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Ergonomic Systems in Work Design

This chapter reviews literature on ergonomic systems and workstation design for manufacturing industries. It discusses how ergonomic studies detect worker fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders. It also examines the experiences and working postures of manual handling workers. Finally, it explains literature on simulation. Specifically, it covers: - The history and definitions of ergonomics as a scientific discipline. - Types of ergonomics including physical ergonomics, which focuses on anatomy, biomechanics and work environment impacts on physical activity. - Methods for evaluating physical ergonomics risks like virtual simulations and the NIOSH lifting equation to determine recommended weight limits. - Cognitive ergonomics will be discussed in the next section.

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193 views4 pages

Ergonomic Systems in Work Design

This chapter reviews literature on ergonomic systems and workstation design for manufacturing industries. It discusses how ergonomic studies detect worker fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders. It also examines the experiences and working postures of manual handling workers. Finally, it explains literature on simulation. Specifically, it covers: - The history and definitions of ergonomics as a scientific discipline. - Types of ergonomics including physical ergonomics, which focuses on anatomy, biomechanics and work environment impacts on physical activity. - Methods for evaluating physical ergonomics risks like virtual simulations and the NIOSH lifting equation to determine recommended weight limits. - Cognitive ergonomics will be discussed in the next section.

Uploaded by

Sofwan Juewek
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter will start on ergonomic system, then about workstation design for
manufacturing industry, next will explained detection how workers get fatigue and
MSd. After that will review experience and working posture of manual handling
worker. Lastly, literature on simulation will be explained.

2.1 Ergonomic Study

Ergonomic is about study of human abilities and characteristic which affects


the design of equipment, system and jobs. Besides that, terms of ergonomic also can
use on human factor. Other meaning foe ergonomic is the scientific discipline concern
with the understanding of the interactions among human and other elements of a
system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design
in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. (International
Ergonomics Association Executive Council, August 2000).

In the development of ergonomic was officially proposed at a1949 meeting of


the British Admiralty (July 12), by Prof. Hufh Murrel. But the name ‘Ergonomic’
officially accepted in 1950.Futhermore, the first use of the word actually can be traced
to a series of four articles written by Prof. Wojciech Jastrzebowski in Poland in
1857..In Britain, The Ergonomic Society was formed in 1952 with people from
psychology, biology, physiology and design. While in United States, The Human
Factors Society was form in 1957. In the US “human factors engineering” was
emphasized by the US military with concentration on human engineering and
engineering psychology.US efforts also focused on the “role” of an individual within
a complex system.

Figure 2.1: Prof. Wojciech Jastrzebowski was one of the fathers of ergonomic.

2.2 Type of Ergonomic

2.2.1 Physical Ergonomic

Physical Ergonomic is the human body’s responses to physical and


physiological works loads. Physical ergonomics is concerned with the impact of
anatomy, anthropometry, biomechanics, physiology, and the physical environment on
physical activity. Areas of focus in physical ergonomics include the consequences of
repetitive motion, materials handling, workplace safety, comfort in the use of portable
devices, keyboard design, working postures, and the work environment. To find the
problem that exposed in physical ergonomic, it needs to do a simulation to find the
right problem to avoid it getting worse.According to (Peruzzini, Carassai, &
Pellicciari, 2017) said that, the benefits of a virtual simulation by the use of an
immersive simulation environment adopting virtual reality (VR) technologies and
mixed prototyping, merging real and virtual objects, to optimize physical ergonomics
in workstation design.

Beside the simulation, other method to know it in physical ergonomic is use a


NIOSH lifting equation it is call Recommended Weight Limit (RWL) with this
method, it is can know what weight workers can do during work. According to
(Luximon, 2015) said that, The recommended weight limit (RWL) for lifting is a
recommended load that healthy workers can perform for up to 8 hours. RWL is related
to load constant (LC) of 23 Kg and several multipliers (Horizontal multiplier (HM),
vertical multiplier (VM), distance multiplier (DM), asymmetric multiplier (AM),
frequency multiplier (FM) and coupling multiplier (CM)). The multipliers range from
0 to 1. A value of 1 for the multiplier indicates good working posture and a value of 1
indicate improper posture, high frequency, or difficult working environments. Hence
the maximum RWL limit is LC, when all multipliers are 1. If any multiplier moves
toward 0, then the RWL reduces towards 0.

figure 2.2: Recommended Weight Limit (RWL)


Figure 2.3: Guidelines for Maximum Weight Limit at Work

2.2.2 Cognitive Ergonomic

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