MEE3004: Internal Combustion Engines
B.Tech – Mechanical
FALL19-20
Sivakumar, R
SMBS, VIT Chennai
Module- 2
Combustion in Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition
Engines: Stages of combustion in SI and CI engines –
Combustion phasing - heat release rate based on cylinder
pressure measurement-Knock in CI and SI engines-
Measurement and control of Knock. (5 Hours)
Measurement and Control of Knock
Knock Sensors
Knock Sensors
Knock sensor detects engine knock and sends a voltage
signal to the ECM. The ECM uses the knock sensor signal
to control timing
Engine knock occurs within a specified frequency range
Knock Sensors
The knock sensor located in the engine block, cylinder
head or intake manifold is tuned to detect that frequency
Mounted to the cylinder block
Knock Sensors
Operating Principle
A piezo-electric element is
translating the vibrations
into an electric signal
proportional to the
acceleration
Due to the vibration, a
counter weight inside the
sensor is applying pressure Piezo-electric element is
on the piezo element, this tuned to the engine knock
pressure creates an electric frequency
charge in the piezo element.
This is the output signal of
the sensor
Knock Sensors
When knock occurs, For a knock application on
the voltage output a gasoline engine, the ECU
increases adjusts the spark timing
and on a diesel application,
the ECU controls the pilot
injection quantity
Knock Sensors
Combustion phasing - heat release
rate based on cylinder pressure
measurement
Combustion Phasing
To improve the efficiency
of an engine, the energy
supplied by the fuel must
be utilized more effectively
This means that the
amount of fuel energy
used for work output
should be maximized while
the amount going toward
losses in the system should
be minimized
Energy Flow
Combustion Phasing
One way to utilize the fuel energy more effectively is to
change the behavior of the combustion process, specifically
the duration and time at which combustion occurs during the
engine cycle. The timing is referred to as combustion phasing
A change in combustion phasing causes a change in
combustion duration
If the combustion phasing is shifted toward the optimum
setting for a particular engine, more fuel energy will be
utilized for brake power production and engine efficiency will
improve
This Optimum (MBT) timing then results in a specific crank
angle for the consumption of 50% of the fuel mass (CA50),
and a specific crank angle for the peak cylinder pressure
(CApp)
Heat release rate based on cylinder pressure
measurement
Cylinder pressure changes with crank angle as a result of
cylinder volume change, combustion, heat transfer to the
chamber walls, flow into and out of crevice regions and
leakage
Combustion rate information can be obtained from
accurate cylinder pressure data
Cylinder pressure is measured with piezoelectric pressure
transducer
Heat release rate based on cylinder pressure
measurement
pV diagram or indicator
V is the function of crank diagram
angle
Heat release rate based on cylinder pressure
measurement
pV diagram or indicator
Compression, expansion processes diagram
(without combustion) can be
approximated as polytropic
processes : pVn = const
Appear as linear on a log(p) –
log(V) graph
Slope indicates the value of ‘n’
n = 1.3 for compression and n =
1.33 for expansion
Points at which pressure curve
deviate from linear show start and
end of combustion
Heat release rate calculation
After obtaining data from the combustion cycle, net heat
release rate is calculated based on the first law of
thermodynamics
Heat release rate calculation
Instantaneous Heat release rate in SI Engines
Heat release rate calculation
Cumulative Heat release rate & Mass Fractions burned
Summary
You have learnt about the following
Stages of combustion in SI Engine
Stages of combustion in CI Engine
Knocking in SI and CI Engines
Measurement of knock and control of knock
Combustion phasing and heat release rate calculation
based on cylinder pressure measurement
End of Module-2
