V%Ñ˛!ܲ !lˆÏÎ˚Gñ !ï˛l àÓ˚&Ó˚ ày!í˛¸ ≤ÃÙyî ˜Ó!òܲ §y!•ï˛ƒˆÏܲ !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ° GÓ˚y !SÈ° í˛zÓ≈Ó˚y ¢§ƒòy!Î˚l# ˲Ó˚y lò#– Ó˚yçfliyˆÏl §Ó˚fl∫ï˛#Ó˚
◊&!ï˛ §y!çˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏ°l– ~ÓÇ ˆÓã˛yÓ˚y xyÎ≈SÈyeˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õÔˆÏl ÙÓ˚y áyï˛!ê˛Ó˚ lyÙ âà‰àÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z •yܲÓ˚y ӈϰG í˛yˆÏܲl– ≤Ãyã˛#lܲyˆÏ° ~•z
!ï˛lܲy° §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲZ˛fli ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç Óƒy˛õ,ï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáñ ç#Ól ˆÎÔÓl §Ó˚fl∫ï˛# !§Ù°y ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸ í˛zͲõߨ •ˆÏÎ˚ •!Ó˚Î˚yly Ó˚yçfliyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏÎ˚ =çÓ˚yˆÏê˛
ôlÙyl ÓÓ˚Óyò Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ SÈyí˛¸ˆÏ°l– !àˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚Ó§yàˆÏÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸ï˛– ܲFSÈ §Ó˚fl∫ï˛#Ó˚ ˆÙy•yly !SÈ°– ÌÓ˚ ÙÓ˚&Ë)˛!ÙÓ˚ ˆÎ xÇ¢
ˆï˛yñ ܲ#Ì 1500 á #fiê˛˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑Ó˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ !°!˛õÓ˚ §y«˛ƒ ã˛y•zˆÏSÈl– !òˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚fl∫ï˛# Ó•zï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ ˆã˛y!°hflÏyl– !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ 174!ê˛ ˆÜ˛w xy!Ó‹,Òï˛
ã˛y•zˆÏSÈl 1921 á #fiê˛yˆÏ∑– !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z ÓSÈÓ˚ñ ˆÎ ÓSÈÓ˚ òÎ˚yÓ˚yÙ §y•y!lÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÷ô% ˆã˛y!°hflÏyˆÏl– ï%˛°lyÎ˚ !§¶%˛ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w Ùye 23!ê˛– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
ˆlï,˛ˆÏc !§¶%˛ xÓÓy!•Ü˛yÎ˚ •zÓ˚yÓï˛# lò#Ó˚ ~ܲ ÙÓ˚y áyˆÏï˛Ó˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ñ •Ó˚ØyÎ˚ñ ~ܲ Ë)˛Ë˛yˆÏà ˆã˛y!°hflÏyl ÓyˆÏò xyÓ˚G 138 ˆÜ˛ˆÏw !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ó˚*˛õ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛
≤Ãyã˛#l ôÁǧyӈϢˆÏ£Ï állܲyÎ≈ ÷Ó˚& •Î˚– ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ !§¶%˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚˛õyˆÏí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ˛õyOyˆÏÓñ •!Ó˚Î˚ylyÎ˚ñ í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢ñ =çÓ˚yˆÏê˛ xyÓ˚ Ó˚yçfliyˆÏlÓ˚ xlƒylƒ
ˆÙyˆÏ•ˆÏOyòyˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚ñ çl Ùy¢≈y° xyÓ˚ Ó˚yáy°òy§ Óƒyly!ç≈Ó˚ ï˛_¥yÓôyˆÏl– xyÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏ°– flõ‹Tï˛•zñ ~•z §%≤Ãyã˛#l §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ §Ó˚fl∫ï˛# §Ë˛ƒï˛y– ~Ó˚
1925 á #fiê˛yˆÏ∑•z ܲ#ˆÏÌÓ˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ !Ó÷k˛ xyÎ˚Ó˚!l •ˆÏÎ˚ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •Î˚ ~ܲ Ù)° !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ˜Ó!òܲ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ Ó ·˛yÓˆÏï≈˛–
!ÓhflÏ#î≈ làÓ˚ §Ë˛ƒï˛yñ Îy !§¶%˛ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ° xyl%Ùy!lܲ 3000 •Ó˚Øy G ˆÙyˆÏ•ˆÏOyòyˆÏÓ˚y ÓyˆÏò ˆÎ§Ó =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ làÓ˚ˆÏܲw=!° xy!Ó‹,Òï˛
á #fiê˛˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ– ÷ô% ï˛y•z lÎ˚ñ álˆÏl í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§y ≤Ãb§Ω˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ lyÙ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ÈüüüÈܲy!°ÓDylñ ÓˆÏlyÎ˚y°#ñ ˆ°yÌy° xyÓ˚
çyÎ˚ày ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚ !fiê˛ˆÏÎ˚ê˛y•zê˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚ ˆáyòy•z ܲÓ˚y !Ó¢y° §ÇáƒÜ˛ !§°ˆÏÙy•Ó˚ñ ˆôy°y!ÓÓ˚y– ܲy!°ÓDyl ˆã˛y!°hflÏyˆÏlñ ÓˆÏlyÎ˚y°# •!Ó˚Î˚ylyÎ˚ñ ˆ°yÌy° xyÓ˚ ˆôy°y!ÓÓ˚y
xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z !§°ˆÏÙy•Ó˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ xˆÏã˛ly !°!˛õˆÏï˛ ˆ°áy ~ܲ xçyly =çÓ˚yˆÏê˛– ˆ°yÌy° Ó®Ó˚ ¢•Ó˚– ˆÎ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ hflÏÓ˚ Óy ≤Ãbï˛y!_¥Ü˛ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
˲yÓ˚ï˛Ü˛Ìyú !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ ӈϰ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ÈüüüÈ!°!˛õñ Ù,Ͳõyeñ ˲yflÒÎ≈ñ ã˛yê≈˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÌyØí˛¸ê˛y §˛õyˆÏê˛•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°ñ !ܲv §yˆÏ•Ó ˆï˛yñ ê˛°yˆÏly ˆà° ly– ܲ#Ì G xlƒylƒ Gçlñ ôyï%˛Ó˚ à,•fliy°# !ç!l£Ï˛õeñ •zê˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆàшÏÌ Ü%˛ˆÏÎ˚yñ ~ÓÇ §%˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛
x!˲Óy§lÓyò#Ó˚y lyly §ÇˆÏ¢yôl#ñ lyly xç%•yï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ !•ˆÏ§Ó ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ làÓ˚!Ólƒy§ÈüüüȧÓ=ˆÏ°y•z ~•z ˆÜ˛w ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ï˛Ìƒ
ã˛y•zˆÏ°l– Ó°ˆÏ°lñ !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛y xlyÎ≈ oy!Óí˛¸ §Ë˛ƒï˛yñ !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛y ˆÎ ~ܲ§ÙÎ˚ •° ~•z !ÓhflÏ#î≈ ~°yܲy ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ~ܲ•z §%!l!ò≈‹T !°!˛õÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚– ~•z !°!˛õ ˆÎ
ôÁǧ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ÈüüüȈ§ ˆï˛y xyÎ≈ xye´ÙˆÏî•zñ xyÓ˚ ˆòáÈüüüÈ•Ó˚ØyÎ˚ ˆâyí˛¸yÓ˚ ܲÇܲy° Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !SÈ°ñ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛ylG §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ xÓܲy¢•z
~ܲ!ê˛G ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚!lñ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ˆ°y•yÓ˚ xflfG ˆï˛y ˆl•zñ xyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ~ˆÏ§ ˆl•z– ~álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !§°ˆÏÙy•ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ•˚ z !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ lÙ%ly §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õyGÎ˚y
xyÎ≈Ó˚y ˆÎ áy!lܲê˛y !Ù•zˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸°ÈüüüȈ§ ˆï˛y oy!Óí˛¸ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆSÈÑyÎ˚yˆÏã˛– •zï˛ƒy!ò •zï˛ƒy!ò– ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~SÈyí˛¸y !ܲS%È Ù,ͲõyˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ñ ï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ Ê˛°ˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ˆ°yÌy°
!ò¢# §yˆÏÎ˚ÓÓ˚yG ì˛yˆÏܲÓ˚ ÓÑyÎ˚y •ˆÏ°l– §%l#!ï˛Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ã˛ƒyê˛y!ç≈Ó˚y Ùï˛ !òˆÏ°l ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y Ù,ͲõyˆÏeÓ˚ xÇ¢!ӈϢ£Ï í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈñ ÎyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !°!˛õ ˆáyòy•z ܲÓ˚y
ã˛°!Fã˛_ã˛M˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆ§yÙ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛yÈüüüÈ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ˛õ![˛ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Îy Ó°yÓ˚ñ GшÏòÓ˚G lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç xÑyܲy– ~álñ !°!˛õ Î!ò Ù,ͲõyˆÏe xÑyܲy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ë)˛ç≈˛õe
ï˛y•z– !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛y xlyÎ≈ §Ë˛ƒï˛y– xyÎ≈ x!˲Óy§l ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ áy!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ Óy ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ Ê˛°ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛l lÎ˚⁄ xÓ¢ƒñ ~ï˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl Ë)˛ç≈˛õe Óy ܲyë˛ !êÑ˛ˆÏܲ
!Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ §!M˛ï˛ ˲y£Ïyê˛yˆÏܲ ˆò!¢ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏò!¢ §yˆÏ•ÓÓ˚y !وϰ °%Æ˲y£Ïy Óy!lˆÏÎ˚ SÈyí˛¸ˆÏ°lñ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲÌy lÎ˚– ˛õyGÎ˚yG ÎyÎ˚!l– ˆôy°y!ÓÓ˚yˆÏï˛ ÓÓ˚Ç §)- ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛
xyÓ˚ ˆáyò !°!˛õê˛yˆÏܲ•z Ù%ˆÏí˛¸ !òˆÏ°l Ó˚•§ƒâl Ü%˛ˆÏ•°#ˆÏï˛– ˜ï˛!Ó˚ !°!˛õ!ã˛•´ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎ=ˆÏ°y !lŸã˛Î˚•z ˆÜ˛ylG ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ Ê˛°ˆÏܲ °y!àˆÏÎ˚
1921 á #fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ àï˛ 90 ÓSȈÏÓ˚ !ÓhflÏÓ˚ állܲyÎ≈ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §y•zlˆÏÓyˆÏí≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆÜ˛ylG o‹TÓƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
≤Ãbï˛_¥ !Ó˲yà– !§¶%˛ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛y§• ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §%!ÓhflÏ#î≈ Ë)˛Ë˛yˆÏà állܲyÎ≈ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 77 78˘ x˛õÓ˚
ˆÜ˛Ó°•z SÈ!Ó⁄ ly!ܲ !ܲS%È ˆ°áy⁄ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ SÈ!Ó §y!çˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˆÜ˛ylG SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ôÁ!lñ
ˆÜ˛ylG SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ÙyˆÏV˛Ó˚ ôÁ!l Óy ˆÜ˛ylG SÈ!ÓÓ˚ ˆ¢£ÏôÁ!l ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢∑ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
•Î˚– ˆÎÙl ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚ !ï˛lˆÏê˛ SÈ!ÓÈüüüÈÜ%˛Ü%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ñ ÙyˆÏSÈÓ˚ xyÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚#Ó˚ÈüüüÈ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
!§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ Ó‡ xyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ !§°ˆÏÙy•Ó˚ ˛õ÷˛õ!ï˛ !§ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ í˛zÍܲ#î≈ Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚#–
!°!˛õ!ã˛•´ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z §yï˛!ê˛– ˛õ÷˛õ!ï˛ !§ˆÏ° ˆÎyàÙ%oyÎ˚ ôƒylÓ˚ï˛ Ù)!ï≈˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ å4ä ¢∑Ùy°y (logography) : ~ܲê˛y !ã˛•´•z Î!ò ~ܲê˛y §¡õ)î≈ ÓƒÜ˛Ó˚øï˛
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ lyly ˛õ÷– ≤ÃyÆ !§°ˆÏÙy•Ó˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yˆÏà•z ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü,˛!ï˛ ¢∑ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z !°!˛õÙy°yÓ˚ lyÙ ¢∑Ùy°y– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !ã˛•´•z
ˆáy!òï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ùyl%£Ïñ ˛õ÷ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Óy ˆÜ˛ylG çí˛¸Ó› ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÙy!ê˛Ê˛– §ˆÏD ~ܲ!ê˛Ùye ¢∑ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢∑Ùy°yÎ˚ ˲y£Ïy!ê˛Ó˚ ¢∑§Ω˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ùyl
!ܲS%È !°!˛õ!ã˛•´– á%Ó•z !e´˛õ‰!ê˛Ü‰˛ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%È ˆ°áyñ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚– xÓ¢ƒ !fiê˛Ë˛ §ÇáƒÜ˛ !ã˛•´ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– !ã˛ly˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yàê˛y•z ¢∑Ùy°yñ !ܲS%È ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˲yӈϰáy
Ê˛yÓ˚ÙyÓ˚ñ !Ó˚ã˛yí≈˛ ˆflõyê˛ xyÓ˚ !وϢ° í˛z•zˆÏç° ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛‹TyÎ˚ x§Ê˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ §•– ï˛y•z !ã˛ly!°!˛õÓ˚ !ã˛•´ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 2400–
ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ~=ˆÏ°y xyòˆÏ˛õ ˆ°áy•z lÎ˚ñ ~=ˆÏ°y •Ó˚ØyÓ˚ x!¢!«˛ï˛ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ å5ä x«˛Ó˚Ùy°y (syllabery) : ~ܲê˛y !ã˛•´ Î!ò ~ܲê˛y•z x«˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛
ˆ˛õÔÓ˚y!îܲ !ã˛eÙy°y– ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•z !°!˛õÙy°yˆÏܲ Ó°y •ˆÏÓ x«˛Ó˚Ùy°y– x«˛Ó˚Ùy°yÎ˚ ôÁ!làï˛ §yÎ%ˆÏçƒÓ˚
í˛zˆÏŒê˛y!òˆÏܲñ !˛õÉ ~lÉ Ó˚yG G ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §D#§yÌ#Ó˚y ܲ![˛¢ly° ~lê˛∆!˛õÓ˚ ï˛_¥ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà §ˆÏD !ã˛eàï˛ §yÎ%ˆÏçƒÓ˚ Ê˛yÓ˚yܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙlñ˘Ü˛y˘ñ˘!ܲ˘ñ˘Ü%˛˘ ôÁ!lÓ˚
Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ñ §%ˆÏÙÓ˚#Î˚ G •zÇÓ˚yç# ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !ã˛•´§ÇfliyˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏD !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ !ã˛•´=ˆÏ°y ˆòˆÏá ˆê˛Ó˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ly ˆÎˆÏï˛G ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÎñ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ•z ˘Ü˛˘ôÁ!l ˆÌˆÏܲ
ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ §Çáƒyï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏî ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ çyï˛– çy˛õyl# ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ܲyly í˛z˛õ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !°!˛õ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù– §%ˆÏÙÓ˚#Î˚ !ܲí˛z!lÊ˛Ù≈ !°!˛õG
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy¢«˛Ù ˲y£Ïy– xï˛~Óñ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%flõ‹T !°!˛õÙy°y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z ܲï˛Ü˛yLjϢ x«˛Ó˚Ùy°y–
!§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– å6ä Óî≈Ùy°y (alphabet) : Óî≈Ùy°yÎ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲê˛y ôÁ!lÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ ~ܲê˛y
!§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ !ã˛•´=ˆÏ°y SÈ!ÓÓ˚ Ùï˛l– Ó›Ó˚ Óy ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ ‡Ó‡ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü,˛!ï˛ lÎ˚ó !ã˛•´ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •Î˚– @˝Ã#ܲñ •zÇÓ˚yç#ñ §Çfl,Òï˛ñ ÓyÇ°yñ !•!®ÈüüüÈ!ӈϟªÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 90 ¢ï˛yÇ¢
xˆÏlܲê˛y ˆÎl ˆflÒã˛– xÓÎ˚Óê˛y xyˆÏSÈñ xy˲y§ xyˆÏSÈ– ~=ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛Ùl SÈ!Ó⁄ ~=ˆÏ°y ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !°!˛õ Óî≈Ùy°y– Óî≈Ùy°y xyÓyÓ˚ !ï˛l Ó˚ܲˆÏÙ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÜ˛Ùl ˆ°áy⁄ ~•z !ã˛•´=ˆÏ°y !ܲ ~ܲ ~ܲê˛y ôÁ!lÓ˚ Óy•Ü˛⁄ ~ܲ ~ܲê˛y x«˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚⁄ ÷k˛ Óî≈Ùy°yÈüüüÈ÷ô% fl∫Ó˚ G ÓƒOˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛•´ Óï≈˛Ùyl– í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüüüÈ@˝Ã#ܲñ •zÇÓ˚yç#
~ܲ ~ܲê˛y ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚⁄ á%Ó §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õñ xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˆçˆÏl !lˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zÓ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ Óî≈Ùy°y–
≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ !°!˛õÙy°y=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ñ xy®yç ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ xÓçòÈüüüÈ÷ô% ÓƒOˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛•´ xyˆÏSÈ– fl∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆfiê˛∆yܲ Óy Ùy!Ü≈˛Ç
!§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚– ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– í˛zòy•Ó˚îÈüüüÈxyÓ˚!Óñ !•Ó & Óî≈Ùy°y–
å1ä !ã˛eˆÏ°áy (pictography) ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !°!˛õÙy°yÎ˚ !ã˛•´=ˆÏ°y ~ܲ xyÓ%!àòyÈüüüÈfl∫Ó˚ñ ÓƒOl SÈyí˛¸yG Î%_´y«˛Ó˚ G ˆÎÔ!àܲ fl∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ xy°yòy !ã˛•´–
~ܲê˛y SÈ!Ó– ~•z SÈ!Ó=ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛ylG ¢∑ñ x«˛Ó˚ Óy ôÁ!lÙyˆÏlÓ˚ (phoneme) fl∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚yhs˝ (diacritic) ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ çlƒG xy°yòy !ã˛•´˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÎÙlñ
ˆòƒyï˛Ü˛– ˆÎÙlñ !Ù¢Ó˚#Î˚ •yÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚y!@’!Ê˛Ü˛– ˆÜ˛ylG ˆÜ˛ylG !ã˛eˆÏ°áyÎ˚ !ã˛eàï˛ xyÈüÈ~Ó˚ çlƒ yñ •zÈüÈ~Ó˚ çlƒ ! Óy # •zï˛ƒy!ò– ˆòÓlyàÓ˚# ï˛Ìy ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ó xyô%!lܲ
§yÙO§ƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# xÌ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ Óî≈Ùy°y xyÓ%!àòy–
å2ä ˲yӈϰáy (ideography) : ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !°!˛õÙy°yÎ˚ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛•´ !°!˛õ ≤ÃܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ xyÓ˚G !ï˛l!ê˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ܲÌy ~áyˆÏl ӈϰ ˆÊ˛°y
~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ Óy ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲñ !ã˛•´=!° ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~ܲ ~ܲ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚–
ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆÜ˛ylG !°!˛õÙy°yÓ˚ §Ó !ã˛•´•z ˲yӈϰáy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˛õ!°ˆÏÊ˛ylÈüüüÈÎ!ò ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛ylG Óî≈Ùy°yÎ˚ ~Ùl !ã˛•´ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Îy
ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyê˛y•z lí˛¸ÓˆÏí˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– xlƒ ˆÜ˛ylG !°!˛õÙy°yÓ˚ ܲ!ï˛˛õÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ=!° ôÁ!lÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ G•z !ã˛•´ˆÏܲ ˛õ!°ˆÏÊ˛yl ӈϰ–
!ã˛•´ ˲yӈϰáy– !°!˛õÙy°yÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xy!ò ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !°!˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õ!°ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏlÓ˚ x!hflÏc !SÈ°– !Ù¢Ó˚#Î˚
å3ä !Ó˚Óy§ (rebus) : !Ó˚Óy§ ~ܲÓ˚Ü˛Ù ˆ•ÑÎ˚y!° ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛– ~•z ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ •yÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚y!@’!Ê˛Ü˛ G §%ˆÏÙÓ˚#Î˚ !ܲí˛z!lÊ˛ˆÏÙ≈ ˛õ!°ˆÏÊ˛yl !SÈ°–
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 79 80 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏÊ˛ylÈüüüÈÎ!ò ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÜ˛ylG Óî≈Ùy°yÎ˚ ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ=!° !ã˛•´ xyˆÏSÈñ å2ä !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ !lˆÏÓ!òï˛≤Ãyî •zÓ˚y˲yÌÙ Ù•yˆÏòÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÓylyˆÏly
Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ôÁ!lÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ G•z !ã˛•´=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏÊ˛yl ܲƒyê˛y°ˆÏà álˆÏl ≤ÃyÆ !§°ˆÏÙy•Ó˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Çáƒy 3700!ê˛ó ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÎ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚
Ó°y •ˆÏÓ– ˛õ!°ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏÊ˛ylG !°!˛õÓ˚ xy!ò ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ fl∫y«˛Ó˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ §yÓ˚î# í˛z!l Óy!lˆÏΈ˚ SÏ Èlñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ !ã˛•´§Çáƒy 947!ê˛Èó Î!òG Ù•yˆÏòÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ 417!ê˛
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyô%!lܲ ˲y£ÏyˆÏï˛G ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏÊ˛yl !êÑ˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙlñ xy!ò !ã˛•´ñ Óy!ܲ=ˆÏ°y xy!ò !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò–
•zÇÓ˚yç#ˆÏï˛ c ~ÓÇ k ò%ˆÏê˛y !ã˛•´ !òˆÏÎ˚•z ÚÜ˛Û ôÁ!l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÓyÇ°yÎ˚
í˛zFã˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ lyÙÙye Ê˛yÓ˚yˆÏܲ ¢ñ § G £Ï ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ Ú¢Û ôÁ!lÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl– !òl Óò°yÎ˚ñ !°!˛õ Óò°yÎ˚
!l‹õ!_ܲyÓ˚ܲ (determinative) : ~=!° ~Ùl !ã˛•´ñ Îy ˆ°áyÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ xl%ˆÏFSȈÏò !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !°!˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ê˛ò≈ ~ÓÇ !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ !ã˛•´=!°
ˆÌˆÏܲ !ã˛•´=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ í˛zFã˛yÓ˚ˆÏî í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !lˆÏç í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ñ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ !§k˛yhs˝=ˆÏ°y xyÙÓ˚y ˆçˆÏl!SÈ–
•Î˚ ly– !Ù¢Ó˚#Î˚ •yÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚y!@’!Ê˛ˆÏܲ !l‹õ!_ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ ˛õ!°ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z!j‹T ˆçˆÏl!SÈñ !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e ~ܲê˛y ÙhflÏ ˆ•ÑÎ˚y!°– ~•z ˆ•ÑÎ˚y!° ˆË˛ˆÏ. ~ܲê˛y•z §ˆÏï˛ƒ
ôÁ!l!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlGÎ˚y •ï˛– ˆ˛õÑÔSȈÏly ˲y!Ó˚ ܲ!ë˛l ܲyç– ï˛Ó%ñ •ï˛y¢ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ÓÓ˚Ç Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲçl ˛õ![˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚
!°!˛õ ≤ÃܲÓ˚î §¡õˆÏܲ≈ lyly ܲÌy ӈϰ ˆÊ˛°yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ~ÓyÓ˚ ≤ß¿ñ !§¶%˛!°!˛õ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ ¢Ó˚îy˛õߨ •Ó– ~ÓÇ §!ï˛ƒ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛#ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y §Óy•z G•z ˛õyŸã˛yï˛ƒ ˛õ![˛ï˛•z–
Ó!î≈ï˛ !°!˛õÙy°y=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˛≤ÃܲyÓ˚⁄ àˆÏÓ£ÏܲÓ˚y lyly Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ !§k˛yˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSȈSÏ Èl– Üœ˛ò ˆ°!˲ flf§ ≠ l,ï˛_¥!Óò– xyÙyçl lò#Ó˚ ÓÑyˆÏܲ ÓÑyˆÏܲ xy!òÙ Ùyl%£Ï áÑç% !SȈ°
Ï l
çl Ùy¢≈y°ÈüüüÈ!§¶%˛!°!˛õ !ã˛eˆÏ°áy– x«˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛!l– flf§– ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §¶˛yl ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲòˆÏ°Ó˚ lyÙ ly!¡∫ܲGÎ˚yÓ˚y–
xy¢ˆÏܲy ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ˛õy°yÈüüüÈ˲yӈϰáy– Ù)°ï˛ ôÙ≈#Î˚ ˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆòƒyï˛Ü˛ !ã˛•´=ˆÏ°y– ly!¡∫ܲGÎ˚yÓ˚yÓ˚y !°áˆÏï˛ çylï˛ lyó ~Ùlܲ# xÑyܲˆÏï˛G çylï˛ ly– !ÓhflÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù
•zÓ˚y˲yÌÙ Ù•yˆÏòÓlÈüüüÈ¢∑Ùy°yñ ï˛y!Ù° Ó y·˛#!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈§)Ó˚#– Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ flf§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y Ê%˛ê˛!ܲ áÑ%ˆÏç ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ~Ó˚ܲÙ
~§É xyÓ˚É Ó˚yGÈüüüÈÓî≈Ùy°yñ !§¶%˛!°!˛õ Ó y·˛#!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈§)Ó˚#– ly!¡∫ܲGÎ˚yÓ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ flf§ ï%˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏ°l ܲyàç xyÓ˚ ˆ˛õl!§°– ≤ÃÌÙê˛yÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y
!§í˛!l !fløÌÈüüüÈ÷k˛ Óî≈Ùy°y lÎ˚– x«˛Ó˚ñ ˲yӈϰáy xyÓ˚ !l‹õ!_ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ G=ˆÏ°y !lˆÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È•z ܲÓ˚° ly– !ܲv ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!òl ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ˆà°ñ ܲyàˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!وϢ°– ˆ˛õl!§° !òˆÏÎ˚ §Óy•z §Ó˚° Óy ˆì˛í˛zˆÏá°yˆÏly ˆÓ˚áy xÑyܲˆÏï˛ ÓƒhflÏ– xyÓ˚G ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!òl
fl∫yÙ# ¢ÇܲÓ˚yl®ÈüüüÈÓî≈Ùy°y– ï˛ˆÏÓ xˆÏlܲ ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏÊ˛yl– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ˆà°ñ xlƒÓ˚y í˛zͧy• •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ !ܲv GˆÏòÓ˚ ò°˛õ!ï˛!ê˛
¢Ω%˛lyÌ Ù[˛°ÈüüüÈx«˛Ó˚Ùy°y xyÓ˚ Óî≈Ùy°yÓ˚ !Ù◊î– !§¶%˛!°!˛õ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛yàçê˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ lyly Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ !çà‰çyà‰ ~шÏܲ•z ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ~ÓÇ ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
!ã˛eˆÏ°áy– xˆÏlܲê˛y !Ù¢Ó˚#Î˚ •yÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚y!@’!Ê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ùï˛l– V%Ñ˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xˆÏlܲ«˛î ôˆÏÓ˚ ܲ# ˆÎl áÑ%çˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ñ ˆ§=ˆÏ°y ˆ§ flfˆÏ§Ó˚ ò,!‹TÓ˚
flõ‹Tï˛•z lyly Ù%!lÓ˚ lyly Ùï˛– ÙˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~•z ˆ•ÑÎ˚y!°Ó˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ ˆì˛yܲyÓ˚ xyˆÏà §yÙˆÏl ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚ çylˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z°ñ flf§ !ܲS%È Ó%V˛ˆÏSÈl !ܲlyú flf§ Ó%V˛ˆÏ°lñ ò°˛õ!ï˛!ê˛
xyÓ˚G ò%ˆÏê˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ Ó!°– !°áˆÏSÈ üüüÈxy!òˆÏ°áy– ~ÓÇ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚•z V%Ñ˛ˆÏܲ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ
å1ä !§¶%˛!°!˛õÈ È!Ù¢Ó˚#Î˚ •yÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚y!@’!Ê˛Ü˛ G §%ˆÏÙÓ˚#Î˚ !ܲí˛z!lÊ˛Ù≈ !°!˛õÓ˚ ˆ°áyê˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ÙyˆÏl !SÈê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏÓ˚yˆÏÓ– flf§ Ó%V˛ˆÏ°lñ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z ˆ°áyÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&– Ù%ˆÏá
§Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ– !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ lÙ%ly xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá!SÈ– Óy!ܲ ò%ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ lÙ%lyG ˆòˆÏá ˆlGÎ˚y ly Óۈϰ xÑyܲ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ Ó°yÓ˚ ܲÌyê˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty–
Îyܲ– •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ly– çÑy çyܲ Ó˚&ˆÏ¢y ≠ òy¢≈!lܲ– ˲y£Ïy G !°!˛õÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛l !lˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ÙyÌy
ây!ÙˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– Ó˚&ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ xy!òÙ ˆày¤˛#=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §ÙyçÈüȧ¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
!Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïôñ xy•zl ç!ê˛° xyܲyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ~ÓÇ ~ܲ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏD xlƒ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚
ˆ°lˆÏòl ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏ°ñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ xyÓ˚ §Ó!ܲS%ȈÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!SÈ° ly– ï˛yÓ˚y
~ܲê˛y !ã˛•´ ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲yÓ°ñ Îy xl%˛õ!fliï˛ fliylܲy°˛õyˆÏeÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛
Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó_´ÓƒˆÏܲ §!M˛ï˛ Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •° !°!˛õñ ÷Ó˚& •° ˆ°áy–
Ó˚&ˆÏ¢y ˆ°áyÓ˚ ï˛Ìy !°!˛õÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛lˆÏܲ !ï˛l ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !Ó˲_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏ°l– ~ܲñ
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 81 82 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
≤Ã̈ÏÙ ¢∑ ˆ°áy •°– Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ ܲ“lyˆÏܲ Ù)ï≈˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛ˆÏe ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yӈϰáyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ x!ï˛e´Ù Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï
Ù)!ï≈˛ xÑyܲ°– ~ܲê˛y ˆâyí˛¸y Óy ~ܲê˛y £ÏÑyí˛¸ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲê˛y ˆâyí˛¸yÓ˚ Óy ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !°!˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ Óî≈Ùy°y–
~ܲê˛y £ÏÑyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ SÈ!Ó xÑyܲ°– ˆ°áy ï˛ál !ã˛eˆÏ°áy– ~ÓÇ !ã˛e=!° §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ lyly çyܲ ˆò!Ó˚òy / @˝ÃyÙyˆÏê˛y°!çfiê˛– ˆò!Ó˚òyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !°!˛õ!ã˛•´ ÷ô% ~ܲ!ê˛
Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ˲yÓ Óy ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôG !SÈ°– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆ§=ˆÏ°y ˲yӈϰáyG– ò%•zñ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# !ã˛•´Ùye lÎ˚– ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §%Æ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ ôÙ≈#Î˚ñ §yÙy!çܲñ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚&ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï !¢!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈñ làÓ˚ ˛õ_l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– =Ó˚&àΩ˛#Ó˚ G ÙlhflyÏ !_¥Ü˛ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ SÈy˛õ– !°!˛õ ï˛Ìy ˆ°áy ~ܲ ≤ÃbSÈy˛õÈüüüÈxy!Ü≈˛ÈüÈÓy˚ •z!ê˛Çñ
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ï˛Ìy òy¢≈!lܲ !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓlyÎ˚ ~ܲ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !°!˛õÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ áÑç % ˆÏ°ñ Ùylӧ˲ƒï˛yÓ˚ ˆàyê˛y •z!ï˛•y§ê˛y•z í˛z!çˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ–
ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– SÈ!Ó !òˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ Ü%˛!°ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛y Îy!FSÈ° ly– !ã˛e ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ≤Ãï˛#ˆÏܲÓ˚ ӈϮyÓhflÏ !°!˛õÓ˚ ˲y.yàí˛¸y §Ùyç •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˲y.yàí˛¸yÓ˚ §ˆÏD xDyD#– ˆò!Ó˚òy xÓ¢ƒ
•°– ≤Ãï˛#ܲñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ˛õyÓ˚y xyˆÏSÈ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ˆòƒyï˛ly– !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ §Ó˚°ñ !Üœ˛Î˚yÓ˚ܲyê‰˛ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ÓylyˆÏlyÓ˚ !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛– ܲyÓ˚î ~ˆÏܲ ˆï˛y lyly ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !°!˛õÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ñ xyÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ôyÓ˚îy=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Óƒ_´ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#– ÷Ó˚& lyly §ÙˆÏÎñ˚ ï˛yÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲê˛y §ÙˆÏÎÓ˚ ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲê˛y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !°!˛õG !Ó÷k˛
~•z !°!˛õÓ˚ lyÙ ¢∑Ùy°y– !ï˛lñ çyà!ï˛Ü˛ §Ü˛° !ӣψÏÎ˚ ÙyÌy à°yˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ê˛y•z˛õ lÎ˚– ˆÎÙlñ !ܲí˛z!lÊ˛Ù≈ !°!˛õ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ˲yӈϰáy xyÓ˚ Óî≈Ùy°y–
Ùyl%£Ï– !ӈϢ£ÏˆÏK˛Ó˚ ò° ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚° xyˆÏÓ˚y §Ó˚° G !ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢Ë˛D#– Ó°y xyçˆÏê˛Ü˛ !°!˛õÓ˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y xÇ¢ !Ó˚Óy§ñ Î!òG ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ x«˛Ó˚Ùy°y– G!òˆÏܲ
ܲÌy=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÊ˛y!lˆÏÙ ˆË˛ˆÏ.ñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆÊ˛y!lˆÏÙÓ˚ çlƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚° !Ù¢Ó˚#Î˚ •yÎ˚ˆÓÏ y˚ !@’!Ê˛Ü˛ ~ܲyôyˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛eˆÏ°áyñ Óî≈Ùy°y G x«˛Ó˚Ùy°y–
!l!ò≈‹T !ã˛•´ÈüüüÈÓî≈– Îy !òˆÏÎ˚ x«˛Ó˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ– Îy !òˆÏÎ˚ ¢∑ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z !°!˛õÓ˚ ~ÓyÓ˚ !•§yÓ!ܲï˛yÓ– !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ê˛y xyÙÓ˚y
lyÙ Óî≈Ùy°y– Ó˚&ˆÏ¢y ~•z !ï˛l ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#ÓlôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ !Ó˲_´ §Óy•z çy!l– ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ çy!l lyñ xˆÏlܲê˛y çy!l– ~Ó˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e
ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èlñ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD !°!˛õÙy°yÓ˚ §ÇÎ%!_´ âê˛yˆÏ° òÑyí˛¸yÎÈ̊üüüÈܲ, !£Ïç#Ó# ˛õÎ≈yÎÈ̊üüüÈ!ã˛eˆÏ°áyñ !lk≈˛yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !ܲlyñ ˆ§ê˛y•z ˆòáyÓ˚– ≤Ãbï˛y!_¥ˆÏܲÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏSÈlñ !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÎ˚
làÓ˚ ˛õ_ˆÏlÓ˚ Î%àÈüüüÈÈ¢∑Ùy°y ~ÓÇ xyô%!lܲ ôyï%˛ Î%àÈüüüÈÓî≈Ùy°y– ï˛ál ã˛y°ˆÏܲy!°!Ìܲ ~ç– ï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈñ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
Ê˛y!ò≈ly® !í˛ §§%Ó˚ ≠ !ã˛•´ï˛y!_¥Ü˛– §§%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˲y£Ïy xyÓ˚ ˆ°áy ò%ˆÏê˛y fl∫ï˛sf ܲˆÏÙ!l– ܲ#ˆÏÌÓ˚y ˆ°y•y áÑ%ˆÏç!SȈϰl– állܲyˆÏÎ≈ ˆ§ Ó›Ó˚G ≤ÃÙyî !وϰˆÏSÈ– xÌ≈yÍ
!ã˛•´ÓƒÓfliy– ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !ã˛•´ ¢y!∑ܲñ ˆ°áyÓ˚ !ã˛e°– !ã˛•´ !•ˆÏ¢ˆÏÓ ˆ°áyÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ !ܲly ï˛ál ˆ°Ô•Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&ñ ã˛y°ˆÏܲy!°!̈ÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï– Óƒy˛õܲ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ ˛õŸã˛yòË)˛!Ù
í˛z!l ò%ˆÏê˛y ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l– ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ñ !°!˛õ Îál x˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ly ÌyܲˆÏ° làÓ˚ˆÏ§Ôô àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ˆ◊î# !Ó˲yçlG ˆÎ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈñ
ç#ÓlÎy˛õlG ï˛ï˛ ç!ê˛° •Î˚!lñ ~ܲê˛y !ã˛•´ ˆÌˆÏܲ xflõ‹T ~ܲê˛y ôyÓ˚îy•z ï˛ál Ó°y•z Óy‡°ƒ– ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !°!˛õ Ó˚&ˆÏ¢yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ¢∑Ùy°yñ §§%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Óî≈Ùy°y
˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛ñ ˆ§ê˛y ˲yӈϰáy– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ç#Ól ç!ê˛° åx«˛Ó˚Ùy°yä– ã˛y•zˆÏ”˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !°!˛õÓ˚ ˆàyê˛y !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ê˛y•z ~•z làÓ˚yÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
xyܲyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ !ã˛•´ˆÏܲ ÎÌy§Ω˛Ó flõ‹TyÌ≈ܲ G xllƒyÌ≈ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ •°– ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ÈüüüÈ!ã˛eˆÏ°áyÈüÈ˲yӈϰáyÈüÈˆÊ˛yˆÏly@˝ÃyÙÈüÈÓî≈Ùy°y– xyÓ˚ ˆò!Ó˚òyÓ˚
~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !°!˛õ Óî≈Ùy°y– Óî≈Ùy°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÓ¢ƒ í˛z!l x«˛Ó˚Ùy°yˆÏܲG xhs˝Ë%≈˛_´ ÙˆÏï˛ñ lyly ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !وϢ°ó ï˛ˆÏÓ !Ù¢ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚yˆÏ° ê˛ylˆÏ° !§¶%˛!°!˛õ
ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl– !ã˛eˆÏ°áyñ Óî≈Ùy°y xyÓ˚ x«˛Ó˚Ùy°y–
•zÉ àí≈˛lÉ ã˛y•z”˛ ≠ ≤Ãbï˛y!_¥Ü˛– ã˛y•z”˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲê˛y ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !§¶%˛Óy§#Ó˚ làÓ˚ç#ÓˆÏl !ã˛eˆÏ°áy ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly !˲ˆÏï˛Ó˚
~ˆÏl §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ lyly ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l– ã˛y•zˆÏ”˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& í˛z˛õÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §Ó˚°#ܲÓ˚î çÓ˚&!Ó˚– Ùôƒ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˲#ÙˆÏÓë˛Ü˛yÎ˚ «˛%˛o ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚
làÓ˚yÎ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD– §%ˆÏÙÓ˚#Î˚ñ !Ù¢Ó˚#Î˚ G !§¶%˛ÈüüüÈ~•z !ï˛l làÓ˚ §Ë˛ƒï˛y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ =•y!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §ˆÏD Óy ≤ÃyܲÈüÈ!§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ç#ÓçvÓ˚ ˆÙy!ê˛Ê˛ñ
≤ÃÌÙ !°!˛õ=!°Ó˚ í˛zqyÓܲ– ~•z §Ë˛ƒï˛y=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛ ˆ◊î# ˆÎ=ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ù,ͲõyˆÏe x°ÇܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •ï˛ÈüüüÈ!§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚
~ܲyhs˝ Óƒ!_´àï˛ flø,!ï˛Ê˛°Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ lyly Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ !ã˛eÙy°yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ï˛– §yò,¢ƒ– !§¶%˛ !°!˛õ ï˛y•z Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •yÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚y!@’!Ê˛Ü˛– xyÓyÓ˚ !§¶%˛Óy§#Ó˚ í˛zߨï˛
ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ã˛eˆÏ°áyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ– ~=ˆÏ°y !SÈ° §ê≈˛•ƒyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ Ùï˛lÈüüüÈ~ܲyôyˆÏÓ˚ ç#Ól˜Ï¢°# Óî≈Ùy°yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ •z!Dï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˛õ)î≈yD Óî≈Ùy°y lÎ˚– xï˛=ˆÏ°y
!ã˛eˆÏ°áy G ˲yӈϰáy– xyÓ˚ G•z §Ë˛ƒï˛y=ˆÏ°yÓ˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛eˆÏ°áy !ã˛•´ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÙçÓ%ï˛ Óî≈Ùy°y ÓylyˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ ly– ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ܲ G•z Óî≈Ùy°yÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
§Ó˚°#Ü,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ôÁ!lÓ˚ ~ܲܲ (phonogram) ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Î!òG !ã˛•´=ˆÏ°y ≤ÃFSÈߨ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ SÈy˛õ⁄ !§¶%˛ !°!˛õ !ܲ x«˛Ó˚ÈüÈÓî≈Ùy°y⁄
x˛õÓ˚ ≠ 6
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 83 84 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
!§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚e §¡õˆÏܲ≈ ~•z ˛õ)Óy≈ l%Ùylñ ˛õ)Ó≈ xl%ˆFÏ SȈòÏ Ó!î≈ï˛ lyly àˆÏӣψÜÏ ˛Ó˚ xy¢ˆÏܲy ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ˛õy°y– !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏ°lñ !§¶%˛ÈüÈ§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y çyò%ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛
˛õ)Ó≈yl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢Ω%˛lyÌ Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ– àySȈÏܲ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ó çyò% xl%¤˛ylñ ˆ§=ˆÏ°y ‡Ó‡ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ oy!Óí˛¸
çlˆÏày¤˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ– ˆçƒy!ï˛!Ó≈òƒy §Çe´yhs˝ !•®% !ÙÌ=!° oy!Óí˛¸#Î˚ í˛z˛õyòyˆÏl ˲Ó˚˛õ%Ó˚–
!§¶%˛Óy§#Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏl ï˛y!Ù° G !•®% ˆòÓˆÏòÓ#Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛y!Ù° í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ •z!Dï˛ ly Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚
!°!˛õ Óy !°ál ˛õk˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲê˛y xy®yç ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆà°– ~ÓyÓ˚ ≤ß¿ñ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– Óy°%!ã˛hflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó y‡•z ˲y£Ïy oy!Óí˛¸#Î˚– §Ω˛Óï˛ñ xyÎ≈Ó˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆì˛yܲyÓ˚
˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ï˛ !§¶%˛Óy§#– ˛õyë˛Ü˛ ˲yÓˆÏÓlñ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏà•z ˲y£Ïyê˛yÓ˚ ˆáÑyç xyˆÏà Ó y‡•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ xyˆÏ§ñ ˆÜ˛lly }àˆÏÓˆÏò•z ˆÎ oy!Óí˛¸#Î˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ á%шÏç
ˆÜ˛l⁄ ˆÜ˛llyñ ~ܲê˛y !ܲS%È ˛õ)Ó≈yl%Ùyl ly ÌyܲˆÏ° ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚y Ù%¢!ܲ°– ˆÜ˛í˛z Î!ò ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ˛õy°y ï˛y!Ù° ÚÙ%Ó˚Ü%˛Û G ÚÙ#lÛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §ˆÏD •Ó˚ØyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛
ΈÏÌFSÈ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z !ã˛•´ˆÏܲ ~•z ˆÊ˛y!lˆÏÙÓ˚ §ˆÏD Óy G•z !ã˛•´ˆÏܲ G•z ˆÊ˛y!lˆÏÙÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyà fliy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~ÓÇ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ í˛çl !§¶%˛!°!˛õ!ã˛•´ˆÏܲ oy!Óí˛¸
ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y xyò° ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛ylñ ly¡∫yÓ˚ xÊ˛ ~:ˆÏ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÙrê˛ x§#Ù ˆòÓˆÏòÓ#Ó˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
§ÇáƒÜ˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛ylG ly ˆÜ˛ylG ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ xy!òÓ˚*˛õ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ G•z •zÓ˚y˲yÌÙ Ù•yˆÏòÓl– ï˛y!Ù° !°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈§)Ó˚# ~ܲÓ˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó y·˛#!°!˛õ Îy
!°!˛õê˛yÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy ˲y£Ïyê˛yˆÏܲ ܲ“ly ly Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏàyˆÏ°ñ áˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ àyòyÎ˚ ˆòÓlyàÓ˚#Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈§)Ó˚# Ó y·˛#Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%Èê˛y xy°yòy– Ù•yˆÏòÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ !§¶%˛!°!˛õ
§)Ñã˛ ˆáÑyçy •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ï˛y!Ù° Ó y·˛#!°!˛õÓ˚ í˛zͧ– xÌ≈yÍñ !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏl ï˛y!Ù° Ó y·˛#!°!˛õÓ˚ çß√
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe àˆÏÓ£ÏܲÜ)˛° Ù)°ï˛ ò%ÛˆÏê˛y ܲƒyˆÏ¡õ !Ó˲_´– ~ܲ ܲƒyˆÏ¡õÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£Ïܲàî •Î˚– !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛y!Ù° Ó y·˛#!°!˛õÓ˚ ã˛ÙÍܲyÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒ í˛z!l °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
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•ˆÏFSÈ Ü,˛!_ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlñ ˜Ó!òܲ Î%ˆÏà å§Çܲ°ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ lÎ˚ä Ù•y!Ó£Ï%Ó ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ §y«˛ƒ ˲y£Ïyï˛y!_¥Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ !SÈ°– ï˛yG ˆÎ ˆ§=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°l
ã˛°yܲy°#l §)Î≈ xÓfliyl ܲÓ˚ï˛ Ü,˛!_ܲyÎ˚– xyô%!lܲ ˆçƒy!ï˛!Ó≈òƒy ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù âê˛ly Óy !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ Óƒyáƒy !òˆÏ°lñ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î Ù)°ï˛ ò%ÛˆÏê˛y– ˲y£Ïyï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ã˛y°% ï˛_¥ •°ñ ò!«˛î
âê˛ï˛ 3000 á #fiê˛˛õ)Ó≈y∑ lyàyò– ˆ§ê˛y !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ܲy°– Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ≤Ãyã˛#lܲyˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ çy!ï˛ Óy§ ܲÓ˚ï˛ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ Ë˛y£Ïy ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
!ï˛lñ ˲ÓË)˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚Ó˚yÙã˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ !¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ lyÙ Ë)˛ï˛lyÌ– ò[˛#Ó˚ ܲyÓƒyòˆÏ¢≈ ≤Ãyã˛#l lyly ≤ÃyˆÏhs˝ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÛˆÏí˛¸ñ xˆÏlܲ lï%˛l lï%˛l ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ çß√ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z xy!ò
˲y£ÏyÓ˚ lyÙ Ë)˛ï˛Ë˛y£Ïy– ï˛y!sfܲ @˝Ãsi ¢ÇܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yÓ˚òy!ï˛°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ =Æ!°!˛õÓ˚ ܲÌy ˲y£Ïy!ê˛Ó˚ lyÙ •zˆÏ®yÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚yl ˲y£Ïy– xyÎ≈Ó˚y •zˆÏ®yÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚yl ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÎyÓ˚ lyÙ Ë)˛ï˛!°!˛õ– Ë)˛ï˛!°!˛õÓ˚ Ó˚«˛yܲï≈˛y !¢Ó– ˛õy!î!lÓ˚ x‹TyôƒyÎ˚# Ó˚*˛õ §Çfl,Òï˛ˆÏܲ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏl!SȈ° Ï l ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£–≈Ï ï˛y•ˆÏ° §Çfl,Òï˛ÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈ ˆÜ˛ylG xyÎ≈˲y£ÏyÓ˚
÷Ó˚& •ˆÏFSÈ 14!ê˛ §)e !òˆÏÎ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ lyÙ !¢Ó§)e– Ó°y•z Óy‡°ƒñ Ë)˛ï˛ ÙyˆÏl xï˛#ï˛– x!hflÏ_¥ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– xyÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ܲyÓ˚î Ó%k˛ÈüÈ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ˲y£Ïyò¢≈ñ
ã˛yÓ˚ñ ˆ¢£ÏÜ,˛£è ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛ ã˛!wܲyÎ˚ñ Óy!‚ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !§Ç•° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ë)˛Ë˛yˆÏà 27 ˆÎê˛yG ≤ÃyÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏl ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ôÁ!lï˛_¥ Ó˚*˛õï˛_¥ˆÏܲ•z ≤ÃyÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢‹T ӈϰ
Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ã˛° !SÈ°ñ Óۈϰ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆáyò ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚yñ xy§ˆÏ° ï˛ï˛!òˆÏl ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Çfl,ÒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ–
ã˛y°% !SÈ° ˜˛õ¢yã˛# ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛– ˜˛õ¢yã˛# ≤ÃyÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ 11 ¢yáyÈüüüÈܲyM˛#ñ ˛õy[˛ƒñ ˛õyM˛y°ñ xÌã˛ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˜Ó!òܲ §Çfl,ÒˆïÏ ˛•z ≤ÃyÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆSÏ Èl §%l#!ï˛Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚
ˆàÔí˛¸ñ Ùyàô#ñ ˆ¢ÔÓ˚ˆÏ§l#ñ ˆÜ˛Ü˛Î˚ñ oy!Óí˛¸ñ ¢ÓÓ˚ñ Ó yã˛[˛ G òy!«˛îyï˛ƒ– ã˛ƒyê˛y!ç≈– ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ò,ì˛¸ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §Çfl,ÒˆÏï˛
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 87 88 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §%l#!ï˛ Ü%˛ÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Î%!_´ ≠ ˆÎ xyÎ≈Ó˚y ày¶˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ Ó ·˛yÓˆÏï≈˛ xÌ≈yÍ §Ó˚fl∫ï˛# lò#Ó˚
~ܲñ ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛§%°Ë˛ ôÁ!l ˛õ!Óï≈˛l– ˆÎÙlñ } > xñ •zñ í˛zñ ~– Ë,˛ï˛ > ˲ê˛ñ xÓÓy!•Ü˛yÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ӈϧ!SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚y•z ˜Ó!òܲ ï˛Ìy ã˛yï%˛Ó≈î≈ÈüÈÓ y·˛îƒôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y–
¢,Ì > ◊Ì > !¢!Ì°– •zï˛ƒy!ò– !ܲv ~ܲò° x˜ÏÓ!òܲ xyÎ≈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ~ˆÏ§ àyˆÏDÎ˚ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÎ˚
ò%•zñ ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛§%°Ë˛ fl∫Ó˚§Çà!ï˛– ˆÎÙlñ ˛õ%Ó˚&ÈüÈÓ,£Ï > ˛õ)£Ï≈ > ˛õ%Ó˚&£Ïñ í˛zÓ˚& + Ó¢# Ó§Óy§ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ˆò!¢ xlyÎ≈˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ ~•z !mï˛#ˆÏÎ˚y_´ xyÎ≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy
> í˛zÓ≈¢#– •zï˛ƒy!ò– •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ° ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ˜Ó!òܲ xyÎ≈Ó˚y ˆÓò §Çܲ°l ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ
!ï˛lñ xˆÏây£Ï ~ܲܲ ÓƒOˆÏlÓ˚ ˆây£ÏÓ_y– ˆÎÙlñ ܲï≈˛ > àï≈˛ñ ÙÌ%Ó˚y > Ùô%Ó˚y– ~•z ˛õ)Ó≈# ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛ Óy Ùyàô# ≤ÃyÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˜Ó!òܲ §y!•ï˛ƒ ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l–
•zï˛ƒy!ò– xç%•yï˛ê˛y áy!° ˆáÎ˚y° ܲÓ˚&l– ÎyˆÏܲ â,îy ܲ!Ó˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyˆÏܲ x§Ë˛ƒ ˲y£Ïy
ã˛yÓ˚ñ Ù•y≤Ãy!îï˛ flõ¢≈ÓƒOˆÏlÓ˚ •‰ÈüÈ~ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛– ˆÎÙlñ !ôï˛ > !•ï˛ñ àyô > ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ñ ˆ§•z ˲y£Ïy•z ÓòˆÏ° ˆòˆÏÓ xyÙyÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ §y!•ï˛ƒÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲú ~•z
ày•– •zï˛ƒy!ò– xç%•yï˛ !ܲ ~•z çlƒ §,!‹Tñ ˆÎñ ˆÎl ˆï˛l ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚î ˛õ)Ó≈# ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛ˆÏܲ §Çfl,ÒˆÏï˛Ó˚
˛õÑyã˛ñ Ùyàô# ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛§%°Ë˛ Ó˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ °ÈüÈ~ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛– ˆÎÙlñ ◊#Ó˚ > Ÿ’#°ñ ˆÓ˚yã˛l ~ܲÓ˚Ü˛Ù ò°S%Èê˛ ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓú
> ˆ°yã˛l– •zï˛ƒy!ò– xyô%!lܲ ˲y£Ïyï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ˛õˆÏÓ˚¢ã˛w Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ !°áˆÏSÈl ≠ ˛õy!î!lÓ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ lÎ˚ñ
SÈÎ˚ñ Î%_´ ÓƒOˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù#˲Ól– ˆÎÙlñ à,∞ > =FSÈñ Ùͧƒ > ÙFSÈ– •zï˛ƒy!ò– ≤Ãyã˛#l ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xyÎ≈˲y£ÏyÓ˚ x§Çfl,Òï˛ Ü˛Ìƒ í˛z˛õyòyl G í˛z˛õ˲y£Ïy=ˆÏ°y•z xyô%!lܲ
§yï˛ñ ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛§%°Ë˛ ˙ñ Å > ~ñ G– ˆÎÙlñ àÙˆÏô > àÙˆÏôƒñ ˜Ü˛Óï≈˛ > ˆÜ˛Óï≈˛– ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˲y£Ïy=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲ, ï˛ çll#˲y£Ïy– G•z í˛z˛õyòyl=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ~ܲ§ˆÏD Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛
•zï˛ƒy!ò– ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛Ìƒ Óy ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ §Çfl,Òï˛– Ü˛Ìƒ•z ˆ•yܲ Óy ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ•z ˆ•yܲñ §Çfl,Òï˛ ˆÜ˛l⁄
≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛ ¢∑˲y[˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ¢∑ §Çfl,Òï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy•*ï˛ lÎ˚– §%l#!ï˛ Ü%˛ÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy§ˆÏ° í˛z!l ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏ°lñ ~•z Ü˛Ìƒ Óy ˆ°Ô!ܲܲ í˛z˛õyòyl=ˆÏ°y ÷ô%
ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lÙ%ly ≠ ˆâyê˛Ü˛ñ ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ñ Ü%˛E%˛Ó˚ñ £Ï[˛ñ àîñ ˆÙ£Ïñ Ó!°Óò≈ñ Ó˚_´ñ ˆ§Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ xyÙçlï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ ã˛!°ï˛ ˲y£Ïy•z lÎ˚ñ ~•z í˛z˛õyòyl=!°•z
¢Ü˛ê˛ñ ôylñ Óy°yñ ˛õyl#Î˚ñ ç°ñ Ó,«˛ñ àySÈñ !˛õ[˛ñ Ü˛Ù°ñ ˛õpñ Óy!ê˛Ü˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò– §Çfl,ÒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈§)Ó˚#– ˜Ó!òܲ §Çfl,ÒˆÏï˛ §Çfl,ÒˆÏï˛Ó˚ ôÁ!lï˛_¥ G Ó˚*˛õï˛_¥ !òˆÏÎ˚ Óƒyáƒy
§Çfl,Òï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛ çˆÏß√ ÌyܲˆÏ°ñ ~•z §Ó ¢∑ ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ ~°⁄ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lyñ ~Ùl í˛z˛õyòyl ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚– ˛õy!î!lñ Îy‹Òñ ܲyï˛ƒyÎ˚î ≤ÃÙ%á ≤Ãyã˛#l
§•ç §Ùyôyl– ˆò!¢ xlyÎ≈˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ– }àˆÏÓˆÏò xlyÎ≈Ó˚y í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˜ÓÎ˚yܲÓ˚îÓ˚y §Çfl,ÒˆÏï˛ xyàï˛ ~•z í˛z˛õyòyl=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
òy§ Óy ò§%ƒ Óy x§%Ó˚ lyˆÏÙ– xlƒylƒ xlyÎ≈çˆÏlÓ˚y !SÈ° ¢#Ù%ƒñ ܲ#ܲê˛ñ xçñ Ϋ%˛ñ ˛õy!° ˆï˛y ˛õ)Ó≈# ≤ÃyÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚¢#!°ï˛ Ó˚*˛õñ ~Ùlܲ# ˆÓÔk˛ §Çfl,Òï˛ Óy Ù•yÎyl#
!¢@˝Ã&ñ !ܲÓ˚yï˛ñ ã˛y[˛y° G ˛õyî≈y!ܲ– ~•z Úòy§Û í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy§ !SÈ° àyˆÏDÎ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛G §Çfl,Òï˛ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç §Çfl,Òï˛y!Î˚ï˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ Ó˚yÙyÎ˚îñ Ù•y˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÎ˚– ~Ó˚y !SÈ° Ó ·˛yÓˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ §Ù@˝Ã ˲y£ÏyG §Çfl,Òï˛ lÎ˚ñ ~•z ò%•z ~!˛õˆÏܲÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyG §Çfl,Òï˛y!Î˚ï˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛– xÌ≈yÍñ ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛ˆÏܲ
˜Ó!òܲ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ â,îy xyÓ˚ !ӈϣÏyÂàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ SÈí˛¸ySÈ!í˛¸– ~Ó˚y Ó yï˛ƒñ Ù,ô Óyܲñ ÓÎ˚yÇ!§ñ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ~ܲáy!l §yô% !¢‹T ˆ˛õy£Ïyܲ# ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ §,!‹T ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ lyÙ
xÎ˚çµlñ xˆÏòÓÎ˚%ñ xlƒÓ ï˛ñ ò%Ó˚&_´Ù‰ñ ò#!«˛ï˛Óyã˛/ G !¢Ÿ¿ˆÏòÓ– ~=!° ày°yày!°– ˜Ó!òܲÈüȧÇfl,Òï˛–
xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È í˛z˛õçy!ï˛Ó˚ lyÙ ˜Ó!òܲ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆÎÙlñ !l£Ïyòñ ˛õ%!°®ñ ¢Ω%˛lyÌ Ù[˛° ≤ÃyܲÈüȧÇfl,Òï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛ˆÏܲ•z !§¶%˛Ë˛y£Ïy ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛‹Ty
¢ÓÓ˚ñ ˛õ%\ •zï˛ƒy!ò– ~•z§Ó ˛õ)Ó≈ G ò!«˛î˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ çlçy!ï˛Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl–
!àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆáyò }àˆÏÓˆÏòGú
ˆÎ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ¢∑Ó˚*˛õ ôyï%˛Ó˚*˛õ Óy ˛õÓ˚˜Ïflø˛õò xydˆÏl˛õò !¢áˆÏï˛ xyÎ≈SÈye ˆ§ylyÓ˚ ܲy!ë˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õyÓ˚ ܲy!ë˛
Óy˛õÈüÈÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y° ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ˆï˛!e¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ =Ó˚&à,ˆÏ• ܲyê˛yï˛ Ü˛ˆÏë˛yÓ˚ Ó ·˛ã˛ˆÏÎ≈ñ ˆÎ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !°!˛õÈüÈ≤ÃܲÓ˚î G ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈y˲y§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÎê˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆÎñ
í˛zFã˛yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÷k˛ï˛y Ó˚«˛yÎ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ˜Ó!òܲ §y!•ï˛ƒˆÏܲ xyàˆÏ° Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ܲê˛y §%!l!ò≈‹T ˛õyë˛≤Ãîy°# !ë˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚y– §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ¢∑ Óy x«˛Ó˚=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
xyˆÏÎ≈_ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲî≈˛õê˛ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùy•z° Ùy•z° ò)ˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚•z G•z •zï˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !°!˛õ!ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° xyÓyÓ˚G !òˆÏ¢•yÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly–
≤Ã˲yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆà° ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ xyÙÓ˚y ¢Ω%˛lyÌ Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z !§¶%˛!°!˛õˆÏܲ x«˛Ó˚ÈüÈÓî≈Ùy°y !˲!_ܲ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 89 90 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
•yÎ˚ˆÓÏ y˚ !@’!Ê˛Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ!˚ SÈ– xyÙÓ˚y ¢Ω%˛lyÌ Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z !§¶%˛Ë˛y£ÏyˆÏܲ 1000!ê˛– ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˲y£Ïy ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ G Ó y·˛#ÈüȈòÓlyàÓ˚# !°!˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ӈϰ!SÈ ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛– ï˛y•ˆÏ° xyÓ˚ xlƒylƒ àˆÏӣψÏܲÓ˚ ˛õyë˛≤Ãîy°# !lˆÏÎ˚ ÙyÌy âyÙyˆÏlyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G çyò%!l!£Ï_´ !ã˛eˆÏ°áy=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Óî≈Ó#çˆÏܲyˆÏ£Ï §!M˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •Î˚– ˆÎ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆòá!SÈ ly– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ xy!ò ˲y£Ïy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˛õ!Óe ÙÎ≈yòy òyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG
¢Ω%˛lyÌ Ù[˛° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õyë˛≤Ãîy°#ˆÏܲ !ï˛l˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– å1ä ï˛y!sfܲ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ï˛y•z–
ˆÜ˛yí˛ñ å2ä !ã˛eˆÏ°áy (rebus) ~ÓÇ å3ä Ó y·˛#ÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛Ù Ó˚*˛õï˛_¥– fl∫yÙ#!ç §Ù§ƒyê˛yÓ˚ Ù)ˆ° Ï ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈG ˆ¢£ÏÓ«˚ ˛y ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyˆÏÓl˚ !l– fl∫yÙ# ¢ÇܲÓ˚ylˆÏ®Ó˚
ï˛y!sfܲ ˆÜ˛yí˛ ≠ !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ !ã˛•´=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚áyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ !ã˛eˆÏ°áyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ ˛õˆÏÌ•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyçˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl ¢Ω%˛lyÌ Ù[˛°– Óî≈Ó#çˆÏܲy£Ï ˆÌˆÏܲ
á%Ó•z flõ‹T– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˲y£Ïy=ˆÏ°yÎ˚ Ü˛Ù ˆÓ!¢ 40!ê˛ ÙˆÏï˛y ôÁ!l ˆÊ˛y!lÙ !l‹Òy¢l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ !§°ˆÏÙy•Ó˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚
á%шÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !§¶%˛!°!˛õˆÏï˛ !ã˛•´ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 1000!ê˛– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏlñ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– Óî≈Ó#ç=ˆÏ°y•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù)° ã˛y!Óܲy!벖
~ê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲê˛y ôÁ!lÓ˚ åˆÊ˛y!lˆÏÙÓ˚ä çlƒ xˆÏlܲÓ˚Ü˛Ù !ã˛•´ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ ¢Ω%˛lyÌ Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÊ˛y!lÙ !l‹Òy¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆÎ
•ï˛– ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xy!òÎ%ˆÏà ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏÊ˛yˆÏlÓ˚ x!hflÏc á%Ó•z fl∫y˲y!Óܲ– !ë˛Ü˛ ≤ß¿ê˛y ÙyÌy ã˛yí˛¸y !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓñ ˆÎñ !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛y!sfܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏí˛Ó˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyàê˛y
ˆÎÙl !Ù¢Ó˚#Î˚ •yÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚y!@’!Ê˛ˆÏܲ 4!ê˛ fl∫Ó˚ G 24!ê˛ ÓƒOlôÁ!lÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 750!ê˛ Ü˛#– !§¶%˛ !§°ˆÏÙy•Ó˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲ=ˆÏ°y ≤Ã!ï˛Ù)!ï≈˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈñ ˆÎ=ˆÏ°yÓ˚
!ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !SÈ°– 1822 á #‹TyˆÏ∑ çÑy Ê ˛y!™§ ܲƒyˆÏ¡õy!°Î˚l !Ù¢Ó˚#Î˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly flõ‹T xÌ≈ •Î˚ ly– ˆ§=ˆÏ°y Ó˚•ˆÏ§ƒ ˆÙyí˛¸yñ =Æ !ܲS%È– ˆÎÙlñ ~ܲ¢,D
•yÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚y!@’!Ê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ܲƒyˆÏ¡õy!°Î˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç §•ç ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° !Ó!¢‹T ˆâyí˛¸yÈüÈàÓ˚& å•zí˛z!lܲî≈äñ ˛õ÷Ù)!ï≈˛ ÎyÓ˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y •y!ï˛Ó˚ !ܲS%Èê˛y £ÏÑyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚
ˆÓ˚yˆÏ§Ry ˆfiê˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ñ ˆÎ ˆfiê˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ 54 °y•zˆÏlÓ˚ !e˲y!£Ïܲ ˆ°áy åàçÓ,£Ï˲äñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !§Ç• ÎyÓ˚ í˛zk≈˛yD ~ܲ Ó˚Ùî#Ó˚– !í˛É !í˛É ˆÜ˛y¢y¡∫#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~•z
ˆáyòy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°ÈüüüÈ•yÎ˚ˆÓÏ y˚ !@’!Ê˛ˆÏܲñ ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!ê˛ˆÏܲ G @˝Ã#ˆÏܲ– ܲƒyˆÏ¡õy!°Î˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü,˛!ï˛=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛y!sfܲ ˆÙy!ê˛Ê˛ ӈϰ ˆÙˆÏl ˆlGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ï˛ˆÏsf ˆÎ §Ó =•ƒ
xyÓ˚G §%!Óôy ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° !Ù¢Ó˚#Î˚ á #‹TylˆÏòÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ܲ˛õ!ê˛Ü˛ x!˲ôylñ !ã˛•´ Óy §ÇˆÏÜ˛ï˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛≈#ܲyˆÏ° !°!˛õÓk˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zͧ ˆÎ xˆÏlܲ
Îy •yÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚y!@’!Ê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyô%!lܲ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ˆÎyà§)e ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SÈ°– xˆÏlܲ ≤Ãyã˛#lñ ~ê˛y !l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z =•ƒ §ÇˆÏܲï˛=ˆÏ°y 5000 ÓSÈÓ˚
í˛z!l¢ˆÏ¢y £ÏyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yÙÜ,˛£è ˆÓòyhs˝ ÙˆÏë˛Ó˚ ~ܲ ò%/fli fl∫yÙ#!ç ˛õˆÏÓ˚G ï˛yÓ˚ ˆày˛õl xÌ≈ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°!l–
fl∫yÙ# ¢ÇܲÓ˚yl® ܲƒyˆÏ¡õy!°Î˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ï˛y!sfܲ x!˲ôyˆÏlÓ˚ §y•y΃ !lˆÏÎ˚ !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ álˆÏl í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ xˆÏlܲ Ùyï,˛Ù)!ï≈˛ñ ˆÎ=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ çl Ùy¢≈y°
!§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ï˛sfy!˲ôyˆÏl Óî≈Ó#çˆÏܲy£Ï §Çܲ!°ï˛ Ó§%Ùyï˛y ӈϰ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z Ù)!ï≈˛=ˆÏ°y í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛yÈüÈçyò%Ó˚ §ˆÏD ç!í˛¸ï˛ !SÈ°–
•ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏsf xyÓ˚yôly Óy í˛z˛õy§lyÓ˚ çlƒ ÙˆÏsfÓ˚ §y•y΃ !lˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ~•z lyÓ˚#ˆÏܲñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ xhs˝/fl∫_y lyÓ˚#ˆÏܲ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáy ≤Ãyã˛#l ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚
Ùsf=!° x!ôܲyÇ¢ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•z ~ܲ˛õò# Óy !m˛õò# ˆŸ’yˆÏܲÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆày˛õl ܲÓ˚y ÌyˆÏܲ– §Ó≈e ã˛y°% !SÈ°– !ÓŸªy§ñ xhs˝/fl∫_y lyÓ˚#Ó˚ flõˆÏ¢≈ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ê˛°≤ç) •ˆÏÓ– !§¶%˛
ˆÎÙl ¢ƒyÙyÙyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲy«˛Ó˚ Ùsf e´#Çñ !ܲv ï˛ˆÏsf ˆŸ’yܲ!ê˛ •°ÈüüüÈÓà≈yòƒÇ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ álˆÏl í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§y xhs˝/fl∫_y lyÓ˚#Ù)!ï≈˛G xˆÏlܲ=!°–
Ó!•´§ÇÎ%_´Ç Ó˚!ï˛!Ó®%ÈüÈ!ÓË)˛!£Ïï˛Ù‰– ˆŸ’yˆÏܲ ≤ÃÎ%_´ ~•z ¢∑=!° ˆÎÙl Óà≈yòƒñ Ó!•´ñ ï˛sf§yôlyÎ˚ ~ܲÓ˚Ü˛Ù !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈñ ÎyˆÏܲ Îsf ӈϰ– ˆòÓ#≤çyò
Ó˚!ï˛ñ !Ó®%ÈüüüÈ~=!° ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó#ç ¢!_´ Óy•Ü˛– ˆÎÙl Óà≈yòƒ = ܲñ Ó!•´ = ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~•z Îsf=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zͧ Ü,˛!£ˆÏܲ!wܲ çyò%!ÓŸªy§– Îsf=ˆÏ°y flf#
Ó˚ñ Ó˚!ï˛ = { ~ÓÇ !Ó®% = Ç– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ ˆŸ’yܲ!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xÌ≈ •° e´#Çñ çllyˆÏD ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– ≤Ãyã˛#l Ùyl%£Ï flf# çllyDˆÏܲ ¢!_´ xyôyÓ˚ ӈϰ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ
Îy ~ܲy«˛Ó˚ Ù•yÙsf– ï˛sfy!˲ôyˆÏl ≤ÃyÎ˚ 5000!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ Óî≈Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ §Çܲ°l ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ê˛°≤ç)ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÎ˚ˆÏ_ xylyÓ˚ çlƒ GÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x§yÙylƒ =Ó˚&c
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ lyÙ Óî≈Ó#çˆÏܲy£Ï– ~•z Óî≈Ó#çˆÏܲyˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Óƒ!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– •Ó˚ØyÓ˚ ¢yܲΩ˛Ó˚# !§°ˆÏÙy•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ü,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎy!l ˆÌˆÏܲ °ï˛yÓ˚
ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙˆÏsfÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ó˚*˛õ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˛õyÎ˚ ly– ï˛sfy!˲ôyl xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲê˛y Ó˚*˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çß√ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
ˆÜ˛yí˛– ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆàyí˛¸yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !ã˛eˆÏ°áyÓ˚ ôÁ!lÙ)°Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ˆòÓ#Ó˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ §ÙhflÏ xˆÏDÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çllyD!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z
•GÎ˚yÓ˚ òhflÏyˆÏÓç– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# lylyl !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ôyÓ˚îyG ï˛y!sfܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏí˛ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– xy!òˆÏï˛ ≤Ãôylï˛Ù !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÓ#Ó˚ lyÙ •Î˚ ˲àÓï˛#– ï˛ˆÏsf ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!§k˛ §yôlyÓ˚ lyÙ
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y Ë)˛ï˛!°!˛õˆÏï˛ 1000ê˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z !ã˛e!°!˛õ !SÈ°ñ Óî≈Ó#çG !lŸã˛Î˚•z !SÈ° ˲àÎyà– Ë˛y[˛yÓ˚ܲÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ◊#ã˛e´˛õ)çy §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ~!ê˛ ˆÎy!l ˛õ)çy–
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 91 92 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
¢!¢Ë)˛£Ïî òy¢=Æ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ xˆÏlܲ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly Î%à ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆÎ ܲyl ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ÷!l ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôÁ!l
=•ƒ §yôlyÓ˚ Ê˛ıˆÏflÀyï˛ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°!SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˜¢Ó G ¢y_´ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ¢Ω%˛lyÌ Ù[˛° ï˛sfy!˲ôyˆÏlÓ˚ Óî≈Ó#çˆÏܲy£Ï ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÊ˛y!lÙ !l‹Òy¢l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚
˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ˜¢Ó G ¢y_´ï˛sfñ ˆÓÔk˛ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ ˆÓÔk˛ï˛sf xyÓ˚ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ=ˆÏ°y !ã˛•´ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~ܲy!ôܲ
˜Ó£èÓôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §Ùß∫ˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚ §•!çÎ˚y– ˆÊ˛y!lÙˆÏܲ Î%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°y ÎyÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl !§¶%˛!°!˛õˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z ˆÊ˛y!lÙˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ çl Ùy¢≈y° ˛õ÷˛õ!ï˛ !§ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !§¶%˛§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ôÙ≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ܲy!ôܲ !ã˛•´ ˆï˛y ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •ï˛•zñ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ~ܲ•z !ã˛•´ ~ܲy!ôܲ
˜¢Ó ӈϰ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G álˆÏl ≤ÃyÆ x§Çრ!°DÙ)!ï≈˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ˆï˛yˆÏ°l!l– G•z ˆÊ˛y!lÙˆÏܲG !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚ï˛– xÌ≈yÍñ !§¶%˛!°!˛õˆÏï˛ ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏÊ˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
!°DÙ)!ï≈˛=ˆÏ°y !l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• !°D˛õ)çyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛yÎ˚ܲ– !°D˛õ)çyG í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y çyò%Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!°ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏlÓ˚G ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !SÈ°– §Ù§ƒyê˛y ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ G˲yÓ˚!í˛ê˛yÓ˚!ÙˆÏl¢l– xyÓ˚
çyï˛– ~ܲ xˆÏÌ≈ñ ï˛sf xyÓ˚ !°D˛õ)çy ~ܲ•z Ù%oyÓ˚ ~!˛õë˛ G!˛õ벖 ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ •zlܲlÜœ%˛!§Ë˛ó ˆÜ˛llyñ !ã˛•´=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ôÁ!lÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ÇÎ%_´
í˛zÓ≈Ó˚y¢!_´Ó˚ í˛zˆÏmyôl– ï˛sf xyÓ˚ !°D˛õ)çy•z ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ¢y_´ G ˜¢Ó ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §y•zˆÏÙ°ˆÏê˛!lÎ˚y§‰ •zÜ%˛ˆÏÎ˚§yl§‰ ÓylyˆÏ°ñ ˆË˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚Ó°‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §Çáƒy
!˲!_– •zÜ%˛ˆÏÎ˚§yˆÏlÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ •ˆÏÓ– !°!˛õÓ˚ xy!ò ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù•z x˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ
ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ó°y•z ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛sfyã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ à˲#Ó˚ ˆày˛õl §ÇˆÏܲï˛=!° ï˛y!sfˆÏܲÓ˚y §ÎˆÏb ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ å!°!˛õÓ˚ä àë˛l ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ó ≤Ãyã˛#l ˲y£ÏyˆÏï˛•z ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏÊ˛yl
Ó#ˆÏçÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°!SȈϰlñ xyÓ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çÙy Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆ˛õ!ê˛Ü˛yê˛y !SÈ°ÈüüüÈ Îy ˆ•yܲ ï˛y ˆ•yܲñ ˛õ!°ˆÏÊ˛yl ˆï˛y !ÓÓ˚yê˛ §Ù§ƒy– !ܲv ÙˆÏl Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ !Ù¢Ó˚#Î˚
Ë)˛ï˛!°!˛õ– •yÎ˚ˆÏÓ˚y!@’!Ê˛Ü˛ Óy §%ˆÏÙÓ˚#Î˚ !ܲí˛z!lÊ˛Ù≈ !°!˛õÙy°yG ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ˆ•yˆÏÙyˆÏÊ˛yly§ G
!ã˛eˆÏ°áy (rebus) : !ã˛eˆÏ°áy Óy !Ó˚Óy§ Ó˚y•z!ê˛Ç ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛G ¢Ω%˛lyÌ Ù[˛° ˛õ!°ˆÏÊ˛yly§ •GÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ §%¤%˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ¢Ω%˛lyÌ
ܲï˛Ü˛=ˆÏ°y ˆÊ˛y!lÙ !l‹Òy¢l ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl– !ã˛eàï˛ §yÎ%ˆç Ï ƒ ˆÎ ¢∑ xyˆÏ§ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙñ Ù[˛°G ˆÎ xˆÏ¢£Ï ˜ôˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˛õ!°ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ë%˛°Ë%˛°y•zÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ì%˛ˆÏܲ !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚
Ùôƒ Óy ˆ¢£Ï x«˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ ˆÊ˛y!lÙ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛z!l ˆÓˆÏSÈ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– !°!˛õÓ˚ á%Ó ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ !˲ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛•z !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ˛õyë˛ í˛zk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈlñ
˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ñ !ã˛e Îál ˆÊ˛y!lˆÏÙÓ˚ çß√ !òˆÏFSÈñ !Ó˚Óy§ Ó˚y•z!ê˛Ç á%Ó fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ~ÓÇ xy!Ù Ó°Óñ ܲy!Cï˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˆòyÓ˚ˆÏàyí˛¸yÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSȈÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ !ï˛!l
Ó˚*˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õk˛!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !lŸã˛Î˚•z §#!Ùï˛ !SÈ°– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôlƒÓyòy•≈–
Ó y·˛#ÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛Ù Ó˚*˛õï˛_¥ ≠ Ó y·˛#!°!˛õ ˆÎ !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚•z Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ñ ï˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ál ¢Ω%˛lyÌ Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !l‹Òy!¢ï˛ ˆÊ˛y!lÙ=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ܲS%È í˛zòy•Ó˚î xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá
xˆÏlܲ=ˆÏ°y ˆÊ˛y!lˆÏÙÓ˚ •!ò¢ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– Ù%oyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°l ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ Ó y·˛#!°!˛õÓ˚ ˆlÓñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î §)ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˆlÓ–
í˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏ°Gñ xˆÏlܲ Ù%oyÎ˚ Ó y·˛#!°!˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ë)˛ï˛!°!˛õÓ˚G ï˛sfy!˲ôyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÊ˛y!lÙ !l‹Òy¢l ≠
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !SÈ°– ~Ùl xˆÏlܲ Ù%oy ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈñ ÎyÓ˚ !°!˛õ Ë)˛ï˛!°!˛õ G Ó y·˛#!°!˛õÓ˚ ¢Ω%˛lyÌ Ù[˛° ï˛sfy!˲ôyˆÏlÓ˚ Óî≈Ó#çˆÏܲy£Ïñ Óî≈y!˲ôylñ ÙyôÓyã˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ Ùyï,˛Ü˛y
!Ù◊î– ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ !°!˛õÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚G §%flõ‹T xy˲y§ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– !lâ^˝ê%˛ñ Ù•#òyˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùyï,˛Ü˛y !lâ^˝ê%˛ñ Ó˚&o ÎyوϰÓ˚ Ùyï,˛Ü˛y !lâ^˝ê%˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚y¢ÇܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
xÓ¢ƒ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà Ù%oyÓ˚•z ~ܲ!˛õˆÏë˛ Ó y·˛!°!˛õñ xlƒ!˛õˆÏë˛ Ë)˛ï˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Óî≈Ó#ç x!˲ôyl ~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ó˚&ˆÏ£Ïy_ÙˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚ ~ܲy«˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y£Ï ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎ ˆÊ˛y!lÙ=ˆÏ°y
!SÈ°– ò%/ˆÏáÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ñ Ù%oyÓ˚ ò%Û!˛õˆÏë˛ ò%ÛˆÏê˛y §¡õ)î≈ xy°yòy !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ K˛yï˛Óƒ ܲÓ˚y !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏã˛Ó˚ Óî≈Ùy°y ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ≤ÃÙyî •Î˚ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ Ó y·˛#!°!˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°ˆÏlÓ˚G Ó‡!òl ˛õÓ˚
˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ë)˛ï˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!l– Ùyl%£Ï ò%ÛˆÏê˛y !°!˛õ•z
§Ùyhs˝Óy˚ °Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛– ˆÓ˚yˆÏ§Ry ˆfiê˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Î!ò Ù%oyÓ˚ ò%!˛õˆÏ법z
~ܲ•z K˛yï˛Óƒ Ìyܲï˛ñ !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ~ï˛Ü˛y° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y
Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ï˛ ly– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó y·˛#!°!˛õ G !§¶%˛!°!˛õ åË)˛ï˛!°!˛õäÈüÈÓ˚ §yò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚
!˲!_ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÆ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y ˆÊ˛y!lÙ•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãy!Æ–
!§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 93 94 ˘ x˛õÓ˚

Åñ .ñ ~èñ ê˛ñ ë˛ñ ì˛ ~ÓÇ /È ~Ó˚ çlƒ ÓÓ˚yj ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ §¶˛yl ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚!l–

Ó y·˛#!°!˛õÓ˚ §yò,ˆÏ¢ƒ ˆÊ˛y!lÙ !l‹Òy¢l ≠

Ó y·˛#!°!˛õ ˆÎ !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚•z Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ñ ï˛y ≤ÃÙyî Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ=ˆÏ°y ˆÊ˛y!lˆÏÙÓ˚
•!ò¢ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î ≠
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 95 96 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
¢Ω%˛lyÌ Ù[˛° ˆÙyê˛ 1000 áy!lܲ !ã˛•´ ˆÌˆÏܲ 190!ê˛ Ù)° !ã˛•´ˆÏܲ å120!ê˛ ˛õÑyã˛– ˛õ!°ˆÏÊ˛yl Î%_´ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ¢ˆÏ∑ ˛õ!°ˆÏÊ˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÊ˛y!lÙ!ê˛ í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ
!ã˛eˆÏ°áyñ 43!ê˛ çƒy!Ù!ï˛Ü˛ !ã˛•´ G 27!ê˛ ˆÓ˚áy!ã˛•´ä ˆÊ˛y!lˆÏÙÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ÇÎ%_´ ï˛y !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ G•z ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# Óy ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ §ˆÏD í˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛Óƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– xlƒylƒ !ã˛•´=!° ˆ°áyÓ˚ fiê˛y•z°àï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ Ó˚*˛õ ~ÓÇ Î%_´y«˛Ó˚– ~•z ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚–
190!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ 13!ê˛ fl∫Ó˚ôÁ!l G 28!ê˛ ÓƒOlôÁ!lÓ˚ !ã˛•´=!° Óï≈˛Ùyl– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl ܲÌy ܲG xly!ò xï˛#ï˛
41!ê˛ ˆÊ˛y!lˆÏÙÓ˚ çlƒ 190!ê˛ !ã˛•´– Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ xÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ã˛•´ 11!ê˛ñ ~ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ã˛•´ 3!ê˛ñ ¢Ω%˛lyÌ Ù[˛° ôyˆÏ˛õ ôyˆÏ˛õ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç ~!àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– xyÙÓ˚y ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ
ܲÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ã˛•´ 14!ê˛ñ âÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ã˛•´ 2!ê˛ÈüüüÈ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù– xyÓyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏŒê˛y!òˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z !ã˛•´ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
~ܲy!ôܲ ˆÊ˛y!lÙˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÎÙlñ âê˛ !ã˛•´!ê˛ ~ܲ xyôyˆÏÓ˚ xñ Çñ îñ
Ùñ Î G Óó Óy lÓ˚ !ã˛•´!ê˛ Ü˛ G ló Óy í˛ÙÓ˚& !ã˛•´!ê˛ í˛ G Ù •zï˛ƒy!ò–
˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Û!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î §)e ≠
~ܲ– ~ܲy!ôܲ !ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ !Ù°ˆÏl Î%_´!ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚–

ò%•z– Î%_´!ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ ˛õ,Ìà#ܲÓ˚î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Î%_´!ã˛ˆÏ•´Ó˚ ˆï˛y lyly

Ó˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ,Ìà#ܲÓ˚î §Ω˛Ó– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲ!ê˛•z §!ë˛Ü˛ xÌ≈ ≤Ãܲy¢
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õ,Ìà#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ §yÓôylï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ܲÓ˚y
òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚–

!ï˛l–~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ ˆÊ˛y!lˆÏÙÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ•z !ã˛•´ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ !ã˛•´!ê˛
~ܲÓyÓ˚ !°áˆÏ°•z ã˛°ˆÏÓ– xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲ•z !ã˛•´ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ°áyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆl•z–

ã˛yÓ˚– ~ܲ•z ˆÊ˛y!lˆÏÙÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ•z !ã˛•´ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 97 98 ˘ x˛õÓ˚

¢Ω%˛lyÌ Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ lÙ%ly ï%˛ˆÏ°

!lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– !ï˛!l 3000 !§°ˆÏÙy•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §¡õ)î≈ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ Ü%˛!í˛¸
ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚◊ˆÏÙ ≤Ãyã˛#l Ü%˛ˆÏ•!°Ü˛yÓ˚ ã˛yòÓ˚ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ §Ù§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ x◊&ï˛˛õ)Ó≈ ï˛Ìƒy!ò xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˆ˛õ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆÎ§Ó !ӣψÏÎ˚ lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§=ˆÏ°y
•°ÈüüüÈ
å1ä xyd#Î˚ §¡∫¶˛ñ å2ä •Ó˚ØyÓ˚ ˆâyí˛¸yÓ˚ §Ùyôylñ å3ä xyŸã˛Î≈çlܲ à!îï˛ñ
x˛õÓ˚ ≠ 7
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 99 100 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
å4ä !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚ ˆçƒy!ï˛!Ó≈òƒyñ å5ä ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õÈüÈ!ÓK˛ylñ å6ä ôyï%˛!Óòƒyñ å7ä ÓÎ˚l •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒñ Ó˚yÙˆÏÙy•l Ó˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!l£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ •zÇÓ˚yç# xl%Óyò ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ˆàˆÏSÈ
!¢“ñ å8ä !ã˛!ܲͧy!ÓK˛ylñ å9ä Ë)˛ˆÏày°ÈüÈK˛ylñ å10ä ôÙ≈ñ å11ä }!£Ï G ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ– ˆ§yˆÏ˛õl•yGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°lÈüüüÈÙyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛
ò¢≈lñ å12ä Ó˚yçy G Ó˚yl#ñ å13ä §Ùyçñ å14ä §ÙÓ˚yflfñ ~ÓÇ å15ä ç#ÓçàÍ– !lò¢≈l– Ê ˛yˆÏ™ ˆÓòã˛ã≈˛y ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Óyl%≈Ê˛– Óyl≈%ˆÏÊ˛Ó˚•z §%ˆÏÎyàƒ !¢£Ïƒ Ùƒy: Ù)°yÓ˚
¢Ω%˛lyÌ Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛y flõ‹Tñ !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ°•z }ܲˆÏÓò xl%Óyò Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ÙˆÏܲ !òˆÏ°l •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õˆÏܲ– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛
˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ §Ùyç §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ñ ôÙ≈ò¢≈l G ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏl ΈÏÌ‹T í˛zߨ!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ï˛ál ≤ÃÓ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛≤Ã#!ï˛– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚yÙy!rê˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏí˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyã˛yly!ã˛ ÷Ó˚&
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòÓˆÏòÓ#ñ ˛õ%Ó˚yîñ ò¢≈lñ ˜Ó!òܲ Î%à xÌ≈yÍ 1500 á #fiê˛˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑Ó˚ xyÎ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛–
xyàÙˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xÓ!ô xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ!l– xy§ˆÏ° ˆï˛y ˜Ó!òܲ Î%à ӈϰ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ï˛_¥ Î!ò ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ˆÏܲ ~ܲ §%Ù•yl §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !lò¢≈l ӈϰ !ã˛lˆÏï˛
ˆÜ˛ylG Î%à•z !SÈ° ly– xyÎ≈ ӈϰ ˆÜ˛ylG çy!ï˛G ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ xyˆÏ§!l– ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆ§•z §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ §,çlܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yí˛¸y Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ xylyÓ˚
!§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !fiê˛ˆÏÎê˚ ˛y•zê˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚ xy!ò ˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§# ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çyà!ï˛Ü˛ xyÓ˚ xyôƒy!dܲ à“ê˛y ~° ܲ# ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄
í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ á!ï˛Î˚yl ˆáyòy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl– §%l#!ï˛Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ã˛ƒyê˛y!ç≈•z ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ Î!ò ˲yÓ˚ï˛ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ §Ù)• ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ê˛lܲ
!§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !°!˛õ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˜Ó!òܲ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !ã˛•´ á%шÏç ˛˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÙˆÏl l!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !ò°– ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ §Ë˛ƒï˛y !¢!áˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï
!lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈•z §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ xy!ò ˛õ#ë˛fliyl– K˛ylÈüÈ!ÓK˛yˆÏl ≤ÃË)˛ï˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛§yôl Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ÙˆÏí˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ
ï˛y•ˆÏ°ñ xy§%lñ ~ܲ Ê%Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyÎ≈ x!˲Óy§l ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ˆ≤Ãï˛ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ò•z– ˆ§•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ˆÏܲ ¢y§l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ x!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚ ê˛yl ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆà° Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛
xyFSÈyñ ly– ˆ≤Ãï˛ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆçˆÏl ˆl•zñ ï˛_¥ê˛y xyˆÏòÔ ~° ˆÜ˛yÌy
¢y§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ï˛yÓ˚y ˲Î˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ Î!ò ˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§# e´ˆÏÙ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xï˛#ï˛ˆÏܲ
ˆÌˆÏܲ⁄
ˆçˆÏl ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ fl∫yô#lï˛y xyܲyA«˛y ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ Ó§ˆÏÓ– ~ !ܲS%ȈÏï˛•z •ˆÏï˛
˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§#ˆÏܲ ¢_´ˆÏ˛õy_´ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙ ïÑ˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ôÙ≈#Î˚ ï˛Ìy
ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ¢y§Ü˛Ü)˛° ã˛e´yhs˝ ܲÓ˚ˆ° Ï l– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ó≈Ï ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ !Ù̃yÎ˚ ˲!Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˚
§yÙy!çܲ §ÇflÒyÓ˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ~ê˛y ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢
!Ó !ê˛¢ ¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_fliy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)°Ü˛y[˛yÓ˚# GÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚l ˆ•!fiê˛Ç§ Ó%ˆÏV˛ !àˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ã˛e´yhs˝– ~ܲê˛y Ó,•Í !Ó¢y° !Ù̃y– ~ ܲyˆÏç ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑyí˛¸y°
1776 á #fiê˛yˆÏ∑ !ï˛!l áylܲï˛Ü˛ Ó y·˛î ç%!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ôÙ≈#Î˚ §yÙy!çܲ ~!¢Î˚y!ê˛Ü˛ ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛– ~•z ~!¢Î˚y!ê˛Ü˛ ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛•z Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ¢y§ˆÏܲÓ˚ !ӣψSÏ ÈyÓ°
xy•zlܲyl%ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §Çܲ°l ܲÓ˚ylÈüüüÈ~ ˆÜ˛y퉲 xÊ˛ ˆçrê%˛ °– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚° xyÎ≈ x!˲Óy§l ï˛_¥– Ó°y •°ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§# ˆÜ˛ylG Î%ˆÏà•z
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ Ü˛yç!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l í˛z•z!°Î˚yÙ ˆçyl§‰– ˆÊ˛yê≈˛ í˛z•z!°Î˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ !ã˛Ê˛ çy!fiê˛§ á%Ó í˛zß¨ï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ çy!ï˛ !SÈ° lyó ï˛yÓ˚y ò%Ó≈°ñ ˆlyÇÓ˚yñ ˛õÓ˚fl∫y˛õ•yÓ˚#ñ Ù)á≈– ï˛yÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ~ˆÏ§ñ !ï˛!l ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ~!¢Î˚y!ê˛Ü˛ ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛– ≤Ãyã˛#l ˲yÓ˚ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y§l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ !SÈ° ly– ï˛Ó% ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ~ܲê˛y §%Ù•yl §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w ~•z ~!¢Î˚y!ê˛Ü˛ ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl çß√ !l° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ï˛_¥!Óòƒy çß√ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zß¨ï˛ çy!ï˛Ó˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚y ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ° ӈϰ–
(Indology)– ˆçyl§‰ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ¢Ü%˛hs˝°yÓ˚ •zÇÓ˚yç# xl%Óyò ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ˆàƒˆÏê˛ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ 1500 á #fiê˛˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ° xyÎ≈Ó˚yñ 1192 á #fiê˛yˆÏ∑ Ù%§°ÙylÓ˚yñ xyÓ˚ 1757
ӈϧ ˆçylˆÏ§Ó˚ ¢Ü%˛hs˝°yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !Ó!FSÈ!Ó˚ çyÙ≈yl xl%Óyò ˛õˆÏí˛¸•z Ù%?˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ°l– á #fiê˛yˆÏ∑ •zLjÏÓ˚çÓ˚y–
!ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏ°lñ Î!ò fl∫à≈ xyÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ~ܲ lyˆÏÙ §Ùy!•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ í˛z•z!°Î˚yÙ ˆçyl§‰ÈüÈˆÜ˛y°Ó &ܲ §Çfl,Òï˛ ã˛ã≈˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl
¢Ü%˛hs˝°y– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y°Ó &ܲ ~!¢Î˚y!ê˛Ü˛ ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛Ó˚ òy!Î˚c !lˆÏÎ˚ñ ~ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏܲ §Çfl,ÒˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ˲y£Ïy=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yò,¢ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ò¢≈lñ ôÙ≈ñ ÓƒyܲÓ˚îñ ˆçƒy!ï˛£Ï G à!îï˛ §Çe´yhs˝ lyly !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ xl%Óyò 1816 á #fiê˛yˆÏ∑ Ê ˛y!™§ Ó˛õ‰ G•z §yò,¢ƒê˛yˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ òÑyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚yˆÏ°lñ ˆÎñ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲlñ ˆÎ=ˆÏ°y x!ã˛ˆÏÓ˚•z ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ÎyÎ˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õ– ˲°ˆÏê˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˆ§ §Ó ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÜ˛ylG ~ܲ xy!ò í˛zͧ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ G •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ˲y£Ïy=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ çß√– ˛õˆÏÓ˚
x!˲Ë)˛ï˛– !ï˛!l !°áˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ≤ÃÌÙ ÙylÓ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ xË%˛ƒòÎ˚ •Î˚ àyˆÏDÎ˚ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÎ˚– G•z xy!ò í˛z͈ϧÓ˚ lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y •° •zˆÏ®yÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚yl– !Ó !ê˛¢ ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚
!ӈϟªÓ˚ §Ó K˛yl àyˆÏDÎ˚ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y– 1808 á #fiê˛yˆÏ∑ !ÓhflÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ˚yÓ˚ã˛lyÎ˚ •zˆÏu˛y°!çfiê˛Ó˚y ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°lñ •zˆÏ®yÈüÈ•zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ Óy•Ü˛ ~ܲ
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ˆÊ ˛í˛!Ó˚ܲ ˆŸ’ˆÏà° ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°lÈüüüȧÓ!ܲS%Èñ ˆ◊¤˛ï˛Ù §Ó!ܲS%ÈÓ˚ ˆày¤˛# ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §Çfl,Òï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚y•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ˆÏܲ §%§Ë˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ~•z
í˛zͧË)˛!Ù Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈– ˆày¤˛#•z ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyÎ≈ lyˆÏÙ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛!ï˛ ˛õyÎ˚–
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 101 102 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
~•z §ÙÎ˚ xyÎ≈ˆÏòÓ˚ xy!ò !lÓy§ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ !SÈ°ñ ˆ§•z !lˆÏÎ˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ˆï˛y°˛õyí˛¸ ≤ÈòÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ !¢Óy!°Ü˛ ˛õÓ≈ï˛Ùy°yÎ˚ G ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù ˛õyOyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˆ§yÎ˚yl í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÎ˚ ≤’y•z§ˆÏê˛y!§l
•ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 ˆ¢£Ïï˛Ü˛ •zÉ àí≈˛l ã˛y•z”˛ ≤ÃÙ%áˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛‹TyÎ˚ xyÎ≈ˆÏòÓ˚ xy!ò !ë˛Ü˛yly òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&Ó˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÓ˚yÎ˚%ô xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ï˛y!Ó˚á ï˛Ü≈˛yï˛#ï˛ ly
ò!«˛î Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÎ˚– xyÎ≈ lyÙê˛y xÓ¢ƒ Ùƒy: Ù)°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÓòyl– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õˆÏܲ ~•z ˛õ!Óe •ˆÏ°G ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ ˆÎ ܲy°!lî≈Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚ 13 Óy 14 °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàܲyÓ˚–
lyÙ!ê˛ !ï˛!l í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ ˆòló ˆÎ lyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ •ˆÏÓ çy!ï˛ï˛_¥àï˛ !Óï˛[˛y– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° !¢Óy!°ˆÏܲÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆ§yÎ˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z ≤ÃyܲÈüÈÙyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ •!ò¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚y
áÑy!ê˛ xyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §¶˛yˆÏl •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ áÑ%ˆÏç !Ê˛Ó˚ˆÏÓ Óœ[˛ ˆí˛y!°ˆÏܲyˆÏ§Ê˛y!°Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚– ˆáÑyç ÎyÎ˚!l– ÙˆÏl •Î˚ñ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ !lÎ˚ylí˛yÓ˚Ìy° Óy •zˆÏ®yˆÏl!¢Î˚yÈüÈÙƒyˆÏ°ˆÏl!¢Î˚yÓ˚
çy!Ó˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ly!ç •ˆÏ°yܲyfiê˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝– Ùƒy: Ù)°yÓ˚ ï˛ï˛!òˆÏl ˆSÈÑyí˛¸y ï˛#Ó˚ê˛y ï)˛ˆÏî !˛õˆÏÌܲƒylÌ !˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ~Ó˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ó%ܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !l!Ÿã˛•´ •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
ˆÊ˛Ó˚ï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏSÈl– Ó°ˆÏSÈlñ xyÎ≈ çy!ï˛ Ó ƒy!ܲˆÏ§Ê˛y!°Ü˛ @˝ÃyÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z •y§ƒÜ˛Ó˚– ≤’y•z§ˆÏê˛y!§l Î%ˆÏà ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚ áyÙˆÏáÎ˚y!°˛õlyÓ˚ ôܲ° ~Ó˚y §•ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
xyÎ≈ Óí˛¸ˆÏçyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˲y£ÏyˆÏày¤˛#– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy xyÓ˚ ˆôÑyˆÏ˛õ ˆêÑ˛ˆÏܲ!l– ˛õyˆÏÓ!˚ l– !lÎ˚ylí˛yÓ˚Ìy°Ó˚y ã˛y˛õy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆà!SÈ° ÓÓ˚ˆÊÏ ˛Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ !˛õˆÏÌܲƒylÌ !˛õÓ˚y
!Ó !ê˛¢ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ §%l#!ï˛Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ ã˛ƒyê˛y!ç≈ˆÜÏ ˛ flÒ°yÓ˚!¢˛õ !òˆÏÎ˚ •zí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˆÏ˛õ ˛õy!ë˛ˆÏÎ!˚ SȈ°
Ï l Ê%˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà!SÈ° ≤Ãã˛[˛ àÓ˚ˆÏÙ– •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ G
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Çfl,Òï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xy§ˆÏï˛– °[˛l •zí˛z!l˲y!§≈!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛ál Óyây Óyây í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙyM˛°G §Ω˛Óï˛ ÓÓ˚Ê˛ Î%ˆÏà ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ì˛yܲy ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ÎyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛•z
˲yÓ˚ï˛ï˛_¥!ÓòÈüÈܲyÙÈüÈ˲y£Ïyï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ≠ ç%°§‰ ÓœÜ˛ñ !§°Ë˛yl ˆ°!˲ñ çç≈ !@˝ÃÎ˚yÓ˚§l– G•z xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ•yˆÏÙyÈüÈ•zˆÏÓ˚ܲê˛y§Ó˚y !l!Ÿã˛•´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– !ܲv Ù•yÓ˚yˆÏ‹T… ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚
ïÑ˛yÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒˆÏܲ•z xyÎ≈ x!˲Óy§l ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §ÙÌ≈ܲ– ˆl!ê˛Ë˛ §%l#!ï˛Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ §yÓ˚y xhs˝Ó˚#˛õ xM˛° ç%ˆÏí˛¸ xy!òÙ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ Ó§ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ !ã˛•´ ~ܲ ~ܲ Î%à ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÜ˛yl §y•ˆÏ§ xlƒÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ë˛yÓˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓl⁄ §%l#!ï˛Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ë˛y£ÏyÓ˚ í˛zͧ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# Î%à=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ x!hflÏc çy!•Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ~•z xhs˝Ó˚#˛õ ˲yˆÏàÓ˚
á%ÑçˆÏï˛ á%Ó §•ˆÏç xyÎ≈ x!˲Óy§l ï˛_¥ á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏ°l– xÌã˛ñ ï˛ï˛!òˆÏl ˆ•yˆÏÙy •zˆÏÓ˚ܲê˛y§Ó˚y•z !ÓÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆ•yˆÏÙy ˆ§!˛õÎ˚ylˆÏ§–
çy!ï˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÎ≈Ó˚y ~ܲ•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ !ܲlyñ ˆ§•z !lˆÏÎ˚ Ùï˛˜ÏmˆÏô •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ §Ó˚àÓ˚Ù– Ë)˛ï˛y!_¥Ü˛Ó˚y ç#ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ ã˛yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
§yòy flÒƒylˆÏí˛ˆÏl!˲Î˚yl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ˆÏ° Óy.y!° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §Óy•z ~ܲ•z çy!ï˛ñ •zí˛zˆÓÏ y˚ ˛õ#Î˚Óy˚ ÙyˆÏÎ˚y!§l Î%à ÈüüüÈ 2 ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ 38 °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 53 °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà
!ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly xyÓ˚– !ܲv §%l#!ï˛Ü%˛ÙyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y SÈyí˛¸ˆÏÓl ˆÜ˛l⁄ ¢y§Ü˛ xyÓ˚ ¢y!§ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ
ôÙl#ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ~ܲ•z Ó˚_´ñ ~ ~ܲê˛y àˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏê˛ú xyÓ˚ Î!ò ~ܲyhs˝•z àyeÓˆÏî≈Ó˚ ≤’yˆÏÎ˚y!§l Î%à ÈüüüÈ 53 °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 18 °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ
ܲÌy ê˛yly •Î˚ñ Óy G•z ÙyÌyÓ˚ á%!° Óy lyˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÓ˚ ≤çDñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ •yÊ˛ÈüÈÊ˛§≈y ≤’y•z§ˆÏê˛y!§l Î%à ÈüüüÈ 18 °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 10 •yçyÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà
ˆàyˆÏSÈÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ùyl%£ÏG !ܲ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙˆÏàye#Î˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyú xyÎ≈ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ ~ÓÇ
§%l#!ï˛Ü%˛ÙyÓ˚ G ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyàƒ !¢£Ïƒ !ÓÉ ˆÜ˛É ˆây£Ï Óî≈˜ÏӣψÏÙƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD =!°ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ°l– •ˆÏ°y!§l Î%à ÈüüüÈ 10 •yçyÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyç ˛õÎ≈hs˝–
˛õyˆÏ¢ ˆ˛õˆÏ°l ≤Ãbï˛y!_¥Ü˛ Ó˚Ùy≤çyò ã˛®ˆÏܲ– ˲y£Ïyï˛_¥ xyÓ˚ ≤Ãbï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflÏÓ˚ˆÏ˲ò G !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ìyܲy ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ fl∫y«˛Ó˚ ~•z
ÙyÓ˚ܲyê˛y!Ó˚ !وϢ° Óy!lˆÏÎ˚ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ !§Ç•Ë˛yà Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ¢)o Óy!lˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ°l Î%à!Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy˛õܲy!벖 ≤’y•z§ˆÏê˛y!§l Î%à Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ~
GÑÓ˚yñ ˆÜ˛lly ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ àyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚. ܲyˆÏ°y– ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîñ ˆÎñ ~•z Î%ˆÏà•z ˆ•yˆÏÙyÈüÈ•zˆÏÓ˚ܲê˛y§ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏl ˆ•yˆÏÙyÈüȈ§!˛õÎ˚yl§ˆÏòÓ˚
~•z x“ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xy°˛õy•zl Ó˚ˆ_Ï ´Ó˚ Ê˛ƒylê˛y!§ xyçG ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛Ó˚ xƒyܲyˆÏí˛!ÙÎ˚yˆÏܲ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ– ï˛y!Ó˚áê˛y 4 °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ– =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîGñ ˆÎñ
ˆSȈÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ– xy§%lñ ~Ó˚ §ÍܲyÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚– xyç xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ ç#Óçv ˛õ÷˛õy!áÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z xyô%!lܲ
Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §ÓyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•zñ ~•z Î%ˆÏà– ~•z Î%ˆÏà ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÓ˚
§ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ Ùyey!ï˛!Ó˚_´ Gë˛ylyÙyÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚G ÙˆÏï˛ ò%ÛÓyÓ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚G ÙˆÏï˛ ã˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ÓÓ˚Ê˛ Î%à
˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%à ≠ lï%˛l §,!‹T Îál ÓyˆÏÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÓ˚ !ÓôÁhflÏ ˆlˆÏÙ!SÈ°– ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃyõˆÏò âˆÏê˛ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° !ÓhflÏÓ˚ Ó˚òÓò°–
≤ÃyÎ˚ 18 °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ ≤’y•z§ˆÏê˛y!§l Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ≤Ãbï˛y!_¥ˆÏܲÓ˚y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ ˛õÑyã˛ Î%ˆÏà ˲yà
≤ÃyܲÈüÈÙyl%£Ï ˆ•yˆÏÙyÈüÈ•zˆÏÓ˚ܲê˛y§ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó§Óy§ !SÈ°– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó§ï˛Óy!í˛¸ Ó°ˆÏï˛ =•yñ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%àñ «%˛o≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%àñ lÓƒ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%àñ ˆÓ yO Î%à G ˆ°Ô• Î%à–
xyÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛e !SÈ° xy!òàhs˝ ≤Ãyhs˝Ó˚– Ù•yÓ˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˆÓy!Ó˚ xM˛ˆÏ°ñ !•Ùyã˛° Î%àÈüÈ!Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ Ùy˛õܲy!ë˛ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •y!ï˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ôÓ˚l– ~•z
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 103 104 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
Î%àÈüÈ!Ó˲yçl xl%§yˆÏÓñ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& 4 °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà– Ë)˛ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ Î%àÈüÈ!Ó˲yçl Ùôƒ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˲#ÙˆÏÓë˛Ü˛yÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˛õy•yí˛¸ ˆ◊!îˆÏï˛ 1000!ê˛Ó˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ
xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ Î%àê˛y ≤’y•z§ˆÏê˛y!§l– ï˛ál ≤ÃÌÙ Óy !mï˛#Î˚ ÓÓ˚Ê˛ Î%à ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# =•y◊Î˚ á%шÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~áyˆÏl ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ hflÏÓ˚ 2É50 !Ùê˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚&–
xyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ç#Ó§¡õˆÏò ˲Ó˚˛õ%Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§•z ò%!lÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ç#Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ӈϧ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÓylyˆÏly •ï˛ñ ˆ§•z hflÏÓ˚G !ã˛!•´ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ù)°
xyô%!lܲ Ùyl%£Ï ˆ•yˆÏÙy ˆ§!˛õÎ˚ylˆÏ§Ó˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ G•z 4 °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà– •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ •yï˛Ü%˛ë˛yÓ˚ G ˆSÈòܲñ ÓÎ˚§ 2 °«˛ 50 •yçyÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚– ~•z ~ܲ•z hflψÏÓ˚
≤Ãbï˛y!_¥Ü˛Ó˚y ~•z Î%àˆÏܲ Ó°ˆÏÓl ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%à– ~áyˆÏl í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ˆÎñ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ° ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y Óy!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y àï≈˛ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ– ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ~ܲê˛y
≤Ãbï˛y!_¥Ü˛ Î%àÈüÈ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ó≈ï ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ !ÓÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏ°Gñ §Ó !ã˛Ü˛l ã˛ƒy°!§ˆÏí˛y!l ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ !SÈoÎ%_´ ã˛yܲ!ï˛–
çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆ§=ˆÏ°y ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ÷Ó˚& •Î˚!lñ ˆ¢£ÏG •Î˚!l– Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ !Ó•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏDÓ˚ ˆç°yÓ˚ ˜˛õ§Ó˚y– !Ó¶˛ƒ˛õÓ≈ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y ¢yáy ˜˛õ§Ó˚y ˛õÎ≈hs˝
•Î˚ˆÏï˛y lÓƒ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%à ~ˆÏ§ ˆàˆÏSÈñ ï˛ál•z xlƒ ~ܲ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ !Óhfl,Ïï˛– ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ •yï˛Ü%˛ë˛yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆSÈòˆÏܲÓ˚ §¶˛yl !وϰˆÏSÈ– Ó§!ï˛Ó˚ !ã˛•´ xyˆÏSÈñ á%Ñ!ê˛
Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyey– ˆ˛õÑyï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ÈüüüÈàï≈˛ xyˆÏSÈ– Ó§!ï˛Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§ 1 °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚– ~°yܲyê˛y §¡õ)î≈ï˛•z
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ 4 °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà– ~ál ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~•z çDˆÏ° ì˛yܲy– çDˆÏ° ç#Óçv Ê˛°Ù)° ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚– ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà ˜Ó§Ó˚yÓ˚ xyÓ•yGÎ˚y
Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ Îï˛=!° !lò¢≈l xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#lï˛Ù!ê˛Ó˚ §¶˛yl !وϰˆÏSÈ ~ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ á%Ó xy°yòy !SÈ° ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ly– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ~áyˆÏƒl ˆÜ˛yí˛y í˛z˛õçy!ï˛Ó˚
ˆl˲y§yÎ˚– Ù•yÓ˚yˆÏ‹T… ˆàyòyÓÓ˚# í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÎ˚ ˆl˲y§y– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 4 °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà Óy§–
ˆl˲y§yÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó§!ï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ°– ˆl˲y§yÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï ˆÜ˛yÓ˚ •zu˛y!fiê˛∆ˆÏï˛ Ùôƒ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ¢yl lò#Ó˚ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÎ˚ ÓyˆÏâyÓ˚– ÓyˆÏâyˆÏÓ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÓylyˆÏlyÓ˚
˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ Óylyï˛– ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÓylyˆÏlyÓ˚ ò%ÛÓ˚ܲÙ
˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ_´ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y=ˆÏ°y ~ܲ§ˆÏD çˆÏí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy xyˆÏSÈ– !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚
•zu˛y!fiê˛∆Ó˚ ã˛° !SÈ°– ˆÜ˛yÓ˚ •zu˛y!fiê˛∆ÈüüüȈSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ ˛õyÌÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆSÈшÏê˛ •y!ï˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– ~ܲê˛y ã%˛°y çyï˛#Î˚ çyÎ˚àyÓ˚G §¶˛yl !وϰˆÏSÈ– ÓyˆÏâyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ álˆÏl
í˛z˛õÎ%_´ xyܲyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y– xyÓ˚ ˆÊœ˛Ü˛ •zu˛y!fiê˛∆ÈüüüÈÓí˛¸ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y.í˛¸ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
~ܲ!ê˛ ã˛cˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ 10!ê˛ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˛õyGÎ˚y
ÙˆÏï˛y ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆlGÎ˚y– ˆÜ˛yÓ˚ •zu˛y!fiê˛∆Ó˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ Ùyl%£ÏÓ˚y•z ≤Ã̈ÏÙ
ˆ•yˆÏÙyÈüȈ§!˛õÎ˚yl§ hflψÏÓ˚ í˛zߨ#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆàˆÏSÈ– ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆçyí˛¸y °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈñ ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ !eË)˛ˆÏçÓ˚ !Ë˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚
˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù Ó˚yçfliyˆÏlÓ˚ !òòGÎ˚yly xM˛ˆÏ° ÜÑ˛yܲÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ àí˛¸y ~ܲê˛y ~ܲê˛y ˆSÈyê˛ !eË)˛çyܲyÓ˚ •°ˆÏòÈüÈ°y° òyàÈüüüȈÎê˛yˆÏܲ ˆÎy!lÓ˚ !ã˛•´ ӈϰ §•ˆÏç•z
í˛zÑã%˛ !ê˛°yÓ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– §ly_´ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ÓyˆÏâyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲyˆÏ°G ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆÎy!l!ã˛•´ Î%_´ ˛õyÌÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Ùyï,˛Ü˛y
•y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§ 3 °«˛ 90 •yçyÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚– ≤’y•z§ˆÏê˛y!§l Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛ ˆòÓ#Ó˚ ˛õ)çy •Î˚– @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ӈϰlÈüüüÈˆÜ˛Ó˚y•z !ܲ ˆòÓ#ñ xDyÓ˚# ˆòÓ#ñ ܲy!°Ü˛y
!òòGÎ˚ylyÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ lò# !SÈ°– ˆ§ê˛y ÷!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏ° ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ xˆÏlܲ ç°yË)˛!Ù Ùy•z– ˆÜ˛y°ñ Ó•zàyñ Óî≈!•®%ñ ~Ùl!ܲ Ù%§°ÙyˆÏlÓ˚yG ~•z ˆòÓ#Ó˚ ˛õ)çy ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– í˛z˛õ@˝Ã• ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛y°y !ã˛ˆÏe lò#Ó˚ ÙÓ˚y ≤ÃÓy•!ê˛ flõ‹T– !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ç#Ó# ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ Ùyï,˛˛õ)çyÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà•z– ÓyˆÏâyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÓÎ˚§
˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó§ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ fliyl !òòGÎ˚yly– !lî≈#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ 25 •yçyÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚–
ܲl≈yê˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ =°Óà≈y ˆç°yÎ˚ ‡l§‰!à ˜Óã˛Óy° í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛y– ‡l§‰!à Ü,˛£èyÓ˚ x¶…˛≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ =Oly í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˆË˛y!í˛Ü˛y°%ˆÏï˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚=ˆÏ°y Ù)°ï˛
í˛z˛õlò#– ˆÎ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚=ˆÏ°y ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈñ ÓÎ˚§ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 3 °«˛ 50 •yçyÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚– ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛çy•zê˛ xyÓ˚ !°!í˛Î˚yly•zê˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚– ÓÎ˚§ 20000 ÓSÈÓ˚– ˆ˛õ£Ïy•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
•y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚=ˆÏ°y ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà•z fliyl#Î˚ @˝Ãyly•zê˛ ˛õÿÏÓÓ˚ –˚ !ܲS%È ã%˛ly˛õyÌÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yê≈˛yçy•zê˛ñ ˛õyÌÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ xˆÏlܲ=ˆÏ°y– í˛z!qI áyÓyÓ˚ ˆ˛õ£Ïy•z ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– ~•z xM˛ˆÏ°
í˛ˆÏ°yÓ˚y•zê˛ G ã˛yê≈˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚– ~•z ˛õyÌÓ˚=ˆÏ°y ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyly– ‡l§‰!à Ó%ˆÏly l#ÓyÓ˚ ôyl ~ܲyˆÏ°G ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ôyl xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&Ó˚ !òl=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ l#ÓyÓ˚
˜Óã˛ÓyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï ˆàÓ˚&Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ çylï˛– ~•z í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÎ˚ ~ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ólƒçv ôyl•z ≤ÃÌÙ Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏç ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆË˛y!í˛Ü˛y°% ~ܲyˆÏ° •zÎ˚yly!í˛
G xlƒylƒ í˛z!qI áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ï˛y!°Ü˛yÎ˚ ˆã˛yá ˆÓy°yˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚flÒyÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ñ áyòƒ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛Ó˚ Ó§ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ çyÎ˚ày–
§Ç@˝Ã•Ü˛yÓ˚# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ fliyl Ó§ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ xl%Ü)˛°– ~ܲê˛y í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓˆÏDÓ˚ Ó˚yì˛¸ xM˛ˆÏ°ÈüÈÓ#Ó˚Ë)˛Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÙ!òl#˛õ%Ó˚ñ ˆàyê˛y xM˛°ê˛y
ï˛ÌƒÈüüüÈ≤’y•z§ˆÏê˛y!§l Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ xhs˝Ó˚#˛õ ˲yˆÏà ç%ˆÏí˛¸•zÈüÈ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ !lò¢≈l xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ~ܲê˛yÓ˚G ï˛y!Ó˚á ˆl•z–
xyÓ•yGÎ˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ Ó˚òÓò° âˆÏê˛!l– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ xK˛yï˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓˆÏD álˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyç §#!Ùï˛– Ë)˛cˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚•z
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 105 106 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ã˛°Ü˛y ï%˛ˆÏ° ÓylyˆÏly •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓˆÏD ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ 500000 ÙyÜ≈˛yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈñ í˛z_Ó˚ Óy ò!«˛î ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ӈϰ !ܲS%È
Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Óy§Ë)˛!Ù !SÈ° Ó˚yì˛¸ xM˛°– ˆl•zñ ˛õ)Ó≈ Óy ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ӈϰG !ܲS%È •Î˚ lyÈüüüȧÓy•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚–
~ï˛«˛î ~ܲ lyàyˆÏí˛¸ xyÙÓ˚y ï˛Ìƒ §y!çˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– ï˛Ìƒ=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚
Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y SÈí˛¸yˆÏly !SÈê˛yˆÏly •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ •z!Dï˛ ˆÙˆÏ°– fl∫˲yÓï˛•zñ ˆ§•z Î%ˆÏà «%˛o≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%à ≠ §Ó≈Ç á!Õ∫òÇ Ó ·˛
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ çl§Çáƒy !SÈ° á%Ó•z Ü˛Ù– ˆày xƒyu˛ Ùy!Œê˛≤’y•zÈüüüÈÓ°yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z !SÈ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£≈Ï «%˛o≤ÃhflÓÏ ˚ Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚ §)ã˛ly 20000 ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà– Ë)˛ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ Î%à!Ó˲yˆÏà
ly ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈– ly Ó°ˆÏ°Gñ xy!ò ˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§# ˆÎ x!ã˛ˆÏÓ˚•z xy§Ù%o!•Ùyã˛ˆÏ° ~•z §ÙÎ˚ê˛y ≤’y•z§ˆÏê˛y!§l Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ x!hs˝Ù ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚– ~•z Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù)° ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ
ÓÇ¢!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÙyî á%Ó flõ‹T– •°ñ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚=ˆÏ°y á%Ó•z ˆSÈyê˛ §y•zˆÏçÓ˚– ˜òˆÏâ≈ƒ Ùye•z 1 ˆÌˆÏܲ 3 ˆ§!rê˛!Ùê˛yÓ˚–
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ Óƒy!Æ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 4 °«˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ 20000 xÓ¢ƒ ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚=ˆÏ°yG ~•z Î%ˆÏà Ó•y° ï˛!ÓÎ˚ˆÏï˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl– ˆSÈyê˛
ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝– ~•z §%ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ܲy° ç%ˆÏí˛¸ Ùyl%£Ï ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚ܲˆÏÙ Ü˛yç ã˛y°yˆÏly xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyÙ Ùy•zˆÏe´y!°Ì– ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ !ã˛°Ü˛y
ˆàyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ˆËÑ˛yï˛y xflf !òˆÏÎ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ G áyòƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ܲyç ã˛y°yï˛– •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚=ˆÏÏ°yÓ˚ (blade) ï˛%ˆÏ° Ùy•zˆÏe´y!°Ì ˜ï˛!Ó˚ñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly •yï˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏD ~=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓшÏô ܲÓ˚yï˛ñ
!ÓÓï≈˛l •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ô#ˆÏÓ˚– xhs˝ï˛ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ò°Ók˛ !ܲS%È ≤ÃÎ˚y§ ÌyܲˆÏ°Gñ S%È!Ó˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ÓylyˆÏly •ï˛– !ܲS%È •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ !SÈ° ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ê˛°yÓ˚ Ùï˛l– ˆ§=ˆÏ°y ÓÑyˆÏ¢Ó˚
ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆày¤˛# ÓylyˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ~Ùl ≤ÃÙyî ˆl•z– •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ÈüüüÈÙ)°ï˛ •yï˛ Óy §Ó˚& ܲyˆÏë˛Ó˚ ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓшÏô ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– ï%˛Ó˚˛õ%ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚
Ü%˛ë˛yÓ˚ñ ˆSÈòܲñ ãÑ˛ySÈyÓ˚ !ç!l£Ïñ ˆSÈyê˛ Ê%˛ˆÏê˛y ÓylyˆÏlyÓ˚ !ç!l£Ïñ S%ÈÑã˛ˆÏ°y xflfñ !ã˛°Ü˛yñ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚G ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ–
ˆáyòy•z ܲÓ˚y !ç!l£Ï– ~•z Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ !lÙ≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y §Ù§ƒy •°ñ álˆÏl ≤ÃyÆ ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §y«˛ƒ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢– ~ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚
•y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ Ùyl%£àÏ ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆò•y!fliÓ˚ §y«˛ƒ !ÓÓ˚°– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# Î%à=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §y«˛ƒ •° =•y!ã˛e– ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ =•y!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !lò¢≈l ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈
≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ܲB˛y° ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ ܲÓÓ˚áylyG– Ùyl%£Ï=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ §y«˛ƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~ Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚ ˜òl!®l ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ G•z §ÙhflÏ =•y!ã˛e ˆÌˆÏܲ çylˆÏï˛
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ˆ§=ˆÏ°y ˆçyàyˆÏÓ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚§ò– !ܲv ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï=ˆÏ°y ˛õyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z !ã˛e§Ω˛yÓ˚ ˲y° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° xÓyܲ •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎñ
ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ˆà°⁄ !ò°#˛õ ã˛e´Óï≈˛#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ §%§ÇÓk˛ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ x˲yˆÏÓ «%˛o≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ Óy!§®yˆÏòÓ˚ Ü˛ï˛ Ü˛ySÈyܲy!SÈ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§#–
˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ •!ò¢ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈ ly– álˆÏl ≤ÃyÆ §yÙ@˝Ã# ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ ~álG ~ܲ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ fl∫ÈüÈxyˆÏÓ˚y!˛õï˛ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÎ˚
˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Ùyl%£Ï=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó§!ï˛Ó˚G !ë˛Ü˛yly ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆÎï˛– ˆÙ•zl!fiê˛∆ˆÏÙÓ˚ ç#Ól≤Ãîy°# ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%Èê˛y ò)ˆÏÓ˚ xÓfliyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜òl!®l
lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÎ˚– ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ ˆÎl «%˛o≤ÃhflÓÏ ˚ Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚ =•y!ã˛ˆÏe x!B˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– ~Ùl!ܲ !ã˛eî˜Ï¢°#Ó˚
ˆÓ˚!í˛G ܲyÓ≈lñ ˆí˛lˆÏí˛» ye´l°!çñ ˛õƒy!°GˆÏÓyê˛y!lñ ˛õƒy!°Grê˛°!ç •zï˛ƒy!ò– Ë)˛ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ôyÓ˚y!ê˛G í˛z˛õçy!ï˛=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y° !ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §ˆÏD §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ !Ù!°ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆÙ°yˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ≤Ãbï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyˆÏܲ– •zòyl#Ç ˆçˆÏl!ê˛Ü˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ «%˛o≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà !ã˛eܲ°yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y!ê˛ çƒy!Ù!ï˛Ü˛– Ùyl%£Ïñ ˛õ÷˛õy!áñ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚G •ˆÏFSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ≤Ãbï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ xy¢yl%Ó˚*˛õ lÎ˚– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüüüȧÓ!ܲS%ÈÓ˚ xÓÎ˚Ó !eË)˛çñ ã˛ï%˛Ë)≈˛ç Óy xy°ˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÓÑyܲyˆÏly ˆÓ˚áy !òˆÏÎ˚
ï˛Ó% ≤Ãbï˛_¥ ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ Ó˚§ò xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆçyàyl !òˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ó°y ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˲#ÙˆÏÓë˛Ü˛yÓ˚ °yáyˆÏçyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚ §Ó%ç Ó˚ˆÏ. xÑyܲy °¡∫y lyˆÏã˛Ó˚
ÎyÎ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ Óy §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ x!Ó!FSÈߨ– §¡±!ï˛ ò,¢ƒÈüüüÈܲy!ë˛ Ü˛y!ë˛ §Ó Ùyl%£Ïñ !ܲv x!ï˛ í˛zͧyˆÏ• ˆÎ lyã˛ˆÏSÈlñ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ x§%!Óôy
ˆ§rê˛yÓ˚ Ê˛Ó˚ ˆ§°%°yÓ˚ xƒyu˛ Ù!°!ܲí˛z°yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÎ˚y°!çÈüüüÈ•yÓ˚˲yí≈˛ ˆÙ!í˛Ü˛ƒy° fl%Ò° •Î˚ ly– ò°Ók˛ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ !ã˛ˆÏeG í˛zͧy• Ü˛Ù lyÈüüüÈï˛#Ó˚ S%ÈÑí˛¸ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈÙyV˛áyl !òˆÏÎ˚
G ~ÙÉ xy•zÉ !ê˛ åÙƒy§yã%˛ˆÏ§ê˛§‰äÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD ~ܲˆÏÎyˆÏà §Ù#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ•z !§k˛yˆÏhs˝ •!Ó˚î ã˛ˆÏ° ˆà°– =•y!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xy§° í˛zˆÏj¢ƒê˛y !SÈ° çyò%– ~•z !¢“ܲ°y ≤Ãyã˛#l
ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSȈÏSÈ– §Ù#«˛yÓ˚ !Ó˚ˆÏ˛õyê≈˛ xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ ò!«˛î˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óƒy˛õܲ •yˆÏÓ˚ Ó§!ï˛ ÷Ó˚& Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈•z !SÈ° §,çl– !¢“# ÊÑ˛yܲy ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ° ~ܲê˛y
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° 65000 ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà ~ÓÇ í˛z_Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ 40000 ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà– §Ù#«˛yÎ˚ òyà ܲyê˛ˆÏ°ló xyˆÏÓ˚y ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y òyà ܲyê˛ˆÏ°lÈüüüÈG•z ˆòá •!Ó˚îñ ~ܲê˛y •!Ó˚î ˆÎê˛y
í˛z_Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ)Ó≈˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï G ò!«˛î ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˛õ)Ó≈˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï lyˆÏÙ ò%ˆÏê˛y ܲy“!lܲ ܲƒyˆÏê˛à!Ó˚ xyˆÏà !SÈ° ly– !ÓK˛ylÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ~•z xB˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ôˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ó xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ó ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !çˆÏlyÙ ˆ≤ÃyÊ˛y•zˆÏ° ≤ÃyÎ˚ §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ•z ~ܲê˛y •!Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãyî ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ !SÈ°– !¢“# ˆÎ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 107 108 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
=•yàyˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ •!Ó˚î xB˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°lñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §D#Ó˚y ˆ§•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛•z !¢Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙÎ˚òyˆÏl xôÓÎ≈%Ó˚y ÎK˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ΈÏK˛ xy‡!ï˛ G Ó!° ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ~•z xyd!ÓŸªyˆÏ§ ˆÎñ
lï%˛l ~ܲ!ê˛ •!Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á •ˆÏ°lñ ~Ùl•z ò,ì˛¸ !ÓŸªy§ú !¢Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒ xylˆÏï˛ Ó›Ó˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛ ¢!_´Ó˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ•z ÎK˛Ê˛° ܲÓ˚yÎ˚_ •ˆÏÓñ Î!ò ly ÎK˛!e´Î˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
!¢“# xyÓ˚G ˆÎê˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°lñ •!Ó˚îê˛yˆÏܲ !ÓÑ!ôˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏ°l ~ܲê˛y ï˛#ˆÏÓ˚– ÙˆÏsfyFã˛yÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÜ˛ylG á%Ñï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚–
çyò%!Óòƒy ˆÎ !ÓŸªy§ê˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÎÏ ˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛y •° §ÙˆÏÓòl (sympathy)– §yLjÏáƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G í˛z˛õ!l£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ Ó ·˛ ~•z !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ G•z §Ó≈ÙÎ˚ !flõ!Ó˚ˆÏê˛Ó˚•z
~ܲ Ó› ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ Ìyܲy xlƒ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÓòˆÏlÓ˚ §Çfl,Òï˛ Ó˚*˛õ– ~ÓÇ ò%ˆÏê˛y•z ≤ÃyܲÈüÈ{ŸªÓ˚ çyò%!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §y«˛Ó˚ Ó•l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§y•yˆÏ΃– ˆÎl Ó› ò%ˆÏê˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xò,¢ƒ •zÌyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùï˛l •zÙ˛õy°§‰ Îyï˛yÎ˚yï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚– ~ÓyÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ állܲyˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚Ó– Ùôƒ ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓyˆÏâyˆÏÓ˚
ò%Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ë˛yˆÏÓ !§Ù˛õƒy!Ì çyò% ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲñ !ÓŸªy§ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆÎñ ܲyÎ≈ ˛õ%Ó˚y≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ Ùy•zˆÏe´y!°Ì ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~SÈyí˛¸yG
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ùyló ~ÓÇ ~•z §Ùï˛yÓ˚ §)e ôˆÏÓ˚•z çyò%àÓ˚ !§k˛yˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈl ˆÎñ !ï˛!l xy=l çµy°yˆÏlyÓ˚ !ã˛•´ñ ÓÑy¢ Óy ܲyë˛ ˛õ%шÏï˛ V%˛˛õ!í˛¸ ÓylyˆÏlyÓ˚ !ã˛•´ñ ÎÑyï˛y G
ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ç!lˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ ˆ§•z !ç!l£Ï!ê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– !¢°ˆÏlyí˛¸yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õyÌÓ˚ á[˛ •zï˛ƒy!ò í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– xyÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ §¡∫Ó˚
~Ó˚ lyÙ ˆ•y!ÙG˛õƒy!Ìܲ çyò%– ò%•zñ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !ÓŸªy§ ~Ó˚ܲÙñ ò%ˆÏê˛y Ó› Î!ò •!Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ «%˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ 3!ê˛ òyà–
˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÇflõˆÏ¢≈ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓˆÏFSÈò âê˛ˆÏ°Gñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ó˚yçfliyˆÏlÓ˚ ÓyˆÏàyÓ˚ åÓyˆÏâyÓ˚ lÎ˚ä @˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲˆÏZ˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ì˛!Ó á%шÏí˛¸ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚
xlƒ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~Ó˚ lyÙ Ü˛rê˛y!çGl çyò%– «%˛o ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ Ùy•zˆÏe´y!°Ì xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚ xyÓ˚ l%!í˛¸ ˆày° ܲˆÏÓ˚ §yçyˆÏlyñ
=•y!ã˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ˆ•y!ÙG˛õƒy!Ìܲ çyò%Ó˚ !lò¢≈l á%шÏç ˛õy•z– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# Î%ˆÏàñ xÌ≈yÍ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ V%˛˛õ!í˛¸ Óy!lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆàyí˛¸yê˛yˆÏܲ ÙçÓ%ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ò%•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
lÓƒ≤ÃhflÓÏ ˚ Î%ˆàÏ ˆ•y!ÙG˛õƒy!Ìܲ çyò%Ó˚ lï%˛l ˆã˛•yÓ˚y •ˆÏÓÈüüüÈí˛zÓÓ≈ ï˚ ˛y çyò%– ܲrê˛y!çGl ܲÓÓ˚ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ Ù,ï˛ˆÏò• Ü˛ÓˆÏÓ˚ ˆ¢yÎ˚yˆÏly •ï˛ñ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚
çyò%Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ !lò¢≈l «%˛o≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà ly ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏ°Gñ ~Ó˚G §)e˛õyï˛ ˆÎ ≤ÃyÎ˚ Ü%Ñ˛Ü˛ˆÏí˛¸ ˆ¢yÎ˚yˆÏly– •yï˛ ˛õy â%Ùhs˝ xÓfliyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ËÑ˛yç ܲÓ˚y–
~ܲ•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ñ ï˛y xy®yç ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ lÓƒ ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà ~Ó˚ Óƒy˛õܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ˆòˆÏá– !Ó•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜˛õ§Ó˚yÎ˚ Ùy•zˆÏe´y!°Ì SÈyí˛¸yG xy=l çµy°yˆÏlyÓ˚ !ã˛•´ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
G•z Î%ˆÏà ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ lï%˛l ~ܲ ˆ◊î#ÈüüüÈçyl=Ó˚&ñ GV˛yñ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ òÑyï˛ñ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ !ã˛•´ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ– §Ω˛Óï˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛•y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÓylyˆÏlyÓ˚ xyˆÏà
ã%˛°ñ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ_´ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ çyò%Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ çyl=Ó˚& GV˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÙl ˛õyÌÓ˚=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ àÓ˚Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •ï˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ Óƒ!ï˛e´Ù !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˜˛õ§Ó˚yˆÏï˛•z
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó,!k˛ ˛õyˆÏÓñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ó¢#ܲÓ˚îñ §ˆÏ¡øy•lñ ¢e&ly¢ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ùy•zˆÏe´y!°ˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ Ùyl%£Ï Óy ˛õ÷Ó˚ •yí˛¸ˆÏàyˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ xӈϢ£Ï ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚!l–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛Ó˚y ã˛ˆÏí˛¸ Ó§ˆÏÓl §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙyÌyÎ˚– xÌÓ≈ˆÏÓò xˆÏlܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ òy• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌy xï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly !ܲly ˆ§ê˛y ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆòáyÓ˚–
§Çܲ!°ï˛ •ˆÏ°Gñ ~Ó˚ í˛zͧ áÑ%çˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ≤Ãyã˛#l ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓˆÏDÓ˚ Ó˚yì˛¸ xM˛ˆÏ° «%˛o≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ §y«˛ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õ!Ÿã˛ÙÓˆÏD
çyò%!ÓòƒyÎ˚– Ùy•zˆÏe´y!°Ì=ˆÏ°y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛ ã˛yê≈˛ çyï˛#Î˚ ˛õyÌÓ˚ G fl≥˛!ê˛Ü˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚
ÙƒyˆÏ°ˆÏl!¢Î˚yÓ˚ Ùyly Óy í˛z_Ó˚ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ‡Ó˚îˆÏòÓ˚ GˆÏÓ˚u˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ°– ˆÎ xM˛ˆÏ° fl≥˛!ê˛Ü˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !SÈ°ñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ç%Ñ•z Ê%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï ~ܲ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!_´Ó˚ ܲÌy ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ Îy !ӈϟªÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y «%˛o «%˛o •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– xˆÏÎyôƒy ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸ fl≥˛!ê˛Ü˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y
§Ó!ܲS%ȈÏܲ ˆSȈÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ– §Ó≈Ë)˛ˆÏï˛ !ÓÓ˚yçÙyl ~•z !flõ!Ó˚ê˛ !ӈϟªÓ˚ !lÎ˚hs˝y– Óï≈%˛°yܲyÓ˚ á[˛ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎê˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !l˛õ%î˲yˆÏÓ °¡∫y G ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ñ {ŸªÓ˚ §,!‹TÓ˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ~•z §Ó≈ÙÎ˚ !flõ!Ó˚ˆÏê˛Ó˚•z í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§ !ã˛°Ü˛y SÈyí˛¸yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SÈ° Ùyl%£Ï– çyò%àˆÏÓ˚Ó˚y !ÓŸªy§ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛lñ ~ !flõ!Ó˚ê˛ˆÏܲ •zˆÏFSÈÙï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ xhs˝Ó#˚ ˛õ xM˛ˆÏ° ~ Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚ !lò¢≈l ˛õ%Óy˚ ≤ÃhflÓÏ ˚ Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ hflÓÏ =
˚ ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~ÓÇ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏl §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xÓܲy¢•z !SÈ° lyñ ˆÎñ !flõ!Ó˚ˆÏê˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ܲS%È ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ~ï˛ Óƒy˛õܲñ ˆ§=ˆÏ°y ӈϰ ˆ°áyê˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ï˛Ìƒ
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî ܲálG ïÑ˛yˆÏܲ ܲy!A«˛ï˛ Ó›Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÓ˚ï˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Î!ò ˲yÓ˚yï%˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°°yÙ ly– ÓÓ˚Ç xyÙÓ˚y ~•z Î%ˆÏà Ùl%£ÏƒÓ§!ï˛Ó˚ §¡±§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
ly ˲Ó˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Óy çyò%≤Ã!e´Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly á%Ñï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚– ˜Ó!òܲ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲê˛y ï˛Ìƒ Ó°Ó–
ΈÏK˛G ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáÓñ ÎK˛Ê˛° !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y•z ˆl•z– ~Ùl lÎ˚ ~•z Î%ˆÏà•z ≤ÃÌÙ àyˆÏDÎ˚ §ÙË)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õòy˛õ≈ˆÏîÓ˚ !ã˛•´ ˛õí˛¸°– àyˆÏDÎ˚
ˆÎñ ˆòÓˆÏòÓ#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyÜ%˛° ˲_´ ÎK˛Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyÙly ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÓÓ˚Ç ˆ•yï˛yñ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÎ˚ xhs˝ï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw «%˛o≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ !ÓhflÏÓ˚ !lò¢≈l xy!Ó‹,Òï˛
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 109 110 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüȈã˛y˛õy!lÈüÈÙyl!í˛ñ §Ó˚y•z ly•yÓ˚ Ó˚y•z G Ù•yò•yÎ˚– ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆÜ˛w•z «%˛o≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà ˆÎ áyòƒ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ôyÓ˚y G Ó˚#!ï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ áyòƒ
í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈòÏ ˆÏ¢– xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyÓ˚G 195!ê˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ §y«˛ƒ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ Èñ Î!òG ˆÜ˛w=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# Î%ˆÏà ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚Gñ Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yˆÏܲ !Ó§ç≈l ˆòÎ˚!l– xyô%!lܲ
állܲyÎ≈ §¡õ)î≈ •Î˚!l– àDyÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly ˛õ!°Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ lyÙ Ë˛yDÓ˚– ˲yDˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ã˛y£ÏÓy§ !˲!_ܲ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°ñ ã˛y£ÏÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y° ˆÌˆÏܲ
hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Óê˛y ç%ˆÏí˛¸•z «%˛o≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ !lò¢≈ˆÏl ˲Ó˚y– ~•z Î%ˆÏà•z ˛õy•yí˛¸# xM˛° lyly áyòƒ xy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ xyçG Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
ˆSȈíÏ ˛¸ lò#!ÓˆÏôÔï˛ §ÙË)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ Ó§ÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲÌy ˆË˛ˆÏÓ!SÈ° Ùyl%£–Ï •Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y Ü,˛!£Ïç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚
§Ω˛yÓlyÓ˚ ܲÌy ~ˆÏ§ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏl– lÓƒ ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%à ≠ @˝ÃyÙ ˛õ_ˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛Ü˛Ìy
ˆã˛y˛õy!l Ùyl!í˛ˆÏï˛ Ü%˛!ê˛Ó˚ ÓylyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ü%˛!ê˛Ó˚=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ñ •yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD !lˆÏçˆÏܲ áy˛õ áy•zˆÏÎ˚
ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚yñ ˆÓï˛çyï˛#Î˚ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ SÈy˛õÎ%_´ Ùy!ê˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– SÈy•zÙy!ê˛ ˆÓyV˛y•z ~ܲê˛y
ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ Ùyl%£ñÏ ˆï˛Ù!l xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ùܲyl%l=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
í˛zl%lG ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– Ü%˛!ê˛Ó˚=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyí˛¸y°– ˛õyÌÓ˚=ˆÏ°y
ò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xylyˆÏly– •yï%˛!í˛¸ Óy ˆl•y•z •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ùl ˛õyÌÓ˚ !SÈ°– ~ܲê˛y !ç!l£Ï !¢ˆÏá !lˆÏÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚G Óy§ˆÏÎyàƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛yÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ
°«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎñ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ü%˛!ê˛Ó˚ §Ç°@¿ ~ܲê˛y Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ ã%˛°y ˆl•z– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ˆÎÔÌ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚G xyÓ˚G !lÎ˚sfî Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛•´– ˆã˛y˛õy!lÈüÈÙyl!í˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y 4624!ê˛ •yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlܲ=ˆÏ°y ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛– !ܲv ˆÜ˛ylG ˆÜ˛ylG ܲy°˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚
àÓ˚&Ó˚ xyÓ˚ SÈyàˆÏ°Ó˚– ˲y.l ô!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yrê˛yÙ çy¡õ xyˆÏSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y Ó!° !Ó≤’Ó– Ë)˛ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ àîlyÎ˚
§Ó˚y•z ly•yÓ˚ Ó˚y•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÆ 15!ê˛ Ü˛B˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ Óy •ˆÏ°y!§l Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï ~ܲ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l
òÑyï˛ xyÓ˚ •yí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃÙyîñ fl∫yfliƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ ˲y°•z !SÈ°– °¡∫y !SÈ° ˆòˆÏ•Ó˚ xyˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏl– ~ܲ ôyE˛yÎ˚ ˆ§ ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ÎyÎ˚ áyòƒ xy•Ó˚î ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ áyòƒ
àí˛¸l– ÙyÌyÓ˚ àí˛¸l ˆí˛y!°ˆÏܲyˆÏ§Ê˛y!°Ü˛– xyÊ˛ˆÏ¢y§ñ lyˆÏܲÓ˚ àí˛¸l xyÓ˚ Ùƒy!:°yÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÎ˚– ≤Ãbï˛ˆÏ_¥ ~Ó˚ lyÙ lÓƒ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%àñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛álG ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚
Ó•Ó˚ çyly ˆl•z– l•zˆÏ° Ó°y ˆÎï˛ñ xyhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏlÔ!çÎ˚yÓ˚y ÷ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ ˛õ!°hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ çy!Ó˚ ÌyܲˆÏ°G ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ àí˛¸l G ôÓ˚l ÓòˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ xyÙ)°–
ï˛°yÎ˚– §ÙÎ˚ê˛y 10000 ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà– àí≈˛l ã˛y•zˆÏ”˛Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ñ •ˆÏ°y!§l Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛
Ù•yò•yÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ӈϧ çv çyˆÏlyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùyǧ SÈyí˛¸yˆÏly G ܲyê˛y •ï˛ñ ˆ§•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲÓ˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ xy@˝Ãy§# ÙˆÏlyÓ,!_ ≤ÃÓ° xyܲyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚
çyÎ˚ày ¢ly_´ ܲÓ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– çyˆÏlyÎ˚yÓ˚ Îy ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ üüüÈàÓ˚&ñ ˆÙy£Ïñ ç°•hflÏ#ñ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ˆÌˆÏܲñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî xylyÓ˚
•!Ó˚îñ ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ܲy!SÈÙ– •yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ àÎ˚ly=ˆÏ°y •!Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !¢Ç ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜ï˛!Ó˚– ˆã˛‹TyÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§–
àÎ˚ly=ˆÏ°y à°yÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏlÓ˚– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ Ü,˛!£Ïç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ •°– Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° xyly •° ôylñ ÎÓñ
xyÓ˚ ò%Û~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ìƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ «%˛o ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ !ÓÓÓ˚î ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚Ó– !ï˛°– xyÓ˚G xyÓ˚G ܲ®Ù)°– Ü%˛!ê˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ §Ùyl ç!Ù §yÊ˛§%ï˛ˆÏÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
~ܲñ x¶…˛≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ çylÙˆÏ˛õê˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw álˆÏl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ G ˛õ÷Ó˚ !eܲy!fli í˛zk˛yÓ˚ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lí˛¸y!l (hoe) !òˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚& §Ó˚& àï≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏl ˆòGÎ˚y •° Ó#ç– ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ÓŸªy§ñ ˆÎñ ˛õ÷Ó˚ ˛õŸã˛yòˆÏò¢ ly ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !òˆÏ°ñ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# !¢Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó#ç ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xˆÏlܲ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly– xy!ò !lí˛¸y!l ˆòáˆÏï˛ !SÈ° !°ˆÏDÓ˚ Ùï˛l–
xyÓ˚G ˛õ÷Ó˚ §¶˛yl !Ù°ˆÏÓ– !ܲv ~•z !ÓŸªy§ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !eܲy!fliÓ˚ çÓyÓ Ùy!ê˛ Ü˛£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚y ï˛ál §DˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛#ܲ– ≤ÃÌÙ ¢§ƒ ï˛y•z çyò%!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ç!í˛¸ï˛–
ˆÙˆÏ° lyó ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆï˛y ܲƒy!lÓƒy!°çˆÏÙÓ˚ à“ ÊÑ˛yòˆÏï˛ •Î˚– §Ω˛Óï˛ñ Ùyl%£Ï ÙÓ˚ˆÏ° ≤Ãyî#çàˆÏï˛ x˛õï˛ƒ !lÙ≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ãîy°# ïÑ˛yÓ˚y xl%ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l í˛z!qòçàˆÏï˛G–
ï˛yÓ˚ !eܲy!fli §!M˛ï˛ Ó˚yáy •ï˛ ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ fliy!Î˚ˆÏcÓ˚ ܲÌy ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá– ï˛ˆÏÓñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ï˛Ìy Ùy!ê˛ˆÏܲ àË≈˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ xy!ò Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏD ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° lylyl çyò%
˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ó!°≤ÃÌyÓ˚ í˛zͧ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓG ~=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆòáy ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ÓŸªy§– Ùy!ê˛ Ü˛ál ܲ£Ï≈îˆÏÎyàƒ •ˆÏÓñ Ùy!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ Ó˚ç/fl∫°y •ˆÏÓñ ˆ§•z !lˆÏÎ˚ xy!ò
ò%•zñ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà ˆÜ˛ˆÏw•z álˆÏl ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%Ñ!ï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~•z Î%ˆÏà ÷ô% Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyÌyÓƒÌy– ~•z §Ó çyò%!ÓŸªy§ˆÏܲ ~ܲ§ˆÏD í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y çyò% lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚y
•y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚=ˆÏ°y•z ˆSÈyê˛ xyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yˆÏ°y •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛!l– ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ §)- òyly ˆÌˆÏܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyô%!lܲ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ @˝ÃyÙç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚Ó ï˛ñ ˛õy°yÈüÈ˛õyÓ≈l §• lyly ˆ°yܲyã˛yÓ˚
x°ÇܲyÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°G Ùyl%£Ï xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– x§yôyÓ˚î !¢“§¡øï˛ ~•z xy!ò çyò%!ÓŸªy§=ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ çyï˛–
˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%Ñ!ï˛ §ÓÈüüüÈxƒyˆÏàê˛ñ ܲyˆÏl≈!°Î˚l !ܲ¡∫y àyˆÏl≈ê˛ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚– áyòƒÈüÈí˛zͲõyòl ã˛y°% •GÎ˚yÎ˚ çl§Çáƒy Óyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ °yà°– áyòƒÈüÈxy•Ó˚îܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 111 112 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
~ï˛Ü˛y° !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ï˛ !¢Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y Ùyǧñ ÙySÈñ ܲ®Ù)° xyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– lÓƒ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ Ù§,î G •yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Ùy•zˆÏe´y!°ˆÏÌÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ !SÈ°
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly˲yˆÏÓ•z ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛°yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà !SÈ° ly– ã˛y£ÏÓy§ •ë˛yÍ•z ˆÓ!¢– xÌ≈yÍñ ~ܲê˛y §%ò#â≈ ܲy° ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ~áyˆÏl «%˛o ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y Ó•Ùyl
§#Ùyê˛yˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆà°– áyòƒ Óyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ÷ô% ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó#ç Ó%lˆÏ°•z !SÈ°– í˛zˆÏŒê˛y!òˆÏܲñ ~ê˛yG Ó°y !ܲ §Ù#ã˛#l •ˆÏÓ lyñ ˆÎñ «%˛o≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà•z ~•z
•°ñ Ó#ç Ó%lˆÏï˛ ÷ô% ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ç!Ù ˆáÑyí˛¸yá%Ñ!í˛¸ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°•z •°– !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ç#Ó# ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛w=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ Ü,˛!£Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ §Ω˛yÓly ˆòáy !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄ Î!òG ≤Ãbï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ≤ÃÙyî
!¢÷ !ܲ¡∫y Ó,ˆÏk˛Ó˚y ˆÎ ˆÓyV˛yfl∫Ó˚*˛õ !SÈ°ñ ã˛y£ÏÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §Óy•zˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç ˆï˛Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚!lñ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓñ˚ «%˛o≤ÃhflÓÏ ˚ Î%ˆàÏ ~•z xM˛°=ˆÏ°yÓ˚
°y!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ˆà°– çl§ÇáƒyˆÏܲ ˆÎÔÓl xyÓ˚ ˆ≤ÃÔì˛¸ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yë˛yÎ˚ §#Ùy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly ˆÜ˛w !SÈ° !ܲS%Èê˛y ò!«˛ˆÏîÈüüüȈSÈyê˛lyà˛õ%Ó˚ x!ôï˛ƒÜ˛yÎ˚ñ lÓƒ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà Îy
Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˆà° ܲˆÏÙ– §ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ àyˆÏDÎ˚ !Ó•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛–
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ•yÈüÈܲy°ã˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Gñ §Ù§ƒy ˆòáy !ò° ç!ÙÓ˚ «%˛o≤ÃhflÓÏ ˚ Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚ ˆ¢£ÏyˆÏ¢!£Ï í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈòÏ ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆã˛y˛õy!lÈüÈÙylˆÏí˛yˆÏï˛G Ó%ˆlÏ y ôyˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚– ç!ÙˆÏï˛ §yÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌy ï˛álG ã˛y°% •Î˚!l– ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲÓSÈÓ˚ !ã˛•´ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~=ˆÏ°y Ü,˛!£Ïçyï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly•z ˆÓ!¢– lÓƒ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà
~ܲ•z ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ã˛y£ÏÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ê˛°l Ü˛ÙˆÏï˛ Ìyܲ°– ~•z !Ó˛õˆÏòÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓÑyã˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w=ˆÏ°y •° ¢,DˆÏÓÓ˚˛õ%Ó˚ñ lyÓ˚•yl G •zÙ!°!í˛ñ °y°!ܲ°yñ ‡°y§
ò%ÛÓ˚Ü˛Ù §Ùyôyl ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ xhs˝Ó˚#˛õ ï˛Ìy Ùy°Ë)˛!Ù xM˛ˆÏ° !¢Ê˛!ê˛Ç xyÓ˚ xel!çˆÏáÓ˚y– ôylñ ò%ÛôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÎÓñ ò%ÛôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ àÙñ ˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚ñ ÓyçÓ˚yñ Ù§%Ó˚ñ
ܲy!Œê˛ˆÏ˲¢l ÷Ó˚& •°– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ çD° ˛õ%!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ç!Ù ˜ï˛!Ó˚ Ùê˛Ó˚ñ !ï˛°ñ !ï˛!§ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– állܲyˆÏÎ≈ ˛õyGÎ˚y ܲyë˛Ü˛Î˚°yÓ˚ ê%˛Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y !ӈϟ’£Ïî
ܲÓ˚y ã˛y°% •°– !mï˛#Î˚ §Ùyôyl •° lò#!ÓˆÏôÔï˛ §ÙË)˛!ÙÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ Ó§Óy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ó í˛z!qˆÏòÓ˚ áÓÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§=ˆÏ°y •°ÈüüüÈÜÑ˛yë˛y°ñ Ü%˛°ñ xy.%Ó˚ñ ì˛yܲñ
ܲÓ˚y– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ àyˆÏDÎ˚ xÓÓy!•Ü˛yÎ˚ G !§¶%˛ÈüȧÓ˚fl∫ï˛# xÓÓy!•Ü˛yÎ˚ Ü,˛!£Ïܲyç o&ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚Oyñ ˆì˛Ó˚yñ Ù‡Î˚yñ xyÙñ ÓyÓ°yñ ÓÑy¢ñ ï%Ñ˛ï˛ñ ï%˛°§#ñ ¢y°ñ Ü%˛!ã˛°yñ ˆïÑ˛ï%˛°ñ V˛yí˛zñ
§¡±§y!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ °yà°– ~•z ò%•z xÓÓy!•Ü˛yÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛ ˛õy°!°Ü˛ñ ˆÜ˛lly ˛õÓ≈ï˛Ùy°y ˆ§=lñ !¢Ó˚#£Ï–
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓˆÏÎ˚ xy§yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!° ÓˆÏÎ˚ xylï˛ lò# ò%!ê˛ ~ÓÇ ò%!ê˛ xÓÓy!•Ü˛yˆÏï˛•z !§¶%˛§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ G Óy°%!ã˛hflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ Ü,˛!£Ï !lˆÏÎ˚ Ó°yÓ˚ xyˆÏà Ù•yÓ˚y‹T…ñ =çÓ˚yê˛ñ
!lÎ˚Ù Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ólƒy •ï˛ñ Îy §yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl Óƒ!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ•z ç!Ù=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚y Ó˚yáï˛ Ó˚yçfliyˆÏl lÓƒ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ Ó°y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ ~°yܲyˆÏï˛•z
ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚– =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ü,˛!£Ï §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ §¶˛yl ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ~•z Î%ˆÏà– Ù•yÓ˚y‹T… G =çÓ˚yˆÏê˛ Ùy°Ó
!Ó¶˛ƒ ˛õÓ≈ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ò!«˛ˆÏî ˆÓ°yl í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛y°!í˛•yGÎ˚yÎ˚ lÓƒ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ~°yܲy ܲyˆÏ°yÈüÈï%˛°yÈüÈÙy!ê˛Ó˚ ˆò¢– Ùy!ê˛ñ àySÈ˛õy°y !òˆÏÎ˚ ÓylyˆÏly ˆày°yܲyÓ˚ Óy
!ã˛•´ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈñ ÎyÓ˚ ï˛y!Ó˚á 10000 ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàܲyÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl Ü,˛!£Ïç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛ÔˆÏܲyâÓ˚ñ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ ¢§ƒ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyñ ˆÙˆÏV˛ G ˆòGÎ˚y° ã%˛l !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°˛õy–
!ã˛•´G §%flõ‹T ~ÓÇ ~áylܲyÓ˚ Ù)° ¢§ƒ ôyl– ã˛#l G ò!«˛îÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈ ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ !¢°ˆÏlyí˛¸yñ S%ÈÑã˛ˆÏ°y ˆ•yñ Ù,Ͳõyeñ !V˛l%ܲñ !fiê˛ˆÏÎ˚ê˛y•zê˛ G xlƒylƒ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚
~!ê˛ ôylã˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xy!ò ˆÜ˛w– ã˛y£ÏÓy§ •ï˛ V%˛Ù ≤ÃÌyÎ˚ñ ÙyˆÏl çD° ˛õ%!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !ç!l£Ï ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– l˲òyˆÏï˛y!°ˆÏï˛ ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ ≤Ãyã˛#Ó˚ G ˛õ!Ó˚áyÓ˚ §¶˛yl !وϰˆÏSÈñ
lï%˛l lï%˛l ç!ÙˆÏï˛ !¢Ê˛!ê˛Ç ≤ÃÌyÎ˚ ã˛y£Ï– ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ã˛y£ÏÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ §)e˛õyï˛ ~•z Îy ≤ÃyܲÈüÈ!§¶%˛§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !lò¢≈l–
xM˛ˆÏ°•z– V%˛Ù ã˛yˆÏ£ÓÏ ˚ !Óܲ“ áÑç % ˆÏï˛•z Ùyl%£ˆÏ ÜÏ ˛ §ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •° lò# xÓÓy!•Ü˛y=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !§¶%˛ §Ùï˛ˆÏ° Ù)° ˆÜ˛w!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yê˛ !í˛!ç– ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚ !§¶%˛
!òˆÏܲ– !ӈ϶˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õyòˆÏò¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈!òˆÏܲ §Ó˚ˆÏ° àyˆÏDÎ˚ §ÙË)˛!Ùñ xyÓ˚ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ó˚*˛õó ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ≤ÃyܲÈüÈ!§¶%˛§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ lÓƒ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚Î%à#Î˚
í˛z_Ó˚ÈüÈ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù!òˆÏܲ §Ó˚ˆÏ° !§¶%˛ÈüȧÓ˚fl∫ï˛# §ÙË)˛!Ù– !lò¢≈l– Ó˚yçfliyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛y!°hflÏyˆÏlñ Îy !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ Ù)° xÇ¢ ӈϰ !ã˛!•´ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
àyˆÏDÎ˚ !Ó•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛w=!°ˆÏï˛ lÓƒ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ @˝ÃyÙ#î !lò¢≈l ˛õyGÎ˚y l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ hflˆÏ ÓÏ ˚ lÓƒ≤ÃhflÓÏ ˚ Î%ˆàÏ Ó˚ Ü,˛!£Ï §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ SÈy˛õ §%flõ‹T– ˆÜ˛yê˛ !í˛!ç Óy ˆã˛y!°hflyÏ ˆÏl
ˆàˆÏSÈñ ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ lyÙ ˆ§l%Î˚yÓ˚ñ Ó%k˛àÎ˚yñ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ñ !ã˛Ó˚l‰í˛ G ˆã˛ã˛Ó˚ÈüÈÜ%˛ï%˛Ó˛õ%Ó˚– làÓ˚ §Ë˛ƒï˛y àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ˆÎ ~ܲê˛y §Ù,k˛ Ü,˛!£Ïç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ
ˆ§l%Î˚yÓ˚ §y§yÓ˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈñ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õyê˛lyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈñ !ã˛Ó˚l‰í˛ àDy xyÓ˚ âyàÓ˚yÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏï˛ §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ xÓܲy¢ ˆl•z–
§DÙfliˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈñ ˆã˛ã%˛Î˚yÈüÈÜ%˛ï%˛Ó˛õ%Ó˚ •y!ç˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò!«˛ˆÏî– Ü˛yë˛Ü%˛ˆÏë˛y °ï˛y˛õyï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ñ Óy°%!ã˛hflÏyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙˆÏ•Ó˚àˆÏí˛¸ ˛õy•yí˛¸# lò#Ó˚ ç° ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Ü,˛!£Ïܲyç •ï˛– Ó%ˆÏly
G˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛ ˆ°ˆÏ˛õ Óy!í˛¸âÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚– !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%Ñ!ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ– ¢§ƒ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ ÎÓñ Ó%ˆÏly àˆÏÙÓ˚ §¶˛yl ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– Ü%˛° xyÓ˚ ˆáç%Ó˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ Ê˛°ï˛– à,•˛õy!°ï˛
ôylñ àÙñ ÎÓñ Ù%àñ Ù§%Ó˚ G ÓyçÓ˚y– !ܲvñ ÙçyÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ •° ~•z xM˛ˆÏ° ˛õ÷Ó˚ §ÇáƒyG xˆÏlܲ–
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 113 114 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
Ü,˛!£Ï!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ˆÏD•z xDyD#˲yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˛õ÷˛õy°l– ˛õ÷˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ˆÏ:yàƒy!ÙˆÏܲ ˆ§ê˛y §#Ùy•#l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚° ly– xÌ≈yÍñ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Üœ˛ƒyl ÓyˆÏò xlƒ
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ° áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˆÎyàylˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G §%!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y– ÓˆÏl çDˆÏ° ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Üœ˛ƒylˆÏܲ•z !ÓÓy• §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y Îy!FSÈ° ly– Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ ~ܲÓ˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚
x!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ !¢Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy¢yÎ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ly ˆÓ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ñ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆ˛õy£Ï Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ˛õSȈϮÓ˚ xyhs˝È/ˆÏày¤˛# §¡õÜ≈˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •°– ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl ˆày¤˛# xl%ˆÏÙy!òï˛
à,•˛õy!°ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃçˆÏß√ ÙyLjϧÓ˚ ˆÎyàyl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl ˆày¤˛# !l!£Ïk˛ñ ˆ§•z !òˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛z벰 ~ܲ ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸
!l!Ÿã˛ï˛ •GÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ≤ÃÌÙê˛yÎ˚ ˛õ÷=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ â%Óˆ˚ ïÏ ˛ §%ˆÎÏ yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆçyê˛ÈüÈí˛z˛õçy!ï˛ (tribe)– ò%•zñ ˆê˛yˆÏê˛Ù ˛õ÷!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óy àySÈ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏÓ˚ Óy ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ly
ˆòGÎ˚y •°– ˛õ÷ˆÏòÓ˚ x˲ƒy§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆáÑyçáÓÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •!FSÈ°– Ÿªy˛õò ˛õ÷Ó˚ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏ° ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §Çáƒy ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ ˆÎˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ– Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ ~ܲ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚
•yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù)°ï˛ ï,˛îˆÏ˲yç# ò)Ó≈° ˛õ÷=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° xyÎ˚_ ܲÓ˚° ˆê˛yˆÏê˛Ù xlƒ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ áyˆÏòƒÓ˚ ˆÎyàylˆÏܲ áy!lܲê˛y !lŸã˛Î˚ï˛y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚°– xy!ò
Ùyl%£Ï– í˛zm,_ ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È áy•zˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏî xylyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚°– ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛Óy§# ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lç !lç ˆê˛yˆÏê˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ܲ“ly
§ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ˆÓÎ˚yí˛¸y xyÓ˚ ÙyÓ˚Ü%˛ˆÏê˛ ˛õ÷=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆÓˆÏSÈ ˆÙˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Îy xyô%!lܲ ܲyˆÏ°yG àÓ˚&ñ Ù!•£Ïñ ܲy!SÈÙ Óy ÷ˆÏÎ˚yÓ˚ áyGÎ˚yÓ˚
xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ¢yhs˝ G ò)Ó≈° ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°° ï˛yÓ˚y– àÓ˚&ñ SÈyà°ñ ˆË˛í˛¸yñ !lˆÏ£ÏˆÏôÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ–
Ù!•£Ïñ ˆâyí˛¸yñ àyôyñ í˛zê˛ xyÓ˚ Ü%˛Ü%˛Ó˚ˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ˛õy£Ï ÙylyˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° lÓƒ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ §ÇˆÏÎyçl Ù,Ͳõye !lÙ≈yî– §yÓ˚y
lÓƒ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï– ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ lÓƒ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà !Ó!˲ߨ ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ Ù,Ͳõye !lÙ≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •Î˚– álˆÏl
Ùyǧ SÈyí˛¸yG ò%ôñ ˛õ¢Ùñ ã˛yÙí˛¸y í˛z˛õçyï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õyGÎ˚y Îy!FSÈ°– !ܲv lyly ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù,Ͳõye í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ Ù,ͲõyˆÏeÓ˚
ã˛yÓ˚îË)˛!ÙÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy ˆòáy Îy!FSÈ°– ˛õÎ≈yÆ âyˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎyàyl SÈyí˛¸y Óƒy˛õܲ•yˆÏÓ˚ Ü,˛ÍˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° ~ÓÇ !¢“§%£ÏÙy ï˛yܲ °y!àˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y– °y° Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ Ù,Ͳõyeñ
˛õ÷˛õy°l ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ã˛yÓ˚îË)˛!ÙÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏl fliylyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ àÙl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ã˛y£ÏÓy§ñ ÎyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚.ˆÏÓÓ˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ lܲ¢yÈüüüÈçƒy!Ù!ï˛Ü˛ Óy ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ÈüüüÈ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˲y°–
âÓ˚ˆÏòyÓ˚ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ÎyÎyÓÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •Î˚– !ܲv ï˛ï˛!òˆÏl ÎyÎyÓÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎy˛õl ~SÈyí˛¸yG ô)§Ó˚ Óy ܲyˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ Ù,Ͳõye ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚
xˆÏlܲê˛y•z à!ï˛ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ÎyÎyÓÓ˚ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ܲÌy ˆSȈÏí˛¸ !òˆÏ°ñ ¢,DˆÏÓÓ˚˛õ%Ó˚ Óy xeyî!çˆÏáÓ˚yÎ˚ñ !Ó•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ§l%Î˚yÓ˚ Óy !ã˛Ó˚l‰ˆÏí˛ í˛zß¨ï˛ ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ °y°
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˛õ÷˛õy°l Ü,˛!£Ï!˲!_ܲ @˝ÃyÙƒç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎyà# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ Ù,Ͳõye ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ô)§Ó˚ Ù,ͲõyeG xˆÏlܲ– !§¶%˛ÈüȧÓ˚flï∫ ˛# xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ °y°ˆÏã˛ÈüÈ•°%ò
xyô%!lܲܲy° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– @˝ÃyÙ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛!SÈ°– fliyÎ˚# Ó§!ï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ñ ÙyÌyÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ x§yôyÓ˚î !ã˛e˜Ï¢°# ò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáG !ã˛ˆÏl ˆÊ˛°y ÎyÎ˚– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y fliyÎ˚# SÈyí˛z!lÓ˚ ӈϮyÓhflÏ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ xy!ò ˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§# ˆlˆÏÙ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ° Ù,Ͳõye ~ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚ ˆ˛õyí˛¸yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyô%!lܲܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ@’ç퉲
Ü,˛!£ÏܲyˆÏç xyÓ˚ ˛õ÷˛õy°ˆÏl– ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ @˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ˆSÈyê˛ !§Ó˚y!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xhs˝Ó˚#˛õ xM˛ˆÏ°G ˆÜ˛yÌyG ˆÜ˛yÌyG ˲y° Ù,ͲõyˆÏeÓ˚
ˆSÈyê˛ ÙylÓˆÏày¤˛#– ~•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ˆÎÔÌ ç#Ólã˛yÓ˚î lyly §yÙy!çܲ Óyôy!lˆÏ£Ïô ˜ï˛!Ó˚ §¶˛yl ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈñ Î!òG ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z Ù,Ͳõye=!° !ã˛e•#l–
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°– e´ˆÏÙ xˆÏlܲ Ó›Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ñ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚î#ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ Ù,Ͳõye !lÙ≈yî Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Ó%!k˛Ó,!_Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ §y«˛ƒ–
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ê˛ƒyÓ% ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆà°– ~ܲ§ÙÎ˚ ~•z «%˛o «%˛o ÙylÓˆÏày¤˛#=ˆÏ°y •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰 xyô%!lܲ Ó˚§yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy ly ˆçˆÏl•zñ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §)e=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
ˆê˛yˆÏê˛!Ùܲ– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ˆày¤˛# ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ÷ Óy í˛z!qò ˆÙˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°yÓ˚ Óy áyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏly •° ~•z !¢ˆÏ“– ~ܲò°y ܲyòyˆÏܲ ï˛y˛õ !òˆÏ°•z ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ Ù,Ͳõye
í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lˆÏ£ÏôyK˛y çy!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ò°– ˆ§•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ˆày¤˛#!ã˛•´ Óy xy•zˆÏí˛l!ê˛!ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ly– ~ܲò°y ܲyòy ˆË˛çy xÓfliyÎ˚ xï˛ƒhs˝ lÙî#Î˚– ≤ÃyÎ˚ 6000C
òÑyí˛¸y° ˛õ÷!ê˛ Óy í˛z!qò!ê˛– ï˛y˛õÙyeyÎ˚ ܲyòy ܲ!ë˛l ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ܲyòyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ á%Ó ˆÙyê˛y òyly Ìyܲy
ˆê˛yˆÏê˛Ù Ù)°ï˛ ò%ÛˆÏê˛y í˛zˆj
Ï ¢ƒ !§k˛ ܲÓ˚!SÈ°– ~ܲñ !ÓÓy• §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ !lÎ˚Ùܲyl%ló ã˛°ˆÏÓ lyñ xyÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly òyly•z ly ÌyܲˆÏ°ñ ï˛y˛õ ˆ˛õˆÏ° ˆÊ˛ˆÏê˛ ÎyˆÏÓ–
~ܲ•z ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ (clan) §hs˝yl§hs˝!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y•zˆÏÓyl ӈϰ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲálG ܲálG í˛z˛õÎ%_´ ÙyeyÎ˚ ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ =шÏí˛¸y ˆÙ¢yˆÏï˛ •ï˛– ܲyòyÎ˚ §yÙylƒ
!ÓÓy• !l!£Ïk˛ ܲÓ˚y •°– ÷Ó˚& •° Üœ˛ƒyl ~ˆÏ:yàƒy!Ù– ÓÓ˚ Óy ܲˆÏl áÑ%çˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xyÎ˚Ó˚î x:y•zí˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ܲyòy !lÓ≈yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ– ï˛y˛õ ˆ˛õˆÏ°
ˆ˛õÑÔˆÏSÈ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •° xlƒ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ˆòyÓ˚ˆÏàyí˛¸yÎ˚– !ܲv !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ç#Ó# ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ~•z xyÎ˚Ó˚l x:y•zí˛ °y° Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ˆÊ˛!Ó˚ܲÈüÈx:y•zí˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !ܲv Î!ò
ˆày¤˛#=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §ÇâyˆÏï˛Ó˚ Óy ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ §¡õÜ≈˛ !SÈ°ñ Üœ˛ƒyl ã˛yÓ˚ˆÏܲy° 絈ϰ GˆÏë˛ñ ˆ§•z !¢áyÎ˚ ܲyˆÏ°y Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ ˆÊ˛Ó˚yˆÏ§yÈüÈˆÊ˛!Ó˚ܲ x:y•zí˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
x˛õÓ˚ ≠ 8
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 115 116 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ã˛yܲñ xyÓ˚ ã˛yˆÏܲÓ˚ â)î≈là!ï˛– ~§Ó xˆÏlܲ ÙyÌyÓ˚ âyÙ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD ~Ó˚ lyly xl%£ÏˆÏD ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ çyò%!Óòƒy– Ê˛§°
ˆÊ˛°yˆÏlyÓ˚ Ê˛§°– Ùy!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ §!M˛ï˛ x˛õ)Ó≈ Ù,Ͳõye§Ω˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãyã˛#l Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙyÌy §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ x!lŸã˛Î˚ï˛yñ xyÓ˚ ˆ§•z x!lŸã˛Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xy¢yÈüÈxyܲyA«˛y
!ã˛lˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– çyò%!ÓòƒyˆÏܲ xÑyܲˆÏí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚– çß√ ˆlÎ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y çyò%– ~
≤Ãyã˛#l Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ù,Ͳõye ~ˆÏ§!SÈ° çyò%Ó˚ Ùï˛l– ~•z ≤ÃÌÙ ï˛yÓ˚y ~Ùl ≤çˆÏD xyˆÏà•z xyÙÓ˚y áy!lܲê˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ í˛zÓ≈Ó˚ï˛y çyò%ˆÏܲ xy◊Î˚
!ç!l£Ï ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°°ñ Îy ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !SÈ° ly– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ áÓÓ˚òy!Ó˚Ó˚ ~•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ !°D˛õ)çy G ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛zqÓ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ~ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ë˛yˆÏà ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
≤ÃÌÙ ôy˛õ– Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~áyˆÏl xyÓ˚ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚!SÈ ly– ÷ô% í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎñ çyò%!Óòƒy•z ≤ÃÌÙ
~•z ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆà° ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ !ã˛!ܲͧyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ çàï˛ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚– çyò%àˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyd≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ !SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ çyò%!ÓòƒyÎ˚ xÌÓ≈ˆÏÓˆÏò ÷ô% Ó¢#ܲÓ˚îñ ÙyÓ˚îÈüÈí˛zã˛yê˛l•z ˆl•zñ ~Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ xÇ¢ ç%ˆÏí˛¸
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ •zˆÏFSÈÙˆÏï˛y §yí˛¸y ˆòˆÏÓ– Ó,!‹T ã˛y•zˆÏ° ˆÙâ çÙˆÏÓñ ˛õ)!î≈ÙyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏï˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚yàÈüÈ!lÓ˚yÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çyò%˛õk˛!ï˛– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ï˛sf ï˛yÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ ˆày˛õl ܲyÙ§yôlyÓ˚
Ó˚Ùî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Ê˛§° Ê˛°ˆÏÓ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ñ ï%˛Ü˛ï˛yܲ ç!í˛¸Ó%!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà ÓyÓ˚Ù%ˆÏáyˆÏܲ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ˆÏò¢#Î˚ xƒy°ˆÏܲ!Ùó ï˛y!sfܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó˚§yÎ˚l– ~ܲ
Ó¢#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ !ܲ¡∫y ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ òÑyï˛ñ ã%˛°ñ ˛õyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ SÈyˆÏ˛õ çyò%!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛Ó˚y Îál ôÙ≈ !lˆÏÎ˚ñ Ó ·˛ñ {ŸªÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò !lˆÏÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏáyí˛¸ ˆÙê˛y!Ê˛!çˆÏ:
ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°y ÎyˆÏÓ– !ܲvñ ~•z Î%ˆÏà•z ≤ÃÌÙ !ܲS%È §Ç¢Î˚#Ó˚ çß√ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆÙˆÏï˛ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°yñ ï˛ál ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒ_´ xӈϕ!°ï˛ çyò%àÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚•z çß√ !l°
ï˛yÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù=ˆÏ°y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfˆÏîÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•ˆÏ° •z•çyà!ï˛Ü˛ ˲y°ÙˆÏ®Ó˚ lylyÓ˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ Ü,˛ÍˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°ÈüüüÈ!ã˛!ܲͧy¢yflfñ !ÓK˛yl– ~ÓÇ
ˆ§•z§Ó !lÎ˚Ù=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !lÎ˚hs˝y ˆÜ˛⁄ ï˛yÓ˚y ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ !ܲS%È ¢!_´Ó˚ ܲ“ly
ˆçƒy!ï˛£Ï–
ܲÓ˚°ñ Îy Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ùyl%£Ï ˆ§•z ¢!_´=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ã˛y°ly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ lï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ í˛z˛õy§lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ§=ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ë˛Ê˛° ܲyÙly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆÓ yO Î%à ≠ làÓ˚ ˛õ_ˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛Ü˛Ìy
ôˆÏÙÓ≈ ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z– ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛ ˛õ)çy Óy í˛z˛õy§lyÓ˚ çlƒ çyò%≤Ãï˛#ܲ=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˆÓ yOÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& ≤ÃyÎ˚ 6000 ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà– !§¶%˛§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛
ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏly •!FSÈ°– §yGÓ˚y í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï =•y!ã˛ˆÏeÓ˚ xyòˆÏ° Ü%˛!ê˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÙy G ˆÓ yˆÏOÓ˚ Óƒy˛õܲ ≤Ãã˛°l •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– §ÙÎ˚ê˛y 3000 á #‹Ty∑ñ xÌ≈yÍ
ˆòGÎ˚yˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ •zˆÏFSÈ˛õ)Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó›=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ SÈ!Ó ~шÏܲñ ¢!_´=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ xy•¥yl ܲÓ˚ï˛ 5000 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏàܲyÓ˚ ܲÌy– Ó˚yçfliyˆÏlÓ˚ xyÓ˚yÓÕ‘# ˛õy•yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢ ï˛yÙyÓ˚
ïÑ˛yÓ˚y !ã˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏ§ ˆÎl xy◊Î˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– §ÑyGï˛y°ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï ~ܲê˛y ˛õyÌÓ˚á[˛ §M˛Î˚ !SÈ° Ë%˛àˆÏË≈˛– ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ñ Ë)˛cˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚•z ï˛yÙyÓ˚ xyܲÓ˚
˛õ%ˆÏçy ܲÓ˚ï˛ñ ˆÙyÓ˚à Ó!° !òˆÏÎ˚– ˛õ!Ÿã˛Ù˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚!§Ü˛Ó˚y ˛õÿÏÓ˚ !§Ñò%Ó˚ Ùy!áˆÏÎ˚ SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !SÈ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !SÈ° ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚– ˆÓ yO ˜ï˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÙyÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ê˛l ˆÙ¢yˆÏï˛ •Î˚–
ˆÓï˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ)çy ܲˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛y– xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~°yܲyÎ˚ ˆÓï˛y° SÈyí˛¸yG ÙyˆÏ§yÓyñ l•zˆÏ° !Ó÷k˛ ï˛yÙy ΈÏÌ‹T lÙî#Î˚– ~•z !òˆÏÎ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ Óy !lï˛ƒÓƒÓ•yÎ≈ !ç!l£Ï˛õe
ܲy°%Óy{ñ Ùy!Ó˚Î˚y¡øy •zï˛ƒy!ò xˆÏlܲ ˆòÓˆÏòÓ#Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛°lñ ÎyˆÏï˛ §Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ˛õÿÏÓ˚ Óí˛¸ ~ܲê˛y ÙçÓ%ï˛ •Î˚ ly– !ê˛l §Ω˛Óï˛ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyly •ï˛– •!Ó˚Î˚ylyÓ˚
!§Ñò%Ó˚ ˆ°ˆÏ˛õ ˛õ)çy ã˛í˛¸yˆÏly •Î˚– ~•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆòÓˆÏòÓ#Ó˚ §Çáƒy §yÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ áÑ%çˆÏ° !•§yÓ˚ÈüÈ!˲GÎ˚y!lˆÏï˛ !ê˛l xyˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° §¡±!ï˛ òy!Ó í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ–
§!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ•z ˆï˛!e¢ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !í˛ !í˛ ˆÜ˛y¢y¡∫#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ álˆÏl ôyï%˛Ó˚ Óy§lˆÏܲy§l ˆï˛y ÓˆÏê˛•zñ ôyï%˛ÈüÈ!l!Ù≈ï˛ xˆÏlܲ
~•z ˆÓï˛y°•z ˛õˆÏÓ˚ !¢Óñ àˆÏî¢ ~ÓÇ •l%ÙylÈüÈ˲àÓyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •l– Ù)!ï≈˛G ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ !lÙ≈yî ˜¢°# Óï≈˛ÙylܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆì˛yܲÓ˚y fiê˛y•zˆÏ°Ó˚
ˆÎ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Ùyl%£Ï=!° çyò%àÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ãy!hs˝Ü˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ ôÙ≈ !òˆÏÎ˚ çàï˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ– ˆ§ylyÈüÈÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õyÓ˚ àÎ˚ly x“!ÓhflÏÓ˚ §Óܲ!ê˛ álˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ–
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z°ñ ï˛yÓ˚y•z ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛– x!ã˛ˆÏÓ˚•z ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛Ó˚y ~ܲê˛y lï%˛l ˆ◊î#Ó˚ çß√ !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ܲy°ˆÏܲ ≤Ãbï˛y!_¥ˆÏܲÓ˚y ã˛y°ˆÏܲy!°!Ìܲ ӈϰˆÏSÈl– xÌ≈yÍ ï˛ál
!ò°ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xyôƒy!dܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÌ ≤âhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ çàï˛Ü˛yÓ˚î ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ã˛°!SÈ°– ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ÃyܲyÓ˚ñ ˆÓ‹Tl#ñ Ó%Ó˚&ç §Ó•z ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ–
ï˛Ìy {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xy¢#Ó≈yò ÙylÓ§ÙyˆÏç ÓˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§y– ~•z ˆ◊î# ܲy!Î˚ܲ ◊Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆôy°y!ÓÓ˚yÎ˚ fliy˛õï˛ƒ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚– Óí˛¸ ˆày°yÜ,˛!ï˛ñ !SÈoÎ%_´ Ù§,î ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆÓ˚•y•z ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓñ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zm,ˆÏ_ ˆÓшÏã˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà °y˲ hflÏΩ˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ï˛ñ ã˛yÓ˚ SÈÛÊ%˛ê˛ í˛zÑã%˛ Ü˛ÛˆÏÓ˚ ÓylyˆÏly– ~•z !lò¢≈l=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ó,•òyܲyÓ˚ xyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ – Ù§,îï˛y ˆòáˆÏ° ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ñ ~áylܲyÓ˚ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ Ùyl §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 117 118 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
í˛zß¨ï˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !SÈ°– ~ SÈyí˛¸y xy°yÓyfiê˛yÓ˚ çyï˛#Î˚ !ã˛Ü˛î ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õye !SÈ°– ã˛yê≈˛ £Ïí˛¸ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏSÈ– ÚÓ ·˛ÛÈüüüÈlyÙܲ í˛z˛õ!l£Ï!òܲ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛G ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙ
˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ Gçl !SÈ°– lyly Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ §)- ˛õÿÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%Ñ!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ï˛– =çÓ˚yˆÏê˛ ~álG ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
˛õ%Ñ!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– à!îˆÏï˛ !§¶%˛Óy§#Ó˚ Ü,˛!ï˛c xyŸã˛Î≈çlܲ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ¢)lƒ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
!§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãb§Ω˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ Ó°yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆl•z– xyÙÓ˚y ÎyÓ˚y ˆ§•z !í˛Ü˛ƒyí˛ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù Îy xyô%!lܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ xÌ≈yÍ 10ñ 20ñ 30 ~˲yˆÏÓ
§Ω˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛Ù áÓÓ˚ Ó˚y!áñ ï˛yÓ˚yG çy!lñ 5000 ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˆàyîyñ !§¶%˛Óy§#Ó˚•z xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚– ~˲yˆÏÓ =ˆÏî ï˛yÓ˚y xÎ%ï˛ñ !lÎ%ï˛ÉÉɲõpñ Ù•y˛õpÉÉÉ•zï˛ƒy!ò
~ܲáy!l ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ làÓ˚ §Ë˛ƒï˛y ˆÎ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ Óï≈˛Ùyl lyà!Ó˚ܲ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ =îˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛l– ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ !l!ò≈‹T !ã˛•´ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
§%á§Ù,!k˛Ó˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ á%Ó Ü˛Ù !ܲS%È !SÈ° ly– ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ÷ô% xyô%!lܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y Ù•yÎ%à ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ43ñ20ñÈ000 ÓSÈÓ˚ó ܲ“ ܲ“ly
ˆê˛Ü˛l°!çÓ˚– ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ432ñ00ñ00ñ000 ÓSÈÓ˚– âê˛lyã˛ˆÏe´ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ÓÎ˚§G 432ñ00ñ
xyÙÓ˚y ÓÓ˚Ç !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ K˛ylã˛ã≈˛y G xyôƒy!dܲ í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ 00ñ000 ÓSÈÓ˚–
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲS%È Ó°Ó– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ lï%˛l ï˛Ìƒ §ÙÎ˚ àîlyñ ܲy!í≈˛ly° §ÇáƒyÓ˚ àîlyñ çƒy!Ù!ï˛ñ ˲@¿yÇ¢ñ x!í≈˛ly° §Çáƒy
G ˲yÓlyÓ˚ ˆáyÓ˚yܲ ˆÎyàyˆÏFSÈ– Ó›ï˛ñ !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ §Ó ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚# í˛zߨ!ï˛Ó˚ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛Ó˚ àîlyñ §Ó !SÈ° ˆ§•z Î%ˆÏà–
ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏG xyÙÓ˚y •z!ï˛•y§ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ á%Ó Ù)°ƒÓyl ~ܲê˛y ˆòy°yã˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ°yÙñ ˆçƒy!ï˛!Ó≈òƒy xyÓ˚ ~ܲ !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚ ≤Ãy!Æ– §)Î≈ñ ï˛yÓ˚yñ ãÑ˛yòñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õÌñ
ˆÎ !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛y ÓyÓ≈y!Ó˚çÙ ly !§!˲°y•zˆÏç¢lú •z!ï˛•y§ Ó•z á%°ˆÏÓlñ ˛õyˆÏÓl– xÎ˚lܲy°ñ @˝Ã• G @˝Ã•yl%˛õ%ˆÏOÓ˚ à!ï˛˛õÌ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– Ó˚y‡ÈüÈˆÜ˛ï%˛
ˆ§•zê˛y ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛y ˆà°– !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛y ˆÎ lyÙ ˆÜ˛ GÎ˚yˆÏhflÏ §Ë˛ƒï˛y lÎ˚ñ !§¶%˛
@˝Ã•îñ l«˛e˛õ%O (asterism) ~ÓÇ Ó˚y!¢ã˛e´ (zodiac)– Ó˚y!¢ã˛ˆÏe´ xÓ!fliï˛ 27!ê˛
Óy§#Ó˚ ˆ°áy !§°ˆÏÙy•Ó˚=ˆÏ°y ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃÙyî •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– Ó›ï˛ñ ˆÎ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ˆÏܲ
l«˛eñ ˆ§=!°ˆÏï˛ ãÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfliyl xl%ÎyÎ˚# }ï%˛Ó˚ !Ó˲yçlñ §Ó•z !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚
≤ÃyÎ˚ 1500 ÓSÈÓ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏl §Ë˛ƒ ˆòáyˆÏly ˆã˛‹Ty xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ã˛y°% •z!ï˛•y§ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ܲyˆÏ° xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xyܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï˛yÓ˚y §Çáƒy =îˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚
ˆàˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏܲ !l!m≈ôyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y 1500 ÓSÈÓ˚ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚–
˜Ó!òܲ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §Çܲ°l 1500 á #fiê˛˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏ°Gñ ˜Ó!òܲ ôÙ≈ñ !SȈϰl ~ÓÇ =ˆÏî!SȈϰl 10ñ000ñ000ñ000ñ000ñ000ñ000!ê˛– xyçˆÏܲÓ˚
xÌ≈yÍ ÎK˛ ~ÓÇ ˜Ó!òܲ ˆòÓˆÏòÓ#ˆÏòÓ˚G í˛zayl !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ°•z– •zwñ x!@¿ñ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ 1019!ê˛– ~•z §Çáƒy!ê˛Ó˚ lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ڈϰyܲÛñ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ çyly §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
§)Î≈ñ ÎÙñ í˛z£ÏyÈüüüÈ§Ó ˜Ó!òܲ ˆòÓˆÏòÓ#ˆÏܲ•z áÑ%ˆÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆàˆÏSÈ !§°ˆÏÙy•ˆÏÓ˚– Î!òG Óí˛¸ §Çáƒy– ~ÓÇ ~•z §Çáƒy!ê˛G âê˛lyã˛ˆÏe´ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢!_´¢y°# ˆê˛!°ˆÏflÒyˆÏ˛õ
!§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ° Ù)° ˆòÓï˛y !SȈϰl !¢Ó– ~ÓÇ Ù)° ˆòÓ# ܲy!°Ü˛yñ ˛õyÓ≈ï˛#ñ àîly ܲÓ˚y l«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ˚ §Ùylú
§ï˛#ÈüüüȧÓy•z !¢ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ˆÏD ç!í˛¸ï˛– xyˆÏàÓ˚ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚•z xyÙÓ˚y !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ° !ܲvñ ~•z ˆÎ !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ñ !§¶%˛Óy§#Ó˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò ӈϰ ã˛ˆÏ°!SÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl
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í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– xyŸã˛ˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ˆÎñ Ó ·˛yÈüÈ!Ó£%èÈüÈوϕŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆ˛õÔÓ˚y!lܲ ˆòÓˆÏòÓ#Ó˚yG !§¶%˛Ó˚ ˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ Ü˛y!•l# G ˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚y xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ#ë˛fliyl ÷ô%Ùye Ó ·˛yÓï≈˛•z
!§°ˆÏÙy•ˆÏÓ˚ xÓfliyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ñ ˜Ó!òܲÈüȈ˛õÔÓ˚y!îܲ ˙!ï˛•ƒ !§¶%˛ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó ·˛!£Ï≈ˆÏò¢ Óy ÙôƒyM˛°– xÌ≈yÍ àyˆÏDÎ˚ §ÙË)˛!Ù– àyˆÏDÎ˚
§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly •ˆÏ°Gñ ~=!° ܲyŒê˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §ÙË)˛!ÙÓ˚ Ù)°ï˛ ò%ˆÏê˛y ˆÜ˛wÈüÈˆÜ˛y¢° xyÓ˚ ÙàôˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚•z !§¶%˛§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ°
§ÙÎ˚ ˆ°ˆÏà !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– í˛zß¨ï˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛y àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ°– ˆÜ˛y¢° xyÓ˚ ÙàˆÏô ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ álˆÏl ~ܲ•z
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §Ó í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ Ù%!l}!£ÏÓ˚yG !§¶%˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏ°•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ làÓ˚ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !lò¢≈l í˛zˆÏë˛ ~° ly ˆÜ˛lñ ≤ß¿ í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– í˛z_Ó˚ÈüüüÈàDyÓ˚ Ólƒy
§Æ!£Ï≈Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yï˛ }!£ÏÈüÈÙÓ˚#!ã˛ñ Ó!¢‹Tñ x!DÓ˚yñ x!eñ ˛˛õ%°hflσñ ˛õ%°•ñ e´ï%˛Ó˚y ˆï˛y xyÓ˚ ˲y.l– !§¶%˛ÈüȧÓ˚fl∫ï˛# xÓÓy!•Ü˛yÎ˚ Ólƒy •ˆÏ°G Ù)°ï˛ !§¶%˛Ó˚ xyˆÏ¢ ˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚
ÓˆÏê˛•zñ xyˆÏSÈl !ÓŸªy!Ùeñ ܲy¢ƒ˛õñ ܲ!˛õ°ñ òô#!ã˛ñ ˛õÓ˚÷Ó˚yÙñ xàhflσñ ˲Ó˚myçñ ç!Ù ï˛ï˛ ˲D%Ó˚ lÎ˚ó xyÓ˚ §Ó˚fl∫ï˛# ˆï˛y ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆáÎ˚yˆÏ° ÷!ܲˆÏÎ˚•z !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
ܲ«˛#Óylñ x!DÓ˚§ÈüüüȧÓy•z– í˛zˆÏŒê˛y!òˆÏܲñ àDyÓ˚ ˛õyŸª≈Óï≈˛# Ë)˛Ë˛yà Ë)˛ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õ xˆÏlܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ°
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 119 120 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
ӈϰñ àDyÓ˚ áyï˛ Óò° á%Ó•z âl âl âê˛ï˛– àyˆÏDÎ˚ ˛õy°!°Ü˛ Ë)˛!ÙˆÏï˛ làÓ˚ Ü,˛!£ÏˆÏï˛ xË)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z xM˛° §Ù,!k˛Ó˚ ˛õÌ ˆòˆÏá!SÈ°– ˆÜ˛y¢°ñ Ùàô
§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ÓˆÏlò !êÑ˛ˆÏܲ Ìyܲy Ù%¢!ܲ°– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl Ë)˛ˆÏày°ê˛y SÈyí˛¸yG x§ÇრˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ çl˛õò ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚– ï˛ál í˛z˛õçyï˛#Î˚ ÓÑyôl ˆË˛ˆÏ. §Ùyç
§!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚yê˛yG òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– xyÓ˚ ÙàˆÏôÓ˚ Ó˚yçôyl# ˛õyê˛!°˛õ%e àí˛¸yÓ˚ ܲy°– ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc Ó˚ܲÙy!Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ˆï˛y ˆáyò ˛õyê˛ly làˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛– állê˛y •ˆÏÓ Ü˛#˲yˆÏÓ⁄ •!FSÈ°– ~Ó˚y çyò%!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ÎK˛ê˛yˆÏܲ ôÙ≈#Î˚ ˆÙyí˛¸Ü˛ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l–
xyÙÓ˚y Ó°Óñ ˆÓ yO Î%ˆÏà ~ˆÏ§ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ xhs˝ï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈Ë)˛ï˛y◊Î˚# ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!_´ê˛yˆÏܲ ˆË˛ˆÏ. ˆË˛ˆÏ. lï%˛l lï%˛l ˆòÓï˛yÓ˚ §,!‹T ܲÓ˚y •°–
!¢áÓ˚ ˆSÈÑyÎ˚y ˆà!SÈ°– !§¶%˛ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yñ ˆÜ˛y¢° xyÓ˚ Ùàô– ÙàˆÏôÓ˚ í˛zayˆÏlÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl x!@¿ñ ÓÓ˚&îñ §)Î≈ñ ˆòÔñ í˛z£ÏyÈüüüÈ~ÑÓ˚y ~ܲ ~ܲ ¢!_´Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë)˛ ˆòÓˆÏòÓ# •ˆÏ°l–
ˆSÈyê˛lyà˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ù,k˛ á!l xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §y!ߨôƒê˛y !•§yˆÏÓ xyly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ï˛yÙyÓ˚ xyܲÓ˚ çyò%ÎK˛ ~ál xã≈˛lyÓ˚ Ùyey ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– ÎK˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!_´=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ
~•z xM˛ˆÏ° ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî !SÈ°– xyÓ˚ !SÈ° ˆ°y•y– ÙàˆÏô•z ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ°Ô• Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– ÎK˛Ê˛° !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yÙly ܲÓ˚y •° §yÙy!çܲ §¡õˆÏòÓ˚ Ó,!k˛–
÷Ó˚&– ˛õï˛O!° ÙàˆÏô ӈϧ•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ°y•y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ Ó•z ڈϰԕ¢yflfÛ àÓ˚& òyGñ xÌ≈ òyGñ ΢ òyGñ ¢e& !Óly¢ ܲÓ˚ •zï˛ƒy!ò–
!°ˆÏá!SȈ° Ï l– ï˛ï˛!òˆÏl Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ˛õÌ á%ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ùàôñ ˆÜ˛y¢°ñ !§¶%˛ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÓ˚
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˆÓ yOÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ܲy° á%Ó ˆÓ!¢!òˆÏlÓ˚ lÎ˚– ï˛yÙyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆ¢áyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ôyï%˛ G ¢ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ˆ°lˆÏòl ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– }!£ÏÓ˚yG ~•z làÓ˚ˆÏܲ!wܲ
˛õÓ˚ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xlƒylƒ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÎ˚ ˆ°y•yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õÑÔSȈÏï˛ ˆÎ !Ó¢y° §ÙÎ˚ê˛y §Ë˛ƒï˛y=!°ˆÏï˛˛ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ lï%˛l ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ §¡±§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ˆ°ˆÏà ˆàˆÏ°l–
ˆ°ˆÏà!SÈ°ñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆï˛Ùlê˛y lÎ˚– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓƒÓôyˆÏl•z !§¶%˛ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÓ˚ !§°ˆÏÙy•ˆÏÓ˚ ˜Ó!òܲ ˆòÓˆÏòÓ#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á !l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚
˜Ó!òܲ ܲÙ≈ܲy[˛ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Ó ·˛!£Ï≈ˆÏòˆÏ¢•z xyê˛ˆÏܲ !SÈ° ly– ˜Ó!òܲ ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ ~ܲ
~•z ò%ˆÏê˛y ôyï%˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§# !¢ˆÏá ˆà!SȈϰl–
˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yôy Óƒ!_´c !lŸã˛Î˚•z !SȈϰl •zw– !ï˛!l ~Ó˚ §¡±§yÓ˚ˆÏî xyˆÏ¢˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚
˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏî Ó!î≈ï˛ !à!Ó˚Ó ç xÌ≈yÍ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly Ó˚yçà#Ó˚ ˆ°Ô• xyܲ!Ó˚ܲ §Ù,k˛ !SÈ°–
çl˛õò=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ÇâyˆÏï˛ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸l– ˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ •zˆÏwÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆòÓc xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˆ°y•yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ÷Ó˚&– Ó˚yçà#Ó˚ ÙàˆÏôÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ Ó˚yçôyl#–
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– §yÓ˚y }àˆÏÓò ç%ˆÏí˛¸•z ˆòÓÓ˚yç •zˆÏwÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚
Ùàô ˆÎ x!ï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#lܲyˆÏ°•z ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù,k˛ çl˛õˆÏò ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ Î%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Óî≈ly SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– òô#!ã˛ Ù%!lÓ˚ •yí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓL ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ Îy •zˆÏwÓ˚
§ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ xÓܲy¢ ˆl•z– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ àDyÓ˚ í˛zk≈˛≤ÃÓyˆÏ• àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ° ˆÜ˛y¢°ñ ÎyÓ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ •Î˚– ≤Ãï˛#ܲ# xˆÏÌ≈ •yˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ Ù%!lÓ˚ xˆÏ°Ô!ܲܲ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˆÙê˛yÊ˛Ó˚
Ó˚yçôyl# !SÈ° ˆÜ˛Ô¢y¡∫# åˆÜ˛y¢y¡∫#äÈüÈˆï˛– •ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈñ Îy ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ÓˆÏLÓ˚ (thunder) §ˆÏD !وϰ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ
lÓƒ ≤ÃhflÏÓ˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛Ó˚y ˆÓ yOÎ%ˆÏà ~ˆÏ§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ!_ ˆ§yÙÓ˚§ ˛õyly§_´ ~•z ò°˛õ!ï˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ lï%˛l ܲyˆÏŒê˛ ˆòÓï˛yÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈Ó!§ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚
xˆÏlܲê˛y Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°!SÈ°– ï˛ï˛!òˆÏlñ ~•z ˆ◊!î K˛ylã˛ã≈˛yÎ˚ ˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ ˆÓòy◊Î˚#Ó˚y í˛z˛õÎ%_´ §¡øyl•z !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
•ˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ë˛y ~ï˛ê˛y•z ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛!SÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!l£Ïò ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ xÇ¢ •ˆÏ°Gñ ˆÓˆÏòÓ˚ ˙!ï˛ˆÏ•ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~Ó˚ Ê˛yÓ˚yܲ !SÈ°–
lyÙܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ }!£Ï ӈϰ– ~ÑÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ xy!ò •zlˆÏê˛ˆÏ°Ü˛ã%˛ƒÎ˚y°– ~•z ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly çyò%àÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z lï%˛l ܲyˆÏŒê˛ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛ §ÙyˆÏç ëÑ˛y•z !òˆÏ°Gñ ~ÑÓ˚y
}!£ÏÈüˆÏ≤Ãy_´ K˛ylÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl ~ï˛ê˛y•z Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎñ ˛˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏlyˆÏܲ SÈyí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°l ly– §Ó≈Ë)˛ï˛y◊Î˚# Ó ·˛ Óy xydy xlƒylƒ ˆòÓˆÏòÓ#ˆÏòÓ˚
~•z Óï≈˛Ùyl ܲyˆÏ°G ˆ§•z K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xÌ!Ó˚!ê˛ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !§Ç•Ë˛yà ˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§#Ó˚G x≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ˆÏï˛Ó˚y Óy }!£ÏÓ˚y ≤Ãôylï˛ xyÓ˚îƒÜ˛
xl#•y– xˆÏlܲ §ÙÎ˚ñ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È }!£ÏÓã˛l {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óyî#Ó˚ ÙÎ≈yòy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ˆÏܲ•z ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ K˛ylã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ Óy xyôƒy!dܲ ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ~ÓÇ §Ω˛Óï˛
˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ñ xl%Ùyl •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÙyî •° Ó˚yçîƒ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ~Ó˚ Óƒy˛õܲ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ï˛y !SÈ°– í˛z˛õ!l£ÏˆÏò ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˆòáy
¢y∑ ≤ÃÙyî– }!£ÏÈüÈí˛zFã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ~ï˛ê˛y•z §¡øyl !SÈ° ˆÎñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈñ Ó y·˛î }!£ÏÓ˚y í˛z˛õ!l£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ !lˆÏï˛ xÌ≈yÍ Ó ˆÏ·˛Ó˚ K˛yl °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ myÓ˚fli
ˆÎï˛ ly– ï˛y•zñ ~ܲܲyˆÏ° ˆÓòˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÙyîƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓòyhs˝ G Ù#Ùyǧy ò¢≈l Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈl «˛!eÎ˚ Ó˚yç!£Ï≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ– Î!òG Ó y·˛î «˛!eÎ˚ í˛z˛õy!ô=ˆÏ°y xyˆÏÓ˚y ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚–
•ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ïy_´ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛ §Ùyç ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛ ˆ◊!î Ó y·˛î í˛z˛õy!ô!ê˛
≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚y˛õˆÏÌ ˜Ó!òܲ ÎyàÎK˛ ~ܲê˛y lï%˛l ܲyŒê˛ °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– Ó y·˛î xÌ≈yÍ Ó ·˛K˛ñ Ó ·˛!Óò– ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛ ÎyÓ˚y Ó ·˛ í˛z˛õy§lyÎ˚ Î%_´
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ çß√ ˆlÎ˚– í˛z_Ó˚y˛õÌ Ó°ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y §Ù@˝Ã àyˆÏDÎ˚ §ÙË)˛!ÙˆÏܲ•z Ó%V˛!SÈ– lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚yG Ó y·˛î ӈϰ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 121 122 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
ˆÓ yO Î%ˆÏà•z í˛z_Ó˚y˛õˆÏÌ xyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ܲyˆÏŒê˛Ó˚ çß√ •Î˚– Ü,˛£èÈüÈܲyŒê˛– ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù ê˛∆y•zÓy°ó §ˆÏàyˆÏe !ÓÓy• !lˆÏ£Ïôñ §ÓˆÏî≈ ã˛°– x§Çრ§yÓÈüÈܲyfiê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
˜Ó!òܲ ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy í˛z_Ó˚y˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ lyà í˛z˛õçy!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ó˚ çß√– •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° Ó y·˛îˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §yÓܲyˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x§Çრˆàye– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛
ÙÌ%Ó˚y xÌ≈yÍ ¢)Ó˚ˆÏ§l xM˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ!_ ˆÓ!¢ !SÈ°– xÓ¢ƒ •!hflÏly˛õ%Ó˚ xˆÏÌ≈ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ §yÓÈüÈܲyfiê˛=ˆÏ°y•z ~ܲ ~ܲê˛y çy!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ §yÓܲyfiê˛•z
åxyô%!lܲ !òÕ‘# Ù#Ó˚yê˛ xM˛°ä ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ ò!«˛î !Ó•yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ܲ !ÓhflÏ#î≈ ~ˆÏ[˛yàƒyÙy§– xÌ≈yÍ ˜Ó!òܲ Ó y·˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏD lyàÓ˚ Ó y·˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓy• !lˆÏ£Ïôñ !ܲ¡∫y
Ë)˛Ë˛yˆÏà lyˆÏàÓ˚y Ó§Óy§ ܲÓ˚ï˛– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ü,˛!£ÏÓ˚ í˛zߨ!ï˛ ~ï˛ Óƒy˛õܲ !SÈ° ˆÎñ !ã˛ï˛˛õyÓl Ó y·˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏD §yÓ˚fl∫ï˛ Ó y·˛ˆÏîÓ˚–
~•z ܲyˆÏŒê˛Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yôy Ó°Ó˚yˆÏÙÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ !SÈ° °y.°– lyˆÏàˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y ò%ˆÏê˛y Ó y·˛îƒ xyhs˝!Ó≈Óy• ò%Û˲yˆÏÓ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ xlƒylƒ çy!ï˛=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
âÑy!ê˛ !SÈ° ˆàyÜ%˛° G myÓ˚ܲy– lyˆÏàˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˲Ó˚ï˛ÓÇ¢#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ V˛yˆÏÙ°y í˛z˛õܲÌyÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ~ܲñ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ xÇ¢ ӈϰ !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ çy!ï˛Ó˚ §Ùyç §Çàë˛l xlƒylƒ
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– }àˆÏÓˆÏò •zw G Ü,˛ˆÏ£èÓ˚ !ÓÓyò ÙyÓ˚ydܲ xyܲyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– çy!ï˛=ˆÏ°yG @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚°– ï˛yÓ˚yG í˛z˛õçyï˛#Î˚ Üœ˛ƒyl=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ Ó y·˛îƒ ôÑyˆÏã˛ ˆ˛õ¢yÓ˚
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° ~•z ÙÌ%Ó˚y ¢)Ó˚ˆÏ§l ~°yܲy•z Ó y·˛îƒ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ#ë˛fliyl •ˆÏÎ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ lï%˛l lï%˛l §yÓÈüÈܲyˆÏfiê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !l!FSÈ°– ò%•zñ ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ Üœ˛ƒyl
í˛zë˛ˆÏÓ– ~•z xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ¢ÔÓ˚ˆ§Ï l# ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛ˆÏܲ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ•˚ z çß√ ˆlˆÏÓ ˜Ó!òܲÈüȧÇfl,Òï˛ñ ˆË˛ˆÏ. lï%˛l §yÓÈüÈܲyfiê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏ°ñ ÎyÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚•z°ñ ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty
Îy !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓòÈüȈÓòyhs˝ •zï˛ƒy!ò §Çܲ°l ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÓ– ˆ¢ÔÓ˚ˆÏ§l# ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛ xy§ˆÏ° !SÈ° Óƒ!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ•z §yÓÈüÈܲyfiê˛ ÓˆÏ° àîƒ •ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲ°– ~•z !mï˛#ˆÏÎ˚y_´ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z
Ùyàô# ≤ÃyÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚•z xlƒ ~ܲê˛y Ó˚*˛õ– Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ ˜Ó!òܲ §Çfl,ÒˆÏï˛ Ùyàô# ≤ÃyÜ,˛ˆÏï˛Ó˚ SÈy˛õ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ¢)o G xhs˝ƒçˆÏòÓ˚ çß√– Ó y·˛îƒ xyhs˝!Ó≈Óy• ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÙyçˆÏܲ
flõ‹T– ï˛Ó% ˆÎ ˛õ)Ó≈y•zÎ˚y ˲y£Ïy=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˜Ó!òܲ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ ~ï˛ ï˛y!FSÈ°ƒñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õyܲy˛õy!ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §•flÀ «%˛o çlÙ[˛°#ˆÏï˛ ˆÓшÏô !ò°–
ܲyÓ˚î Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ò%ˆÏê˛y §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w ˆÜ˛y¢° G ÙàˆÏôÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛°ï˛ ã˛yï%˛Ó≈î≈ ~ܲê˛y ï˛_¥àï˛ ÙˆÏí˛°– ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ylG ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ ï˛Ìƒ ˆl•z– Ó y·˛î
˲#£Ïî ≤Ã!ï˛m!®µï˛y– •Ñƒyñ ¢)Ó˚ˆÏ§l ˆÜ˛y¢° Óy Ó,•_Ó˚ ˆÜ˛y¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ xÇ¢ !SÈ°– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y !SÈ°ñ Ó y·˛î xyˆÏSÈó ܲyÎ˚fli !SÈ°ñ ܲyÎ˚fli xyˆÏSÈó ܲyÙyÓ˚ !SÈ°ñ ܲyÙyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈó ã˛y£Ïy
˜Ó!òܲ ܲÙ≈ܲy[˛ á%Ó §•ˆÏç ÙàˆÏô ê˛∆y™≤’ƒyrê˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ÎyÎ˚!l– ˛õ)Ó≈yM˛°#Î˚ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛Ó˚y !SÈ°ñ ã˛y£Ïy xyˆÏSÈó ly!˛õï˛ !SÈ°ñ ly!˛õï˛ xyˆÏSÈ– !ܲvñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˆÜ˛ylGܲyˆÏ°•z
!SÈ° ≤ÃÓ° ˆÓò!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– Ê˛ˆÏ°ñ ˛õ)Ó≈ˆÏò¢ˆÏܲ ˜Ó!òܲ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒ xï˛ ày°yày!° ˆáˆÏï˛ Ó y·˛îÈüÈ«˛!eÎ˚ÈüȘӢƒÈüÈ¢)o ~•z ˆË˛ò ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# !SÈ° ly– Gê˛y !SÈ° Ó y·˛îˆÏòÓ˚ñ Ó y·˛îƒ
•ˆÏÎ!˚ SÈ°– §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ Ê˛ƒylê˛y!§– Óï≈˛Ùyl ܲyˆÏ° ÎyÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ «˛!eÎ˚ Óy ˜Ó¢ƒ ӈϰ òy!Ó
àyˆÏDÎ˚ §ÙË)˛!Ù G !§¶%˛ í˛z˛õï˛ƒÜ˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ yO Î%ˆÏà•z Ó y·˛îƒÈüȧÇfl,Ò!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈˛õ%Ó˚&£Ï §Óy•z ¢)o Óy í˛z˛õçyï˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ°– xÌ≈yÍ
SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!l– Óy!ܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˜¢Ó ¢y_´ àyî˛õï˛ƒˆÏòÓ˚•z ≤Ã˲yÓ !SÈ°– xÓ¢ƒ Ó y·˛î SÈyí˛¸y ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Óy•z xÓ y·˛îÈüüüÈï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢)o Óy xhs˝ƒç ˆÎ lyˆÏÙ•z
˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛ Ó y·˛îƒÈüȧÇfl,Ò!ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÓòÈüȈÓòyˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ §yÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ í˛yܲy ˆ•yܲ– ~SÈyí˛¸y Ó y·˛îG çy!ï˛àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ÎçlÎyçlˆÏܲ•z ˆ˛õ¢y
ã˛°ˆÏ°Gñ Ó y·˛îƒ ˆòÓˆÏòÓ#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ˛õ%ˆÏçy ˆòÎ˚!l– í˛z_Ó˚y˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ Ü,˛£èÈüÈܲyŒê˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ~Ùl lÎ˚– Ó y·˛î çyà!ï˛Ü˛ §Ó ˆ˛õ¢yˆÏܲ•z §Ó Î%ˆÏà @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓÑyã˛yÓ˚
ÓÓ˚Ç ˛õƒylÈüÈ•z![˛Î˚yl ˆã˛•yÓ˚y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛y!àˆÏò– ÓƒÓ§yÈüÈÓy!îçƒñ ã˛y£ÏÓy§ñ ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚#ñ ÙyÎ˚ xhs˝ƒçˆÏòÓ˚ !Ù!lÎ˚y° ܲyç
Ó y·˛îƒ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ í˛zayˆÏl í˛z˛õçyï˛#Î˚ §Çàë˛l=ˆÏ°yÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y =îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚G §y«˛ƒ xyˆÏSÈ–
~ˆÏ§ ˆà°– ~•z Î%à ˆ◊!îÈüÈ!Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ Î%à– í˛z˛õçyï˛#Î˚ Üœ˛ƒylÈüȈê˛yˆÏê˛ÙÈüÈê˛∆y•zÓ ~•z ˆÓ yO Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ~•z çy!ï˛ˆÏ˲ò Óï≈˛Ùyl ܲy° xÓ!ô ÓˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– xÓ¢ƒ•z
§Çàë˛lê˛yÎ˚ ˲y.l ôÓ˚° ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ¢yàï˛ Üœ˛ƒylÈüÈxƒy!Ê˛!l!ê˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •°– ~ܲ ~ܲ lylyÓ˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– Óï≈˛Ùyl ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ !°D%•z§!ê˛Ü˛
ˆ˛õ¢yÓ˚ Üœ˛ƒyl ~ܲ ~ܲ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ çy!ï˛ àë˛l ܲÓ˚°– ˆ˛õ¢yˆÏܲ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z lï%˛l !í˛!˲¢yˆÏlñ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ çy!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 200!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §yÓÈüÈܲyfiê˛ á%шÏç ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
§yÙy!çܲ àë˛ˆÏl Ó y·˛ˆÏîÓ˚y x@˝Ãî# •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– !Ó!˲ߨ Üœ˛ƒyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y!•ï˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y àˆÏí˛¸ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyí˛¸y•z¢ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õòÓ# ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÓDˆÏòˆÏ¢ Ó y·˛ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õòÓ#
ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲÓ˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚ §yçyï˛ƒ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •°– Ó°y •°ñ Ó y·˛î çy!ï˛– ~•z çy!ï˛ àë˛ˆÏl ≤ÃyÎ˚ 450–
xÓ¢ƒ ê˛∆y•zÓy° ˛õƒyê˛yl≈ê˛yˆÏܲ Ù%ˆÏSÈ ˆòGÎ˚y ˆà° ly– xÌ≈yÍ ˛Üœ˛ƒyl ~ˆÏ:yàƒy!Ù Ó,•_Ó˚ ã˛y°% •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ l,˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ Óy xƒylˆÏÌ y˛õˆÏÙ!rê˛∆ !òˆÏÎ˚G xyÎ≈ x!˲Óy§l ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ
Ó y·˛î §ÙyçˆÏܲ lï%˛l ˆÙyí˛¸ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õçyï˛#Î˚ §ÙyçÓ¶˛l í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ !ò°– ~ál òÑyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ˆí˛y!°ˆÏܲyˆÏ§Ê˛y!°Ü˛ xy°˛õy•zl xyÎ≈Ó˚y ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚
ˆê˛yˆÏê˛ÙˆÏܲ Ó°y •° ˆàye ~ÓÇ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ˆÏܲ Ó°y •° Óî≈– !ÓÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ !lˆÏ£ÏôyK˛y í˛z_Ó˚y˛õˆÏÌ ˆÎ ˜Ó!òܲ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ã˛y°% •z!ï˛•y§ òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚
 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 123 124 ˘ x˛õÓ˚
Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈ° xlyÎ≈ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈– ~ !lˆÏÎ˚ ò%Û~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛Ìƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ yOÎ%ˆÏàÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ ˆ°Ô• Î%à ≠ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌy
ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚Ó–
ˆ°Ô•Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& ≤ÃyÎ˚ 1500 á #fiê˛˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ∑ñ Î!òG Ùàô xM˛ˆÏ° ˆ°ÔˆÏ•Ó˚
ôÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ÙyÌyÓ˚ á%!° ÎyÓ˚ Îï˛ê˛y °¡∫y xÌ≈yÍ ˆí˛y!°ˆÏܲyˆÏ§Ê˛y!°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
x!hflÏc •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xyÓ˚G ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly– ~•z Î%à ˆÓò §Çܲ°ˆÏlÓ˚ Î%àñ ~•z Î%à ˛õ%Ó˚yî
lyˆÏܲÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y ÎyÓ˚ Îï˛ê˛y ˆÓ!¢ñ ˆ§ ï˛ï˛ xyÎ≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ– ˆ§Ê˛y!°Ü˛ •zlˆÏí˛:
§Çܲ°ˆÏlÓ˚ Î%àñ ~•z Î%à ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ Ù•yçl˛õˆÏòÓ˚ñ ~•z Î%à Ó%k˛ˆÏòˆÏÓÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yˆÏÓÓ˚–
G lƒy§y° •zlˆÏí˛ˆÏ: xyÓ˚G lyly !ç!l£Ï ܲyí˛zrê˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ñ ˆ§§Ó ç!ê˛°ï˛yÎ˚ Îy!FSÈ
~•z Î%à ~álG ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– ã˛°ˆÏÓ– ~•z •z!ï˛•y§ xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z çy!l–
ly– ˆÓ˚çyŒê˛ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù–
1– •zí˛zly•zˆÏê˛í˛ ≤Ã!˲l§‰ Óy í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏò¢ÈüüüÈåxyÎ≈ Ùy˛õܲy!ë˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ƒy!B˛Ç ܲÓ˚yä–
ÓyÓlñ Ó y·˛îñ SÈe#ñ ܲyÎ˚fliñ Ü%˛Ù≈#ñ ÌyÓ˚&ñ Óy!lÎ˚yñ ˲yÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛y°ñ ˆ°y•yÓ˚ @˝Ãsi˛õO# ≠
ˆí˛yÙñ ˛õy!¢ñ Ù%¢•Ó˚– G•z í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢•z §yÙy!çܲ e´Ù ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù– 1– A. Berriedale Keith — Religion and Philosophy of the Veda.
Ó y·˛îñ ÓyÓlñ ܲyÎ˚fliñ Óy!lÎ˚yñ ܲÙ≈#ñ ˆ°y•yÓ˚ñ ˲yÓ˚ñ ÌyÓ˚&ñ SÈe#ñ ˆí˛yÙñ 2– M. Winternitz — A History of Indian Literature.
˛õy!¢ Ù%¢•Ó˚ñ ˆÜ˛y°– 3– Jean Jacques Rousseau — Essays on the Origin of
Languages.
2– ÓDˆÏò¢ Óy ˆÓD° ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛!™ˆÏï˛ÈüüüÈåxyÎ≈ Ùy˛õܲy!ë˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ƒy!B˛Ç ܲÓ˚yä–
4– Jacques Derrida — Of Grammatology.
Ó y·˛îñ ܲyÎ˚fliñ ã˛[˛y°ñ §òˆÏày˛õñ ˆàyÎ˚y°yñ Ù%!ã˛ñ ˆ˛õyòñ ˜Ü˛Óï≈˛ñ
Ó˚yçÓÇ¢#– 5– Sambhu Nath Mondol — Vedic-Puranic Proto-Sanskrit as
deciphered in the Indus Script. Publishers — Punthi Pustak,
§yÙy!çܲ e´Ù xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ Kolkata.
Ó y·˛îñ ܲyÎ˚fliñ §òˆÏày˛õñ ˜Ü˛Óï≈˛ñ ˆàyÎ˚y°yñ Ó˚yçÓÇ¢#ñ ˆ˛õyòñ ã˛[˛y°ñ 6– Asko Parpola — Indus Script.
Ù%!ã˛– 7– Iravatham Mahadevan — Indus Script.
3– ˆÓy¡∫y•z ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛!™ˆÏï˛ÈüüüÈåxyÎ≈ Ùy˛õܲy!ë˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ƒy!B˛Ç ܲÓ˚yä– 8– N. Jha & N. S. Ragaram — Deciphered Indus Script.
ÙyÓ˚yë˛y åí˛zFã˛äñ !ã˛Í˛õyÓl Ó y·˛îñ ˆ¢yl ˆÜ˛y!°ñ Ù•yÓ˚ñ ˲#°ñ Ü%˛l!Óñ 9– Rainer Hasenpflug — The Inscriptions of the Indian Civili-
ˆò¢lyÌ G lyàÓ˚ Ó y·˛îñ ÙyÓ˚yë˛y åây!ê˛ä– zation.
§yÙy!çܲ e´Ù xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ 10– Suniti Kumar Chatterji — The Origin and Development of the
!ã˛Í˛õyÓl Ó y·˛îñ ˆò¢lyÌ G lyàÓ˚ Ó y·˛îñ ÙyÓ˚yë˛y åí˛zFã˛äñ ÙyÓ˚yë˛y Bengali Language.
åây!ê˛äñ ˆ¢yl ˆÜ˛y!°ñ Ü%˛l!Óñ Ù•yÓ˚ñ ˲#°– 11– ˛õˆÏÓ˚¢ ã˛w Ùç%ÙòyÓ˚ ÈüüüÈ §Çfl,Òï˛ G ≤ÃyÜ,˛ï˛ ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ e´Ù!Óܲy¢–
~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ˆàyê˛y ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ç%ˆÏí˛¸•z– xyÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ˆÏD xlƒ ≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ 12– ˛õM˛yll ¢yflf# å§Çܲ!°ï˛ä ÈüüüÈ ï˛sfy!˲ôylÙ‰–
ÙˆÏôƒG !ÓhflÏÓ˚ àÓ˚!Ù°– ï˛Ó% ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢ xyÎ≈çy!ï˛ï˛_¥ G xyÎ≈ x!˲Óy§l ï˛_¥ ò%ˆÏê˛y•z 13– ˆòÓ#≤çyò ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚ ÈüüüÈ ˆ°yܲyÎ˚ï˛ ò¢≈l–
çÑy!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ӈϧ xyˆÏSÈ– 14– ¢!¢Ë)˛£Ïî òy¢=Æ ÈüüüÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢!_´§yôly G ¢y_´ §y!•ï˛ƒ–
ˆ§ !ܲ ~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎñ ~ܲyˆÏí˛!ÙÎ˚yÓ˚ Óí˛¸ xÇ¢ê˛y•z •Î˚ Ó y·˛îñ lÎ˚ ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ 15– ˛õÓ˚ˆÏÙ¢ ˆã˛Ôô%Ó˚# ÈüüüÈ xyÎ≈ çy!ï˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc•z !SÈ° ly–
í˛zÑã%˛ çyï˛⁄ 16– D. D. Kosambi — An Introduction to the Study of Indian
~ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ !òˆÏܲ ˆ§rê˛yÓ˚ Ê˛Ó˚ ˆ§°%°yÓ˚ G Ù!°!ܲí˛z°yÓ˚ ÓyˆÏÎ˚y°!çÓ˚ History.
§Ù#«˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!SÈ°yÙ– ˆ§•z §Ù#«˛yÎ˚ ˆçˆÏl!ê˛Ü˛§‰ ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ — The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient
India in Historical Outline.
çy!ï˛ˆÏ˲ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zͧ ê˛∆y•zÓy° ≤ÃÌyÓ˚ x§¡õ)î≈ !ӈϰy˛õ– §yÓÈüÈܲyfiê˛ñ ܲyfiê˛ xyÓ˚
ê˛∆y•zÓÈüüüÈ!ï˛lôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§#Ó˚ !çˆÏl ~ܲ•z !ã˛•´– Óò° ˆÜ˛Ó° lyˆÏÙñ xyÓ˚ 17– A. L. Basham — The Wonder That was India.

§yÙy!çܲ §¡õò xy•Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚– 18– S. Piggott — Prehistoric India.

 !§¶%˛!°!˛õÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏë˛yk˛yÓ˚ G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ ≤Ãyã˛#l •z!ï˛•y§ ˘ 125
19– !ò°#˛õÜ%˛ÙyÓ˚ ã˛e´Óï≈˛# ÈüüüÈ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ≤Ãy!à!ï˛•y§–
20– E. Gordon Childe — The Aryans.
Ù°Î˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ ≠ ˛õyë˛ÈüÈ!ÓË%Ñ˛•z
— Man Makes Himself. xÜ≈˛ ã˛ˆÏRy˛õyôƒyÎ˚
21– S. N. Dasgupta — History of Indian Philosophy.
22– James Frazer — The Golden Bough. xy!Ù Îál Ù°Î˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ ˛õ!í˛¸!l ï˛álG xy!Ù Ù°Î˚ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚
23– Marcel Mauss — A General Theory of Magic. Ù°Î˚ xyÙyˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸!SÈ°yÙ– ˛õˆÏí˛¸•z Îy!FSÈ°yÙ– Úí%˛ÓçˆÏ° ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ ≤ߪy§Û ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛
24– Claude Levi-Strauss — Tristes Tropiques. !àˆÏÎ˚ Îál ˆlyê˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛Ü˛ xï˛l%ˆÏܲ ˆòá°yÙ ˛õã˛yˆÏSÈÑí˛¸y ˆlyˆÏê˛Ó˚ ôí˛¸˛õyܲˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚
25– Verrier Elwin — Philanthropologist : Selected Writings. ӈϧ ӈϧ ˆ˛õyí˛¸y ˆlyˆÏê˛Ó˚ à¶˛ˆÏܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆ˛õyí˛¸y ÙyLjϧÓ˚ §ˆÏD !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ñ
26– G. S. Ghurye — Caste and Race in India. xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ˛õí˛¸° ÓSÈÓ˚ ò%ˆÏÎ˚ܲ xyˆÏà !°áˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚y ~ÎyÓÍ x§¡õ)î≈ xyÙyÓ˚
27– H. H. Risley — The Tribes and Castes of Bengal. í˛z˛õlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ò%!ê˛ °y•zlÈüüüÈÚÚÙ,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ Ùï˛ ò¢ ê˛yܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚l– Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ Îï˛ ò¢ ê˛yܲyÓ˚
28– R. S. Sharma — Sudras in Ancient India. ܲˆÏÎl˚ –ÛÛ
29– B. R. Ambedkar — Who were the Shudras? Ú~•z xôÙ G•z xôÙÛ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ù°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ê˛∆°!çˆÏï˛ •yï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈñ ~ܲ!òl ˛õí˛¸hs˝
30– N. K. Bose — The Structure of Hindu Society. !ÓˆÏܲˆÏ° ˆ§yÙlyÌòyÓ˚ ˆê˛!°ˆÏÊ˛yl G ~•z ˆ°áyÓ˚ xÓï˛yÓ˚îy– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆÊ˛§Ó%ˆÏܲ
31– M. N. Srinivas — Social Change in Modern India. Ù°Î˚òyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ìyñ •zÈüȈٕz° ã˛y°yã˛y!°– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ G ïÑ˛yÓ˚ òyòy §Ù#Ó˚ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚
32– áˆÏàwlyÌ ˆË˛Ô!Ùܲ ÈüüüÈ ˛õòÓ#Ó˚ í˛zͲõ!_ G e´Ù!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§– §y•yˆÏ΃ ܲˆÏ°ç !‹Tˆ… êÏ ˛Ó˚ xylyˆÏã˛ Ü˛ylyˆÏã˛ !Ó!˲ߨçˆÏlÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ •yˆÏï˛ •yˆÏï˛lyˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y
Ù°Î˚òyÓ˚ í˛z˛õlƒy§ñ à“ G ≤ÃÓ¶˛Ù)°Ü˛ àòƒ–
§Ó•z Ù°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲÌyÙï˛– ˆÎÙl Ú•yGÎ˚yÈüÈ49ÛˆÜ˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •zrê˛yÓ˚!˲í˛zˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l
ӈϰlÈüüüÈÚÚxyÙyÓ˚ Ó•z ˆï˛y àyòyàyòy !Ó!e´ •Î˚ lyñ ˆÜ˛yl !Ê˛:í˛ ˛õyÓ!°¢yÓ˚G ˆl•z–
˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° Ó•zê˛y á%шÏç á%шÏç ˆçyàyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ xÌ≈yÍñ xyÙyÓ˚ Ó•z !Î!l ˛õˆÏí˛¸l
Óyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚•z ˛õˆÏí˛¸lñ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛•z •Î˚ ӈϰ ˛õˆÏí˛¸l–ÛÛ xy!ÙG ˆï˛Ùl•z ~ܲ ◊!ÙܲÈüÈ˛õyë˛Ü˛–
xˆÏß∫£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ܲy!Î˚ܲï˛yÎ˚ ˛õyë˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ §¡±§yÓ˚î G !ÓˆÏÎ˚yçl ò%•zÈüÈ•z âˆÏê˛– ˆáÑyçy
G ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ~•z àˆÏ“ í˛z_Ó˚˛õyí˛¸y ¢•Ó˚ï˛!°Ó˚ §•flø,!ï˛ ˆ¢Î˚yÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ xyÙÓ˚y ò%Ûçl–
~•z fliy!lܲ ~ܲܲc Ù°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyáƒyˆÏl ~ܲ Ü)˛ê˛y˲y§ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ Îál
•zÙ!°ï˛°yÓ˚ xhs˝ƒç ˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ çß√fliyl Óy í˛z_Ó˚˛õyí˛¸yÓ˚ §yÓî≈ Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏã˛Ôô%Ó˚#Ó˚ !Ó°#Î˚Ùyl
˙ŸªÎ≈ÈüüüÈ~•z§Ó à¡∫%ç ˛õy¢ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ù°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲy!•l#=!° ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ
xhs˝ˆÏò≈¢#Î˚ ≤ÃÓyˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲ lÓƒÈüÈÓy.y!°Î˚ylyˆÏܲñ Îy ˆòÑyÈüÈxy¢°yñ Ӈ˲y!£Ïܲñ Ó‡
§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ G xô%ly!hs˝Ü˛ §Ùyç ˲yÓlyÓ˚•z ˆòy§Ó˚– ~•z§Ó ¢yáyÈüÈ≤âyáy ˆÌˆÏܲ
!Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yܲyˆÏ° !¢Ü˛ˆÏí˛¸Ó˚ à¡∫%çfl∫Ó˚*˛õ •zÙ!°ï˛°y Óy í˛z_Ó˚˛õyí˛¸yÎ˚ ~ܲ xly!Ó°
ï˛Ó˚°ï˛y ˜ï˛Ó˚# •Î˚– Ù°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyáƒyl ~•z “space of flows” [˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚ Îál §òy
ôyÓÙylñ ~ܲܲ xÓfliyl lÎ˚] ~Ó˚ flø,!ï˛Óy•#–
◊Ù§yôƒ ≤Ãy!Æ !òˆÏÎ˚•z ÷Ó˚& ܲ!Ó˚– Ú!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ù%áÛ ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ 2007 ç%°y•zÈüÈ!í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚
§ÇáƒyÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ í˛z˛õlƒy§ ÚxÓ˚*˛õ ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ~шÏê˛yܲyê˛yÛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ˆ˛õl!§°
!òˆÏÎ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛ ܲÓ˚!SÈ°yÙñ ˆòá°yÙ ˆ§ê˛yÓ˚ !¢£Ïê˛y ˲y.y– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˙ ~шÏê˛yܲyê˛y !¢£Ï