R U L E S
For Using Ir regular Verbs
Understand the problem.
All verbs, whether regular or irregular, have five forms [often called principal parts]. These
forms are the infinitive, simple present, simple past, past participle, and present participle.
The difference between a regular and an irregular verb is the formation of the simple past and
past participle. Regular verbs are dependably consistent—the simple past ends in ed as does
the past participle. Check out this chart:
Infinitive Simple Simple Past Present
Present Past Participle Participle
to laugh laugh(s) laughed laughed laughing
to start start(s) started started starting
to wash wash(es) washed washed washing
to wink wink(s) winked winked winking
In contrast, the simple past and past participle of irregular verbs can end in a variety of ways,
with absolutely no consistent pattern. Here are some examples:
Infinitive Simple Simple Past Present
Present Past Participle Participle
to drive drive(s) drove driven driving
to feel feel(s) felt felt feeling
to put put(s) put put putting
to swim swim(s) swam swum swimming
Writers make two frequent errors with irregular verbs. They either add an
incorrect ed to the end of an irregular verb or accidentally interchange the simple
past and past participle. Read this sentence:
Olivia feeled like exercising yesterday, so she putted on her bathing suit
and drived to the YMCA, where she swum so far that only an extra large
pepperoni pizza would satisfy her hunger.
What are the problems with this sentence? First, feeled should be felt. Next, putted needs to
be put. The correct past tense of drive is drove. And we must change swum to swam.
Know the solution.
To avoid making mistakes with irregular verbs, learn the very long chart below.
Infinitive Simple Simple Past Present
Present Past Participle Participle
to arise arise(s) arose arisen arising
to awake awake(s) awoke or awaked or awaking
awaked awoken
to be am, is, are was, were been being
to bear bear(s) bore borne or bearing
born
to beat beat(s) beat beaten beating
to become(s) became become becoming
become
to begin begin(s) began begun beginning
to bend bend(s) bent bent bending
to bet bet(s) bet bet betting
to bid [to bid(s) bid bid bidding
offer]
Infinitive Simple Simple Past Present
Present Past Participle Participle
to bid [to bid(s) bade bidden bidding
command]
to bind bind(s) bound bound binding
to bite bite(s) bit bitten or bit biting
to blow blow(s) blew blown blowing
to break break(s) broke broken breaking
to bring bring(s) brought brought bringing
to build build(s) built built building
to burst burst(s) burst burst bursting
to buy buy(s) bought bought buying
to cast cast(s) cast cast casting
to catch catch(es) caught caught catching
to choose(s) chose chosen choosing
choose
to cling cling(s) clung clung clinging
to come come(s) came come coming
to cost cost(s) cost cost costing
to creep creep(s) crept crept creeping
to cut cut(s) cut cut cutting
Infinitive Simple Simple Past Present
Present Past Participle Participle
to deal deal(s) dealt dealt dealing
to dig dig(s) dug dug digging
to dive dive(s) dived or dived diving
dove
to do do(es) did done doing
to draw draw(s) drew drawn drawing
to dream dream(s) dreamed dreamed or dreaming
or dreamt dreamt
to drink drink(s) drank drunk drinking
to drive drive(s) drove driven driving
to eat eat(s) ate eaten eating
to fall fall(s) fell fallen falling
to feed feed(s) fed fed feeding
to feel feel(s) felt felt feeling
to fight fight(s) fought fought fighting
to find find(s) found found finding
to flee flee(s) fled fled fleeing
to fling fling(s) flung flung flinging
to fly flies, fly flew flown flying
Infinitive Simple Simple Past Present
Present Past Participle Participle
to forbid forbid(s) forbade or forbidden forbidding
forbad
to forget forget(s) forgot forgotten or forgetting
forgot
to forgive(s) forgave forgiven forgiving
forgive
to forsake(s) forsook forsaken forsaking
forsake
to freeze freeze(s) froze frozen freezing
to get get(s) got got or getting
gotten
to give give(s) gave given giving
to go go(es) went gone going
to grow grow(s) grew grown growing
to hang hang(s) hung hung hanging
[to
suspend]
to have has, have had had having
to hear hear(s) heard heard hearing
to hide hide(s) hid hidden hiding
to hit hit(s) hit hit hitting
to hurt hurt(s) hurt hurt hurting
Infinitive Simple Simple Past Present
Present Past Participle Participle
to keep keep(s) kept kept keeping
to know know(s) knew known knowing
to lay lay(s) laid laid laying
to lead lead(s) led led leading
to leap leap(s) leaped or leaped or leaping
leapt leapt
to leave leave(s) left left leaving
to lend lend(s) lent lent lending
to let let(s) let let letting
to lie [to lie(s) lay lain lying
rest or
recline]
to light light(s) lighted or lighted or lit lighting
lit
to lose lose(s) lost lost losing
to make make(s) made made making
to mean mean(s) meant meant meaning
to pay pay(s) paid paid paying
to prove prove(s) proved proved or proving
proven
to quit quit(s) quit quit quitting
Infinitive Simple Simple Past Present
Present Past Participle Participle
to read read(s) read read reading
to rid rid(s) rid rid ridding
to ride ride(s) rode ridden riding
to ring ring(s) rang rung ringing
to rise rise(s) rose risen rising
to run run(s) ran run running
to say say(s) said said saying
to see see(s) saw seen seeing
to seek seek(s) sought sought seeking
to send send(s) sent sent sending
to set set(s) set set setting
to shake shake(s) shook shaken shaking
to shine shine(s) shone shone shining
[to glow]
to shoot shoot(s) shot shot shooting
to show show(s) showed shown or showing
showed
to shrink shrink(s) shrank shrunk shrinking
to sing sing(s) sang sung singing
Infinitive Simple Simple Past Present
Present Past Participle Participle
to sink sink(s) sank or sunk sinking
sunk
to sit sit(s) sat sat sitting
to slay slay(s) slew slain slaying
to sleep sleep(s) slept slept sleeping
to sling sling(s) slung slung slinging
to sneak sneak(s) sneaked sneaked or sneaking
or snuck snuck
to speak speak(s) spoke spoken speaking
to spend spend(s) spent spent spending
to spin spin(s) spun spun spinning
to spring spring(s) sprang or sprung springing
sprung
to stand stand(s) stood stood standing
to steal steal(s) stole stolen stealing
to sting sting(s) stung stung stinging
to stink stink(s) stank or stunk stinking
stunk
to stride stride(s) strode stridden striding
to strike strike(s) struck struck striking
Infinitive Simple Simple Past Present
Present Past Participle Participle
to strive strive(s) strove striven striving
to swear swear(s) swore sworn swearing
to sweep sweep(s) swept swept sweeping
to swim swim(s) swam swum swimming
to swing swing(s) swung swung swinging
to take take(s) took taken taking
to teach teach(es) taught taught teaching
to tear tear(s) tore torn tearing
to tell tell(s) told told telling
to think think(s) thought thought thinking
to throw throw(s) threw thrown throwing
to
understand
understand(s) understood understood understanding
to wake wake(s) woke or waked or waking
waked woken
to wear wear(s) wore worn wearing
to weave weave(s) wove or woven or weaving
weaved wove
to weep weep(s) wept wept weeping
to wring wring(s) wrung wrung wringing
Infinitive Simple Simple Past Present
Present Past Participle Participle
to write write(s) wrote written writing
In addition to learning the chart above, you must also understand the difference between the
simple past and past participle.
A simple past tense verb always has just one part. You need no auxiliary verb to form this
tense. Look at these examples:
Because dinner time was near, my dog Oreo bit the spine of Moby-
Dick and pulled the novel off my lap.
Since Denise had ignored bills for so long, she wrote out checks for
an hour straight.
Despite the noise, jolts, and jerks, Alex slept so soundly on the c ity
bus that he missed his stop.
Many multipart verbs, however, require the past participle after one or more auxiliary verbs.
Read these sentences:
Raymond had bitten into the muffin before Charise mentioned that it
was her infamous chocolate -broccoli variety.
had = auxiliary verb; bitten = past participle
Once Woody has written his essay for Mr. Stover, he plans to reward
himself with a packet of Twinkies.
has = auxiliary verb; written = past participle
Cynthia might have slept better if she hadn't watched The
Nightmare on Elm St reet marathon on HBO.
might, have = auxiliary verbs; slept = past participle
For regular verbs, knowing the distinction between the simple past and past participle is
unnecessary because both are identical. Check out these two sentences:
Diane giggled as her beagle Reliable pushed his cold wet nose into
her stomach, searching for cookie crumbs.
giggled = simple past
Until the disapproving Mrs. Whitman elbowed Latoya in the ribs, the
young girl had giggled without stop at the toilet paper streamer
attac hed to Principal Clemens's shoe.
had = auxiliary verb; giggled = past participle
When you choose an irregular verb for a sentence, however, the simple past and past
participle are often different, so you must know the distinction. Here are two examples:
Essie drove so cautiously that traffic piled up behind her, causing
angry drivers to honk their horns and shout obscenities.
drove = simple past
Essie might have driven faster if she hadn't forgotten her glasses
and saw more than big colored blurs through the windshield.
might, have = auxiliary verbs; driven = past participle
In addition, past participles can function as adjectives in sentences, describing other words.
When you use a past participle in this manner, you must choose the correct form. Read these
sentences:
The calculus exams given by Dr. Ribley are so diffic ult that his
students believe their brains will burst.
Delores discovered the stolen bologna under the sofa, guarded
fiercely by Max, her Chihuahua.
The written reprimand so shamed poor Pablo that he promised his
boss never again to throw a scoop of ice cream at a c ustomer.
Remember that you can always consult a dictionary when you have a question about the
correct form of an irregular verb.
©1997 - 2013 by Robin L. Simmons
All Rights Reserved.
