MOBILE CONTROL MOTOR FOR ON/OFF

USING GSM MODULE

 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1 OVERVIEW 1OF THE PROJECT

Agriculture is one of biggest industry in India which serves food for more than a
billion people every year. Producing vast amount of food is never an easy task; irrigation is
one of the factor.
Most of the agriculturist’s crop field is situated far from their residence, just turning on the
water pump costs huge for their transportation per year.

India is known for IT skills and space programs and reached mars less than cost of
movie “Gravity”, this signifies the great potential among Engineers and Scientists. But, the
skills are not uniformly distributed across different fields; agriculture is one of the field where
technological development is slow.

Control system is a system where we can shut down the machine whenever we want.
That's the difference between controlled and uncontrolled machine. Our project is about make
this control system efficient and dynamic. As the name suggested the automatic control is for
controlling the motor from remote place, look over its operating conditions, get feedback
from the motor itself. Our target is to control the motor from distant place by mobile DTMF
tone and also get feedback by SMS while it is in ON or OFF condition. We also ensure the
safe operation of the motor by detecting the voltage of the source and ensure feedback from
system while it is over or under voltage. Again we also get these feedbacks by SMS as well.
GSM network is everywhere in our country that's why we choose GSM network to operate
our motor also transfer feedback information through it. We also use GSM network because
if we use it then we don't need to establish extra for networking. To transmit feedback signals
we use GSM modem at the motor end also generate control signal by mobile DTMF because
it is very easy to generate DTMF by mobile station and send feedback SMS by Modem as
well. In industrial sector equipment we hope our project is become handy and cost effective
to operate motor and give its protection.
1.2 TOOLS REQUIRED
COMPONENTS REQUIRED

• Arduino UNO

• GSM sim 900A

• 12V relay

• BC548 transistor

• Resistors(330Ω)

• LED indicator

• IN4007 Diode

• Capacitor 1000µF

• 12-0V Transformer 500mA

• 7812 with heat sink

• Motor ( Submersible motor pump 12V )

• Jumper wires
 CHAPTER 3

ARDUINO UNO

3.1 ARDUINO HARDWARE

Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware and

software. It consists of a circuit board, which can be programmed (referred to as a
microcontroller) and a ready-made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), which is used to write and upload the computer code to the physical board.

The key features are −

 Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different sensors
and turn it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect to the
cloud and many other actions.
 You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software).
 Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an extra
piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto the board.
You can simply use a USB cable.
 Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to
learn to program.
 Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro-
controller into a more accessible package.

Arduino UNO board consists of different components. We will study the Arduino
UNO board because it is the most popular board in the Arduino board family. In addition, it
is the best board to get started with electronics and coding. Some boards look a bit different
from the one given below, but most Arduinos have majority of these components in
common.
BOARD DESCRIPTION:

1. Power USB:

Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from your computer. All you need to
do is connect the USB cable to the USB connection (1).

2. Power (Barrel Jack):

Arduino boards can be powered directly from the AC mains power supply by connecting it to
the Barrel Jack (2).

3. Voltage Regulator:

The function of the voltage regulator is to control the voltage given to the Arduino board and
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements.

4. Crystal Oscillator:

The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time issues. How does Arduino calculate
time? The answer is, by using the crystal oscillator. The number printed on top of the
Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz.
5, 17. Arduino Reset:

You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., starts your program from the beginning. You can
reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by using the reset button (17) on the board. Second,
you can connect an external reset button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).

6,7,8,9:

Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)

 3.3V (6) − Supply 3.3 output volt

 5V (7) − Supply 5 output volt
 Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and 5 volt.
 GND (8)(Ground) − There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which can be
used to ground your circuit.
 Vin (9) − This pin also can be used to power the Arduino board from an external
power source, like AC mains power supply.

10.Analog pins:

The Arduino UNO board has six analog input pins A0 through A5. These pins can read the
signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor and convert it
into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.

11.Main microcontroller:

Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11). You can assume it as the brain
of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit) on the Arduino is slightly different from board
to board. The microcontrollers are usually of the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC
your board has before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This information is
available on the top of the IC.
 CHAPTER 4

GSM SIM – 900A

GSM/GPRS Modem-RS232 is built with Dual Band GSM/GPRS engine- SIM900A,

works on frequencies 900/ 1800 MHz. The Modem is coming with RS232 interface, which
allows you connect PC as well as microcontroller with RS232 Chip(MAX232). The baud rate
is configurable from 9600-115200 through AT command. The GSM/GPRS Modem is having
internal TCP/IP stack to enable you to connect with internet via GPRS. It is suitable for SMS,
Voice as well as DATA transfer application in M2M interface. The onboard Regulated Power
supply allows you to connect wide range unregulated power supply . Using this modem, you
can make audio calls, SMS, Read SMS, attend the incoming calls and internet ect through
simple AT commands.

Features

 Dual band GSM/GPRS 900/1800MHz.

 Configurable baud rate.
 SIM card holder.
 Built in network status LED.
  Inbuilt powerful TCP/IP protocol stack for internet data transfer over GPRS.

Applications

 Access control devices.

 Supply chain management.
Specifications

Parameter Value
Operating Voltage +12V DC
Weight <140g
Pin specification

Pin Name Details

1 GND Power supply ground
2 Tx Transmitter
3 Rx Receiver
4 Line_r & Line_l Line input
5 Spk_p & spk_n Speaker positive & negative
6 Mic_p & mic_n Mic positive & negative
7 DTR Data terminal ready
8 CTS Clear to send
9 RTS Request to send
Working

Unlike mobile phones, a GSM modem doesn’t have a keypad and display to interact
with. It just accepts certain commands through a serial interface and acknowledges for those.
These commands are called as AT commands. There are a list of AT commands to instruct
the modem to perform its functions. Every command starts with "AT". That’s why they are
called as AT commands. AT stands for attention.

In our simple project, the program waits for the mobile number to be entered through
the keyboard. When a ten digit mobile number is provided, the program instructs the modem
to send the text message using a sequence of AT commands.
Testing your GSM modem

The GSM modem can be tested by connecting it with a PC. The modem is equipped
with a RS232 cable. Just use a Serial to USB converter and connect it with the PC.

Now you can proceed with sending the commands to the modem using any serial
communication program like Hyperterminal, minicom etc. Ensure the serial parameters are
configured to 8N1 and the baudrate is set to 9600bps.

For each command you send the modem acknowledges with a message. Example:
Just try sending "AT" to the modem. It sends back a result code "OK" which states that the
modem is responding. If it’s not working fine, it sends "ERROR".

12V Relay
Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or
electronically. Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in
another circuit. As relay diagrams show, when a relay contact is normally open (NO), there
is an open contact when the relay is not energized.
Pin Configuration

Pin Pin Description

Number Name
1 Coil End 1 Used to trigger(On/Off) the Relay, Normally one end is
connected to 12V and the other end to ground.

2 Coil End 2 Used to trigger(On/Off) the Relay, Normally one end is

connected to 12V and the other end to ground.
3 Common(COM) Common is connected to one End of the Load that is to
be controlled.
4 Normally The other end of the load is either connected to NO or
Close(NC) NC. If connected to NC the load remains connected
before trigger.
5 Normally The other end of the load is either connected to NO or
Open(NO) NC. If connected to NO the load remains disconnected
before trigger.

How to Use a Relay?

Relays are most commonly used switching device in electronics. There are two
important parameters of relay, first is the Trigger Voltage, this is the voltage required to turn
on the relay that is to change the contact from Common → NC to Common → NO. The other
parameter is your Load Voltage & Current, this is the amount of voltage or current that the
NC, NO or Common terminal of the relay could withstand, in our case for DC it is maximum
of 30V and 10A. Make sure the load you are using falls into this range.
 The above diagram is for relay triggering circuit. Since the relay has 12V trigger
voltage we have used a +12V DC supply to one end of the coil and the other end to ground
through a switch. For switching we are using a transistor as a switching device. You can also
notice a diode connected across the coil of the relay, this diode is called the Fly back Diode.
The purpose of the diode is to protect the switch from high voltage spike that can produced
by the relay coil. As shown one end of the load can be connected to the Common pin and the
other end is either connected to NO or NC. If connected to NO the load remains disconnected
before trigger and if connected to NC the load remains connected before trigger.

Applications

 Commonly used in switching circuits.

 For Home Automation projects to switch AC loads
 To Control (On/Off) Heavy loads at a pre-determined time/condition
 Used in safety circuits to disconnect the load from supply in event of failure
 Used in Automobiles electronics for controlling indicators glass motors etc.


1. BC548 Transistor
BC548 Pin Configuration

Pin Pin Name Description

Number
1 Collector Current flows in through collector

2 Base Controls the biasing of transistor

3 Emitter Current Drains out through emitter

BC548 Transistor Features

 Bi-Polar NPN Transistor

 DC Current Gain (hFE) is 800 maximum
 Continuous Collector current (IC) is 500mA
 Emitter Base Voltage (VBE) is 5V
 Base Current(IB) is 5mA maximum
 Available in To-92 Package.

Brief Description of BC548

BC548 is a NPN transistor so the collector and emitter will be left open (Reverse
biased) when the base pin is held at ground and will be closed (Forward biased) when a
signal is provided to base pin. BC548 has a gain value of 110 to 800, this value determines
the amplification capacity of the transistor. The maximum amount of current that could flow
through the Collector pin is 500mA, hence we cannot connect loads that consume more than
500mA using this transistor. To bias a transistor we have to supply current to base pin, this
current (IB) should be limited to 5mA.

When this transistor is fully biased, it can allow a maximum of 500mA to flow across
the collector and emitter. This stage is called Saturation Region and the typical voltage
allowed across the Collector-Emitter (VCE) or Base-Emitter (VBE) could be 200 and 900 mV
respectively. When base current is removed the transistor becomes fully off, this stage is
called as the Cut-off Region and the Base Emitter voltage could be around 660 mV.
Applications

 Driver Modules like Relay Driver, LED driver etc..

 Amplifier modules like Audio amplifiers, signal Amplifier etc..
 Darlington pair

IN4007 Diode

Pin Configuration

Pin No. Pin Name Description

1 Anode Current always enters through the Anode.

2 Cathode Current always exits through the Cathode.

Features:

 Average forward current is 1A

 Non-repetitive Peak current is 30A
 Reverse current is 5uA.
 Peak repetitive Reverse voltage is 1000V
 Power dissipation 3W
 Available in DO-41 Package
Description:
A diode is a device which allows current flow through only one direction. That is the
current should always flow from the Anode to cathode. The cathode terminal can be
identified by using a grey bar as shown in the picture above.

For 1N4007 Diode, the maximum current carrying capacity is 1A it withstand peaks
up to 30A. Hence we can use this in circuits that are designed for less than 1A. The reverse
current is 5uA which is negligible. The power dissipation of this diode is 3W.

Applications of Diode:

 Can be used to prevent reverse polarity problem

 Half Wave and Full Wave rectifiers
 Used as a protection device
 Current flow regulators

12-0-12 Center Tapped Transformer

12-0-12 Centre tapped transformer Transformer Wiring/Terminals

Transformer Terminal Description

No. Terminal Description

Name
1 I1 and I2 These are the input wires for the transformer, it is connected to
the phase and neutral of AC mains
2 T1 and T3 There are the output terminals of the Transformer, the voltage
across it will be 24V AC
3 T2 This is the centre tapped wire of the transformer; this wire can be
combined with either T1 or T3 to get 12V AC across it. It’s very
useful for rectifier circuits

12-0-12 Centre Tapped Transformer Specifications

 Step-down Centre tapped Transformer

 Input Voltage: 220V AC at 50Hz
 Output Voltage: 24V, 12V or 0V
 Output Current: 1A
 Vertical mount type
 Low cost and small package

Where to Use Centre Tapped transformer

A centre-tapped transformer also known as two phase three wire transformer is

normally used for rectifier circuits. When a digital project has to work with AC mains a
Transformer is used to step-down the voltage (in our case, to 24V or 12V) and then convert it
to DC by using a rectifier circuit. In a centre-tapped transformer the peak inverse voltage is
twice as in bridge rectifier hence this transformer is commonly used in full wave rectifier
circuits.

How to use Centre Tapped Transformer

The operation and theory behind a Center tapped transformer is very similar to a
normal secondary transformer. A primary voltage will be induced in the primary coil (I1 and
I3) and due to magnetic induction the voltage will be transferred to the secondary coil. Here
in the secondary coil of a centre tapped transformer, there will be an additional wire (T2)
which will be placed exactly at the centre of the secondary coil, hence the voltage here will
always be zero.

If we combine this zero potential wire (T2) with either T1 or T2, we will get a voltage
of 12V AC. If this wire is ignored and voltage across T1 and T2 is considered then we will
get a voltage of 24V AC. This feature is very useful for the function of a full wave rectifier.
Let us consider the voltage given by the first half of the secondary coil as Va and the voltage
across the second half of the secondary coil as Vb as shown in the diagram below

Applications

 Rectifier circuits
 AC-AC step down
 Full wave rectifiers
Resistor 330ohms

The resistor is a passive electrical component to create resistance in the flow of

electric current. In almost all electrical networks and electronic circuits they can be found.
The resistance is measured in ohms. An ohm is the resistance that occurs when a current of
one ampere passes through a resistor with a one volt drop across its terminals. The current is
proportional to the voltage across the terminal ends. This ratio is represented by Ohm’s law:

Resistors are used for many purposes. A few examples include delimit electric
current, voltage division, heat generation, matching and loading circuits, control gain, and fix
time constants. They are commercially available with resistance values over a range of more
than nine orders of magnitude. They can be used to as electric brakes to dissipate kinetic
energy from trains, or be smaller than a square millimeter for electronics.

Capacitor 1000µF
A capacitor in its most primitive form consists of two conductive plates separated by a
dielectric medium. The term dielectric is just a fancy word for an insulator that can be
polarized, i.e. form negative and positive charges on opposite faces. When voltage is applied
across these two plates, current flows through the conductive plates. One side gets positively
charged (lack of electrons) and the other side gets negatively charged (excess electrons).
We’re all familiar with the fact that unlike charges attract, so since the plates are oppositely
charged, the charges on the plates attract.
Remember that there’s an insulator between the plates, so the charges cannot ‘flow’ to
equalize each other and are (ideally) stuck in a state of mutual attraction and stay put. And
that is how capacitors carry out their most basic function – retention or storage of charge.

Working of Capacitor
Basically what is happening inside a capacitor is that the insulator between those
plates is undergoing a process called ‘dielectric breakdown’, meaning the insulator can no
longer insulate since the voltage across the insulator is too high for it to be able to remain an
insulator. The underlying physics is somewhat off scope, but all you need to know to
understand why this happens is that no insulator is prefect, that is, up to a certain point. Even
the strongest bridge collapses if it is overloaded. What happens here is similar. To reduce
breakdown, you might increase the gap between the two plates, but that comes with a trade-
off – reduced capacitance, since the plates are further apart and charges do not attract as
much as they do when they are closer – much like the way magnets behave.

A good rule of thumb would be to use caps rated for a 50% greater voltage than what
your circuit might be expected to see. This leaves a wide safety margin. For example, if you
need a cap to decouple (worry not, decoupling is explained later in the article) a 12V power
supply rail, you could get away with using a 16V capacitor, but using a 25V capacitor is
recommended since it gives you a wide safety margin. Okay you found it out!! Yes 25V is, of
course, not 25% greater than 12V, but 18V is not a standard capacitor value - you won’t find
any with that voltage rating. The nearest is 25V.
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
The LED is a PN-junction diode which emits light when an electric current passes
through it in the forward direction. In the LED, the recombination of charge carrier takes
place. The electron from the N-side and the hole from the P-side are combined and gives the
energy in the form of heat and light. The LED is made of semiconductor material which is
colourless, and the light is radiated through the junction of the diode.

Working of LED

The working of the LED depends on the quantum theory. The quantum theory states
that when the energy of electrons decreases from the higher level to lower level, it emits
energy in the form of photons. The energy of the photons is equal to the gap between the
higher and lower level.

The LED is connected in the forward biased, which allows the current to flows in the
forward direction. The flow of current is because of the movement of electrons in the
opposite direction. The recombination shows that the electrons move from the conduction
band to valence band and they emits electromagnetic energy in the form of photons. The
energy of photons is equal to the gap between the valence and the conduction band.
MOTOR ( Submersible Motor Pump)
A submersible pump, also called an electric submersible pump, is a pump that can be
fully submerged in water. The motor is hermetically sealed and close-coupled to the body of
the pump.

A submersible pump pushes water to the surface by converting rotary energy into kinetic
energy into pressure energy. This is done by the water being pulled into the pump: first in the
intake, where the rotation of the impeller pushes the water through the diffuser. From there, it
goes to the surface.