Chapter 2 Transparency is also identified as a measurement in
GLOBALIZATION THEORIES sustaining international cooperation and global
understanding.
In some respects, democratic institutions are highly
REALISM
recognized by many if they perform and practice in
Focuses on the shifting distribution of power among states. accordance to the rule of law and democratic
Realists explained that the core idea of dominating the world accountability.
is through the employment of power. Global Economic Ties
Examples of power that could be used to overrule are
economic (market and resources such as financial and Liberals see economic ties and cooperation such as
manpower), political (military and territory) and technology market integration and economic alliances are fitting
(logistics and systems). fixtures of globalization.
Realists argue that countries open their economies to the The core belief of Liberalism is that economic alliance
world because of two reasons. and integrating the domestic economy into a regional
First, financial returns of expanding markets offer new or economic bloc will deliver prosperity and security.
economic opportunities to the capitalist (origin country) Opening the markets to other countries is described as
Second, a political explanation which is the continued an act of the country’s commitment to global
centrality of political power and military strength are obvious consciousness and moral understanding of multistate
forces of interdependence and realistic behavior of the more interest.
and most powerful countries. International Organizations
LIBERALISM Liberals believe that the formation of leading regional
Is a perspective in international relations where actors and and international organizations like global commerce
institutions emphasize relationships and negotiations. and governance are main instruments in the
Liberalists observe the importance of interaction and maintenance of peace and solidarity.
communication and focus on solving problems and conflicts The school of liberalism is keen in recognizing the role
affecting them. of these institutions in emphasizing the importance of
Liberal accounts describe the transformation of political- international institutions.
economic structures and the development of global For example, Organization of Petroleum Exporting
interconnectedness in terms of: Countries (OPEC) has a global commitment for the
sustainability of oil supply to countries that are
Spread of Democracy and Institutions dependent with the organization’s member
economies.
Liberals discounted realism as a barrier in the progress
of relations between nations.
They believe in the vital function played by rule of law
as a safeguard or self-respect and social stability.
IDEALISM Knowledge and technology are significant determinants of wealth
and power. The success of economy of a country requires pool of
Idealists and Constructivists hold the notion that values and
resources like ideas and technology. The technological
norms play pivotal roles in sustaining and reforming the
advancement of a nation is an identity of its economic power.
process and works of individuals, groups and nations.
The fast pace of technological change. From industrialization to
This theory emphasizes on the functions of ideologies, modernization, technology has taken a significant role in business,
frameworks, systems and identities in understanding governments and individuals.
globalization and international order. Dispersed knowledge and technology. The increasing trends in
Its core beliefs centers on the centrality of ideas, beliefs, communication revolutions make it more possible to move data
emotions and collective values that shape the political and and ideas from people to people and country to country at a faster
economic landscapes of the world. and more convenient way.
Idealism presents the changing norms and evolutions of
individuals, groups and states with the goal of influencing the
dynamics and pattern of social structure.
idealists and Constructivists value the importance of
“appropriateness” and “transparency” in reshaping and
framing rules affecting the general welfare of its members,
may it be individual or collective.
ROLES OF IDEAS AND TECHNOLOGY IN GLOBALIZATION
Ideas are non-material entities of culture, it embodies one’s
perception of his social world or environment.
It defines on how values, norms and beliefs are used by
governments and institutions in hold and exercising powers
(Nau, 2008)
When ideas are used well based on their intended application,
development takes place.
It could be utilized for linking and transfer of knowledge in a
transnational community of nations, scientific and social
innovation, increase in the understanding of people in their
day-to-day life.
Singleton, 2008 elaborated the three important technological
trends in the last twenty years that made significant changes
in the interaction of nations and people:
