1

SRI VENKATESWRA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering
Pennlaur, Sriperumbudur Taluk 602 117

LECTURE NOTES
ON
PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
OF

APPLICATION OF
DIFFERENTIAL
CALCULUS
Dr R MUTHUCUMARASWAMY
Professor and Head
Department of Applied Mathematics
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Engineering Mathematics
Unit III – Differential Calculus
Part – A

1. Define the curvature of a plane curve and what is the curvature of a straight
line.
Sol. The rate of bending of the curve at any point is called the curvature of a curve
and it is denoted by 1  d
 ds
d
For straight line,  0. Hence the curvature of a straight line is zero.
ds

2. Find the curvature of x2 + y2 + 8x – 6y = 0

Sol. Given x2 + y2 + 8x – 6y = 0 is a circle.
 2g = 8, 2f = – 6, c = 0
 g = 4, f = –3, c = 0
Radius of the circle = g 2  f 2  c  4 2  32  0  5 .
 Curvature of the circle is 1
.
5
3. Find the curvature at (3, – 4) to the curve x2 + y2 = 25.
Sol. Radius of the circle x2 + y2 = 25 is 5.
1
Hence curvature of the circle of radius 5 is .
5
4. Find  for the catenary whose intrinsic equation is s = a tan
Sol.  = ds = a sec2 .
d

5. Find  for the cycloid s= 4a sin .

Sol.  = ds = 4a cos .
d
6. Find the radius of curvature of 2x+3y=5
Sol. Given 2x + 3y = 5 is a straight line which has no bending .
By definition, Curvature = 0
  
7. Write down the formula for radius of curvature in Cartesian co-ordinates.
3/ 2
  dy  2 
1    
Sol.
  dx  
 (or) 
1  y 
1
2 3/ 2
dy
where y1  ,
d2y
y2  2
d2y y2 dx dx
dx 2
8. Write down the formula for radius of curvature in Parametric co-ordinates.
[ x 2  y 2 ]3 / 2 dx d 2x dy d2y
Sol.   x y  y x where x  dt , x  dt 2 , y  dt , y  dt 2
9. Write down the relation between the curvature and radius of curvature.
1
Sol. Radius of curvature =
curvature
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10. Write down the formula for radius of curvature in Polar co-ordinates.
3/ 2
 dr 
2

r  
2
 
  d   
Sol.  2
dr d 2r
r  2
2
  r
d  d 2
log x
11. Find the radius of curvature for the curve y  at x = 1.
x
1
log x x.  log x.1 1  log x
dy 
Sol. Given y    x 2
x dx x x2
dy 1  0
At x  1,  1
dx 1
 1
2 x 2     (1  log x)(2 x)
 
d y x
2
dx x4
d 2 y  1  (1  0)(2)
At x  1, 2   3
dx 1


1  y  1
2 3/ 2

1  (1)  2 3/ 2

23 / 2

2 2 2 2
 .
y2 3 3 3 3
 x
12. Find the radius of curvature of the curve y  c cosh  at the point where it
c
crosses the y axis.
 x dy  x 1  x
Sol. y  c cosh    c sinh  .  sinh   [Along y axis, x = 0
c dx c c c
d2y  x 1 0
 cosh . At x = 0, y  c cosh  = c ]
dx 2
c c c
1
At (0, c), y1  0, y 2 
c


1  y  1
2 3/ 2


1  (0)  2 3/ 2

1
 c.
y2 1/ c 1/ c
13. For the curve x2 = 2c(y–c) find the radius of curvature at (0,c).
Sol. x2 = 2c(y–c)
Diff. w.r.t.x, we get
dy dy x d 2 y 1
2 x  2c   , 
dx dx c dx 2 c
At (0, c), y1  0, y 2  1 / c


1  y  1
2 3/ 2

1  (0)  2 3/ 2

1
 c.
y2 1/ c 1/ c
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14. Find the radius of curvature of the curve xy = c2 at (c,c).

Sol. xy  c 2
Diff. w.r.t.x, we get
dy dy y
x  y.1  0  
dx dx x
c
At (c, c), y1    1
c
 dy 
2  x  y.1
d y
2
   dx 2 
dx  x 
 
 c(1)  c   2c 2
At (c, c), y 2      2 
 c 
2
c c


1  y  1
2 3/ 2


1  (1)  2 3/ 2

c.2 3 / 2 c 2 2
  c 2.
y2 2/c 2 2

15. Find the radius of curvature at x  on the curve y = 4sinx – sin2x.
2
Sol. y = 4sinx – sin2x
dy d2y
 4 cos x  2 cos 2 x,  4 sin x  4 sin 2 x
dx dx 2

At x  , y1  4 cos / 2  2 cos , y 2  4 sin  / 2  4 sin 
2
y1  2, y 2  4


1  y  1
2 3/ 2


1  (2)  2 3/ 2

53 / 2 5 5
 .
y2 4 4 4

16. Find the radius of curvature of y = ex at x = 0.

Sol. y = ex
y1  e x ,y2  e x
At x = 0, y1  1, y 2  1


1  y  1
2 3/ 2


1  (1)  2 3/ 2

23 / 2
 2 2.
y2 1 1

17. Find the radius of curvature at any point of the curve y = x2.
Sol. y = x2
y1  2 x, y2  2


1  y 
1
2 3/ 2


1  (2 x)  2 3/ 2

(1  4 x 2 ) 3 / 2
.
y2 2 2

18. Find the radius of curvature of the curve y  c log secx / c 

Sol. y  c log secx / c 

secx / c  tan x / c .  tan x / c 

1 1
y1  c
secx / c  c
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y 2  sec 2 x / c .
1
c
1  y  2 3/ 2

1  tan 2
x/c  3/ 2


c (sec2 x / c) 3 / 2 c sec 3 x / c
 
 x
 
 1 c sec
y2 1
sec 2 x / c
sec 2 x / c sec 2 x / c c
c
19. Find the radius of curvature at y = 2a on the curve y 2 = 4ax.
Sol. y2 = 4ax
dy 2a  2a dy
2y  4a  y1  , y2 
dx y y 2 dx
At y  2a, y1  1
 2a 1
At y  2a, y 2  2
(1) 
4a 2a


1  y  1
2 3/ 2


1  (1)  2 3/ 2

2a. 2 3 / 2
 4a 2 .
y2  1 / 2a 1

20. Write down the coordinates of the centre of curvature.

y1 (1  y1 ) (1  y1 ) d2y
2 2
dy
Sol. X  x , Y  y where y1  , y2  2 .
y2 y2 dx dx
21. Define circle of curvature.
Sol. The circle whose centre is the centre of curvature and whose radius is equal
to the radius of curvature is called the circle of curvature.
Its equation is ( x  X ) 2  ( y  Y ) 2   2 .
22. Find the centre of curvature for the curve x = y2 at (2, -1).
Sol. y2  x
Diff . w.r.t.x, weget
dy 1 1  1 dy
2y  1  y1  , y2  . 2 .
dx 2y 2 y dx
1 1
At (2,1), y1  
2(1) 2
1  1 1
At (2,1), y 2     
2(1) 2  2  4
y1 (1  y1 ) (1 / 2)[1  (1 / 2) 2 ]
2
1 5 4 9
X x 2  2   . 
y2 1/ 4 2  4 1 2
(1  y1 ) [1  (1 / 2) 2 ]
2
5 4
Y y  1   1   .  4.
y2 1/ 4 4 1
23. Define evolute and involute.
Sol. The locus of the centre of curvature for a curve is known as the evolute of the
curve and the original curve itself is called involute.

24. Define envelope of a family of curves.

Sol. An envelope is a curve which intersects all member of a family of curves
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25. Define evolute of a curve as an envelope.

Sol. The evolute of a curve is the envelope of the normals of that curve.
a
26. Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y  mx  where m is the
m
parameter.
a
Sol. y  mx 
m
my  m 2 x  a
m 2 x  my  a  0
This is quadratic in ‘m’. Hence the equation of the envelope is
B2 = 4AC
( y) 2  4.x.a
y 2  4ax.
27. Find the envelope of x cos  y sin   a sec where α is the parameter.
Sol. x cos  y sin   a sec
 by cos , x  y tan   a sec 2 
x  y tan   a(1  tan 2  )
a tan 2   y tan   a  x  0
This is quadratic in ‘tan α’. Hence the equation of the envelope is
B2 = 4AC
( y) 2  4.a(a  x)
y 2  4a 2  4ax (or ) y 2  4ax  4a 2 .
28. Find the envelope of y cot   x  a cos ec   0 where α is the parameter.
2

Sol. y cot   x  a cos ec 2  0

y cot   x  a(1  cot 2  )  0
a cot 2   y cot   (a  x)  0
This is quadratic in ‘cot α’. Hence the equation of the envelope is
B2 = 4AC
( y) 2  4.a(a  x)
y 2  4a 2  4ax (or ) y 2  4ax  4a 2 .

29. Show that the family of straight lines 2y – 4x + α = 0 has no envelope where α
is the parameter.
Sol. 2y – 4x + α = 0
Diff. (1) partially w.r.t. ‘α’, we get
0 – 0 + 1 = 0, which is a contradiction.
Hence the given straight line has no envelope.
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30. Find the envelope of x sin   y cos  p , α being the parameter.

Sol. x sin   y cos  p
x sin   p  y cos
Squaring, x sin   ( p  y cos )
2 2 2

x 2 sin 2   p 2  y 2 cos2   2 py cos

x 2 (1  cos2  )  p 2  y 2 cos2   2 py cos
( x 2  y 2 ) cos2   2 py cos  p 2  x 2  0
This is quadratic in ‘cos α’. Hence the equation of the envelope is
B2 = 4AC
(2 py ) 2  4( x 2  y 2 )( p 2  x 2 )
4 p 2 y 2  4x 2 p 2  4x 4  4 y 2 p 2  4x 2 y 2
4x 4  4x 2 y 2  4x 2 p 2
x2  y2  p2
31. Find the envelope of y  mx  m 2  1 , m being the parameter.
Sol. y  mx  m 2  1
y  mx   m 2  1
Squaring, ( y  mx) 2  m 2  1
y 2  m 2 x 2  2m x y  m 2  1
m 2 ( x 2  1)  2m x y  1  y 2  0
This is quadratic in ‘m’. Hence the equation of the envelope is
B2 = 4AC
(2 xy ) 2  4( x 2  1)(1  y 2 )
4 x 2 y 2  4( x 2  x 2 y 2  1  y 2 )
x2  y2  1
32. Find the envelope of x  y  ax cos  by sin   0 , where θ is the parameter.
2 2

Sol. x 2  y 2  ax cos  by sin   0

x 2  y 2  ax cos  by sin 
Squaring, [( x  y )  ax cos ]  b y sin 
2 2 2 2 2 2

( x 2  y 2 ) 2  a 2 x 2 cos2   2( x 2  y 2 )ax cos  b 2 y 2 (1  cos2  )

(a 2 x 2  b 2 y 2 ) cos2   2( x 2  y 2 )ax cos  ( x 2  y 2 ) 2  b 2 y 2  0
This is quadratic in ‘cos θ ’. Hence the equation of the envelope is
[2ax( x 2  y 2 )]2  4(a 2 x 2  b 2 y 2 )[(x 2  y 2 ) 2  b 2 y 2 ]
4a 2 x 2 ( x 2  y 2 ) 2  4(a 2 x 2  b 2 y 2 )[(x 2  y 2 ) 2  b 2 y 2 ]
a 2 x 2 (x 2  y 2 )2  a 2 x 2 (x 2  y 2 )2  a 2 x 2 b2 y 2  b2 y 2 (x 2  y 2 )2  b4 y 4
a 2 x 2 b2 y 2  b4 y 4  b2 y 2 (x 2  y 2 )2
a 2 x 2  b2 y 2  (x 2  y 2 )2
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33. State any two properties of evolute.

Sol. 1. The normal at any point of a curve is a tangent to its evolute touching at the
corresponding centre of curvature.
2. The difference between the radii of curvature at two points of a curve is equal to
the length of the arc of the evolute between the two corresponding points.

PART - B
a3  x3
1. Find the radius of curvature at (a,0) on y 
2
.
x
a3  x3
  xy  a  x
2 2 3 3
Sol. y
x
Diff. w.r.t.x, we get
dy dy  3x 2  y 2
x.2 y  y 2 .1  0  3x 2  
dx dx 2 xy
dy
At (a,0),  
dx
dx 2 xy dx
So,   At (a,0),  0
dy  3x  y2 2
dy
2  dx   dx 
( 3 x 2
 y )  dy
2 y  2 x.1  2 xy   6 x  2 y 
d 2x    dy 

dy 2 (3x 2  y 2 ) 2
d 2 x (3a 2  0)0  2a   0  6a 3  2
At (a,0), 2    .
dy (3a 2  0) 2 9a 4 3a
3/ 2
  dx  2 
1    
  dy  
 
1  0
3/ 2

 3a 3a
 .
d 2x  2 / 3a 2 2
dy 2
2. Find the radius of curvature for the curve x  y  2 at the point (1,1).
2/3 2/3

Sol. x2/3  y2/3  2

Diff. w.r.t.x, we get
2 1 / 3 2 1 / 3 dy dy x 1 / 3
x  y 0    1 / 3
3 3 dx dx y
At (1,1), y1 = – 1
d2y  y 1 / 3 .(1 / 3) x 4 / 3  x 1 / 3 .(1 / 3) y 4 / 3 . y1 
2
 2 / 3 
dx  y 
  1 / 3  1 / 3 (1)  2
At (1,1) y 2    3
 1 


1  y 
1
2 3/ 2


1  (1) 2 3/ 2

3.2 3 / 2 3 . 2 2
  3 2.
y2 2/3 2 2
 9

ax
3. If  is the radius of curvature at any point (x,y) on the curve y  prove
ax
2
 2  x
2/3 2
 y
that        
 a   y x
ax
Sol. y
ax
Diff. w.r.t. x, we get
dy (a  x).a  a x(0  1) a 2  a x  a x a2
  
dx (a  x) 2 (a  x) 2 (a  x) 2
d 2 y (a  x) 2 .0  a 2 2(a  x)(1)  2a 2
 
dx 2 (a  x) 4 (a  x) 3
3/ 2
 a4 
1 

1  y  1
2 3/ 2

 

(a  x) 4 

[(a  x) 4  a 4 ]3 / 2 (a  x) 3

y2  2a 2 /(a  x) 3 (a  x) 6  2a 2
[(a  x) 4  a 4 ]3 / 2

2a 2 ( a  x ) 3
2  [(a  x) 4  a 4 ]3 / 2

a a 3 (a  x) 3
 2  (a  x) 4  a 4
2/3

   2
 a  a (a  x) 2
(a  x) 2 a2
 
a2 (a  x) 2
2
 2  x
2/3 2
 y
       
 a   y x

x y
4. In the curve   1, show that the radius of curvature at the point (x,y)
a b
varies as (ax  by) 3 / 2 and find its curvature.
x y
Sol.  1
a b
Diff. w.r.t. x, we get
1 1 1 1 dy dy by
.  . 0  
a 2 x b 2 y dx dx ax
 1 dy 1 
 x .  y. 
dx b  x  by  y 
2
d y b 2 y 2 x
 
dx 2
a x    x a  2 y   ax   2 x 
     
 
b  b y 
   
x a  2 a 2 x 
 10

b  bx  ay  b  ab  b
    
x a  2 a x  x a  2 a x  2 a x 3 / 2
3/ 2
 b y
1 

1  y  1
2 3/ 2
 

a x

(ax  by ) 3 / 2 2 a x 3 / 2

y2 b / 2 a x3/ 2 (ax ) 3 / 2 b
2 (ax  by ) 3 / 2

ab
  (ax  by ) 3 / 2
1 ab
Curvature  
 2(ax  by) 3 / 2
5. Prove that the radius of curvature at any point of the cycloid x = a(θ + sin θ),

y = a(1 – cos θ) is 4a cos .
2
Sol. x = a(θ + sin θ), y = a(1 – cos θ)
dx dy
 a (1  cos ),  a sin 
d d
 
2 sin cos
dy dy / d a sin  2 2  tan 
  
dx dx / d a(1  cos )  2
2 cos 2
2
d2y 2  1 d 1 2  1 1 2  1
 sec . .  sec .  sec .
dx 2 2 2 dx 2 2 a(1  cos ) 2a 2 (2 cos 2  / 2)
1 
 sec 4 .
4a 2

1  y1 
2 3/ 2


1  tan 2  / 2
3/ 2

4a (sec 2  / 2) 3 / 2
 1 sec 4  / 2
y2 sec 4  / 2
4a
4a sec 3  / 2 4a 
   4 a cos .
sec 4  / 2 sec / 2 2

6. Prove that the radius of curvature at a point (a cos 3θ, a sin3θ) on the curve
x 2 / 3  y 2 / 3  a 2 / 3 is 3a sin θcosθ.
Sol. x = a cos3θ, y = a sin3θ
dx dy
 3a cos 2  sin  ,  3a sin 2  cos
d d
dy dy / d 3a sin  cos
2
    tan 
dx dx / d  3a cos 2  sin 
d2y d 1 sec 4 
  sec  .
2
  sec  .
2

dx 2 dx  3a cos 2  sin  3a sin 
 11

1  y  2 3/ 2

1  tan  
2 3/ 2


3a sin  (sec 2  ) 3 / 2
 1

y2 sec 4  sec 4 
3a sin 
3a sin  sec3  3a sin 
   3a sin  cos
sec 4  sec
7. Find the radius of curvature at any point ‘t’ of the curve
 t
x  a cos t  log tan  , y  a sin t
 2
 t
x  a cos t  log tan
Sol. 2 
dx  1 1
 a  sin t  . sec 2 t / 2. 
dt  tan t / 2 2
 cos t / 2 1 1
 a  sin t  . .
 sin t / 2 cos 2 t / 2 2 
 1   1 
 a  sin t   a  sin t 
 2 sin t / 2 cos t / 2   sin t 
  sin 2 t  1 a cos2 t
 a 
 sin t  sin t
dy
y  a sin t   a cos t
dt
dy dy / dt a cos t sin t
    tan t
dx dx / dt a cos 2 t / sin t cos t
d2y dt sin t sec 4 t sin t
 sec t.  sec t.
2 2

dx 2 dx a cos 2 t a

1  y  2 3/ 2

1  tan t 
2 3/ 2


a (sec 2 t ) 3 / 2

a sec 3 t
 1

y2 sec 4 t sin t sec 4 t sin t sec 4 t sin t

a
a a cos t
   a cot t.
sec t sin t sin t

8. Find the curvature of the parabola y2 = 4x at the vertex.

Sol. Vertex of the parabola is (0,0).
Given y2 = 4x
Diff. w.r.t.x, we get
dy dy 2
2y 4 
dx dx y
At (0,0), y1  
 12

dx y d 2x 1
 , 
dy 2 dy 2 2
dx d 2x 1
At (0,0),  0, 
dy dy 2 2
3/ 2
  dx  2 
1    
  dy  
 
1  0
3/ 2

1
 2.
d 2x 1/ 2 1/ 2
dy 2
1 1
Curvature   .
 2

9. Find the points on the parabola y2 = 4x at which the radius of curvature is 4 2

Sol. Given y2 = 4x
Diff. w.r.t.x, we get
dy dy 2
2y 4 
dx dx y
d 2 y  2 dy  2  2   4
 2 .  2    3
dx 2 y dx y  y  y
3/ 2
 4 


1  y 
1
2 3/ 2




1 
y2 

[ y 2  4] 3 / 2 y 3

y2  4 / y3 ( y 2 )3/ 2 4
[ y 2  4]3 / 2 y 3 (4 x  4)3 / 2
4 2  
y3 4 4
 16 2  4 4 ( x  1)3 / 2
 2 2  ( x  1)3 / 2
Squaring , 8  ( x  1) 3
x 1 2  x 1
Now, y2 = 4x  y2 = 4(1)  y   2
Hence the points are (1,2) and (1,–2).

10. Find the radius of curvature of the parabola x  at 2 , y  2at at ‘t’.

Sol. x  at 2 , y  2at
dx dy
 2at ,  2a
dt dt
dy 2a 1
 
dx 2at t
d 2 y  1 dt  1 1 1
 .  . 
dx 2 t 2 dx t 2 2a t 2at 3
 13

3/ 2
 1


1  y  1
2 3/ 2


1 
 t2 
  
[t 2  1]3 / 2 2a t 3
  2a(t 2  1) 3 / 2
y2  1 / 2at 3 2 3/ 2
(t ) 1

11. Obtain the radius of curvature at any point ‘θ’ on the curve
x = a(cosθ + θsinθ) and y = a(sinθ – θcosθ)
Sol. x = a(cosθ + θsinθ), y = a(sinθ – θcosθ)
dx dy
 a( sin    cos  sin  ),  a[cos  ( ( sin  )  cos )]
d dt
 a cos  a sin 
dy a sin 
  tan 
dx a cos
d2y d 1 sec 3 
 sec 
2
 sec 
2

dx 2 dx a cos a
1  y1
2 3/ 2


1  tan 2  3 / 2



a (sec 2  ) 3 / 2 a sec 3 
  a .

y2 sec 3
 sec 3
 sec 3

a

12. Find the radius of curvature at the point ‘θ’ on the curve
x = 3acosθ – acos3θ and y = 3asinθ – asin3θ
Sol. x = 3acosθ – acos3θ y = 3asinθ – asin3θ
dx dy
 3a sin   3a sin 3  3a cos  3a cos 3
d dt
 3a(sin 3  sin  )  3a(cos 3  cos )
  3     3      3     3   
 3a 2 cos  sin    3a  2 sin   sin  
  2   2    2   2 
 6a cos 2 sin   6a sin 2 sin 
dy 6a sin 2 sin 
  tan 2
dx 6a cos 2 sin 
d2y d 1 sec 3 2
 sec 2 .2.
2
 2 sec 2
2

dx 2 dx 6a cos 2 sin  3a sin 

1  y1
2 3/ 2
 
1  tan 2 2 
3/ 2



3a sin  (sec 2 2 ) 3 / 2

y2 sec 3
2 sec 3 2
3a sin 
3a sin  . sec3 2
  3a sin  .
sec3 2

13. Find the radius of curvature at any point ‘t’ on x  e t cos t , y  e t sin t
Sol. x  e t cos t , y  e t sin t
dx dy
 et ( sin t )  cos t.et ,  et . cos t  sin t.et
dt dt
 et (cost  sin t )  et (cost  sin t )
 14

dy e t (cos t  sin t ) cos t  sin t 1  tan t

  
dx e t (cos t  sin t ) cos t  sin t 1  tan t

tan  tan t
4 
  tan   t 
 4 
1  tan tan t
4
  dt  
2
d y 1
 sec 2   t .  sec 2   t . t
 4  dx  4  e (cos t  sin t )
2
dx
3/ 2
 2 
   
1  y  1 tan t
2 3/ 2
 4  sec 3  / 4  t  t
 1   .e (cos t  sin t )
y2 sec ( / 4  t )
2
sec 2  / 4  t 
e t (cos t  sin t )
 e t (cos t  sin t ). sec / 4  t 
e t (cos t  sin t ) e t (cos t  sin t )
 
cos / 4  t  cos  / 4. cos t  sin  / 4. sin t
e t (cos t  sin t )

1 1
cos t  sin t
2 2
e t (cos t  sin t )

1
cos t  sin t 
2
 2 et .

a a
14. Find the equation of the circle of curvature at  ,  on the curve x  y a
4 4
Sol. x  y a
Diff. w.r.t.x, we get
1 1 dy
 0
2 x 2 y dx
dy y

dx x
a a
At  , , y1  1
4 4
 1 dy 1 
 x .  y.
d2y 2 y dx 2 x
  
dx 2  x 
 
 
 15

 1 1 
 a / 4 . ( 1 )  a / 4 . 
a a 2 a/4 2 a/4 
At  , , y 2  
4 4  a/4 
 
 1/ 2  1/ 2  1  4
     a / 4  a
 a/4   


1  y  1
2 3/ 2


1  (1)  2 3/ 2

a.2 3 / 2 a . 2 2
 
a
.
y2 4/ a 4 4 2
y (1  y1 ) a (1)(1  1) a 2a 3a
2

X  x 1     
y2 4 4/a 4 4 4
(1  y1 ) a (1  1) a 2a 3a
2

Y  y     
y2 4 4/ a 4 4 4
Hence the circle of curvature is
(x  X ) 2  ( y  Y ) 2   2
2 2
 3a   3a  a2
i.e.  x     y    .
 4   4  2

15. Find the circle of curvature for the parabola y 2 = 12x at the point (3,6)
Sol. y2 = 12x
Diff. w.r.t.x, we get
dy dy 6 d2y 6 dy
2y  12   ,  
dx dx y dx 2 y 2 dx
6
At (3,6), y1  1
6
6 1
At (3,6), y 2   2 (1)  
6 6


1  y 
1
2 3/ 2


1  (1)  2 3/ 2

.2 3 / 2

2 2
 12 2 .
y2  1/ 6  1/ 6  1/ 6
y (1  y1 ) (1)(1  1)
2

X  x 1  3  3  12  15
y2  1/ 6
(1  y1 ) (1  1)
2

Y  y  6  6  12  6
y2  1/ 6
Hence the circle of curvature is
(x  X )2  ( y  Y )2   2
x  152   y  62  12 2 
2

x  152   y  62  288.

 16

16. Find the equation of the circle of curvature at (c,c) on the curve xy = c2.
Sol. Hint:
2
At (c, c), y1  1, y2  ,  c 2, X  2c, Y  2c
c
Hence the circle of curvature is
(x  X )2  ( y  Y )2   2
x  2c 2   y  2c 2  2c 2

17. Find the locus of the centre of curvature of the parabola x2 = 4ay.
Sol. Any point on the parabola x2 = 4ay is x = 2at, y = at2

x  2at , y  at 2
dx dy
 2a,  2at
dt dt
dy 2at
 t
dx 2a
d 2 y dt 1
 
dx 2 dx 2a
y1 (1  y1 ) t (1  t 2 )
2

X  x  2at   2at  2at (1  t 2 )

y2 1 / 2a
 2at  2at  2at 3
X  2at 3      (1)
(1  y1 ) 1 t2
2

Y  y  at 
2
 at 2  2a (1  t 2 )  2a  3at 2
y2 1 / 2a
Y  2a  3at 2
Y  2a
 t 2      (2)
3a
Squaring (1), we get
2
X  4a 2 t 6  4a 2 (t 2 ) 3
3
 Y  2a 
 4a 2  
 [u sin g (2) ]
 3a 



4 Y  2a 
3

27 a
2
27 a X  4 Y  2a  
3

Locus of X , Y  is 27ax2 = 4(y – 2a)3.

 17

x2 y2
18. Find the evolute of the hyperbola 2  2  1
a b
2 2
x y
Sol. Any point on the hyperbola 2  2  1 is x = a sect, y = b tant
a b
x  a sec t y  b tan t
dx dy
 a sec t tan t  b sec2 t
dt dt
dy b sec2 t b sec t b b cos ect
   
dx a sec t tan t a tan t a sin t a
d2y b dt b 1
2
 ( cos ect cot t )  ( cos ect cot t )
dx a dx a a sec t tan t
b b
 2 cot 3 t  2
a a tan 3 t
b  b2 
1  2 
y (1  y1 )
2
a sin t  a sin 2 t 
X  x 1  a sec t 
y2  b / a 2 tan 3 t
b  a 2 sin 2 t  b 2  a 2 tan 3 t
 a sec t   
a sin t  a 2 sin 2 t  b
sec 3 t 2
 a sec t  [a (1  cos 2 t )  b 2 ]
a
sec 3 t  2 a2 2
 a sec t   a   b 
a  sec 2 t 
sec 3 t  a 2 sec 2 t  a 2  b 2 sec 2 t 
 a sec t   2

a  sec t 
a 2 sec t  a 2 sec 3 t  a 2 sec t  b 2 sec 3 t

a
(a 2  b 2 ) sec 3 t
X
a
1/ 3
 aX 
 2   sec t      (1)
 a  b2 
 
 b2 
1  2 2 

(1  y1 )
2

 b tan t  
a sin t 
Y  y
y2  b / a 2 tan 3 t
 a 2 sin 2 t  b 2  a 2 tan 3 t
 b tan t   2 2

 a sin t  b
 18

sin t
 b tan t  3
[a 2 sin 2 t  b 2 ]
b cos t
a 2 sin 3 t b sin t
 b tan t  
b cos3 t cos3 t
a 2 tan 3 t
 b tan t   b tan t sec 2 t
b
b 2 tan t  a 2 tan 3 t  b 2 tan t (1  tan 2 t )

b
 (a 2  b 2 ) tan 3 t
Y
b
1/ 3
  bY 
 2 
 a  b 2   tan t      (2)
 
Squaring and subtracting (1) and (2), we get
2/3 2/3
 aX    bY 
sec 2 t  tan 2 t   2 
   2 

a b a b
2 2
 
(a 2  b 2 ) 2 / 3  (a X ) 2 / 3  (b Y ) 2 / 3 [sin ce (1) 2 / 3  1]
Locus of X , Y  is (a x)  (b y)  (a  b )
2/3 2/3 2 2 2/3

19. Show that the evolute of the cycloid x = a(t + sint), y = a(1 – cost) is given by
x = a(t – sint), y – 2a = a(1 + cost).
Sol. x = a(t + sint), y = a(1 – cost)
dx dy
 a(1  cos t )  a sin t
dt dt
t t
2 sin cos
dy a sin t 2 2  tan t
 
dx a(1  cos t ) 2
2 cos t / 2 2
d2y 2 t 1 dt 1 2 t 1 1 2 t 1 sec 4 t / 2
 sec .  sec  sec . 
dx 2 2 2 dx 2 2 a(1  cos t ) 2a 2 2 cos 2 t / 2 4a
t t
tan 1  tan 2 
y (1  y1 )
2
2 2
X  x 1  a(t  sin t ) 
y2 sec 4 t / 2
4a
sin t / 2 t
 a (t  sin t )  4a cos2
cos t / 2 2
t t
 a (t  sin t )  2a [2 sin cos ]
2 2
 at  a sin t  2a sin t
X  a(t  sin t )
 19

 2 t 
1  tan 
(1  y1 )
2

 a (1  cos t )  
2
Y  y
y2 sec 4 t / 2
4a
t
 a (1  cos t )  4a cos 2
2
t
 a (1  cos t )  2a [2 cos 2 ]
2
 a  a cos t  2a (1  cos t )
Y  a  a cos t  2a  2a cos t
Y  2a  a(1  cos t )
Locus of X , Y  is x = a(t – sint), y – 2a = a(1 + cost).

20. Find the evolute of the four cusped hypocycloid x  y  a

2/3 2/3 2/3

Sol. Any point on the curve x  y  a

2/3 2/3 2/3
is x = acos3t, y = asin3t.
x = a cos3t, y = a sin3t
dx dy
 3a cos 2 t sin t ,  3a sin 2 t cos t
dt dt
2
dy dy / dt 3a sin t cos t
    tan t
dx dx / dt  3a cos 2 t sin t
d2y dt 1 sec 4 t
  sec t.   sec t.
2 2

dx 2 dx  3a cos 2 t sin t 3a sin t

X  x
y1 (1  y1 )
2

 a cos t 
3 
( tan t ) 1  tan 2 t 
y2 sec 4 t / 3a sin t
3a sin t. tan t
 a cos3 t 
sec 2 t
3a sin 2 t
 a cos t 
3
cos 2 t
cos t
X  a cos3 t  3a sin 2 t cos t

Y  y
(1  y1 )
2

 a sin t 
3 
1  tan 2 t 
y2 sec 4 t / 3a sin t
3a sin t
 a sin 3 t 
sec 2 t
Y  a sin 3 t  3a sin t cos2 t
X  Y  a cos3 t  3a sin 2 t cos t  a sin 3 t  3a sin t cos 2 t
 a (cos3 t  3 sin 2 t cos t  sin 3 t  3 sin t cos 2 t )
 a (cos t  sin t ) 3
X  Y  2/3
 a 2 / 3 (cos t  sin t ) 2  a 2 / 3 (1  2 sin t cos t )      (1)
 20

X  Y  a cos3 t  3a sin 2 t cos t  (a sin 3 t  3a sin t cos 2 t )

 a (cos3 t  3 sin 2 t cos t  sin 3 t  3 sin t cos 2 t )
 a (cos t  sin t ) 3
X  Y  2/3
 a 2 / 3 (cos t  sin t ) 2  a 2 / 3 (1  2 sin t cos t )      (2)
(1) + (2), we get
X  Y  2/3

 X Y 2/3
 a 2 / 3 (1  1)  2a 2 / 3
Locus of X , Y  is ( x  y )  ( x  y )  2a
2/3 2/3 2/3

 t
x  a cos t  log tan , y  a sin t is the
2 
21. Prove that the evolute of the curve
 x
catenary y  a cosh  .
a
 t
x  a cos t  log tan
Sol. 2 
dx  1 1  cos t / 2 1 1
 a  sin t  . sec 2 t / 2.   a  sin t  . . 
 2  sin t / 2 cos t / 2 2 
2
dt tan t / 2
 1 
 a  sin t 
 2 sin t / 2 cos t / 2 
 1 
 a  sin t 
 sin t 
  sin 2 t  1 a cos2 t
 a 
 sin t  sin t
dy
y  a sin t   a cos t
dt
dy dy / dt a cos t sin t
    tan t
dx dx / dt a cos 2 t / sin t cos t
d2y dt sin t sec 4 t sin t
 sec t.  sec t.
2 2

dx 2 dx a cos 2 t a

X  x
y1 (1  y1 )
2

 a cos t  log tan  

t  (tan t ) 1  tan 2 t 
y2  2 sec 4 t sin t / a
 t a tan t
 a cos t  log tan  
 2  sec 2 t sin t
 t
 a cos t  log tan   a cos t
 2
t
X  a log tan
2
 21

X t
 log tan
a 2
X t
e a  tan
2
Y  y
(1  y1 )
2

 a sin t 

1  tan 2 t 
y2 sec 4 t sin t / a
a
 a sin t 
sec 2 t sin t
a cos 2 t a sin 2 t  a cos 2 t a
Y  a sin t   
sin t sin t sin t
a a
Y  sin t 
sin t Y
2 tan t
2
We know that sin t 
1  tan t
2
2
 2X 
X a 1  e a 
Y   X 
a 2e a
 2X
Y 1 e a 2e a
 X  2X 
ae a
1  e a 
  
2
 X X 
a e a  e a 
Y   
2
X
Y  a cosh 
a
 x
Locus of X , Y  is y  a cosh .
a

22. Find the evolute of the curve x = a(cosθ + θsinθ) and y = a(sinθ – θcosθ)
Sol. x = a(cosθ + θsinθ), y = a(sinθ – θcosθ)
dx dy
 a( sin    cos  sin  ),  a[cos  ( ( sin  )  cos )]
d d
 a cos  a sin 
dy a sin 
  tan 
dx a cos
d2y d 1 sec 3 
 sec 
2
 sec 
2

dx 2 dx a cos a
 22

X  x
y1 (1  y1 )
2

 a (cos   sin  ) 
(tan  ) 1  tan 2   
y2 sec 3  / a
a . tan 
 a (cos   sin  ) 
sec
 a cos  a sin   a sin 
X  a cos        (1)

Y  y
(1  y1 )
2

 a (sin    cos ) 
1  tan 2   
y2 sec 3  / a
a
 a(sin    cos ) 
sec
 a sin   a cos  a cos
Y  a sin         (2)
Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we get
2 2
X  Y  a 2 cos2   a 2 sin 2 
2 2
X  Y  a2
Locus of X , Y  is x2 + y2 = a2.

23. Prove that the envelope of the family of straight lines y = mx – 2am – am3 is
27ay2 = 4(x – 2a)3.
Sol. y = mx – 2am – am3 --------(1)
Diff. (1) partially w.r.t. m, we get
0 = x – 2a – 3am2
x  2a
 m 2      (2)
3a
Equation (1) can be written as
y = m[x – 2a – am2 ]
  x  2a    3 x  6a  x  2a 
 m  x  2a  a   m  
  3a   3
 2 x  4a 
 m
 3 
 x  2a 
y  2m 
 3 
 x  2a 
2

y  4m 
2 2

 3 
 x  2a   x  2a 
2

 4   
 3a   3 
27 ay 2  4( x  2a) 3
 23

24. Find the envelope of y cos  x sin   a cos 2 where θ is the parameter.
Sol. y cos  x sin   a cos 2 ---------(1)
Diff. (1) partially w.r.t. θ, we get
 y sin   x cos  2a sin 2 ---------(2)
(1)×cos θ – (2)×sin θ, we get
y cos2   y sin 2   a cos . cos 2  2a sin  . sin 2
y (1)  a cos (cos2   sin 2  )  2a sin  (2 sin  cos )
y  a cos3   a sin 2  cos  4a sin 2  cos
y  a cos3   3a sin 2  cos

(1)×sinθ + (2)×cosθ, we get

 x sin 2   x cos2   a sin  . cos 2  2a cos . sin 2
 x(1)  a sin  (cos2   sin 2  )  2a cos (2 sin  cos )
 x  a sin  cos2   a sin 3   4a sin  cos2 
x  a sin 3   3a sin  cos2 
x  y  a sin 3   3a sin  cos2   a cos3   3a sin 2  cos
 a(sin 3   3 sin 2  cos  3 sin  cos2   cos3  )
 a(sin   cos ) 3
( x  y ) 2 / 3  a 2 / 3 (sin   cos ) 2  a 2 / 3 (1  2 sin  cos )      (3)
x  y  a sin 3   3a sin cos2   (a cos3   3a sin 2  cos )
 a(sin 3   3 sin 2  cos  3 sin cos2   cos3  )
 a(sin   cos ) 3
( x  y ) 2 / 3  a 2 / 3 (sin   cos ) 2  a 2 / 3 (1  2 sin cos )      (4)
(3) + (4), we get
( x  y) 2 / 3  ( x  y ) 2 / 3  a 2 / 3 (1  1)  2a 2 / 3
(i.e.) ( x  y )  ( x  y )  2a
2/3 2/3 2/3

ax by
25. Find the envelope of cos  sin   a  b where θ is the parameter.
2 2

ax by
Sol.   a 2  b 2 ----------(1)
cos sin 
Diff. (1) partially w.r.t. θ, we get
 ax by
(  sin  )  (cos )  0
cos2  sin 2 
ax sin  by cos
 0
cos 
2
sin 
2

ax sin   by cos3   0      (2)

3
 24

1
(1)  cos3   (2)  , we get
sin 
ax cos 2   ax sin 2   (a 2  b 2 ) cos3 
ax(1)  (a 2  b 2 ) cos3 
ax
 cos3 
a b
2 2

1/ 3
 ax 
cos   2 2 
     (3)
 a  b 
1
(1)  sin 3   (2)  , we get
cos
 by sin 2   by cos 2   (a 2  b 2 ) sin 3 
 by (1)  (a 2  b 2 ) sin 3 
 by
 sin 3 
a b
2 2

  by 
1/ 3

sin    2 2 
     (4)
a b 
Squaring and adding (3) and (4), we get
 b y 
2/3 2/3
 ax 
cos   sin    2
2 2
   2 
 a  b 2
  a  b 2

2/3 2/3
 ax   by 
1  2    2 
a b  a b 
2 2

(a x) 2 / 3  (b y ) 2 / 3  (a 2  b 2 ) 2 / 3

x y
26. Find the equation of the envelope of   1 where a2 + b2 = c2.
a b
x y
Sol.   1 ----------(1)
a b
a2 + b2 = c2 --------(2)
Diff. (1) w.r.t. ‘a’ we get
 x y db
 .  0    (3)
a 2 b 2 da
Diff. (2) w.r.t. ‘a’ we get
db db  a
2a  2b. 0        ( 4)
da da b
Sub. (4) in (3) we get
 x y a
  0
a2 b2  b 
x ay x y
  
a 2 b3 a3 b3
 25

x y

x y x/a y/b 1
 3  2  2  2 b2  2
a
a 3
b a b a b c
x 1 y 1
  , 
a3 c2 b3 c 2
a3  c 2 x , b3  c 2 y
a  c 2 / 3 x1 / 3 , b  c 2 / 3 y 1 / 3

Now, a2  b2  c2
c4/3x2/3  c4/3 y2/3  c2
x 2 / 3  y 2 / 3  c  4 / 3 .c 2
x2/3  y2/3  c2/3

x y l m
27. Find the envelope of   1 where l and m are connected by   1 ,
l m a b
a and b are constants.
x y l m
Sol.   1 ----------(1) and   1 --------(2)
l m a b
Diff. (1) w.r.t. ‘ l ’ we get
x y dm
 .  0    (3)
l2 m 2 dl
Diff. (2) w.r.t. ‘ l ’ we get
1 1 dm dm  b
 . 0        ( 4)
a b dl dl a
Sub. (4) in (3) we get
x y b
  0
l2 m2  a 
x by ax b y
  2  2
l 2 am 3 l m
x y

x/l y/m l m 1
   1
l /a m/b l m 1

a b
ax by
 2  1, 1
l m2
l  ax , m  by
l m
Now,  1
a b
ax by
 1
a b
x y
 1
a b
 26

x y
28. Find the equation of the envelope of   1 where ab = c2.
a b
x y
Sol.   1 ----------(1) and ab = c2 ----------(2)
a b
Sub. (2) in (1) we get
x y
 2 1
a c /a
x ay
 1
a c2
c 2 x  a 2 y  ac 2
c 2 x  a 2 y  ac 2
a 2 y  ac 2  c 2 x  0
This is quadratic in ‘a’.
The equation of the envelope is
B2 = 4AC
(i.e.) (–c2)2 = 4y(c2x)
c4 = 4c2xy
(i.e.) 4xy = c2.
29. Find the evolute of the parabola y2 = 4ax considering it as the envelope of its
normals.
Sol. The normal at any point (at2, 2at) on the parabola y2 = 4ax is
y – 2at = – t (x – at2) where ‘t’ is the parameter.
y = – t x + 2at + at3 --------(1)
Diff. (1) partially w.r.t. ‘t’, we get
0 = – x + 2a + 3at2
x  2a
 t 2       ( 2)
3a
Equation (1) can be written as
y = t [– x + 2a + at2 ]
  x  2a     3 x  6a  x  2a 
 t   x  2a  a   t  
  3a   3
  2 x  4a 
t  
 3
 x  2a 
y  2t 
 3 
 x  2a 
2

y  4t 
2 2

 3 
 x  2a   x  2a 
2

 4
 3a   3 
27 ay 2  4( x  2a ) 3
 27

x2 y2
30. Find the evolute of ellipse 2  2  1 treating it as envelope of its normals.
a b
x2 y2
Sol. The normal at any point (acosθ, bsinθ) on the ellipse 2  2  1 is
a b
a sin 
y  b sin   x  a cos , where  is the parameter .
b cos
yb cos  b 2 sin  cos  ax sin   a 2 sin  cos
ax by
 by sin  cos ,   a 2  b 2      (1)
cos sin 
Diff. (1) partially w.r.t. θ, we get
 ax by
( sin  )  (cos )  0
cos 
2
sin 2 
ax sin  by cos
 0
cos 2  sin 2 
ax sin 3   by cos3   0      (2)
1
(1)  cos3   (2)  , we get
sin 
ax cos   ax sin 2   (a 2  b 2 ) cos3 
2

ax(1)  (a 2  b 2 ) cos3 
ax
 cos3 
a b
2 2

1/ 3
 ax 
cos   2 2 
     (3)
a b 
1
(1)  sin 3   (2)  , we get
cos
 by sin 2   by cos2   (a 2  b 2 ) sin 3 
 by(1)  (a 2  b 2 ) sin 3 

 by
 sin 3

a2  b2
  by 
1/ 3

sin    2 2 
      ( 4)
a b 
Squaring and adding (3) and (4), we get
 b y 
2/3 2/3
 ax 
cos   sin    2
2 2
   2 
a b  a b 
2 2

2/3 2/3
 ax   by 
1  2    2 
a b  a b 
2 2

(a x) 2 / 3  (b y ) 2 / 3  (a 2  b 2 ) 2 / 3
 28

31. Find the evolute of the R.H. xy = c2.

c
Sol. Any point of the R.H. xy = c2 is x  ct , y 
t
c
x  ct , y
t
dx dy  c
 c, 
dt dt t 2
dy  c / t 2  1
  2
dx c t
2
d y 2 dt 2 1 2
2
 3.  3.  3
dx t dx t c ct
2  1
( 1 / t ) 1  
y1 (1  y1 )
2

X x  ct   t4 
y2 2 / ct 3
1 t 4  1 ct 3 c(t 4  1)
 ct  2 . 4 .  ct 
t t 2 2t 3
2ct 4  ct 4  c

2t 3
3ct 4  c
X 
2t 3
 1
1  4 
(1  y1 ) c  t 
2

Y y  
y2 t 2 / ct 3
c t 4  1 ct 3 c c(t 4  1)
  4 .  
t t 2 t 2t
2c  ct 4  c

2t
3c  ct 4
Y 
2t
3ct  c 3c  ct
4 4
3ct  c  3ct 2  ct 6
4
X Y   
2t 3 2t 2t 3
c(t 2  1) 3

2t 3
2

X  Y  (t 2  1) 2  c   t 2  1
2/3 2/3
2/3 c
     
2 t2 2  t 
2/3 2
 c   1
  t  
2  t 
2/3
c  2 1 
  t  2  2
 2  t 
 29

3ct 4  c 3c  ct 4 3ct 4  c  3ct 2  ct 6 c(1  t 2 ) 3

X Y    
2t 3 2t 2t 3 2t 3
2

X  Y  (1  t 2 ) 2  c  1  t 2 
2/3 2/3
2/3 c
     
2 t2 2  t 
2/3 2
c 1 
   t
2 t 
2/3
c  1 
    2  t 2  2
 2 t 

X  Y   
2/3 2/3
2/3 2/3 c c
 X Y    (4)    (2 2 )
2 2
 c 2 / 3 .2 2  2 / 3
 c 2 / 3 .2 4 / 3  c 2 / 3 .4 2 / 3  (4c) 2 / 3
Locus of X , Y  is ( x  y)  ( x  y ) 2 / 3  (4c) 2 / 3
2/3

32. Find the radius of curvature of the curve r 2  a 2 sec 2

Sol. Given r 2  a 2 sec 2
Diff w.r.t. θ, we get
dr
2r  a 2 sec 2 tan 2 .2
d
dr dr
r  r 2 tan 2   r tan 2
d d
d2 r dr
 tan 2 .  r sec 2 2 .2
d 2
d
 tan 2 (r tan 2 )  2 r sec 2 2
 r tan 2 2  2 r sec 2 2
3/ 2
 dr 
2

r  
2
 

  d   
 2
r
 r 2 tan 2 2 3 / 2
2

r  2 r 2 tan 2 2  r [r tan 2 2  2 r sec 2 2 ]
2
dr d 2r
r 2  2  r
d  d 2

 2

r 3 1  tan 2 2 3 / 2 
r [1  2 tan 2 2  tan 2 2  2 sec 2 2 ]
r sec 3 2

[1  tan 2 2  2 sec 2 2 ]
r sec 3 2 r sec 3 2 r sec 2
  
sec 2 2  2 sec 2 2 3 sec 2 2 3
r.r 2

3a2
r3
   a2
 30

  3
33. For the curve r  a sin   ,
3
prove that is constant.
3 r2
 
Sol. r  a sin 3  
3
dr     1
 3a sin 2   cos   .
d 3 3 3
   
 a sin 3   cot  
3 3
 
 r cot  
3
   1   d r
2
d r
 r  cos ec 2  .   cot  .
d  3  3  3 d
2

r      
  cos ec 2    cot  . r cot  
3 3 3 3
  r  
 r cot 2    cos ec 2  
3 3 3
3/ 2
 dr 
2
3/ 2
r      2 2   
2
r  r cot  3 
2
  d      
 
     r   
2
dr d 2r r 2  2 r 2 cot 2    r r cot 2    cos ec 2  
r  2
2
  r
 d   d 2 3  3 3  3 
3/ 2
   
3
r 1  cot 2  
  3 

     1   
r 2 1  2 cot 2    cot 2    cos ec 2  
 3 3 3  3 
3/ 2
   
r cos ec 2  
  3 

 2   1 2   
cos ec  3   3 cos ec  3 
    
   
r cos ec 3  
  3  3 r  
  cos ec  
4   4 3
cos ec 2  
3 3
1/ 3
3r  a 
  
4 r
27 r 3 a
  3
 
64 r
3 27 a
  cons tan t.
r2 64
 31

2  
34. Find the radius of curvature of the curve r cos    a
2
 
Sol. r cos 2    a
2
Diff w.r.t. θ, we get
    1   d r
 2 r cos   sin  .  cos 2  . 0
2 2 2  2 d
  d r    
cos 2    r cos   sin  
 2 d 2 2
dr  
 r tan  
d 2
d2 r 2   1   d r
 r sec  .  tan  .
d 2  
2 2  2 d
  1    
 r sec 2  .  tan  . r tan  
2 2 2 2
  r  
 r tan 2    sec 2  
2 2 2
3/ 2
 dr 
2
3/ 2
r      2 2   
2
r  r tan  2 
2
  d      
 
     r   
2
dr d 2r r 2  2 r 2 tan 2    r r tan 2    sec 2  
r  2
2
  r
 d   d 2 2  2 2  2 
3/ 2
   
r 3 1  tan 2  
  2 

     1   
r 2 1  2 tan 2    tan 2    sec 2  
 2 2 2  2 
3/ 2
   
r sec 2  
  2 

 2   1 2   
sec  2   2 sec  2 
    
   
r sec 3  
  2   
  2 r sec  
1   2
sec 2  
2 2
1/ 2
r
  2r 
a
2r r
 
a
 32

35. Find the circle of curvature of the curve x  y  a x 2  b y 2  c x 3 at the origin.

Sol. Given x  y  a x 2  b y 2  c x 3
Diff. w.r.t. x, we get
dy dy
1  2a x  2b y  3c x 2
dx dx
dy
(2b y  1)  1  2a x  3c x 2
dx
dy 1  2a x  3c x 2

dx 2b y  1
1 0
At 0, 0 , y1   1
0 1
d 2 y  (2b y  1) (2a  6c x)  (1  2a x  3c x 2 ) (2b y1 ) 
 
dx 2  (2b y  1) 2 
 (1) (2a  0)  (1  0) (2b) 
At 0, 0, y2   
 (1) 2 
 2a  2b 
  2(a  b)
 1 


1  y 1
2 3/ 2


1  (1) 2 3/ 2

23 / 2

2 2

2
y2 2(a  b) 2(a  b) 2(a  b) a  b
y (1  y1 ) (1)(1  1)
2
2 1
X  x 1 0  
y2 2(a  b) 2(a  b) a  b
(1  y1 ) (1  1)
2
2 1
Y  y 0  
y2 2(a  b) 2(a  b) a  b
Hence the circle of curvature is
(x  X )2  ( y  Y )2   2
2 2
 1   1  2
i.e.  x   y  
 ab  ab ( a  b) 2

x 2 ( a  x)
36. Find the radius of curvature for the curve y  2
at the point (–a, 0)
ax
x 2 ( a  x)
Sol. Given y 2

ax
(i.e ) y (a  x)  a x 2  x 3
2

Diff. w.r.t. x, we get

(a  x) 2 y y1  y 2 (1)  2a x  3x 2
dy 2a x  3x 2  y 2

dx 2(a  x) y
2a(a)  3(a) 2  0
At  a, 0, y1  
0
dx 2(a  x) y
 
dy 2a x  3x 2  y 2
 33

At  a, 0,
dx 0
 0
dy 2a(a)  3(a) 2  0
2  dx   dx dx 
( 2 ax  3 x 2
 y )  2 y ( 0  )  2( a  x ).1  2( a  x ) y  dy
2 a  6 x  2 y 
d 2x  dy   dy 

dy 2
(2ax  3x  y )
2 2 2

d 2 x (2a 2  3a 2  0)0  4a   0 4a 3 4
At (a,0),   4 
dy 2 (2a 2  3a 2  0) 2 a a
3/ 2
  dx  2 
1    
  dy   1  0

3/ 2
1 a
d 2x   
4/a 4/a 4
dy 2

37. Find the radius of curvature at the point (1, 0) on x  et cos t , y  et sin t
Sol. x  e t cos t , y  e t sin t
dx dy
 et ( sin t )  cos t.et ,  et . cos t  sin t.et
dt dt
 et (cost  sin t )  et (cost  sin t )
dy e t (cos t  sin t ) cos t  sin t 1  tan t
  
dx e t (cos t  sin t ) cos t  sin t 1  tan t

tan  tan t
4  
  tan   t 
 4 
1  tan tan t
4
  dt  
2
d y 1
 sec 2   t .  sec 2   t . t
 4  dx  4  e (cos t  sin t )
2
dx
Given point is (1, 0)
 x = 1, y = 0
(i.e) e t cos t  1, e t sin t  0
t 0
dy  
At t  0,  tan   0   1
dx 4 
d2y  
 sec 2   0 . 0
1
  2  .1  2
2

4  e (cos 0  sin 0)
2
dx

 
1  y  1
2 3/ 2


1  1
3/ 2

2 2
 2
y2 2 2

38. Find the centre of curvature at   on the curve x = 2cost + cos2t,
2
y = 2sint + sin2t.

Sol. Hint: At   , y1 = 1, y2 = 3, x = –1, y = 2
2
5 8
X  , Y 
3 3