Name: Cyndy G. Condrillon Date Performed: Sept.
2, 2019
Course/Section/Schedule: MSF-FPT 1 Date Submitted: Sept. 10, 2019
Monday 1:00-4:00pm
Practical no. 1
Standardization of HCl with Na2CO3 using Titration
I. Objectives
The main purpose of this experiment was to standardize the exact
concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution using primary standard
which was sodium carbonate (Na2CO3).
Specifically it aims to:
1. determine the normality in a hydrochloric acid solution.
2. familiarize one of the methods used to prepare standard solutions.
II. Review of Literature
Standardization of hydrochloric acid
The laboratory grade hydrochloric acid is not enough to be used as a
primary standard since its not pure because of its gaseous form at room
temperature. That is why we need to standardize the hydrochloric acid
before using it for analytical applications. To standardize it, one must
choose a pure reagent which can be accurately weighed out on analytical
balance which is called primary standard (Singh 2016).
In this experiment, a standard solution of sodium carbonate will be
used as the primary standard to determine the exact concentration of a
hydrochloric acid solution. Sodium Carbonate is the disodium salt
of carbonic acid with alkalinizing property. When dissolved in water,
sodium carbonate forms carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide. As a strong
base, sodium hydroxide neutralizes gastric acid thereby acting as an
antacid (Pubchem). When you add a hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution to a
solution of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), the hydrogen ion in HCl switches
places with one of the sodium ions in Na2CO3 to produce sodium
hydrogencarbonate, also known as sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), and
sodium chloride (salt).
Na2CO3(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaHCO3(aq) + NaCl(aq)
Sodium hydrogencarbonate is basic, and it reacts with the HCl still in
solution to produce sodium chloride, carbon dioxide and water.
NaHCO3(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Phenolphthalein is a good indicator for the first reaction because it
responds to the pH change caused by the formation of sodium
hydrogencarbonate. It is pink in basic solutions and turns colorless as
soon as the solution becomes acidic (Dezel 2018).
III. Methodology
III.1. Preparation of equipment and chemicals
The equipments needed for this experiment were the following:
Analytical Balance Burette Desiccator Aspirator
Aluminum foil Erlenmeyer fask Magnetic stirrer Burner
Graduated cylinder Volumetric flask Oven
Chemicals that were used:
a. Reagents
Na2CO3 (dried)
Indicator: phenolpthalein or mixed indicator or methyl orange
Acid: HCl or H2SO4 approximately 0.1M
III.2. Procedure
III.2.1. Preparation of Na2CO3 solution.
1. Dried Na2CO3 were already given. Weighed approximately 0.4-g
(accurate to at least 4 decimal places) of the dried Na2CO3 and transferred
in the erlenmeyer flask. Made 3 samples. (W1)
2. Added 40-ml distilled or de-ionized water into the 250-ml
erlenmeyer flask by using graduated cylinder. Made 3 samples but add 1
sample for the control without the dried Na2CO3 and stirred it until Na2CO3
will be dissolved.
III.2.2. Preparation of a dilute HCl solution
1. Transferred 8.51-ml of concentrated HCl into a volumetric flask.
2. Diluted the acid to approximately 1000-ml of distilled water.
III.2.3. Standardization of diluted HCl solution
1. Filled a burette with the diluted HCl solution prepared
in (III.2.2) above.
2. Added 5 drops of indicator which was phenolpthalein in our group to
the Na2CO3 solution, the color should turn from pink to light pink when
titrating. Other group used mixed indicator the color should also turn from
green to pink. Carefully added the hydrochloric acid slowly from the
burette, with constant stirring until the solution became light pink.
Recorded the volume of titrant added. (V1)
3. Boiled the solution for a few minutes to expel CO2, wait until the
color goes back to pink and cooled rapidly under running tap water.
4. Continued the titration until the pink color re-appeared, recorded
the next volume. (V2)
18.868 xW1
N
5. Calculated the normality of the acid as: V1 V2 Vb
Where:
W1 = weight (g) of Na2CO3
V1 = mL of acid during first addition
V2 = mL of acid during second addition
Vb = mL of acid for blank run
18.868 = factor for gram equivalent of Na2CO3
7. Data analysis
IV. Results and Discussion
IV.1. Computation of volume used in HCl as the dilute solution
Stock: 36% v/v HCl
Specific gravity of HCl = 1.19 g/ml
Molecular weight of HCl = 36.46094g/mol
36 360 1.19 g
x 428.4 g
100 1000 ml L
428.4 g 1mol
Molarity = mass of solute x 11.74 M
L 36.5( MW )
Volume of solution
Compute the unknown Volume of the dilute solution
M1V1=M2V2
Where: M1 = Concentration in molarity (m/L) of the concentrated solution
V1 = Volume of the concentrated solution
M2 = Concentration in molarity of the dilute solution
V2 = Volume of the dilute solution.
(0.1)(1000)=(11.74)(V1) Volume of the dilute solution needed=8.51ml
The data gathered from the experiment with an indicator of phenolphthalein
and the value of Normality was presented in Table IV.2.1.
IV.2.1. Summary of the Normality of acid per sample.
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Weight of Na2CO3 (g) 0.4062 0.4262 0.4263
Acid during first addition (ml) 37.4 24.2 23.7
acid during second addition (ml) 2 2.4 2.2
acid for blank run(ml) 0 0 0
Normality of acid per sample 0.0973 0.1512 0.1553
Sample 1
18.868 xW1 18.868 x0.4062 7.6642
N 0.1945 2 N 0.0973
V1 V2 Vb 37.4 2 0 39.4
Sample 2
18.868 xW1 18.868 x0.4262 8.0415
N 0.3023 2 N 0.1512
V1 V2 Vb 24.2 2.4 0 26.6
Sample 3
18.868 xW1 18.868 x0.4263
N 8.0434
V1 V2 Vb 23.7 2.2 0 25.9 0.3106 2 N 0.1553
Average Normality: =0.4038/3 =0.1346 N
Normality of each trials was computed by multiplying the weight of Na2CO3
by the factor for gram equivalent of Na2CO3 which was 18.868 the answer was
divided by the addition of acid from the first addition and second addition and
subtract by the acid for blank run. In solving for the concentration of the acid,
it needs to be divided by two because in using phenolphthalein, the volume of
HCl was half of the required observation of the endpoint.
Results showed for the normality of each sample gave a slight difference
because the phenolphthalein we used for the first batch did not react with the
base, when we added 5 drops of the phenolphthalein the color did not change
from pink to slight pink supposedly, we just later on found out when we
changed the indicator and we just continued the first batch of samples and
only change the first sample with the correct indicator since we were also
running out of time. However despite of its difference the we still come up
with the average normality of HCl to 0.1346N, which was still near to 0.1N of
HCl.
The date collected from the experiment of the other group using mixed
indicator and the value of Normality of acid per sample was established in
Table IV.2.2.
Table IV.2.2. Summary of Normality of acid per sample.
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Weight of Na2CO3 (g) 0.4021 0.4052 0.4030
Acid during first addition (ml) 74 74.2 74.3
acid during second addition (ml) 1.1 1.1 1.1
acid for blank run(ml) 0.05 0.05 0.05
Normality of acid per sample 0.10109 0.1016 0.1009
Sample 1
18.868 xW1 18.868 x0.4021 7.5868
N
V1 V2 Vb 74 1.1 0.05 75.05 N 0.10109
Sample 2
18.868 xW1 18.868 x0.4052 7.6453
N
V1 V2 Vb 74.2 1.1 0.05 75.25 N 0.1016
Sample 3
18.868 xW1 18.868 x0.4030 7.6038
N
V1 V2 Vb 74.3 1.1 0.05 75.35 N 0.1009
Average Normality: =0.30359/3 =0.1012 N
Normality of each trials was computed by multiplying the weight of Na2CO3
by the factor for gram equivalent of Na2CO3 which was 18.868 the answer was
divided by the addition of acid from the first addition and second addition and
subtract by the acid for blank run.
Results revealed that the normality of each sample were precise with each
other and that is why the average normality of HCl using mixed indicator was
0.1012N that was very near to the true value of the normality of HCl which was
0.1N. While they did the experiment slight error was observed like for there
blank run, the color was very pink when they titrated it, but still it did not really
affect the normality of HCl.
V. Summary/Conclusion/Recommendations
Normality is also known as the equivalent concentration of a solution. The
solute's role which was the Na2CO3 in the reaction determines the solution's
normality (Helmenstine, A. 2018). The normality of HCl can also be computed
by multiplying molarity with its number of equivalents. That is why we came up
with 0.1N because it was already given that the molarity of HCl was 0.1M and
only 1 mole of hydrogen H+ ions (1 equivalent) from hydrochloric acid react
with sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3) to form sodium chloride (NaCl),
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. Among the normality of the acid with the only
difference was using mixed indicator and phenolphthalein, it was conveyed
that the other group using mixed indicator was close to the exact value of the
normality of HCl. Recommendation might be is to check first the indicators to
be used in the experiment to avoid further errors.
VI. References
Deziel, Chris. "Titration of Sodium Carbonate With Hydrochloric Acid"
sciencing.com.https://sciencing.com/titration-sodium-carbonate-hydrochlori
c-acid-6511063.html. 7 September 2019.
Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Normality Definition in Chemistry."
ThoughtCo, Dec. 25, 2018,
thoughtco.com/definition-of-normality-in-chemistry-605419.
National Center of Biotechnology Information. Pub Chem Database. Sodium
carbonate, CID=10340. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Sodi
-um-carbonate (accessed on September 7, 2019).
Singh, R.K. 2016. Handbook Of Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry [A
Systematic Approach To Titrimetric Analysis].
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301693570.pp 1-48.
