MINISTRY FOR RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGH EDUCATION
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
BIOLOGY FACULTY
Jln. Dr. Suparno Karangwangkal Purwokerto 53123
INTRAPOPULATIONAL VARIATION
MINISTRY FOR RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGH EDUCATION
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INTRODUCTION
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Consequence: Linnaeus described the bright colored male
malard as Anas boschas and the drab female as An.
platyrhynchos
The barred adult goshawk as Accipiter palumbarius and
the stripped immature goshawk as A. Genitlis
As soon as their biological status was recognized, each
pair ofmorphological species was combined into a single
biological species
Those morphological differences showed that each
species has two different phena
Anas platyrhynchos
(discoverlife.org)
Accipiter gentilis
(planetofbirds.com)
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• Phena is a result of sexual dimorphism, age variation,
seasonal variation, polymorphism, and other causes
• Most of species has different phena, therefore major
task of the taxonomist is to unmask such variant and
assign the species to which they belong
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When someone is sorting specimen from a single locality,
is must be remembered that one is potentially dealing with
four possibilities
Reproductively
Morphology Not reproductively isolated
isolated
Identical 1. Same phenon of a 3. Sibling species
single species
Different 2. Different phena of the 4. Different species
same species
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SYMPATRIC SAMPLES
• Study on local population, only two alternatives are possible
• Either the phena are individual variation from a single species
or they belong to different species
• There are three reasons to make a choice is difficult:
1) An extreme difference in phena belonging to a single species
(caterpilar and buterfly)
2) An extreme similarity of a good biological species (sibling
species)
3) Extreme variability and wide overlap of two species
MINISTRY FOR RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGH EDUCATION
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Several data clues:
• Behavioural data
• Ecological data
• Distributional data
• Molecular or chromosomal data
• Breeding test
• Others
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PHENA OR DIFFERENT SPECIES
• Most species contain several phena
• Several other species with similar assortment of phena
may be sympatric
• Often a phenon of one species resembles a
corresponding phenon of other species much more
closely than it does any other phenon of the same
species Lead to misidentification
• Correct assignment of phena often can be achieved by a
correct interpretation of morphological information
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• Additional information should be considered:
1) Intermediate forms
2) Certain characters (genitalic armateur on insect,
palpus in spiders, radula in snail, hinge in bivalve)
3) The establishment of correlations
4) Genetic tests
5) Molecular evaluation
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INTRAPOPULATIONAL VARIATION
• Non-genetic variation
– Individual variation in time
• Age variation
• Seasonal variation in an individual
• Seasonal variation in consecutive generation
– Social variation
– Ecological variation
– Traumatic variation
– Postmortem changes
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NON-GENETIC VARIATION
• Animals as a whole are developmentally more
strongly canalized than plants and thus less subject to
nongenetic modification
• Through their power of locomotion and sensory
ability, they have capability for habitat selection
• Consequence nongenetic changes of the phenotype
are far less of a problem for animal taxonomist
• However, zoologist has to be familiar with such type
of non-genetic variation
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I. Individual Variation in Tima
a. Age Variation
• Animals in general pass through a series of juvenile or larval
stages which sometimes quite different from their adult
• Numerous synonyms are listed as a result of the failure of
taxonomist to recognized the relationship between various
age classes of the same species
• Reptiles, birds, and mammals do not have larval stages, but
immature individuals may be rather different from adult,
particularly in birds.
• Several hundreds bird synonyms are based on juvenile
plumage
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• Immature form of many fishes are so different that they
have been described in different genera or even
different family
• Larva of Anguilla was initially described as
Leptocephalus brevirostris Kaup.
Anguilla anguilla
Leptocephalus brevirostris
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MINISTRY FOR RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGH EDUCATION
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Fasciola hepatica
Adult (left), larva (right)
Fasciola hepatica lifecycle
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b. Seasonal Variation in an Individual
• Animals that live as adult individuals through several
breeding seasons.
• The same individual sometimes has a very different
appearance in different part of the year
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c. Seasonal Variation in Consecutive Generation
• Many short-lived invertebrate (ex.insect) produce
several generations in the course of year
• They produce very different generation depend on the
seasons
• Individuals that hatch during the summer or dry-
season paler that individuals hatch in wet-seasons
• Such seasonal variation can usually be recognized not
only by the occurence of intermediates in the
intervening season but also through identity of wing
venation, genitalia, etc.
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Special seasional variation called Cyclomorphosis; a
regular morphological changes through the seasons in
connection with changes in temperature, turbulence, and
other water properties
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II. Social Variation (Insect Castes)
• In social insects (bees, wasps, ant,termites) castes
have develop
• Reproductive castes (queens and males; or drones) ;
workers; and soldiers showed completely different
morphology
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MINISTRY FOR RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGH EDUCATION
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III. Ecological variation
a. Habitat variation (Ecophenotypic)
• Population of single species that occurs in different
habitats in the same region are often visibly different
• The taxonomic treatment fluctuated between two
extremes:1) treated as different species or 2) treated as
non genetic variants
• Actually, they may be a) microsubspecies (or
ecological race) or b) non-genetic ecophenotypes
• Common in plastic species (mollusks)
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b. Variation induced by temporary climate
conditions
• Highly plastic animals may produce year classes that
differ visibly from the norm owing to unusual
conditions (drought, cold,food supply etc.) in a given
year
• Fish of a given year class may be stunted or the other
class may be have rapid growth
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c. Host-determined variation
• Host-determined variation in the parasite of plants and
animals provides potential source of taxonomic error
and permits confusion with microgeographic race or
sympatric species
• Commonly expressed in size differences but may
involve other morphological and physiological
characters
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d. Density-Dependent Variation
• Crowding are sometimes reflected in
morphological variation, especially due to
shortage of food materials (not always)
• Gregarious species of locust exist in unstable
biological phase
• These phases differ in anatomy, color, and
behavioral characteristics and have often describe
as different species
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Newly hatched nymphs reared in crowded
conditions, they develop into the transitional
phase; when they are isolated and reared
separately, they develop into the solitary phase.
Solitary Colony
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e. Allometric Variation
• Allometric growth lead to unproportionate size of a
structure in relation to the size of the rest of the body
• In a population, animals with different size will show
allometric (heterogonic) variability
• Ocurred among insects, head of ants, mandibles of
beetles
• The failure to recognize this variation may lead to
synonymy
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MINISTRY FOR RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGH EDUCATION
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• Growth differences (allometric) length vs weight
• Negative allometric length > weight
• Positive allometric length < weight
Hemibagrus nemurus Cyprinus carpio
(ikan Baung) (goldfish)
Negative allometric Positive allometric
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f. Neurogenenic (Neurohumoral) variation
• Color change in individual animals as a
response to the environment
• Color change occured through the
concentration or dispersal of color-bearing
bodies known as Chromatopores.
• Examples chameleon, crustaceas, cephalopods,
and cold-blooded vertebrates
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IV. Traumatic Variation
Parasite-Induced Variation
• Normal effect of parasitisms are swelling, distorsion,
mechanical injury
• Parasites may produce conspicuous structural
modifications
• Example effect of paratisims in bee Genus Andrena:
reduction in the size of the head; enlargement of the
abdomen; changes in puncturation, pubescence and
wing venation; intersexes
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• Andrena is sexually dimorphic; intersexes have
been a source of confusion and synonymy
• Effect of Stylopization in female: reduction in
pollen-collecting organ; loss of anal fimbriae;
changes in relative length of antennal segment,
reduction of facial foveae; reduction of the sting
and accessory organs;
• In male: development of hair resembling female;
broadening of basitarsus; changes in proportion of
antennal segments; and reduction in the size of
genitalia
Stylops
Andrena ♂ Andrena ♀
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V. Postmortem Changes
• Occured in preserved specimens
• Orange-yellow color of bird of paradise fade into
white in collection
• Caused by the loss of volatile component in the
pigment
• Other postmortem changes caused by chemical
preservative agent or killing agents
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GENETIC VARIATION
• Variation due to difference in genetic constitution
I. Sexual Dimorphism
• Many variation are sex-associated; may be sex-limited
or associated with one sex or the other
a. Primary sex Different
• Difference in reproductive organ
b. Secondary sex different
• The most conspicuous sexual dimorphisms among
animals
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• The difference between male and female
sometimes very limited; but sometimes very
strong and lead to misidentification and placed
into two different species
• Example: male of king sparrow (Eclectus rotatus
Muller) has green coloration with orange belly;
the female has red and blue color with black
belly. Both are identified as two different species
for more than 100 year.
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c. Gynandromorph and Intersexes
• Gynandromorph: individuals that shows male characters in
one part of the body and female chaaracters in other part
• Caused by an unequal somatic distribution of chromosome,
particularly sex chromosome
• Intersexes individual exhibit a blending of female and male
characters.
• Intersexes is a result from an upset in the balance between
male-tendency and female-tendency genes
• This upset may result from irregularities in fertilization or
mitosis or from physiological disturbances associated with
parasitism
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II. Reproductively Different Generations
• In many insect there is an alteration that is very
confusing to the taxonomist
• In the genus Cynips, the agamic generation is so
different from the bisexual one that it has been
customary to apply different scientific names
• In the aphids, the partenogenetic wingless females are
usually different from the winged females of the sexual
generations
mosaic gynandromorph of
normal male of normal female of
Papilio androgeus
Papilio androgeus Papilio androgeus
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MINISTRY FOR RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGH EDUCATION
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Sexual and Uniparental Strain
• Slug species (Arion), sexually repproducing strains are
highly polymorphic in their enzymes, while self-fertilizing
hermaphroditic strains are highly homozygous
1) Provide: the best available evidence of allopatric
speciation,the frequent origin of evolutionary novelties in
peripherally isolated population, and numerous
intermediate stages in the evolutionary processes
2) Elucidating previously inexplicable discontinousity
3) Geographic variation helps bridge the gap between
microevolution and macroevolution
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III. Ordinary Genetic Variation
• Much intrapopulation genetic variation is not sex-
limited and does not primarily involve sex characters
a. Discontinuous Variation (Polymorphisms)
• The differences between individuals of a population
are in general sight and intergrading
• In certain species, the member of population can be
grouped into very definite group based on certain
characters
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• Such discontinuous individual variation is
called polymorphisms.
• Example: population of several species of
Hemiptera and Coleoptera. They have flight
and flightless individual
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b. Continuous Variation
• The most common type of individual variation in due
to slight genetic differences among individuals
• It can not be discovered unless special techniques are
employed
• Continuous variation is the result of slight genetic
differences which exist between individuals
• It is now evident that no one individual is “typical” of
the characters of a populations.
• Only the statistics of the whole population can give a
true picture of the population.
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114 species of the snail genus Melania were found
to be nothing but individual variants.
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