Solution Key
Subjects: Elements of Technology FP Tech-I Sem-I
Q. No. 1
a.) Belt drive
b) 10 m/s
c) Rotational speed
d) Lux Meter
e) Effort
f) Pitch
g) DC
h) Flux
Q. No. 2
a) i) To reduce losses
b) iii)Stray field transformer
c) iii) Farad
d) ii)Perpendicular
e) I ) Stepped Pully
Q.No. 3
a) Why chain drive?
Belt & rope drives slip
Cannot achieve perfect velocity ratio
Construction of a chain drive
Made of steel
Rigid links
Pin joints used to hinge the links to provide flexibility
Driver & driven wheels have teeth of special profile projecting out
Teeth fit into the recesses in the links of the chain
Toothed wheels are known as SPROCKET WHEELS or SPROCKETS
b) Optical Sensing
It is used to generate pulses proportional to the speed of the rotating shaf
Can be achieved by the following ways:
Attaching a disk, which has an alternate black and white pattern, to the shaf and reading the pulses
by a IR module pointed towards it
Using a slotted disk and a U shaped IR emitter detector pair to generate waveforms
Magnetic Sensing
Hall effect sensors – These make use of the Hall effect to generate pulses proportional to the speed of
the shaf
Passive magnetic sensors – These make use of variable reluctance to generate pulses
c) Principle of Operation:
One of the
windings,
connected
to a source
of ac voltage
draws
power into
the
transformer
and is called
primary
winding.
The other one is connected to the load and delivers power to it and is called secondary winding.
The application of ac voltage to the primary results in ac current in this winding and a corresponding
ac flux in the core. This flux links the secondary winding and produces an emf in it.
The emf so produced drives current and power to the load.
d) Ceramic capacitors
constituted from a sandwich of conductor sheets alternated with ceramic material
dielectric material is a ceramic agglomerate whose relative static permittivity value can be changed
from 10 to 10.000 by dedicated compositions
with low relative static permittivity value, have a stable capacitive value and very low losses, so they
are preferred in the floating and high precision circuits
Typically they have very small capacities, from some pF to some nF
Usage : high frequency applications
Question no-4
a) Bearings is a machine element which support another moving machine element
Other moving element is known as “journal”
Bearings are used for
Carry load
Reduce friction
Guide moving parts
Permits relative motion
between the contact surfaces
of the members while carrying
the load
Slight friction and wear
happens
To reduce wear, lubricants are
used
b) Based on the position of the axes of the shafs
Parallel
Intersecting
Non intersecting, non parallel
Leading edges of the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation, but are set at an angle
Engagement of gears is gradual and runs smooth & quiet
Spur gears make a characteristic whine at high speeds and can not take as much torque as helical
gears.
Spur gears are used for low speed applications and those situations where noise control is not a
problem
helical gears are used when the application involves high speeds, large power transmission, or where
noise abatement is important.
The speed is considered to be high when the pitch line velocity exceeds 25 m/s
Known as Bevel gears
Bevel gears are useful when the direction of a shaf's rotation needs to be changed.
Usually mounted on shafs that are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to work at other angles as
well
Non parallel, non intersecting gears
Also known as skew bevel gears
c) A lever is a rigid rod
or bar capable of
turning about a fixed
point called fulcrum
Levers are simple
machines used to lif
load by the application
of small effort
The ratio of load lifed
to the effort applied is
called as mechanical advantage
A lever can be straight or curved
The force applied on the lever or by the lever may be parallel or inclined to one another
Consider a straight lever with parallel forces acting in the same plane as shown in fig
The points A & B through which the load and effort is applied are known as load and effort points
respectively
F is a fulcrum about which the lever is capable of turning
First type lever
Fulcrum is placed between load and effort
In this case, the effort arm is greater than load arm, therefore Mechanical Advantage obtained is more
than one.
If fulcrum at center: effort = load
Second Type
Fulcrum at one end of the bar and effort at the other end
The load is in between the Fulcrum and effort.
Magnifies force and reduces distance
Third type lever
The effort is in between the fulcrum and load.
The effort arm is less than load arm therefore the mechanical advantage is less
than one
. Magnifies distance but reduces force
Examples : Hammer, fishing rod, tweezers
