App Development for Smart
Devices
CS 495/595 - Fall 2012
Lec #5: Android Sensors
Tamer Nadeem Dept. of Computer Science
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Objective
• Working in Background
• Sensor Manager • Sensor Types
• Examples
CS 495/595 - App Development for Smart Devices Fall 2013
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What is a Sensor
• A converter that measures a physical quantity
and converts it into a signal which can be read
by an observer or by an instrument ...
• Sensors have been used in cellphones since
they were invented ...
• Microphone, number keys
• Instead of carrying around 10 separate devices,
now you just need 1
CS 495/595 - App Development for Smart Devices Fall 2013
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Android Sensors
• MIC
• Camera
• Temperature
• Location (GPS or Network)
• Orientation
• Accelerometer
• Proximity
• Pressure
• Light
CS 495/595 - App Development for Smart Devices Fall 2013
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Android.hardware Package
Support for Hardware classes with some
interfaces
• Camera: used to set image capture settings, start/stop
preview, snap pictures, and retrieve frames for encoding
for video.
• Camera.CameraInfo: Information about a camera
• Camera.Parameters: Camera service settings.
• Camera.Size: Image size (width and height dimensions).
• GeomagneticField: Estimate magnetic field at a given
point on Earth and compute the magnetic declination from
true north.
• Sensor: Class representing a sensor.
• SensorEvent: Represents a Sensor event and holds
information such as sensor's type, time-stamp, accuracy
and sensor's data.
• SensorManager: SensorManager lets you access the
device's sensors.
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/packa
ge-summary.html
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Android Software Stack
Sensor Manager
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Types of Sensors
• Not every device has every kind of sensor
• Constants from Sensor class
• Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER
• hardware
• acceleration force in m/s2
• x, y, z axis
• includes gravity
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Accelerometer Sensor
• Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of
velocity.
• Accelerometers measure how quickly the
speed of the device is changing in a given
direction.
• Detect movement and corresponding speed’s
rate of change.
• Accelerometers do not measure velocity
• How does it work?
• The “proof mass” shown above is allowed to move in a
plane.
• The attached fingers form a capacitor with the two plates
around it.
• The rate of change of the capacitance is measured and
translated into an acceleration
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Types of Sensors
•
Sensor.TYPE_AMBIENT_TEMPERATURE
• hardware
• "room" temperature in degrees Celsius
• no such sensor on dev phones
• Sensor.TYPE_GRAVITY
• software or hardware
• just gravity
• if phone at rest same as TYPE_ACCELEROMETER
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Types of Sensors
• Sensor.TYPE_GYROSCOPE
• hardware
• measure device's rate of rotation in radians / second
around 3 axis
• Sensor.TYPE_LIGHT
• hardware
• light level in lx,
• lux is SI measure illuminance in luminous flux per unit
area
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Types of Sensors
• Sensor.TYPE_LINEAR_ACCELERATION
• software or hardware
• measure acceleration force applied to device in three
axes excluding the force of gravity
• Sensor.TYPE_MAGNETC_FIELD
• hardware
• ambient geomagnetic field in all three axes
• uT micro Teslas
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Types of Sensors
• Sensor.TYPE_ORIENTATION
[deprecated]
• software
• measure of degrees of rotation a device makes around all
three axes
• Sensor.TYPE_PRESSURE
• hardware
• ambient air pressure in hPa or mbar
• force per unit area
• 1 Pascal = 1 Newton per square meter
• hecto Pascals (100 Pascals)
• milli bar - 1 mbar = 1hecto Pascal
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Orientation Sensor
• Orientation Sensor is a combination of the
magnetic field Sensors, which function as an
electronic compass, and accelerometers, which
determine the pitch and roll.
• Two alternatives for determining the device
orientation.
• Query the orientation Sensor directly
• Derive the orientation using the accelerometers and
magnetic field Sensors.
• x-axis (azimuth) 0/360 degrees is north, 90
east, 180 south, and 270 west
• y-axis (pitch) 0 flat on its back, -90 standing
upright.
• z-axis (roll) 0 flat on its back, -90 is the screen
facing left
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Types of Sensors
• Sensor.TYPE_PROXIMITY
• hardware
• proximity of an object in cm relative to the view screen
of a device
• most just binary (see range, resolution)
• typically used to determine if handset is being held to
person's ear during a call
• Sensor.TYPE_RELATIVE_HUMIDITY
• ambient humidity in percent ( 0 to 100)
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Types of Sensors
• Sensor.TYPE_ROTATION_VECTOR
• hardware or software
• orientation of device, three elements of the device's
rotation vector
• Sensor.TYPE_TEMPERATURE
• hardware
• temperature of the device in degrees Celsius
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/Sensor
.html
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Availability of Sensors
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Async Callbacks
• Android’s sensors are controlled by external
services and only send events when they choose to
• An app must register a callback to be notified of
a sensor event
• Each sensor has a related XXXListener interface
that your callback must implement
• E.g. LocationListener
CS 495/595 - App Development for Smart Devices Fall 2013
SensorManager Your App
Register Callback
Sensor Event
Sensor Event
Sensor Event
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Android Software Stack
Sensor Manager
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Sensing & Sensor Manager
• Device specific
• ServiceManager provides access to Sensor
Manager Service
• Use
Context.getSystemService(SENSOR_SERVICE) for
access
String service_name = Context.SENSOR_SERVICE;
SensorManager sensorManager = (SensorManager)
getSystemService(service_name)
• Note that you should disable any sensors you don’t
need, especially when activity paused.
• System will not disable automatically when screen turns
off
• Battery will drain quickly otherwise.
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SensorManager’s Methods
• Sensor getDefaultSensor(int type) Use this
method to get the default sensor for a given type
• List<Sensor> getSensorList(int type) Use this
method to get the list of available sensors of a
certain type
• boolean
registerListener(SensorEventListener
listener, Sensor sensor, int rate) Registers a
SensorEventListener for the given sensor.
• void
unregisterListener(SensorEventListener
listener, Sensor sensor) Unregisters a listener
for the sensors with which it is registered.
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/hardware/SensorM
anager.html
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Sensor’s Methods
• public float getMaximumRange () -
maximum range of the sensor in the sensor's
unit.
• public int getMinDelay () - the minimum
delay allowed between two events in
microsecond or zero if this sensor only
returns a value when the data it's measuring
changes.
• public String getName () - name string of
the sensor.
• public float getPower () - the power in mA
used by this sensor while in use.
• public float getResolution () - resolution of
the sensor in the sensor's unit.
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getPower() Methods
• The device’s battery has a 1500 mA
• Under normal use, the battery lasts
10hours.
• If we use orientation, rotation vector, &
magnetic field sensors
• How long would it last now?
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Checking for Sensors
Sensor defaultGyroscope = sensorManager.getDefaultSensor
(Sensor.TYPE_GYROSCOPE); //(Returns null if none)
//Or, get a list of all sensors of a type: List<Sensor>
pressureSensors =
sensorManager.getSensorList(Sensor.TYPE_PRESSURE);
//Or, get a list of all sensors of a type: List<Sensor> allSensors =
sensorManager.getSensorList(Sensor.TYPE_ALL);
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Listening for Sensors
final SensorEventListener mySensorEventListener = new
SensorEventListener() {
public void onSensorChanged(SensorEvent sensorEvent) {
// TODO Monitor Sensor changes. }
public void onAccuracyChanged(Sensor sensor, int accuracy) {
// TODO React to a change in Sensor accuracy. } }
• Accuracy:
– SensorManager.SENSOR_STATUS_ACCURACY_LOW –
SensorManager.SENSOR_STATUS_ACCURACY_MEDIUM
– SensorManager.SENSOR_STATUS_ACCURACY_HIGH –
SensorManager.SENSOR_STATUS_ACCURACY_UNRELIA
BL
CS 495/595 - App Development for Smart Devices Fall 2013
SensorEvent
• SensorEvent parameter in the
onSensorChanged method includes four
properties used to describe a Sensor event:
• sensor: The sensor that triggered the event.
• accuracy: The accuracy of the Sensor when the event
occurred.
• values: A float array that contains the new value(s)
detected.
• timestamp: The time in nanosecond at which the event
occurred.
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Sensor Values
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Register
// Usually in onResume Sensor sensor =
sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_PROXIMITY);
sensorManager.registerListener(mySensorEventListener, sensor,
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL);
// Usually in onPause
sensorManager.unregisterListener(mySensorEventListener);
• Update Rate:
– SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_FASTEST –
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_GAME –
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL –
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_UI
CS 495/595 - App Development for Smart Devices Fall 2013
Accelerometer, Compass, &
Orientation
• Allow you to:
< Determine the current device orientation < Monitor and
track changes in orientation < Know which direction the
user is facing < Monitor acceleration—changes in
movement rate—in any direction
• Open possibilities for your applications:
➤Use these with a map, camera, and location-based
services to create augmented reality interfaces. ➤Create
user interface that adjust dynamically to suit device
orientation. ➤Monitor rapid acceleration to detect if a
device is dropped or thrown. ➤Measure movement or
vibration (e.g., locking application). ➤User interface
controls that use physical gestures and movement.
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Listener for Changes (Accel)
public void setupSensorListener() {
SensorManager sm =
(SensorManager)getSystemService(Context.SENSOR_SERVICE);
int sensorType = Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER;
sm.registerListener(mySensorEventListener,
sm.getDefaultSensor(sensorType),
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL); }
final SensorEventListener mySensorEventListener = new
SensorEventListener() {
public void onSensorChanged(SensorEvent sensorEvent) {
if (sensorEvent.sensor.getType() ==
Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER) {
float xAxis_lateralA = sensorEvent.values[0]; float yAxis_longitudinalA
= sensorEvent.values[1]; float zAxis_verticalA = sensorEvent.values[2];
// TODO apply the acceleration changes to your application. } } };
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Accelerometer Data
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Collecting Sensor Data
How we have collected the data
Walking Experiment
●
We use the sensors (Accelerometer+Gyroscope)
reading to count the stride.
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Gyroscope Reading
Detected Stride
Walking Experiment
●
We use the orientation and magnetic field
sensor to detect the turns.
●
We limit each turn to fixed angles(i.e.
0,45,90,135,180,225,270 degree) for simplicity.
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Orientation sensor reading
Turn/ change of angle
Stride
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Listener for Changes
(Orientation)
public void setupSensorListener() {
SensorManager sm =
(SensorManager)getSystemService(Context.SENSOR_SERVICE);
int sensorType = Sensor.TYPE_ORIENTATION;
sm.registerListener(mySensorEventListener,
sm.getDefaultSensor(sensorType),
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_NORMAL); }
final SensorEventListener mySensorEventListener = new
SensorEventListener() {
public void onSensorChanged(SensorEvent sensorEvent) {
if (sensorEvent.sensor.getType() == Sensor.TYPE_ORIENTATION) {
float headingAngle = sensorEvent.values[0]; float pitchAngle =
sensorEvent.values[1]; float rollAngle = sensorEvent.values[2];
// TODO apply the orientation changes to your application. } } };
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Controlling Vibration
• Vibration is an excellent way to provide haptic
user feedback.
• Applications needs the VIBRATE permission
in application manifest:
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.VIBRATE"/>
• Example:
String vibratorService = Context.VIBRATOR_SERVICE; Vibrator
vibrator = (Vibrator)getSystemService(vibratorService);
long[] pattern = {1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 16000 };
vibrator.vibrate(pattern, 0); // Execute vibration pattern.
vibrator.vibrate(1000); // Vibrate for 1 second.
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Questions?
CS 495/595 - App Development for Smart Devices Fall 2013
To DO
• Example 1 (in slides)
• Example 2 (in slides)
• Example 3 (in slides)
• Assignment #3: Assignment Tracker App
v2.0
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CS 495/595 - App Development for Smart Devices Fall 2013
Example 1. Displaying Accelerometer and Orientation
Data
• Create an activity with accelerometer and orientation data.
package com.exercise.AndroidSensorList;
import android.app.ListActivity; import android.content.Context; import
android.hardware.Sensor; import android.hardware.SensorManager; import
android.os.Bundle; import android.widget.ArrayAdapter;
public class SensorTest extends Activity implements SensorEventListener {
SensorManager sensorManager = null;
//for accelerometer values TextView outputX; TextView outputY; TextView
outputZ;
//for orientation values TextView outputX2; TextView outputY2; TextView
outputZ2;
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Example 1. Displaying Accelerometer and Orientation
Data
@Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); sensorManager = (SensorManager)
getSystemService(SENSOR_SERVICE); setContentView(R.layout.main);
//just some textviews, for data output outputX = (TextView)
findViewById(R.id.TextView01); outputY = (TextView)
findViewById(R.id.TextView02); outputZ = (TextView)
findViewById(R.id.TextView03);
outputX2 = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.TextView04); outputY2 = (TextView)
findViewById(R.id.TextView05); outputZ2 = (TextView)
findViewById(R.id.TextView06); }
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Example 1. Displaying Accelerometer and Orientation
Data
@Override
protected void onResume() {
super.onResume(); sensorManager.registerListener(this,
sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER),
sensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_GAME); sensorManager.registerListener(this,
sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ORIENTATION),
sensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_GAME); }
@Override
protected void onStop() {
super.onStop(); sensorManager.unregisterListener(this,
sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER));
sensorManager.unregisterListener(this,
sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ORIENTATION)); }
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Example 1. Displaying Accelerometer and Orientation
Data
public void onSensorChanged(SensorEvent event) {
synchronized (this) {
switch (event.sensor.getType()){
case Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER:
outputX.setText("x:"+Float.toString(event.values[0]));
outputY.setText("y:"+Float.toString(event.values[1]));
outputZ.setText("z:"+Float.toString(event.values[2])); break; case
Sensor.TYPE_ORIENTATION:
outputX2.setText("x:"+Float.toString(event.values[0]));
outputY2.setText("y:"+Float.toString(event.values[1]));
outputZ2.setText("z:"+Float.toString(event.values[2])); break; } } }
@Override
public void onAccuracyChanged(Sensor sensor, int accuracy) {} }
CS 495/595 - App Development for Smart Devices Fall 2013
Example 2. Creating a G-Forceometer
• Create a simple device to measure g-force using the
accelerometers to determine the current force being exerted on
the device.
• Forceometer Activity & Layout (main.xml)
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <LinearLayout
xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:orientation="vertical“ android:layout_width="fill_parent"
android:layout_height="fill_parent"> <TextView android:id="@+id/acceleration“
android:gravity="center"
android:layout_width="fill_parent“ android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textStyle="bold“ android:textSize="32sp" android:text="CENTER“
android:editable="false" android:singleLine="true“ android:layout_margin="10px"
/> <TextView android:id="@+id/maxAcceleration“ android:gravity="center"
android:layout_width="fill_parent“ android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:textStyle="bold“ android:textSize="40sp" android:text="CENTER“
android:editable="false" android:singleLine="true“ android:layout_margin="10px"
/> </LinearLayout>
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Example 2. Creating a G-Forceometer
• Within Forceometer Activity class, create instance variables
SensorManager sensorManager; TextView accelerationTextView; TextView
maxAccelerationTextView; float currentAcceleration = 0; float maxAcceleration =
0;
• Within Forceometer Activity class, create a new
SensorEventListener implementation
private final SensorEventListener sensorEventListener = new
SensorEventListener() {
double calibration = SensorManager.STANDARD_GRAVITY; public void
onAccuracyChanged(Sensor sensor, int accuracy) { } public void
onSensorChanged(SensorEvent event) {
double x = event.values[0]; double y = event.values[1]; double z = event.values[2];
double a = Math.round(Math.sqrt(Math.pow(x, 2) + Math.pow(y, 2) +
Math.pow(z, 2))); currentAcceleration = Math.abs((float)(a-calibration)); if
(currentAcceleration > maxAcceleration)
maxAcceleration = currentAcceleration; } };
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Example 2. Creating a G-Forceometer
• Update the onCreate method to register your new Listener for
accelerometer updates using the SensorManager.
@Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.main);
accelerationTextView = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.acceleration);
maxAccelerationTextView = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.maxAcceleration);
sensorManager =
(SensorManager)getSystemService(Context.SENSOR_SERVICE); Sensor
accelerometer =
sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER);
sensorManager.registerListener(sensorEventListener, accelerometer,
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_FASTEST); }
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Example 2. Creating a G-Forceometer
• Create a new updateGUI method that synchronizes with the
GUI thread based on a Timer before updating the Text Views
private void updateGUI() {
runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
String currentG = currentAcceleration/SensorManager.STANDARD_GRAVITY +
"Gs"; accelerationTextView.setText(currentG); accelerationTextView.invalidate();
String maxG = maxAcceleration/SensorManager.STANDARD_GRAVITY +
"Gs"; maxAccelerationTextView.setText(maxG);
maxAccelerationTextView.invalidate(); } }); };
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Example 2. Creating a G-Forceometer
• Update the onCreate method to start a timer that’s used to
update the GUI every 100ms:
@Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.main);
accelerationTextView = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.acceleration);
maxAccelerationTextView = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.maxAcceleration);
sensorManager =
(SensorManager)getSystemService(Context.SENSOR_SERVICE); Sensor
accelerometer =
sensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ACCELEROMETER);
sensorManager.registerListener(sensorEventListener, accelerometer,
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_FASTEST);
Timer updateTimer = new Timer("gForceUpdate");
updateTimer.scheduleAtFixedRate(new TimerTask() {
public void run() {
updateGUI(); } }, 0, 100); }
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Example 3. Compass App
package com.example.android.apis.graphics;
import android.content.Context; import android.graphics.*; import
android.hardware.Sensor; import android.hardware.SensorEvent; import
android.hardware.SensorEventListener; import android.hardware.SensorManager;
import android.os.Bundle; import android.util.Config; import android.util.Log;
import android.view.View;
public class Compass extends GraphicsActivity {
private static final String TAG = "Compass";
private SensorManager mSensorManager; private Sensor mSensor; private
SampleView mView; private float[] mValues;
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Example 3. Compass App
private final SensorEventListener mListener = new SensorEventListener() {
public void onSensorChanged(SensorEvent event) {
if (Config.DEBUG) Log.d(TAG,
"sensorChanged (" + event.values[0] + ", " +
event.values[1] + ", " + event.values[2] + ")");
mValues = event.values; if (mView != null) {
mView.invalidate(); } }
public void onAccuracyChanged(Sensor sensor, int accuracy) { } };
@Override protected void onCreate(Bundle icicle) {
super.onCreate(icicle); mSensorManager =
(SensorManager)getSystemService(Context.SENSOR_SERVICE);
mSensor = mSensorManager.getDefaultSensor(Sensor.TYPE_ORIENTATION);
mView = new SampleView(this); setContentView(mView); }
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Example 3. Compass App
@Override protected void onResume() {
if (Config.DEBUG) Log.d(TAG, "onResume"); super.onResume();
mSensorManager.registerListener(mListener, mSensor,
SensorManager.SENSOR_DELAY_GAME); }
@Override protected void onStop() {
if (Config.DEBUG) Log.d(TAG, "onStop");
mSensorManager.unregisterListener(mListener); super.onStop(); }
private class SampleView extends View {
private Paint mPaint = new Paint(); private Path mPath = new Path(); private
boolean mAnimate;
public SampleView(Context context) {
super(context);
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Example 3. Compass App
// Construct a wedge-shaped path mPath.moveTo(0, -50); mPath.lineTo(-20, 60);
mPath.lineTo(0, 50); mPath.lineTo(20, 60); mPath.close(); }
@Override protected void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {
Paint paint = mPaint;
canvas.drawColor(Color.WHITE);
paint.setAntiAlias(true); paint.setColor(Color.BLACK);
paint.setStyle(Paint.Style.FILL);
int w = canvas.getWidth(); int h = canvas.getHeight(); int cx = w / 2; int cy = h / 2;
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Example 3. Compass App
canvas.translate(cx, cy); if (mValues != null) {
canvas.rotate(-mValues[0]); } canvas.drawPath(mPath, mPaint); }
@Override protected void onAttachedToWindow() {
mAnimate = true; if (Config.DEBUG) Log.d(TAG, "onAttachedToWindow.
mAnimate=" + mAnimate);
super.onAttachedToWindow(); }
@Override protected void onDetachedFromWindow() {
mAnimate = false; if (Config.DEBUG) Log.d(TAG, "onDetachedFromWindow.
mAnimate=" + mAnimate);
super.onDetachedFromWindow(); } } }
CS 495/595 - App Development for Smart Devices Fall 2013
