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“IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST

BENEFICENT AND THE MOST MERCIFUL”

Read in the name of your Lord who created man

from a clot. Read and your Lord is the most
bounteous who taught by pen. Taught man that
which he did not know.

[Al-Quran, Surah: Al-Alaq (96),Ayyat: 1-5]

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 DEDICATION
Dedicated To

To my groups members whom effort and affections have given this

result to all of my dear Friends and Respectful Teachers.

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 ABSTRACT

Water distinguishes our planet compared to all the others we know about. While
the global supply of available freshwater is more than adequate to meet all current
and foreseeable water demands, its spatial and temporal distributions are not.
There are many regions where our freshwater resources are inadequate to meet
domestic, economic development and environmental needs. In such regions, the
lack of adequate clean water to meet human drinking water and sanitation needs
is indeed a constraint on human health and productivity and hence on economic
development as well as on the maintenance of a clean environment and healthy
ecosystems. All of us involved in research must find ways to remove these
constraints. We face multiple challenges in doing that, especially given a
changing and uncertain future climate, and a rapidly growing population that is
driving increased social and economic development, globalization, and
urbanization. How best to meet these challenges requires research in all aspects
of water management. Since 1965, the journal Water Resources Research has
played an important role in reporting and disseminating current research related
to managing the quantity and quality and cost of this resource. This paper
identifies the issues facing water managers today and future research needed to
better inform those who strive to create a more sustainable and desirable future.

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 Table of Contents
ABSTRACT 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 7

Chapter no 1 8
1 Introduction 9
1.1 Definition 9
1.2 History 9
1.2.1 Water scarcity in all over the world 9
1.3 Physical & economic scarcity 10
1.4 Water scarcity in Pakistan 11
1.4.1 Consumption of water in Pakistan 11
2 Chapter No 2
Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1 Causes of Scarcity: 14
2.1.1 Silting of reservoirs: 14
2.1.2 Seepage of Water 15
2.1.3 Water pollution 15
2.1.4 Global warming 16
2.1.5 Climate change 16
2.1.6 Over Population
Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.1.7 Deforestation 18
3 Chapter no 3 20
3.1 Growing water scarcity in agriculture 20
3.1.1 Water scarcity typology: 20
3.1.2 Long-term risks 22
3.2 Effect on Human Health: 23
3.3 Water Scarcity and Poverty 23
3.4 Effect on Environments: 24
3.4.1 Climate change: 25

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 3.5 Impact on economy: 25
3.6 Freshwater Stress: 25
4 Ways to conserve water: 27
4.1 General from the world: 27
4.2 In Pakistan: 28
4.2.1 Empower People to save water: 30
4.2.2 Look below the surface, water saving can come from unexpected
places: 30
4.2.3 Government's Role 32
4.2.3.1 Dam Construction helps in storing water 32
4.2.3.2 Indus Water Treaty
323
5 CONCLUSION:
377
CHAPTER NO 6
388
REFERENCES
388
6 Chapter no 6 39
6.1 References 39

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Presentation, inspiration and motivation have always played a key role in success
of any venture.

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who provided the
possibility to complete this report. A special gratitude we give to our project
manager, Mr. Waheed Ahmed, whose contribution in stimulating suggestions
and encouragement, helped us to coordinate us in writing this report.

Furthermore, a special thanks goes to all group members; Mr. Zunoorian Khan
Mr. Saad Bin Zafar, Mr. Hamid Manan Khan, Mr. Bilal Qaiser, and Mr.
Safdar Ali who helped to assemble the parts and gave suggestion about the report
subtopics. All group members would like to thank the head of the project, Mr.
Zunoorain Khan who have invested his full effort in guiding the team in
preparation of report.

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Chapter no 1 Introduction

Chapter No. 1

Introduction

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 Chapter no 1 Introduction

1 Introduction

1.1 Definition:

Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the demands
of water usage within a region. More than 1.2 billion people lack access to clean
drinking water. Water scarcity involves water stress, water shortage or deficits,
and water crisis
1.2 History:

1.2.1 Water scarcity in all over the world:

A mere 0.014% of all water on Earth is both fresh and easily accessible. Of the
remaining water, 97% is saline and a little less than 3% is hard to access.
Technically, there is a sufficient amount of freshwater on a global scale. However,
due to unequal distribution (exacerbated by climate change) resulting in some
very wet and some very dry geographic locations, plus a sharp rise in global
freshwater demand in recent decades driven by industry, humanity is facing
a water crisis. Demand is expected to outstrip supply by 40% in 2030, if current
trends continue[2][3] The total amount of easily accessible freshwater on Earth, in
the form of surface water (rivers and lakes) or groundwater (in aquifers, for
example), is 14.000 cubic kilometers (nearly 3359 cubic miles). Of this total
amount, 'just' 5.000 cubic kilometers are being used and reused by humanity.
Hence, in theory, there is more than enough freshwater available to meet the
demands of the current world population of more than 7 billion people, and even
support population growth to 9 billion or more. Due to the unequal geographical
distribution and especially the unequal consumption of water, however, it is a
scarce resource in some parts of the world and for some parts of the population [4]
Scarcity as a result of consumption is caused primarily by the extensive use of
water in agriculture/livestock breeding and industry. People in developed
countries generally use about 10 times more water daily than those in developing
countries . A large part of this is indirect use in water-intensive agricultural and
industrial production processes of consumer goods, such as fruit, oil seed crops
and cotton. Because many of these production chains have been globalized, a lot
of water in developing countries is being used and polluted in order to produce
goods destined for consumption in developed countries.

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Chapter no 1 Introduction

Figure 1.1: Baseline water stress: ratio of total annual water withdrawals to total available
annual renewable supply, accounting for upstream consumptive use

1.3 Physical & economic scarcity:

Water scarcity can result from two mechanisms:

 physical (absolute) water scarcity
 economic water scarcity

Physical water scarcity results from inadequate natural water resources to supply a
region's demand, and economic water scarcity results from poor management of
the sufficient available water resources. According to the United Nations
Development Program, the latter is found more often to be the cause of countries
or regions experiencing water scarcity, as most countries or regions have enough
water to meet household, industrial, agricultural, and environmental needs, but lack
the means to provide it in an accessible manner.[5]
Economic water scarcity is caused by a lack of investment in infrastructure or
technology to draw water from rivers, aquifers or other water sources, or
insufficient human capacity to satisfy the demand for water. One quarter of the
world's population is affected by economic water scarcity. Economic water
scarcity includes a lack of infrastructure, causing the people without reliable
access to water to have to travel long distances to fetch water that is often
contaminated from rivers for domestic and agricultural uses.[6]

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Chapter no 1 Introduction

1.4 Water scarcity in Pakistan:

Pakistan is one of the world’s most arid countries, with an average rainfall of
under 240 mm a year. The population and the economy are heavily dependent on
an annual influx into the Indus river system (including the Indus, Chenab, Jhelum,
Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers) of about 180 billion cubic meters of water, most
derived from snowmelt in the Himalayas, and most emanating from neighboring
countries. Throughout history people have adapted to the low and poorly
distributed rainfall by either living along river banks or by careful husbanding
and management of local water resources. One of the greatest of human
civilizations – the Indus Valley civilization (Harrapa and Mohenjo Daro) –
flourished along the banks of the Indus.[7]

Figure 1.2: Effected dam by scarcity of water

1.4.1 Consumption of water in Pakistan:

Out of the 169,384 billion m³ of water which were withdrawn in 2000, 96% were
used for agricultural purposes, leaving 2% for domestic and another 2% for
industrial use. By far most water is used for irrigated agriculture, emphasizing the
particular significance of agriculture in the country. The sector contributes about
25% of the Pakistan's GNP (2000-2001). The country still has the world's largest

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Chapter no 1 Introduction

contiguous irrigation system. In 1999-2000, the total irrigated area in Pakistan

was 181,000 km².[8]

Table 1.1 According to the American society of population

Rank City City Rank City City

Population Population
(2002) (2002)
1 Karachi 10,272,500 6 Multan 1,310,400

2 Lahore 5,611,500 7 Hyderabad 1,275,900

3 Faisalabad 2,191,200 8 Peshawar 1,094,900

4 Rawalpindi 1,558,400 9 Quetta 620,900

5 Gujranwala 1,349,300 10 Islamabad 586,500

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Chapter no 2 Causes

Chapter No. 2

Causes of Water Scarcity

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Chapter no 2 Causes

2 Cause of water Scarcity:

2.1 Causes of Scarcity:

2.1.1 Silting of reservoirs:

Silting of reservoirs is not the little issue as it seems to be. Silting of reservoirs
are severely destroying the storage capacity of the reservoirs, eventually,
reducing power generation ability with the menace of load shedding and affecting
water distribution to the areas where river does not flow through directly. Tarbela
and Mangla two major reservoirs facing a lot of silting problems which is
continuously being increased and is up-to 6.6 million acre feet (MAF). This
silting is also contributing to the floods which can be avoided if silting is removed
time to time because prevention is better than cure. Hence, our ignorance in this
side has paid off and country is facing water shortage, the situation can go worse
if it remains unheeded.[9]

Figure 1.3: lahore near Ichara

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Chapter no 2 Causes

2.1.2 Seepage of Water:

Seepage is defined as the process of divergence of water from canal side and gets
into the soil. Studies show 30 to 40 % of water provided through canals gets into
the soil without being utilized. This lost water can be used to irrigate 3 million
acres of additional land annually.[9]

Figure 1.4: Pakistan’s Dam

2.1.3 Water pollution:

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of

human activities example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater. Water
pollution results when contaminants are introduced into the natural environment.
For example, releasing inadequately treated waste water into natural water bodies
can lead to degradation of aquatic ecosystems. In turn, this can lead to public
health problems for people living downstream.[10][11]

Figure 1.5: Pollution in canal of Gujranwala

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Chapter no 2 Causes

Water pollution can be grouped into surface water pollution. Marine

pollution and nutrient pollution are subsets of water pollution. Sources of water
pollution are either point sources and non-point sources. Point sources have one
identifiable cause of the pollution, such as a storm drain[12]
2.1.4 Global warming:

Global warming is a long-term rise in the average temperature of

the Earth's climate system, an aspect of climate change shown by temperature
measurements and by multiple effects of the warming.[13][14]

There is also a scarcity of water due to global warming because there is increase
in temperature which is known as greenhouse effect which can increase the salted
water in the sea and clean water decreases
2.1.5 Climate change:

Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in

new weather patterns that last for at least a few decades, and maybe for
millions of years. The climate system is comprised of five interacting parts
the atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water), cryosphere (ice
and permafrost), biosphere (living things), and lithosphere (earth's crust
and upper mantle).[15]

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Chapter no 2 Causes

Figure 1.6: The impact of water scarcity on GDP by 2050, relative to a baseline scenario
with no scarcity.

Human activities can also change earth's climate, and are presently driving
climate change through global warming. There is no general agreement in
scientific, media or policy documents as to the precise term to be used to refer
to anthropogenic forced change; either "global warming" or "climate change"
may be used.[16]
2.1.6 Over Population:

The term human overpopulation refers to the relationship between the entire
human population and its environment: the Earth, or to smaller geographical
areas such as countries. Overpopulation can result from an increase in births, a
decline in mortality rates, an increase in an unsustainable biome and depletion of
resources. It is possible for very sparsely populated areas to be overpopulated if
the area has a meagre or non-existent capability to sustain life (e.g. a desert). [17]

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Chapter no 2 Causes

Graph 2.1:

2.1.7 Deforestation:

Deforestation, clearance, clear cutting or clearing is the removal of a forest or

stand of trees from land which is then converted to a non-forest use Deforestation
can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use. The most
concentrated deforestation occurs in tropical rainforests.[18]

Figure 1.7: Cutting of trees in Tropical Forest

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Chapter no 3 Effects

Chapter no 3

Effects

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Chapter no 3 Effects

3 Chapter no 3
3.1 Growing water scarcity in agriculture:

Water security may be seen as tolerable water-related risk to society. Water's

social and productive potential meets human society in two main ways: on the
one hand, as liquid (blue) water to meet hygienic, health and economic
requirements (including irrigation), and, on the other hand, as the infiltrated
rainwater in the soil (green water) that operates the production of food and other
biomass. To be water secure, an individual needs about 1200 m3/p yr [19], but a
strong economy can afford to import water-intensive commodities. A central
question for humanity's future is therefore whether there is enough water in the
global system to meet the demands of tomorrow's world population. Unless action
is taken now, water insecurity is likely to become a key geopolitical issue that
affects the entire global economic system[20] . This involves both harnessing
water's social and production potential and limiting its destructive effects.
3.1.1 Water scarcity typology:

The key role played by freshwater in the biomass production process, and
therefore for food production, implies that risks to water security arise not only
from scarcity of liquid water (blue water), but also from scarcity of infiltrated rain
in the soil (green water), which limits food production potential.[21]
3.1.1.1 Green water scarcity:

Green water can be scarce for several reasons. Some reasons are climate- and soil
related, whereas others are related to people's activities[22]. There may be too little
rain; most of the rain may evaporate leaving the soil dry; there may be problems
with infiltration, for example soil crusting, so that rain quickly runs off; and the
soils may have poor water holding capacity so that water percolates to recharge
groundwater layers.

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Chapter no 3 Effects

Figure 3.1: Green water scarcity for 2006

3.1.1.1.1 Dry climate:

Figure 3.1 shows the relationship between rainfall and the minimum crop water
requirement. The diagram shows that conditions are especially critical where the
crop water requirement line meets the precipitation curve. One vulnerable area is,
for instance, the northern part of Tunisia, getting 400–750 mm yr−1 [23]. This
means that without irrigation to complement, yields would be fluctuating between
total crop failure during drought years and good yields in years with plenty of
rain.

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Chapter no 3 Effects

3.1.1.1.2 Droughts:
A drought or drought is a natural disaster of below-average precipitation in a
given region, resulting in prolonged shortages in the water supply, whether
atmospheric, surface water or ground water. A drought can last for months or
years, or may be declared after as few as 15 days. It can have a substantial impact
on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region and harm to the
local economy.

Figure 3.2: Drought in Balochistan

3.1.2 Long-term risks:

On the regional scale, both driving forces at work and ongoing land-use change
will involve additional water security risks, both in terms of global food security
complications and risks to the global water circulation system itself.

3.1.2.1 Global Food Supply:

Water scarcity has a huge impact on food production. Without water people do
not have a means of watering their crops and, therefore, to provide food for the
fast growing population. This causes more water than necessary to be used or for
there not to be enough water to ensure healthy crop.

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Chapter no 3 Effects

3.2 Effect on Human Health:

Water scarcity generates sanitation problems by forcing people to drink unsafe

water. In fact, when water is scarce people tend to store it at home, which
increases the risk of domestic water contamination and creates breeding grounds
for mosquitoes, which transmit dengue and malaria.[24]Diseases due to poor
drinking-water access, unimproved sanitation, and poor hygiene practices cause
4.0% of all deaths and 5.7% of all disability or ill health in the world. About 80%
of urban dwellers have access to piped drinking water and 96% have access to
improved drinking water sources. However, often the bacteriological quality of
this water remains poor; more than 50% of urban residents in developing
countries are still affected at one time or another by diseases related to insufficient
access to safe drinking-water and improved sanitation.

Figure 3.3: Liyari, In Sindh province

3.3 Water Scarcity and Poverty:

The poor living in irrigated areas are at great risk because of the growing scarcity
and competition for water, and the overexploitation of groundwater resources. In
addressing the poverty problem, the impact of reduced water availability for
irrigation must be considered, not only on crop production, but also on the wide
range of other uses that are a part of the livelihood of rural agricultural
communities[25]
There are two regions of the world that stand out in terms of the scope and
magnitude of rural poverty South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. They could not
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Chapter no 3 Effects

be more contrasting in terms of water resources and irrigation development and

hence the challenge posed to International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
scientists and others for poverty alleviation. In South Asia close to fifty percent
of the cereal grain area is irrigated. Two-thirds of cereal grain production and
most of the marketed surplus comes from the irrigated areas. On the contrary, in
sub-Saharan Africa the contribution of irrigation to cereal grain production is
about 5 percent.
3.4 Effect on Environments:

Water scarcity has many negative impacts on the environment, including lakes,
rivers, wetlands and other fresh water resources. The resulting water overuse that
is related to water scarcity, often located in areas of irrigation agriculture, harms
the environment in several ways including increased salinity, nutrient pollution,
and the loss of floodplains and wetlands.[26]Furthermore, water scarcity makes
flow management in the rehabilitation of urban streams problematic.

Figure 3.4: U.S. Geological Survey

Through the last hundred years, more than half of the Earth's wetlands have been
destroyed and have disappeared. These wetlands are important not only because
they are the habitats of numerous inhabitants such as mammals, birds, fish,
amphibians, and invertebrates, but they support the growing of rice and other food
crops as well as provide water filtration and protection from storms and flooding.
Freshwater lakes such as the Aral Sea in central Asia have also suffered. Once
the fourth largest freshwater lake, it has lost more than 58,000 square km of area
and vastly increased in salt concentration over the span of three decades.[27]
Subsidence, or the gradual sinking of landforms, is another result of water
scarcity. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that subsidence has affected more

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Chapter no 3 Effects

than 17,000 square miles in 45 U.S. states, 80 percent of it due to groundwater

usage. In some areas east of Houston, Texas the land has dropped by more than
nine feet due to subsidence. Brownwood, a subdivision near Baytown, Texas, was
abandoned due to frequent flooding caused by subsidence and has since become
part of the Baytown Nature Center.
3.4.1 Climate change:

Aquifer drawdown or over drafting and the pumping of fossil water increases the
total amount of water within the hydrosphere subject to transpiration and
evaporation processes, thereby causing accretion in water vapor and cloud cover,
the primary absorbers of infrared radiation in the earth's atmosphere. Adding
water to the system has a forcing effect on the whole earth system, an accurate
estimate of which hydrogeological fact is yet to be quantified
3.5 Impact on economy:

Pakistan has agriculture based economy. A large amount of employment and

national income comes from agriculture. Water shortage directly affects
agricultural products and so does on economy. Serious measures are to be taken
to save this asset in order to provide water to the generations to come.
3.6 Freshwater Stress:

Today everyone is concerned about the potential water scarcity in the face of
increasing, mainly population-driven, water demands, and its consequences on
our energy and food production. The Global Risk Perception Survey conducted
among 900 recognized experts by the World Economic Forum reports that the
highest level of societal impact over the next 10 years will be from water crises[28]

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Chapter no 4 Ways to conserve water

Chapter No. 4

Ways to Conserve Water

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Chapter no 4 Ways to conserve water

4 Ways to conserve water:

4.1 General from the world:

In order to solve a problem we must acknowledge that we have one and when it
comes to water people can easily turn a blind eye pretending that, “This water is
coming out of tap now, everything will be fine forever.” But some smart drought
effected countries have adopted simple innovative measures to make sure their
citizens their communities and companies know just how dry their countries are;
like in Cape Town the mayor started running electronic billboard indicating city
water level each day. This is the idea they may have got from Australia when it
faced one of the worst droughts of the country’s history from 1997 to 2009. Water
level of Melbourne dropped to very low capacity of almost 26% but the city didn’t
yell at people, it didn’t plead to them that, “please do not use water”, they used
electronic billboards, flashing available levels of water to all citizens across the
city. They were honestly telling people that how much water they have and letting
them to take responsibility for themselves.

Figure 4.1: freeway of Cape Town

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Chapter no 4 Ways to conserve water

Figure 4.2: A photo from Thar, Sindh

Although it does not restrict people to use less water but yet it makes them
responsible and urges them to use less water during daily use, sometimes so less
that we can’t even imagine of using so much less water in Pakistan.
4.2 In Pakistan:
It has been predicted by looking at Pakistan’s water usage that Pakistan could
face drought in the near future according to experts in the country, who
have warned the country will approach the “absolute scarcity” level of water by
2025.

The Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources (PCRWR) made the grim
forecast in a new report which claimed the country touched the “water stress line”
in 1990 before crossing the “water scarcity line” in 2005.

An unnamed government official in the south Asian country told Pakistani media
that urgent research is needed to find a solution.

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Chapter no 4 Ways to conserve water

Figure 4.3: Facts about using water

Pakistan has the world’s fourth highest rate of water use but is dependent on water
from a single source – the Indus River basin in India.

An estimated million people live in Pakistan’s largest city, Karachi – but very
few have running water after the land has gradually dried up, forcing many
residents to queue for hours for supplies to be given to them.

Shamsul Mulk, former chairman of the Water and Power Development Authority
in the country, said water policy is simply non-existent in Pakistan. Policymakers
act like “absentee landlords” over water, he added.

“Because of this absentee landlordism, water has become the property of the
landlords and the poor are deprived of their share."

Experts say that population growth and urbanization are the main reasons behind
the crisis. Some say the issue has been exacerbated by climate change and poor
water management.

Energy sector expert Irfan Choudhry said the authorities appear to lack the
political will to tackle the problem.

“There are no proper water storage facilities in the country. Pakistan hasn't built
new dams since the 1960s. What we see is political bickering over the issue. The
authorities need to act now. We can store water for only 30 days, and it is
worrisome,” Mr. Choudhry told local media.

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Chapter no 4 Ways to conserve water

Some politicians have warned of “massive corruption” in the water sector with
some seeking to profiteer from the scarcity of a vital resource.[29]

Some of the ways to conserve water are:

4.2.1 Empower People to save water:

If you want people to spend less water, then one way to do that is to make them
spend less time in shower, however interviews reveal that some people, women
in particular, aren’t keen on saving water this way. Some of them honestly said,
“Shower is not just to clean up, it’s my sanctuary, it’s a space I go to relax.”

So to implement this we should start offering water-efficient shower heads for

free, at least for the start and let people get used to it in time and conserve water
usage, in fact water wastage In showers.

4.2.2 Look below the surface, water saving can come from unexpected
places:

4.2.2.1 Precipitation:
Mean annual rainfall varies from less than 100 mm in parts of Balochistan and
Sindh, to more than 1500 mm in wet mountains. In Gilgit-Baltistan (GB), at
altitudes exceeding 5000 m, snowfall exceeds 5000 mm and provides the largest
resource of water in the glaciated zone. About 60 percent of rainfall is received
during July September. Contribution of rainwater to crops in the Indus Basin
Irrigation System (IBIS) is 13.4 MAF, which is 13.5 percent of the mean annual
canal diversions in the post-Tarbela period. Extreme variability in seasonal
rainfall has direct impacts on the river owes. Ninety-two percent of country's area
is classified as semi-arid to arid.[30]
Dam’s should be built to store rain water, more the dams, more is the capacity of
storing rain water. Pakistan being one of the most water consuming country, it is
necessary for it to even think of various water conservation ways and techniques,
otherwise drought prediction of 2025 might come true.

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Chapter no 4 Ways to conserve water

Figure 4.4: Diagram showing annual precipitation in Pakistan

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Chapter no 4 Ways to conserve water

4.2.3 Government’s Role:

Governments set water quality standards, issue water-use permits and ensure
reliable supplies for the communities they serve. They also have the power to
control consumption rates. Because it is the government’s responsibility to
prepare for drought and emergency situations, most water agencies promote
efficient water use and water conservation. They educate citizens through public
service programs and announcements, and by partnering with local conservation
groups, such as the Environmental Protection Agency’s Water Sense program.

4.2.3.1 Dam Construction helps in storing water:

A dam is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground

streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide
water for activities such as irrigation, human consumption, industrial
use, aquaculture, and navigability. Hydropower is often used in conjunction
with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect water or for
storage of water which can be evenly distributed between locations.
Dams are the main source of water for any country, Pakistan Government has
been working on plans of dams for a long time now and then but those plans are
interfered by rival governments and even India who sits upon our main water
sources.
There are many dams under construction in Pakistan and have been held on due
to governmental issues, if water has to be conserved dams should be
constructed. Dams under construction in Pakistan are:
Diamer-Bhasha, Mohmand dams:
ISLAMABAD: Construction work on two major dams — Mohmand and
Diamer-Bhasha — is all set to begin in the first and second quarters of 2019
with a total approved cost of about Rs883 billion.
Mohammad Faisal Vawda, the newly appointed Minister for Water Resources,
was given a briefing by Muzammil Hussain, the chairman of the Water and
Power Development Authority (Wapda), about the building of the dams. The
retired lieutenant general assured the minister that everything was on course and
that construction is going to commence in 2019.

An official said construction work on the Rs309bn Mohmand dam would start
in the first quarter of 2019. He added that the process of hiring consultants was
in the final stages, who would evaluate the bids for the project and also monitor
implementation.
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Chapter no 4 Ways to conserve water

The official said the authorities had invited consultancy firms to submit
proposals for the Rs478bn Diamer-Bhasha dam. He added that several
companies had submitted applications for the pre-qualification process and their
offers were being evaluated to be included in the bidding stage.

Wapda chairman briefs minister the work will cost Rs883bn

The authorities have already divided the Diamer-Bhasha dam into two
components — the main dam and other sub-structures. The first stage of the
multi-purpose project will begin latest by June 2019, and will be followed by
the electro-mechanical phase power house some time later, which is estimated
to cost Rs751bn.

The meeting was informed that the fund created by the chief justice of Pakistan,
which was later joined by the prime minister, had seen a total donation inflow
of Rs4.6bn. Already, Rs23.8bn for the Diamer-Bhasha dam and Rs2bn for the
Mohmand dam had been allocated in the Public Sector Development Program
2018-19.
The Wapda chairman also explained the various factors that were causing the
water crisis in the country. He said that building new dams and adopting water
conservation strategies were critical for the future.
The minister was also briefed on recently completed Wapda projects and the
status of other ongoing water and hydropower projects, including Dasu and
Keyal Khwar hydropower plant and Kurram Tangi and Nai Gaj dams.

The briefing also touched on the ready-for-construction projects, which include

Kachhi Canal Phase-II and III, Kurram Tangi dam, Tarbela’s 5th extension and
Harpo and Bunji hydropower plants.

The minister assured the Wapda team that the government was fully committed
to constructing hydropower projects to improve water availability for domestic,
industrial and agricultural sectors, while at the same time add low-cost hydel
electricity to the national grid.

4.2.3.2 Indus Water Treaty:

Indus Waters Treaty was signed on September 19, 1960,

between India and Pakistan and brokered by the World Bank. The treaty fixed
and delimited the rights and obligations of both countries concerning the use of
the waters of the Indus River system.

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Chapter no 4 Ways to conserve water

The Indus River rises in the southwestern Tibet Autonomous

Region of China and flows through the disputed Kashmir region and then into
Pakistan to drain into the Arabian Sea. It is joined by numerous tributaries,
notably those of the eastern Punjab Plain—the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas,
and Sutlej rivers. The Indus River system has been used for irrigation since time
immemorial. Modern irrigation engineering work began about 1850. During the
period of British rule in India, large canal systems were constructed, and old canal
systems and inundation channels were revived and modernized. However, in
1947 British India was partitioned, resulting in the creation of an independent
India and West Pakistan (later called Pakistan). The water system was
thus bifurcated, with the head works in India and the canals running through
Pakistan. After the expiration of the short-term Standstill Agreement of 1947, on
April 1, 1948, India began withholding water from canals that flowed into
Pakistan. The Inter-Dominion Accord of May 4, 1948, required India to provide
water to the Pakistani parts of the basin in return for annual payments. This too
was intended as a stopgap measure, with further talks to take place in hopes of
reaching a permanent solution.[31]

Negotiations soon came to a standstill, however, with neither side willing to

compromise. In 1951 David Lilienthal, former head of both the Tennessee Valley
Authority and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, visited the region for the
purpose of researching articles that he was to write for Collier’s magazine. He
suggested that India and Pakistan should work toward an agreement to jointly
develop and administer the Indus River system, possibly with advice and
financing from the World Bank. Eugene Black, who was then the president of the
World Bank, agreed. At his suggestion, engineers from each country formed a
working group, with engineers from the World Bank offering advice. Political
considerations, however, prevented even these technical discussions from
arriving at an agreement. In 1954 the World Bank submitted a proposal for a
solution to the impasse. After six years of talks, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru and Pakistani President Mohammad Ayub Khan signed the Indus Waters
Treaty in September 1960.

The treaty gave the waters of the western rivers—the Indus, Jhelum, and
Chenab—to Pakistan and those of the eastern rivers—the Ravi, Beas, and
Sutlej—to India. It also provided for the funding and building of dams, link
canals, barrages, and tube wells—notably the Tarbela Dam on the Indus River
and the Mangla Dam on the Jhelum River. These helped provide water to
Pakistan in the amounts that it had previously received from the rivers now
assigned to India’s exclusive use. Much of the financing was contributed by
member countries of the World Bank. The treaty required the creation of a
Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner from each country, in order
to maintain a channel for communication and to try to resolve questions about
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Chapter no 4 Ways to conserve water

implementation of the treaty. In addition, a mechanism for resolving disputes was

provided.[32]
Numerous disputes were peacefully settled over the years through the Permanent
Indus Commission. In a significant challenge to the treaty, in 2017 India
completed the building of the Kishanganga dam in Kashmir and continued work
on the Ratle hydroelectric power station on the Chenab River despite Pakistan’s
objections and amid ongoing negotiations with the World Bank over whether the
designs of those projects violated the terms of the treaty.
If this water treaty gets solved, Pakistan won’t have to worry about water,
Pakistan as an agricultural country will prosper and might end up with no
competitions in agriculture.

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Chapter no 5 Conclusion

Chapter No. 5

Conclusion

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Chapter no 5 Conclusion

5 CONCLUSION:

The paper analyses the various aspects of water resources of Pakistan and presents
a water conservation strategy. The importance of water cannot be laid aside while
talking for economic growth and development of Pakistan as it serves as a life
blood of the economy. With the rapid growth of population and increased use of
water, its supply is not meeting its demand over the time. Besides the menaces of
water shortages and energy crisis, global warming is another serious challenge
daunting the policy-makers of the country. Water use practices in the country are
not in accordance with water conservation and quality requirements. Most of the
water is polluted and unhygienic for drinking purpose both for human and
animals. There is a need to analyze the existing water resources and
recommending comprehensive conservation and management strategy in view of
catering the planning requirements for the future. In order to overcome the
burning issue confronted with water requirements for agriculture and energy there
is a pressing need to construct some new mega dams which could serve the larger
interest of the people of Pakistan and their coming generations for accruing the
mutual benefits on the basis of equity and justice. Every year due to floods a lot
of water flows down towards sea and its inundation causes huge and irreparable
losses to human lives, property and assets of public and private sectors. For
overcoming such menaces, small and flood dams at different sites should be
constructed. Last, but not least, there is a need to switch the irrigation from
traditional system to the directions of “Blue Revolution” which could meet the
challenge of water shortages and water losses to a greater extent. The proper
lining of the canal system could also reduce water losses and in this way water
could be economized and used for alternative purposes.

“SAVE WATER SAVE PAKISTAN”

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Chapter no 6 Reference

Chapter No. 6
REFERENCES

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Chapter no 6 Reference

6 Chapter no 6
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