Boiler definition

An closed vessel in which water is heated and circulated, either as hot water or as steam, for
heating or power

P1 --- Carbon

P3 --- Carbon moly

P4 --- 1Cr-0.5Mo [T11 & P11]

P5A -- 2.25Cr -1 Mo [T22 & P22]

P15E - 9Cr – 1Mo [T91, 92 * P91, 92]

P8 -- More than 11 Cr [TP347H, 304]

Gr.12 ----- 1 Cr ½ Mo

Gr.22 ----- 2 Cr 1 Mo

T91 ------ 9 Cr 1 Mo

Duplex stainless steels have a two-phase microstructure of austenite and ferrite grains.
The duplex structure gives this family of stainless steels a combination of attractive properties:
Strength: Duplex stainless steels are about twice as strong as regular austenitic or
ferritic stainless steels.

A limitation of liability clause is a provision in a contract that limits the amount of exposure a
company faces in the event a lawsuit is filed or another claim is made. If found to be
enforceable, a limitation of liability clause can "cap" the amount of potential damages to which
a company is exposed.

A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized
solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways.

Gate
A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a round or rectangular
gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid. The distinct feature of a gate valve is the sealing surfaces
between the gate and seats are planar, so gate valves are often used when a straight-line flow of
fluid and minimum restriction is desired.

Globe
A globe valve, different from ball valve, is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline,
consisting of a movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a
generally spherical body.[1]

Check
A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a valve that normally
allows fluid (liquid or gas) to flow through it in only one direction.

Butterfly
A butterfly valve is a valve which can be used for isolating or regulating flow. The closing
mechanism takes the form of a disk. Operation is similar to that of a ball valve, which allows for
quick shut off. Butterfly valves are generally favored because they are lower in cost to other valve
designs as well as being lighter in weight, meaning less support is required
Needle
This is simply a variation of the Globe valve and, as its name implies consists of a narrow, tapered
plug and port arrangement. The needle valve is, in itself, small in size and is used for very fine and
normally manual, control of fluid flow.

Types of invoices:
Pro forma invoice: It is not an actual invoice, pro forma invoice is issued to request advance
payments from the buyer
Commercial invoice - a customs declaration form used in international trade that describes the
parties involved in the shipping transaction, the goods being transported, and the value of the goods
Excise invoice
Letter of credit: After a contract is concluded between a buyer and a seller, the buyer's bank supplies a
letter of credit to the seller.

A letter of credit is a document from a bank guaranteeing that a seller will receive payment in
full as long as certain delivery conditions have been met. In the event that the buyer is unable to
make payment on the purchase, the bank will cover the outstanding amount.

Public Accounts Committee (PAC)

The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) is a committee of selected members of Parliament,

The PAC is formed every year with a strength of not more than 22 members of which 15 are
from Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament, and 7 from Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the
Parliament.[1] The term of office of the members is one year. The Chairman is appointed by
the Speaker of Lok Sabha.

Types of Payment
RTGS
Real Time Gross Settlement as the name suggests is a real time funds transfer system which facilitates you to
transfer funds from one bank to another in real time or on a gross basis. The transaction isn’t put on a waiting
list and cleared out instantly. RTGS payment gateway, maintained by the Reserve Bank of India makes
transactions between banks electronically. The transferred amount is instantly deducted from the account of
one banks and credited to the other bank’s account.

Users such as individuals, companies or firms can transfer large sums using the RTGS system. The minimum
value that can be transferred using RTGS is Rs. 2 Lakhs and above. However there is no upper cap on the
amount that can be transacted.

Contract conditions:

Scope of supply, Contract price, delivery schedule, payment terms, bank guarantees (5% of contract amt),
taxes & duties, inspection & expedition, packing and forwarding, fright & insurance, LD, Transfer of risk,
warranty, extension of delivery schedule, termination of contract, confidentiality, limitaions of liability,
governing law
Forging

is a manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized compressive forces.
The blows are delivered with a hammer (often a power hammer) or a die.

Casting

is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is usually poured into a mold, which
contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solidified part is
also known as a casting, which is ejected or broken out of the mold to complete the process.

L&T Valves

is a leader in flow-control solutions for critical services. A wholly owned subsidiary of L&T, the company leverages its fifty-
year heritage of excellence to manufacture valves for key sectors of the economy such as oil & gas, power, petrochemicals,
chemicals, fertilizers and pharmaceuticals.

The valves are designed using state-of-the-art 3D design, simulation and analysis software. Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are used to fine-tune product performance. Prototypes models are tested - both
in-house and at advanced flow-control research establishments - to ensure that the valves deliver consistent high
performance.

The Quality Management System of L&T Valves is certified to comply with ISO 9001 and API Spec Q1

L1, L2, L3, L4 Schedule

L1- schedule comprise key events or major milestones selected as a result of coordination between client
and contractor. It does represent in the format of list, summary schedule or in the form of Bar chart.
Example of L-1 schedule activities, mobilisation of major equipment or installation of major equipment.

L2 -Schedule comprise of Critical network activities and other senior project management selected
activities with mainly there ES and EF dates. L2 schedule provides integral plan of the Project activities for
Project management.

L3- Schedule shows lowest level of details necessary to complete the project through Job Completion and
also to finalize remaining requirements for the total project. example if L1 shows structural steel
engineering activity/task then in L3 this particular activity likely to break up in more activities with shorter
durations such as define and collect loads, drawing specifications etc.

L4- Schedule two to six week look ahead schedule that shows resources assigned, detailed and work
activities and L4 schedule is mainly used planning and progress reporting purposes and advance planning
for near term future week work