DS-RJY

TALLY BOOK

Drilling Services
Rajahmundry
(PERSONAL DETAILS)

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CONVERSION FACOTRS:

S.NO. DIMENSION UNIT FACTOR FACTOR UNIT

1 FT 0.3048 3.2808 MTR
LENGTH
2 MILE 1.609 0.6215 KM
3 SQ.IN 6.452 0.155 SQ.CM
4 AREA SQ.FT 0.0929 10.764 SQ.MT
5 ACRE 4047 0.0002471 SQ.MT
6 CUB.FT 0.02832 35.314 CUB.MT.
7 BARREL 0.159 6.2905 CUB.MT.
VOLUME
8 GALLON 0.003785 264.2 CUB.MT.
9 LTR 0.001 1000 CUB.MT.
10 CU.FT/MIN 0.000472 2119 CU.MT/SEC
DISCHARGE
11 GPM 0.0631 15.85 LPS
12 PSI(LB/SQ.IN) 0.0703 14.22 KSC(KG/SQ.CM)
PRESSURE
13 BAR 1.02 0.98 KSC(KG/SQ.CM)
14 LB/CU.FT 0.016 62.43 GM/CC
15 PRESSUREG PPG 0.12 8.337 GM/CC
RADIENT /
16 DENSITY PSI/FT 2.309 0.433 KG/SQ.CM/10M
17 GM/CC 0.001 1000 KG/CUM.MT
18 TORQUE FT.LBS 0.1383 7.233 KG.MT
19 FT.LBS/MIN 0.0000303 33000 HP
POWER
20 KILOWATT 1.341 0.7457 HP
21 FT/SEC 18.287 0.0547 MT/MIN
22 VELOCITY FT/SEC 0.682 1.467 MILE/HR
23 KNOT 1.1515 0.8684 MILE/HR
24 LBS 2.205 0.4536 KGS
25 FORCE LBS 0.0004536 2205 TONNE
26 DECA NEWTON 1.02 0.98 KGS
27 TEMP C = (F-32)x5/9 F=(Cx9/5)+32

FORMULAE :

 BUOYANT WT = WT IN AIR x BUOYANCY FACTOR (BF), (BF= 1-SP.GR/7.85)

 HYD.PR. (KSC) = (MUD WT (GM/CC)x TVD(MT))/10
 EMW (GM/CC) = (PRESSURE(KSC)x10)/TVD(M)
 ECD( GM/CC) = MW(GM/CC)+(ANN. PR.LOSSES(KSC)x10)/TVD (MTR)
 NEW PUMP PR = ( NEW SPM/OLD SPM)2 x OLD PUMP PR.
 BHP = SIDPP + HYD. PR. (STRING) OR SICP+HYD.PR(CSG)
 HT OF INFLUX = PIT GAIN / ANNU.CAPACITY= PG(M3)x2000 / (DH2-DP2), (DIA-IN)
 MUD GRADIENT (M.G.) = (SP.GR./10)
 INFLUX GRADIENT = (M.G.)- ( (SICP-SIDPP) / HT OF INFLUX)
< 0.36 gm/cc – GAS, 0.36 –1.09 – WATER+OIL+GAS, 1.09-1.2 SALT WATER
 BARYTES (KGS) REQUIREMENT FOR INCREASE OF MUD WEIGHT
= 1.72 x (KMW-OMW) / (4.3-KMW)
 LOT (GM/CC) = MW + (SURFACE PR (KSC) x10) / TVD OF C/S(M)
 TRIP MARGIN = YP / ( 97.46 x (DH-DP))
 REDUCTION IN BHP DUE TO GAS CUT MUD = (MG/ ANNU. CAP)x PIT GAIN
 REDUCTION IN BHP ,P/O OF ONE STD(DRY PIPE)=
(MGxSteel Displacement Of Pipe(DV)) x Length Of Std/(Cap.of Hole or CSG(CC)- DV)
 REDUCTION IN BHP ,P/O OF ONE STD(WET PIPE)=
(MG x ( CAP OF PIPE(CP) +DV)) x Length of Std/(CC-(CP +DV))

3
USEFUL FORMULAS

TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS
Temp. Centigrade = (Temp. of - 32) x 5/9
Temp. Fahrenheit = (Temp. °c + 32) x 9/5
Temp. Absolute C = Temp. °c + 273
Temp. Absolute F . Temp. of + 460

VOLUME CAPACITY OF PIPES

Gallons per 1000' = 40.8 x (ID in inches)2
Barrels per 1000' = .9714 x (ID in inches)2
Barrels per 1000' = approximately (ID inches)2
Cubic feet per 1000' = 5.454 x (ID in inches)2
Barrels per miles = 5.1291 x (ID in inches)2

APPROXIMATE VOLUME OF HOSE

2" hose = .02 cu ft per foot length
2 ½” hose = .03 cu ft per foot length
3" hose = .04 cu ft per foot length
4" hose = .08 cu ft per foot length

HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER
HHP = .000584 (Gallons per minute) x (Pressure, psi)
HHP = (Gallons per minute) x (Pressure, psi) + 1713.6
HHP = .02448 (Barrels per minute) x (Pressure, psi)
HHP = (Barrels per minute) x (Pressure, psi) + 40.8
HHP = (Brake Horsepower) x (Efficiency of power
train to pump) x (Pump Efficiency)

VOLUMES
Bbl per ft in round. tank = (Diameter, in feet)2 + 7.14
(or approximately) = (Diameter, in feet)2 + 7
Bbl per inches in round tank = (diameter, in feet)2 + 85.7
(or approximately) = (Diameter, in feet)2 + 86
Bbl per inch in square tank = .0143 (Length, ft) (Width, ft)
Cubic feet per inch in square tank = .0833 (Length, ft)
(Width, ft)

MUD PIT CALCULATIONS

0.0833 (Length, ft) (Width, ft) = Cubic feet per inch of
depth.
0.0148 (Length, ft) (Width, ft) = Barrels per inch of Depth.
0.00058 (Length, inches) (Width, inches) = Cubic feet per inch of Depth.

PIPE DISPLACEMENT (METAL ONLY W/COUP.)

0.002 (WI. of pipe per ft. with Couplings) (Depth, ft) =
Displacement of pipe in Cu. ft.
0.000367 (WI. of pipe per ft. with Couplings) (Depth, ft)
= Displacement of pipe in Bbls.

4
PROPERTIES AND STRENGTH DATA OF DRILL PIPE:
NOM. SIZE, PPF 2 3/8, #6.65 2 7/8, #10.4 3½, # 13.3 5, #19.5
GRADE E G E G E G E G S
PIPE ID (IN) 1.815 2.151 2.764 4.276
WEIGHT(T.J+BODY) 10.42 10.54 16.10 16.21 20.63 21.4 31.24 31.99 32.87
CAPACITY (L/M) 1.68 1.68 2.36 2.36 3.88 3.87 9.16 9.16 9.16
DISPLACEMENT-O.E 1.33 1.34 2.05 2.06 2.63 2.73 3.98 4.08 4.19
DISPLACEMENT-C.E 3.01 3.02 4.41 4.42 6.51 6.6 13.14 13.24 13.35
( 2 WHITE)PREMIUM (1 WHITE)CLASS-I TOOL JOINT DATA

CONNECTION 2 3/8 IF 2 7/8 IF 3½ IF 4½ IF

STYLE NC26 NC31 NC38 NC50
OD (IN) 3 3/8 4 1/8 4¾ 5 6 3/8 6½ 6 5/8
ID(IN) 1 3/4 2 1/8 2 2 11/16 2 7/16 3 3/4 3¼ 2¾

BEVEL DIA (MM) 83 101.4 116.3 150.4

T.J. OD. (IN) 3 3/8 4 1/8 4¾ 5 6 3/8 6½ 6 5/8

MAKE-UP TORQ 484.5 816 907.8 1254.6 1530 2611.2 3570 4396.2
TENSILE YIELD 62.22 87.72 96.9 135.66 122.4 172.38 179.5 250.92 323.34
TORSION YIELD 861.9 1206.7 1591.2 2233.8 2560.2 3580.2 5681.4 7956 10230.6

COLLAPSE 1097.5 1535.1 1160.8 1624.9 992.5 1389.2 703.8 913.9 1175

T.J. OD. (IN) 3 3/16 3 9/32 3 13/16 3 15/16 4½ 4 21/32 5 7/8 6 3/32 6 5/16
MAKE-UP TORQ 346.8 459 632.4 846.6 1009.8 1366.8 2182.8 3029.4 3927
TENSILE YIELD 48.96 68.34 75.48 106.08 96.9 134.64 141.78 197.88 255
TORSION YIELD 664.02 929.22 1224.00 1711.56 1982.9 2764.2 4457.4 6237.3 8017.2

COLLAPSE 941.5 1316.8 999.6 1400.5 845.6 1183.2 496.7 616.1 706.9
(YELOOW)CLASS-II

T.J. OD. (IN) 3 1/8 3 7/32 3 23/32 3 27/32 4 13/32 4 9/16 5 25/32 5 31/32 6 1/8
MAKE-UP TORQ 275.4 377.4 484.5 683.4 805.8 1147.5 1836 2550 3162
TENSILE YIELD 48.96 68.34 75.48 106.08 96.9 134.64 141.78 197.88 255
TORSION YIELD 571.2 805.8 1060.8 1489.2 1703.4 2381.7 3763.8 5263.2 6762.6
(BLUE)CLASS-III

COLLAPSE 806.8 1130.2 860.9 1205.6 720.1 944.5 334.6 380.5 420.2

T.J. OD. (IN) 3 1/8 3 5/32 3 11/16 3 25/32 4 11/32 4 15/32 5 11/16 5 25/32 6
MAKE-UP TORQ 275.4 306 438.6 581.4 663 938.4 1489.2 2070.6 2672.4
TENSILE YIELD 37.74 52.02 58.14 80.58 73.44 103.02 109.14 153 196.86
TORSION YIELD 489.6 683.4 907.8 1269.9 1448.4 2029.8 3207.9 4488 5773.2
COLLAPSE 704.8 916.9 758.9 1045.5 564.1 712 225.4 265.2 275.4

5
UNITS OF
MAKE-UP TORQUE : KG-M, TENSILE YIELD: TONNES, TORSIONAL YIELD: KG-M ,
COLLAPSE – KSC, DISPLACEMENT – L/M, WEIGHT: KG/M
O.E. – OPEN END , C.E. – CLOSED END & T.J. –TOOL JOINT

HEAVY WEIGHT DRILL-PIPES:

NOM. SIZE, WEIGHT (PPF) 3½, #26 4½, #42 5, #50

WEIGHT (TOOL JOINT + PIPE) KG/M 37.7 61.0 73.5
CAPACITY (L/M) 2.19 3.87 4.61
O.E. DISPLACEMENT (L/M) 4.81 7.79 9.36
C.E. DISPLACEMENT (L/M) 7.00 11.66 13.97
MAKE-UP TORQUE (KG-M) 1368.8 3015.1 4064.1
I.D. (IN) 2 1/16 2 3/4 3
PIPE WALL THICKNESS (IN) 0.719 0.875 1
BO C/S AREA (IN2) 6.28 9.965 12.566
DY END UPSET 3 5/8 4 5/8 5 1/8
CENTRAL UPSET 4 5 5½
TOOL STYLE 3½ IF(NC38) 4 IF (NC46) 4½ IF (NC50)
JO O.D. (IN) 4 3/4 6 1/4 6½
IN
I.D. (IN) 2 3/16 2 7/8 3 1/16
T

6
 PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES OF CASING:

STRENGTH(TONNE)

XL JT STRENGTH
I.D.(in) PIPE

COLLA-PSE

BTC JT

(TONNE)
BURST (KSC)
PPF
S. O.D. DRIFT BODY

(KSC)
GRADE
NO. (IN) DIA YIELD
(KG/M)
(IN) (Tons)

94 19.12
1 X-52 475 36.5 144 - -
(139.9) (18.93)
94 19.12
2 X-56 36.5 155 - -
(139.9) (18.93)
20
3 K-55 94 672 37 149 672
4 X-52 129 18.75 897.5 99.2 199.8 - -
18.730
5 J-55 133 983 105 168 - -
(18.542)
17.775
6 18 5/8” J-55/K55 87.5 620 43 158 647.3 -
(17.567)
7 J-55 61 12.51 352 108 218 419 -
8 N-80 (90.8) (12.36) 647 117 316 646 -
9 13 3/8 J-55 391 137 243 466 -
68 12.41
10 N-80 719 159 353 718 -
(101.2) (12.26)
11 P-110 944 164 486 944 -
12 N-80 43.5 8.75 463 268 445 486 465
13 P-110 (64.75) (8.60) 637 311 612 629 581
14 N-80 47 8.68 502 335 483 526 493
9 5/8
15 P-110 (69.96) (8.52) 685 373 664 680 616
8.535
16 Q-125 53.5 882 594 871 858 756
(8.379)
17 N-80 26 6.28 278 380 509 301 305
18 P-110 (38.7) (6.15) 384 438 701 387 382.5
19 N-80 29 6.185 312 494 574 354 326.4
7
20 P-110 (43.16) (6.06) 429 599 789 453 409
21 P-110 35 6.004 507.85 916.16 818.4 496.74 507.58
22 Q-125 (5.879) 576.98 1006 1094 536.52 547.95
23 J-55 4.89 99 346 374 144 168.3
17
24 N-80 (4.77) 184 442 545 203 224
(25.3)
25 P-110 ((4.68)) 252 524 749 257 281
26 5½ N-80 20 4.78 216 621 647 238 237
27 P-110 (29.77) (4.65) 297 779 888 302 297
28 N-80 23 4.67 246 785 744 257 261
29 P-110 (34.23) (4.54) 337 1021 1022 321 327
30 N-80 4.4 162 510 583 179.5 198
15
(4.28)
31 P-110 (22.33) 222 621 803 228 248
((4.14))
5
32 N-80 18 4.27 196 737 713 220 212
33 P-110 (26.8) (4.15) 268 946 980 279 265
34 P-110 20.30 4.059 293 1160 1105

 (( )) INDICATES DRIFT DIAMETER OF CASING WITH ‘XL’ JOINTS.

7
COLOUR CODES OF CASING PIPE

GRADE H-40 J-55/K55 C-75 N-80 L-80

RED
WITH
RED WITH
COLOUR CODE BLACK GREEN YELLOW BROWN
GREE STRIPE
STRIPE

GRADE C-95 P-110 Q-125 V-150

COLOUR CODE BROWN WHITE ORANGE BLUE

CASING TORQUE GUIDE (KG-M):

 FOR BTC THREADS, THE JOINT HAS TO BE TIGHTENED UPTO BASE OF ‘’GIVEN
ON THE PIN END OF JOINT
Casing Details Long X-Line Casing Details Long X-Line
Thread Thread Thread Thread
N-80 427 N-80 714
5”, #15 7, #26
P-110 578 P-110 959
443
N-80 547 N-80 821
5”, #18 7, #29
P-110 736 P-110 1096.5
J-55 377 N-80 1137
9 5/8, #43.5
5½,#17 N-80 473 374 P-110 1525
651
P-110 640 N-80 1249
9 5/8, #47
N-80 592 P-110 1673
5½,#20
P-110 789 J-55 872
13 3/8, #61
N-80 694 N-80
5½,#23
P-110 918 J-55 989
13 3/8, #68
N-80

8
DRILL COLLARS :

Diameter Conn Nominal Wt. Make up Capacity Displaceme

Tor nt
qu (OE)
e
OD ID PPF KG/M KG-M L/M L/M
3½ 1½ 2 3/8 IF 30.3 45.5 704 0.79 5.42
4¾ 2¼ 3½ IF 48.83 69.7 1377 2.565 8.868
6¼ 2 13/16 4” IF 123.6 3366 4.01 15.79
6½ 2 13/16 4” IF 136.4 3366 4.01 17.41
8 2 13/16 6 5/8 R 149.64 222.7 7293 4.01 28.43
8 3 6 5/8 R 147.02 218.8 6834 4.61 27.83
9 2 13/16 7 5/8 R 195 290.2 10302 3.996 37.044
9½ 3 7 5/8 R 216.97 322.9 13413 4.61 36.5

STRENGTH OF KELLYS:
LOWER PIN
TENSILE TORSIONAL YIELD IN
CONE
SIZ ID MIN YIELD YIELD BENDIN
Kg/M CTIO
(Ksc) (M-Kg) G (M-kg)
N
SIZE OD LP DP LP DP (A) (B)
SQUARE
3½ 2¼ 42 3½ IF 4¾ 6 5/8 328.4 401.9 3141.6 4896 4992.9 7650
5
5¼ 3¼ 97.7 5½ FH 7 9 /8 729.3 943.5 10098 17085 17381 26296
HEXAGONAL
3½ 17/8 39.8 2 7/8IF 41/8 5½ 224.4 392.7 1851.3 5324.4 5712 4839.9
5¼ 3¼ 78.9 4½ IF 63/8 8 5/8 522.2 773.2 6461.7 16249 17738 14810
LP – LOWER PIN CONNECTION, DP – DRIVE PIN CONNECTION
 (A) – THRU CORNERS DRIVE SECTION, (B) – THRU FACES DRIVE SECTION

API BIT CONNECTION CHART:

BIT OD (IN) PIN CONNECTION (REG) MAKE-UP TORQUE(KG-M) SHANK OD
4 2 3/8 485 3 1/8
4¼ 2 3/8 485 3 1/8
4¾ 2 7/8 790 4 1/8
6 3½ 1303 4¾
8½ 4½ 2910 6¾
12¼ 6 5/8 7068 8
17½ 7 5/8 11086 11½
26 8 5/8 19,000

INTERCHANGEABILITY OF TOOL JOINT THREADS:

SAME AS OR INTER-
STYLE SIZE PIN BASE DIA THREADS / IN
CHANGEABLE WITH
2 3/8 2.876 4 27/8 SLIM HOLE, NC 26
2 7/8 3.391 4 3½ SLIM HOLE, NC 31
IF 3½ 4.016 4 4½ SLIM HOLE, NC 38
4 4.834 4 4½ EXTRA HOLE, NC 46
4½ 5.250 4 5 EXTRA HOLE, NC 50
FULL HOLE 4 4.280 4 4½, DOUBLE STREAM LINE, NC 40
EXTRA 2 7/8 3.327 4 3½, DOUBLE STREAM LINE (DSL)
HOLE (XH) 3½ 3.812 4 4 SH, 4½ EXTERNAL FLUSH (EF)
4½ 4.834 4 4 IF, NC 46

9
 5 5.250 4 4½ IF, NC50, 5½ DSL
2 7/8 2.876 4 2 3/8 IF, NC 26
SLIM HOLE 3½ 3.391 4 2 7/8 IF ,NC 31
(SH) 4 3.812 4 3 XH, 4 EF
4½ 4.016 4 3 IF, NC 38

10
DRILL BIT SPECIFICATIONS
Reg API pin Shank
Size (inches) Approx Weight (Lbs)
Size (inches)
3¾ 10
3 7/8 10
2 3/8
4 1/8 11
4¼ 11
4 3/8” 11
2 3/8
4 ½” 11
4 5/8 16
2 7/8
4¾ 16
4 7/8 16 2 7/8
5 1/8 25
3½
5 3/8 25
5 3/8 25
5¾ 25
5 7/8 25
6 28 3 1/2
6 1/8 28
6¼ 28
6 3/8 29
6½ 29
3 ½”
6 5/8 29
6¾ 37
7 42
3 ½”
7 3/8” 42
7½ 56
7 5/8 57
4 ½”
7¾ 58
7 7/8 59
8 1/8 64
8 3/8 67
8 1/2 68 4½
8 5/8 73
8¾ 74
9 75
9½ 102 4½
9 5/8 112 4½
9 3/8 112 ________
9 7/8 112 5 ½ or 6 5/8
10 5/8 140 5 ½ or 6 5/8”
11 145 6 5/8
11 ¾ 170
12 175
6 5/8
12 ¼ 179
13 ¾ 245 6 5/8
14 ¾ 300
6 5/8
15 300
16 334 6 5/8
17 497 6 5/8
17 ½” 500 6 5/8
18 ½” 569 6 5/8
20 614 6 5/8
22 758
1039
6 5/8
23 1065
or
24 1165
8 5/8
26 1190
1225

11
Recommended Make-up Torque Ranges for Roller Cone Drill Bits

Minimum Make-up Maximum Make-

Connection
Torque It/lb upTorque ft/lb
2-3/8 API REG 3000 3500
2-7/8 API REG 4500 5500
3-1/2 API REG 7000 9000
4-1/2 API REG 12000 16000
6-5/8 API REG 28000 32000
7-5/8 API REG 34000 40000
8-5/8 API REG 40000 60000

Note: Basis of calculations for recommended makeup torque assumed the use of a
thread compound containing 40 to 60 percent by weight of finely powdered metallic zinc
or 60 percent by weight of finely powdered metallic lead, with not more than 0.3 percent
Total active sulfur, applied thoroughly to all threads and shoulders. Due to the irregular
geometry of the 10 bore in roller cone bits, torque valves are based on estimated cross-
sectional areas and have been proven by field experience.

RECOMMENDED MINIMUM MAKE-UPTORQUES FOR DIAMOND DRILL BITS

Minimum
Maximum Bit Sub
Connection Make-up
Pin ID in. OD in.
Torque fUlb
3 1791*
2-3/8 API REG 1 3-1/8 2419*
3-1/4 3085*
3-1/2 3073*
2-7/8 API REG 1-1/4 3-3/4 4617
3-7/8 4658
4-1/8 5171*
3-1/2 API REG 1-1/2 4-1/4 6306*
4-1/2 7660
5-1/2 12451*
5-3/4 16476*
4-1/2 API REG 2-1/4
6 17551
6-1/4 17757
7 -1/2 37100*
7 -3/4 37857
6-5/8 API REG 3-1/4
8 38193
8-1/4 38527
8-1/2 48296*
8-3/4 57704*
7-5/8 API REG 3-3/4 9 59966
9-1/4 60430
9-1/2 60895

Note: Torque figures followed by an asterisk indicate that the weaker member for the
corresponding outside diameter (00) and bore is the BOX. For all other torque values the weaker
member is the PIN.
Basis of calculations for recommended make-up torque assumed the use of a thread compound
containing 40 to 60 percent by weight of finely powdered metallic zinc or 60 percent by weight
of finely powdered metallic lead, with not more than 0.3 percent total active sulfur, applied
thoroughly to all threads and shoulders and using the modified Screw Jack formula and a unit
stress of 50,000 psi in the box or pin, whichever is weaker.

12
Normal torque range is tabulated value plus 10 percent. Higher torque values be used under
extreme

13
 IADC BIT CLASSIFICATION

Roller Roller Sealed Sealed

Standard

SERIES
Bearing Bearing Sealed Roller Sealed friction

TYPES
Roller Features
FORMATIONS Air gage roller bearing friction Bearing
Bearing available
Cooled Protected Bearing gage Bearing gage
protection protected
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) A- Air
S Soft formation with 1 1 application
T low compressive 2 B- Special
E strength and high Bearing seal
3
E C- Center Jet
drillability 4
L
T Medium to medium 2 1 D- Deviation
O hard formations with 2 control
O high compressive 3 E- Extended
T strength 4 jets(full length)
H G – Gage /
B
Hard semi abrasive 3 1
Body
I and abrasive 2
protection
T formations 3
H-Horizontal /
S 4 Steering
I Soft formation with 1 application
N low compressive 2 J- Jet
S strength and high 3 deflection
E drillability 4 L-Lug pads
R Soft to medium 1 M-Motor
T formation with low 2 Application
compressive strength 3 S-Standard
B 4 Steel tooth
I Medium hard 1 model
T formations with high T- Two cone bit
2
S compressive strength W-Enhanced
3
cutting
4
structure
Hard semi abrasive 1
X-
and abrasive 2
Predominantly
formations 3 chisel tooth
4 insert
Extremely hard and 1 Z- other shape
abrasive formations 2 insert
3
4

Several feature may be available on any particular bit – 4 character should describe predominant feature.
All bit types are classified by relative hardness only and will drill effectively in other formations.
Please check with the specific bit supplier for additional information.

14
 CUTTING STRUCTURE BEARIN GAGE OTHER REASON
INNER OUTER DULL LOCATION G SEALS DULL PULLED
CHAR CHAR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1. INNER CUTTING STRUCTURE 4. LOCATION
TCR Bit-all those cutting elements not touching the Roller Cone Fixed Cutter
wall of the hole. N-Nose Row Cone# C-cone
Fixed cutter bit-2/3 Radius, inner area M-Middle Row 1 N-Nose
2. OUTER CUTTING STRUCTURE G-Gage Row 2 T-Taper
TCR Bit-all those cutting elements touching the wall A-All Rows 3 S-Shoulder
of the hole. G-Gage
Fixed cutter bit-1/3 Radius, outer area A-All areas
STEEL TOOTH BITS 5. BEARING / SEALS
A measure of lost tooth height due to abrasion and / or Non-Sealed bearing Sealed bearings
damage.
0- No loss of tooth height. A linear scale estimating E-seals effective
8-Total Loss of tooth height. Bearings life used (no-life F-Seals failed
INSERT BITS Used, 8-All like used, N-not able to grade
A measure of total cutting structure reduction due to ie. No bearing life
lost, worn and / or broken inserts. remaining) X-Fixed cutter bit
0- No Lost, worn and / or broken inserts. (bearing less)
8-All inserts lost, worn and / or broken.
FIXED CUTTER BITS 6. gage Measure in fraction of an inch
A measure of lost, worn and / or broken cutting 1- in gage
structure. 1/16- 1/16” out of gage
0- No lost, worn and / or broken cutting structure. 2/16- 1/8” out of gage
8-All of cutting structure lost, worn and / or broken. 4/16 – ¼” out of gage

3. DULL CHARACTERISTICS
(use only cutting structure related codes) 7. OTHER DULL CHARCTERISTICS
BC: Broken Cone LN-Lost Nozzle Refer to column 3 codes
BF: Bond Failure LT: Lost Teeth/cutters
BT: Broken teeth/cutters OC- Off Centre Wear 8. REASON PULLED OR RUN TERMINATED
BU- Balled Up Bit PS- Piched Bit BHA: Change Bm hole Assy LIH : left in Hole
CC- Cracked Cone PN-Plugged Nozzle/ Flow DMF: Downhole Motor HR: Hours on Bit
Passage failure
CD- Cone Dragged RG- Rounded Gage DTF: Downhole tool failure LOG- Run Logs
CI- Cone interference RO- Rong Out DSF- Drill String Failure PP- Pump Pressure
CR- Cored SD-Shirtail Damage DTS- Drill Stem Test PR- Penetration Rate
CT-Chipped Teeh/Cutter SS-Self Sharpening Wear DP- Drill Plug Rig-Rig Repair
ER- Erosion TR-Tracking CM- Condition Mud TD: Total Depth/casing
Depth
FC-Flat Crested Wear WO-Washed Out Bit CP- Core Point TW- Twist Off
HC-Heat Checking WT-Worn Teath/Cutters FM- Formation Change TQ- Torque
HP- Hole problems WC- Weather condition
JD-Junk Damage No- No Dull
Characteristic
LC-Lost cone *Show core # or # S
under location(4)

15
 CASING AND BIT SIZE SELECTION CHART

4 4 1/2 5 5 1/2

4 3/4 5 7/8 6 1/8

6 1/2 7 7/8

7 5/8 8 5/8 9 5/8

6 5/8 7
7 3/4

7 7/8 8 1/2 8 3/4 9 1/2 10 5/8 12 1/4

10 3/4 11-3/4” 13 3/8

9 5/8 11-7/8”
8 5/8
9 7/8

10 5/8 12 1/4 14 3/4 17 1/2

13 3/8 16 20
11-3/4”
14
11-7/8”

14 3/4 17 1/2 20 26

16 20 24 30

16
ANNULAR VOLUMES – OPEN HOLE vs D/P,D/C AND CASING:(LT/M)

HOLE SIZE 36” 26” 17½” 12¼” 8½” 6”

OH. CAPACITIES 656.40 342.40 155.20 76.04 36.61 18.24
DRILL PIPES
2 3/8” 653.4 339.4 152.2 73 33.6 15.2
2 7/8” 652.0 338.0 150.8 71.6 32.2 13.8
3½” 649.9 335.9 148.7 69.5 30.1 11.7
5” 643.1 329.1 141.9 62.7 23.3

HW 3½ 649.9 335.9 148.7 69.5 30.1 11.7

D/P 5” 643.1 329.1 141.9 62.7 23.3
DRILL COLLARS

3½” 649.9 335.9 148.7 69.5 30.1 11.7

4 ¾” 645.0 331.0 143.8 64.6 25.2 6.8
6¼”, 636.6 322.6 135.4 56.2 16.8
6½” 635.0 321.0 133.8 54.6 15.2
8” 624.0 310.0 122.8 43.6 4.2
9½” 610.7 296.7 109.5 30.3

5” 643.7 329.7 142.5 63.35 23.92 5.55

5 ½” 641.0 327.0 139.8 60.68 21.25
7” 631.5 317.5 130.3 51.16 11.73
CASINGS

9 5/8” 609.3 295.3 108.1 28.94

13 3/8” 565.6 251.6 64.40
18 5/8” 480.2 166.2
20” 453.4 139.4
30” 200.6

ANNULAR VOLUMES – CASING vs D/C,D/P:(LT/M)

CASING DRILL PIPE DRILL COLLAR

SIZE PPF 2 3/8 2 7/8 3½ 5 3½ 4 3/4 6¼ 6½ 8 9
15 6.9 5.5
5”
18 6.3
17 9.1 7.7 5.88
5½” 20 8.6 7.2 5.33
23 8.1 6.7 4.80
26 17.0 15.6 13.5 13.70 8.53
29 16.4 15.0 12.9 13.13 7.95
9 43.5 36.0 34.6 32.5 25.7 32.70 27.52 19.16 17.54
5/8” 47 35.2 33.8 31.7 24.9 31.94 26.76 18.40 16.78
13 61 76.4 75.0 72.9 66.1 59.58 57.96 46.94 38.83
3/8” 68 75.1 73.7 71.6 64.8 58.29 56.67 45.65 37.04
18
87.5 156.7 155.3 153.2 146.4 139.9 138.3 127.3 118.7
5/8”
94 182.3 180.9 178.8 172.0 165.5 163.9 152.9 144.3
20”
133 174.8 173.4 171.3 164.5 158.0 156.4 145.4 136.8
267 404.8 403.4 401.3 394.5 377.2 375.6 364.6 356
30”
310 394.0 392.6 390.5 383.7 387.2 386.4 375.4 366.7

CAPACITIES OF CASINGS:(LT/M)

CASING 5” 5½” 7”
PPF 15 18 17 20 23 26 29
CAPACITY 9.85 9.26 12.13 11.58 11.05 19.96 19.38
CASING 9 5/8” 13 3/8” 18 5/8” 20” 30”
PPF 43.5 47 61 68 87.5 94 267
17
CAPACITY 38.95 38.19 79.37 78.08 159.74 185.30 392.00

ANNULAR VOLUMES – CASING vs CASING & TUBING:(LT/M)

CASING 5” 5½” 7” 9 5/8” 13 18 20” 2 2 3 ½”

/TUBING 3/8” 5/8” 3/8” 7/8”
SIZE PPF CASING TUBING
5” 15 6.98 5.64
18 6.39 5.05
5½” 17 9.26 7.92 5.88
20 8.71 7.37 5.33
23 8.18 6.84 4.80
7” 26 7.26 4.59 17.08 15.74 13.70
29 6.69 4.02 16.51 15.17 13.13
9 5/8” 43.5 26.26 23.59 14.1 36.08 34.74 32.70
47 25.5 22.83 13.3 35.32 33.98 31.94
13 3/8” 61 66.68 64.01 54.5 32.27
68 65.39 62.72 53.2 30.98
18 5/8” 87.5 147.1 144.4 134.9 112.6 68.94
20” 94 172.6 169.9 160.4 138.2 94.48
133 165.1 162.4 152.9 130.7 86.96
30” 267 395.1 392.4 392.9 360.7 317.0 231.6 204.8
310 384.3 381.6 372.1 349.9 306.2 220.8 194.0

HOLE SIZE vs ANNULAR VELOCITY AND CIRCULATION RATE:

HOLE SIZE ANNULAR VELOCITY (M/M) CIRCULATION RATE (L/M)

4 ¾” 42-66 303-492
5 ½” 42-60 492-719
6 42-60 530-718
6 ½” 42-60 719-1022
7 5/8” 36-54 908-1401
8 ½’ 36-54 908-1363
9 ½” 30-45 1136-1666
10 5/8” 30-45 1363-2044
12 ¼” 21-33 1363-2120
17 ½” 18-30 2601-4340
23” 12-18 3109-4662
26” 9-15 3001-5019

18
TRIPLEX PUMP DETAILS:
(PRE- PUMP MAXIMUM PRESSURE (KSC) & DIS – PUMP DISCHARGE (LPS))
LINER ” 5½” 6” 6½” 7” 7½”
PUMP TYPE PRE DIS PRE DIS PRE DIS PRE DIS PRE DIS
10-P-130, IHP-1300, SPM-140, STROKE-10”
326 11.7 274 14.0 233 16.2
12-P-160, IHP-1600, SPM-120, STROKE-12”
390 14.0 328 16.6 279 19.6 241 22.7
A-850-PT, IHP-850, SPM-160, STROKE-9”
208 10.51 174 12.51 149 14.68 128 17.03 112 19.55
A-1100-PT, IHP-1100, SPM-150, STROKE-10”
260 11.7 219 13.89 186 16.31 161 18.93 140 21.73
A-1400-PT, IHP-1400, SPM-150, STROKE-10”
332 11.7 279 14.0 237 16.2 205 18.9 178 21.5
A-1700-PT, IHP-1700, SPM-150, STROKE-12”
332 14.0 279 16.6 237 19.6 205 22.7 178 26.1
PZ-10, IHP-1350, SPM-115, STROKE-10”
352 12.87 352 15.14 318.5 17.8 275 20.82

19
TUBING SIZES – CAPACITIES & DISPLACEMENTS:

TUBING SIZE , OD-IN(mm) 2 3/8 (6O.3) 2 7/8 (73.0) 3½ (88.9) 4½ (114.3)

NOMINAL WEIGHT, PPF 4.7 5.95 6.5 8.7 9.3 12.7 12.60
THICK NESS, MM 4.83 6.45 5.51 7.82 6.45 9.52 6.88
DRIFT DIAMETER, MM 48.3 45.0 59.6 55 74.8 66.7 97.4
ID, MM 50.7 47.4 62.0 57.4 76.0 69.8 100.5
CAPACITY, L/M 2.02 1.77 3.02 2.59 4.54 3.83 7.94
O.E.DISPLACEMENT, L/M 0.86 1.11 1.19 1.62 1.72 2.43 2.41
COLLAPSE N-80 828.2 1075.1 785.4 1076.1 740.5 1076.1 527.3
RATING,
Ksc
P-105 1087.3 1410.7 985.3 1412.7 918.0 1412.7 629.36
BURST RATING, N-80 787.5 1052.6 743.6 1054.7 715.0 1054.7 592.6
KSC P-105 1034.3 1382.1 975.1 1385.2 937.4 1385.2 778.3
TENSILE YIELD, N-80 47.4 61.5 65.9 90.3 94.1 133.8 130.6
TONS P-105 62.2 80.7 86.4 118.5 123.6 175.6 170.3

API-RING JOINT FLANGE CONNECTION DETAILS:

FLANGE SEAL RING BOLTS

NOM. THICK-
S N
API
I E CIRCLE Spanner
R Si
Z MAX S MEAN D
OD In I NO DIA, In LENGTH
E S i ze
N
, , a
G
I I
n n
2M 6½ 1 5/16 3¼ R-23 8 5/8 4¾ 5 1 1/16
21/16 3M/5 M 8½ 1 13/16 3¾ R-24 8 7/8 6¼ 6½ 1 7/16
10 M 7 7/8 1 47/64 3.395 BX-152 8 ¾ 5½ 6¼ 1¼
31/16 10 M 10 5/8 2 19/64 4.685 BX-154 8 1 7 1/8 8½ 1 5/8
2M 8¼ 1 9/16 4 7/8 R-31 8 ¾ 5½ 6 5/8 1¼
31/8 3M 9½ 1 13/16 4 7/8 R-31 8 7/8 6¼ 7½ 1 7/16
5M 10½ 2 3/16 5 3/8 R-35 8 1 1/8 7 5/8 8 1 13/16
2M 10 ¾ 1 13/16 5 7/8 R-37 8 7/8 6¼ 8½ 1 7/16
3M 11½ 2 1/16 5 7/8 R-37 8 1 1/8 7 3/8 9¼ 1 13/16
41/16
5M 12¼ 2 7/16 6 3/8 R-39 8 1¼ 8½ 9½ 2
10 M 12 7/16 2 49/64 5.93 BX-155 8 1 1/8 8 3/8 10 3/16 1 13/16
2M 14 2 3/16 8 5/16 R-45 12 1 7 3/8 11½ 1 5/8
3M 15 2½ 8 5/16 R-45 12 1 1/8 8 3/8 12½ 1 13/16
71/16
5M 15½ 3 5/8 8 5/16 R-46 12 1 3/8 11¼ 12½ 2 3/16
10 M 18 7/8 4 1/16 9.521 BX-156 12 1½ 11 ¾ 15 7/8 2 3/8
2M 20 2 13/16 12¾ R-53 16 1¼ 9¼ 17 2
3M 21½ 3 1/16 12¾ R-54 16 1 3/8 10 18½ 2 3/16
11
5M 23 4 11/16 12¾ R-54 12 1 7/8 14 3/8 19 2 15/16
10 M 25 ¾ 5 9/16 14.064 BX-158 16 1¾ 15½ 22¼ 2¾
2M 22 215/16 15 R-57 20 1¼ 9½ 19¼ 2
3M 24 3 7/16 15 R-57 20 1 3/8 10 ¾ 21 2 3/16
135/8
5M 26½ 4 7/16 16.063 BX-160 16 1 5/8 13 23¼ 2 9/16
10 M 30¼ 6 5/8 17.033 BX-159 20 1 7/8 17¼ 26½ 2 15/16
20¾ 3M 33¾ 4¾ 23 R-74 20 2 15¼ 29½ 3 1/8
2M 32 3 7/8 23 R-73 24 1 5/8 12¼ 28½ 2 9/16
21 ¼
5M 38 7/8 7 1/8 24.904 BX-168 24 2 19 1/8 34 7/8 3 1/8

20
21
OPERATING FLUID REQUIREMENTS AND OPENING –CLOSING RATIO OF
VARIOUS BLOW OUT PREVENTORS:

GALLONS GALLONS
MAKE & MAX W.P. CLOSING OPENING
BORE SIZE TO TO
MOD (PSI RAT RATI
(IN) CLO OPE
EL ) IO O
SE N
ANNULAR PREVENTORS

HYDRIL MSP 21¼ 2000 31.05 18.93

13 5/8 5000 17.98 14.16
HYDRIL GK
11 10000 25.10 18.97
11 10000 17.88 17.88
HYDRIL GX
13 5/8 10000 24.14 24.14
NL SHAFFER 13 5/8 5000 23.58 17.41
‘S’ 11 10000 30.58 24.67
CAMEROON 13 5/8 5000 12.12 10.34
‘D’ 11 10000 10.15 9.06
KOOMEY 13 5/8 5000 17.98 14.16
‘N’ 11 10000 25.10 18.98
RAM TYPE PREVENTOR

HYDRIL 13 5/8 5000 5.4 4.8 4.80 : 1 2.10 : 1

MAN-
LOCK 11 10000 5.2 5.0 6.90 : 1 2.40 : 1
SHEAR 13 5/8 5000 11.50 11.20 10.10 : 1 4.70 : 1
RAM
S 11 10000 8.80 8.20 11.70 : 1 4.00 : 1
HYDRIL Multi 13 5/8 5000 5.90 5.20 5.20 : 1 2.10 : 1
positio
n 11 10000 5.70 5.00 7.60 : 1 2.40 : 1
LOCK
SHEAR 13 5/8 5000 12.00 11.20 10.60 : 1 4.70 : 1
RAM
S 11 10000 9.30 8.20 12.40 : 1 4.00 : 1
NL SHAFFER 13 5/8 5000 11.00 10.52 10.85 : 1 10.02 : 1
‘SL’ 11 10000 9.45 7.00 7.11 : 1 7.62 : 1
CAMEROON 13 5/8 5000 5.80 5.40 7.00 : 1 2.30 : 1
‘U’ 11 10000 3.50 3.40 7.30 : 1 2.50 : 1
SHEAR 13 5/8 5000 10.90 10.50 10.80 : 1 4.50 : 1
RAM
S 11 10000 7.60 7.40 12.00 : 1 4.80 : 1
KOOMEY 13 5/8 5000 6.25 5.78 7.75 : 1 2.50 : 1
‘PL-
PRC’ 11 10000 3.60 3.30 7.75 : 1 2.50 : 1

CLOSING RATIO = (WELL BORE PRESSURE) ÷ (HYD. PRESSURE TO CLOSE THE RAM)
OPENING RATIO = (WELL BORE PRESSURE) ÷ (HYD. PRESSURE TO OPEN THE RAM)

22
 CLASSIFICATION OF LAND RIGS:

SHALLOW MEDIUM DEEP

TYPE OF RIG SUPER DEEP
(TYPE-I) (TYPE-II) TYPE-III
CAPACITY (M) 3600 4900 6100 7000
DRAW WORKS
<1000 1400 / 1500 2000 3000
(HP)
RIG HP
3000 4000 4000 6000
(Power Pack)
E-760 Series E-1400 Series E-2000 Series E-3000
F-3050 F-4900 F-6100
RIGS
BI-1500 BI-2000
1320-UE

SPECIFICATION OF LAND RIGS:

E-760 E-1400 E-2000 E-3000 F-4900 F-6100 BI-1500 BI-2000 1320-UE

CAP.
250 425 500 650 450 500 450 500 500
(Tons)
DRAW-WORKS
Wire line
32 32 35 38 35 35 35 35 35
Dia (mm)
ROTARY TABLE
TYPE A27½ A27½ A27½ A37½ MRL-275 MRL-275 RT-27½ RT-27½ C-275
Max.
27½” 27½” 27½” 37½” 27½” 27½” 27½” 27½” 27½”
opening
MUD A-850- A-1100- A-1400- A-1700- 3PN- 3PN- GD-
GD-PZ11 10P-130
PUMP PT PT PT PT 1300 1800 PZ10
POWER
3 4 6 6 4 4 4 4 5
PACKS
MAST( API-4E/4F)
Sky top/
TYPE Branham Branham Branham MA-455 MA-455 Branham Branham Armco
Branham
Height 136’/ 142 142’ 142’ 152’ 144’ 144’ 142’ 142’ 156’
CROWN BLOCK
Dia of 60” 60”
50”/ 60” 60” 60” 68” 60” 60” 50”
Sheave
No. of
6 7 7 8 7 7 7 7 7
Sheaves
TRAVELLING BLOCK
Dia of
50 / 60 60 60 68” 60” 60” 50”
Sheave
No. of
5 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6
Sheaves

Except with E-3000 type rig rest of all the rigs are provided with 2 no.s of mud pumps.
E-3000 rig is provided with 3 no.s of mud pumps

23
BACK OFF OF A STUCK PIPE

1. Before back off first determine the free length of

drill string by either the differential stretch method or more accurately by electro-
logging technique.
2. Make up the string to the maximum of 80% of the
torsional limit.
3. Put the neutral point on a level with the joint to be
backed off.
The weight indicator tension is given by :
T=W+PxA
1000
where
T = Weight indicator tension in tons.
W = Buoyant weight of free drill string plus
weight of kelly, travelling block, hook, etc. (tons)
P = Hydrostatic pressure at the point of back
off. (kg/cm2)
A = Area of the mating surface of the tool joint,
cm2
(See table at Page No. 93)
4. Work 80% of left hand torsion of that applied in
step 2 to the point of back off.
5. Run in the string shot to point of back off desired
and detonate the string shot.
6. If the string is not opened count the number of turns released. If it is less than that
applied in point 4, then the joint is partially opened and by working the torque down
the joint may get fully opened.

Note: If back off is done without the kelly connected, then in this case the weight of kelly
& swivel etc. is not be considered.

24
DETERMINATION OF THE LENGTH OF FREE PIPE IN A STUCK STRING.

The relation between deferential stetch and length of a frozen string due to differential pull is:

L= 2.1 x 10³ x A x C
P2-P1

Where:
L = Length of free pipe (m)
A= Cross sectional area of drill pipe (CM²)
C= Differential Stretch (m)
P2-P1 = Dirrerential pull (kg)

Considering a correction factor of LOS for tool joint the equivalent length (Leq) of free drill pipe
is given by:
Leq = 1.05 x L

Note: This method is fairly accurate in straight wells Method of application of this technique:

Prior to measuring the differential stretch the string should be thoroughly worked so as to
minimize the effect of residual stress in the string.

1. A pull (P1) of 10-IST greater than the air weight of the drill string is applied to the stuck
string and a mark is made on the Kelly or pipe as the case may be.
2. This pull is released and equal pull (P1) is applied once again. Another mark is made on
the Kelly. The two marks do not coincide due to the friction in the hole. The mid point
between the two marks is taken as the upper reference mark-A.
3. A pull P2 (p11 10 IST is applied and a lower reference mark B is made following the
steps mentioned above.
4. The distance between the two mars A & B is measured as ‘c’.
5. Note: The pull must be within the safe limits of the margin of over pull of the string

25
 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE NUMBER OF TURNS WHICH CAN BE GIVEN TO 1000 m OF
NEW DRILL PIPE UNDER A GIVEN AXIAL TENSION
(Grade E drill Pipe)

Nominal ,'
weight
and diameter Number of turns for 1000 m of drill pipe under a tension of (1000 daN)
of
drill pipe
(in) (Ib/ft) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
2 3/8” 4.85 18 3/4 18 1/4 16 3/4 131/2
14 1/4
2 3/8” 6.65 18 3/4 18 1/2 17 3/4 16 1/4
11 1/2
2 7/8” 6.85 15 1/2 15 1/4 14 1/2 13 1/2 8 3/4
14
2 7/8” 10.40 15 1/2 15 1/2 15 1/4 14 3/4 13 1/4 12 10 1/2 8 1/2
3 ½” 9.50 12 3/4 12 3/4 12 1/4 12 11 1/4 10 1/4 9 1/4 7 1/2 4 3/4
3 ½“ 13.30 12 3/4 12 3/4 12 1/2 12 1/4 12 111/2 11 10 1/4 9 1/2 8 1/2 7 1/4
3 ½” 15.50 12 3/4 12 3/4 12 1/2 12 1/2 12 1/4 12 111/2 11 10 1/2 10 9
5 19.50 9 9 83/4 8 3/4 8 3/4 8 1/2 8 1/4 8 1/4 8 7 3/4 7 1/4
5 25.60 9 9 8314 8 3/4 8 3/4 8 314 8 112 8 1/2 81/4 8 1/4 8
5 ½” 21.90 8 8 8 8 8 7 3/4 7 3/4 7 1/2 7 1/2 7 1/4 7
5 ½” 24.70 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 314 7 314 7 1/2 7 1/2 7 1/4

26
 RIG BUILDING

FOLLOWING SHOULD BE INSPECTED DURING RAISING OF THE MASTS:

1. Inspect for free rotation of all mast lifting sheaves

2. Inspect casing line & bull lines for clinks, breakage, brittleness and corrosion
3. Inspect the reeving pattern of casing line & bull line
4. Inspect the anchor points of bull lines on mast and speller sockets of the rope
5. Inspect the fast line and deadline fixtures.
6. Inspect all the sheaves of crown block for free rotation
7. Make sure that each reeving line is in place in sheave groove
8. Ensure sheave guards at intact position.
9. Grease and lubricate all sheaves and bearing.
10. Inspect A-frame pulley assembly, pins of A-frame and all weldments of the frame
11. Check the equalizer pulley unit/ pins/ welds/ bearing surfaces.
12. Check traveling block and hock assembly.
13. Check the effectiveness of mechanical brake, electromagnetic brake of draw
works.
14. Ensure smoother and proper functioning of all clutches needed.
15. Inspect the foundation bolts of the draw works for their proper tightening.
16. Inspect all bolted connections to ensure none has worked loose.
17. Inspect to ensure all structural bolts are fixed with the suitable lock washers.
18. Check for all loose tools / bolts etc. left in mast during assembly.
19. Ensure to wear all personal protective equipment.
20. No over load beyond the specified capacity is permitted.
21. In addition, for hoisting and lowering of mast of different types read and follow
carefully the operating instructions in the manual supplied by the manufacturers
as applicable.

27
 WELL CONTROL

GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES :

1. It is the Driller’s responsibility to close the well in if a kick is indicated or suspected.

2. The hole must be kept full at all times by using a trip tank and accurate trip fill-up records
will be maintained
3. All drilling breaks will be flow-checked.
4. When tripping pipe, flow checks will be made:
- Just off bottom
- At the lowest casing shoe
- Prior to pulling heavy weight drill pipe or drill collar through the BOP.
5.Slow circulation rates will be taken when:
- At the beginning of every shift
- Any time the mud weight is changed.
- Any time the bit nozzle configuration is changed
- After bit changes
6. When lost circulation occurs and cannot be regained through the drill-pipe, the annulus will
be filled with the lightest fluid available (water) and volume recorded.
7. The distance from the rotary kelly bushing to pipe rams will be known at all times and must
be displayed in the vicinity of the Driller’s B.O.P. panel
8. The Driller will check choke manifold, diverter and overboard valves for proper setting at
the beginning of each shift.
9. The Driller must know true vertical depth (T.V.D.) measurements.
10. Any time a trip is interrupted the hand tight installation of a safety valve is done.
11. A minimum of one safety valve and one inside BOP with appropriate cross-overs will be
available on the rig floor at all times, including a circulating head when running casing. A
proper means for easy installation on emergency shall be available.

PRIMARY CONTROL:

Primary well control is the use of drilling fluid density to provide sufficient
pressure to prevent the influx of formation fluid into the well bore.

Primary control is ensured at all times by:

- Drilling fluids of adequate density are used.
- Active volumes are continuously monitored, especially during tripping.
- Changes in density, volumes and flow rate of drilling fluids from the well bore are
immediately detected and appropriate action taken.

CAUSES of KICK:

- Failure to fill the hole properly while tripping.

- Swabbing
- Lost circulation
- Insufficient mud weight
- Loss of riser drilling fluid column
WARNING SIGNS OF ABNORMALLY INCREASING FORMATION PRESSURE:

- Increase in Drilling rate

- Increase in mud return flow
- Trip, connection and background gas
- Increase in torque and drag
- Change in D-exponent
- Change in cutting size and shape
- Decrease in shale density

28
 - Temperature measurements (Temperature gradient generally higher in abnormally
pressurized formations)
WELL CONTROL- PRECAUTIONS AND CHECKS PRIOR TO & DURING TRIPPING:

TRIPPING OUT:
Prior to pull-out the mud shall be conditioned and to be ensured
- No losses of circulation.
- No indication of influx of formation fluids present prior to pulling pipe.
- The mud density in and out will should not different much.
 The trip tank will be filled up and function tested prior to removing the kelly.
 A trip sheet will be prepared for use while tripping.
 Suitable full –opening safety valves (internal BOP’s) to fit all drill pipe and BHA connections
must be on the rig floor in the ‘open’ position. There must be facility to easy and immediate
( pick and drop) installation of the safety valve. The opening/closing wrench must be readily
available for immediate use.
 When possible and if the hole condition permits, a slug will be prepared and displaced in the
drill string prior to pulling out of hole.
 Mud bucket should be kept ready if a slug cannot be pumped or if the pipe is pulled out wet.
The mud bucket is to be designed in such a way the return from the mud bucket drains into
the trip tank/ return flow channel
 Flow check ( observation of well without the circulation) shall be made at the designated
points even if the hole is taking proper amount of mud.
 If the hole is not taking the proper amount of fluid, it is important to stop tripping and check
for self flow. If positive, an attempt to run-down the pipe to bottom is to be made.
 The drill string is to be pulled out at the speed which is slow enough to prevent swabbing.
 Any time the trip is interrupted, the hand tight installation of a safety valve is required.
 Whenever the trip tank is refilled, the movement of the drill string is stopped.
 If the hole is taking the proper amount of fluid and if there is no drag or over-pull which
should generate swabbing, then the pipe wiper will be installed after pulling out a minimum
of 5 stands and confirming the above.
 When the pipe is out of the hole, the no self flow or static condition is ensured by using the
trip tank.

TRIPPING IN:
 It is also important to check and monitor hole condition when tripping into the hole. The trip
tank should be used for the purpose. The trip tank level indication will be affected by the
size of the nozzles in the bit.
 In order to reduce the high surge pressures, it is safe to give circulation prior to entering
open hole, esp. when the previous casing shoe is deeper.
 With a solid float in the string, drill pipe will be filled every 10 to 15 stands. With the BHA in
open hole, reciprocating the string is to be done to avoid sticking problems.
 Between returning to bottom and circulating bottoms up, drilling fluids will not be transferred
from reserve to the active system without isolation of pits. Volumes of the active system and
transfer pit will be known and prior to commencement of the operation, mud logging and rig
floor monitors will be set and manned.

KICK INDICATORS DURING DRILLING:

 Drilling breaks will be flow checked.
 Increase in return flow (Differential flow indicator should offer visual and audible alarms
and should be set to warn the Driller of change in flow rate).
 Pit level increase: An increase in pit level can be indicator that an influx of formation fluid
has occurred. It is important that the Driller should have knowledge of transfer and /or
addition of mud materials can be taken account, while evaluating pit level increase as kick
indicator.
Pump pressure decrease/Pump stroke increase: When an influx enters the well bore, the
fluid column in the annulus becomes lighter. The mud in the drill pipe begins to push the

29
annulus fluid due to ‘U-tube’ and the there may be drop in stand pipe pressure
accompanied by increase in pump strokes.

30
SHALLOW GAS KICK:

Shallow gas is considered to be any gas accumulation during drilling at a depth above
the setting point of the first casing string intended for or capable of pressure containment. A
typical approach to a shallow gas kick is to allow the well to flow through a diverter and the
diverter system is designed to pack-off around kelly, casing or drill string. The flow is diverted
because if closed the well shut in pressures combined with hydrostatic head of the well fluid
could result in formation breakdown and possibly subsequent cratering of the well. The shallow
gas kicks occur quickly since reservoirs can have high permeability and time for action is very
limited.

COMPARISON BETWEEN A SHALLOW KICK AND DEEP KICK:

SHALLOW KICK DEEP KICK

Kicks occur quickly and normal Reliable kick warning signals
Kick Indication
indications of kicks difficult to recognize
Annular BOP/Diverter and diverter lines BOP stack, Choke and kill
Equipment
manifold
Closing Sequence Open diverter line, increase pump rates Stop pump and close BOP
Based on Pfracture at casing shoe and Based on the shut in
Kill Mud Weight what ever light fluid available like sea pressures
water.
Increased to maximum possible Reduced ½ to 1/3rd of normal
Kill Pump Rate
rate.

31
SECONDARY CONTROL:

Secondary control is the proper use of blowout prevention equipment to control

the well in the event that primary control can not be properly maintained. Early recognition of
the warning signals and rapid shut in are the key to effective well control. By quick shut in, the
amount of formation fluid that enters the well bore and the amount of drilling fluid expelled from
the annulus is minimized. The size and severity of a kick depends upon – the degree of
underbalance, the formation permeability and the length of time the well remains
underbalanced.

SHUT IN PROCEDURES :

WHILE DRLLING:

 Stop rotary.
 Pick up kelly to clear tool joint above rotary table.
 Stop mud pump, check for self flow. If yes, proceed further to close the well by any of the
following methods for shut in the well.

SOFT SHUT IN HARD SHUT IN

Open hydraulic control valve (HCR) valve / Close Blow out preventor (preferrably Annular
manual valve on choke line Preventor)
Close Blow Out Preventor (preferrably Annular Open hydraulic control valve (HCR) valve /
Preventor) manual valve on choke line, when choke is in
fully closed position
Gradually close adjustable choke, monitoring Allow pressure to stabilise and record SIDPP,
casing pressure. SICP and Pit Gain.
Allow pressure to stabilise and record SIDPP,
SICP and Pit Gain.

WHILE TRIPPING:

 Position tool joint above rotary table and set pipe in slips
 Install full opening safety valve (FOSV) in open position on drill pipe and close it.
SOFT SHUT IN HARD SHUT IN
Open HCR valve/Manual valve on choke line. Close Blow Out Preventor (preferrably Annular
Preventor)
Close Blow Out Preventor (preferrably Annular Make up kelly and open FOSV.
Preventor)
Gradually close adjustable choke, monitoring Open (HCR) valve / manual valve on choke line,
casing pressure. when choke is in fully closed position
Make up kelly and open FOSV. Allow pressure to stabilise and record SIDPP,
SICP and Pit Gain.
Allow pressure to stabilise and record SIDPP,
SICP and Pit Gain.

IF UNABLE TO SHUT IN THE DRILL STRING, CLOSE SHEAR RAMS OR DROP STRING (THE
ULTIMATE ALTERNATIVE TO SAVE THE WELL).

32
WELL CONTROL EQUIPMENT:
Blow out Preventors is the only one part of the well integrity. Wellhead equipment, casing and
open hole must all be taken into consideration. Well heads and pressure control equipment
should meet the minimum working pressure requirement.
2M STACKS – one annular type preventor and one ram type preventer
3M & 5M STACKS – One annular type preventor and two ram type preventer
10 M & 15 M STACKS – One 5M/10M annular type preventor and three 10M or 15M ram
type preventors

The hydraulic operating unit will consist of an independent automatic accumulator unit for
(3000 psi) working pressure with a control manifold, clearly showing open and close
positions for preventors and the pressure operated choke and kill line valves.

ACCUMULATOR: Accumulator bottles store pressurised hydraulic fluid to facilitate the quick
operation of the BOP’s. The float or bladder in the bottle separates precharged nitrogen
from the pressurized hydraulic fluid. In a 3000 psi system, the pre-charge nitrogen
pressure should be 1000 + 200 psi.
SIZING OF ACCUMULATOR: The accumulator bottle bank in the surface BOP control unit
should be designed to have usable fluid equals to the volume required to close all the
blow out preventors and to open all HCR valves in BOP stack with an additional safety
factor of 50% which is required to compensate for any fluid loss in control system and or
preventors. Accumulator bottles should also maintain a minimum operating pressure of
1200 psi or 200 psi above the pre-charge pressure which ever is more when all the
above functions are operated with pumps off. (Both pneumatic and electric)
FOUR WAY VALVES: All four valves will be either the ‘open’ or ‘close’ position during normal
operations. They should not normally be left in the neutral position.
CHARGING SYSTEM: The BOP control unit consists of at least one electric pump and two or
three air pumps. Its purpose is to pump hydraulic fluid into the accumulator bottles.
Sizing of the pumps depends on the volume required to be pumped into accumulator
bottles. With the number of pumps available in the unit system, should be charged
within 15 minutes.
RESERVOIR TANK: The capacity of the reservoir tanks should be such when system is not
pressurised, the level should be about one inch below the inspection port and when the
accumulator bottles are charged fully to 3000 psi, the level of the tank should be about
an inch above the suction valves of the pumps used used in unit. As per API , the tank
capacity should be at least two times the usable fluid for the accumulator bottles. The
fluid used in the tank should comply with the intended operating environment. Tank
should have a hydraulic fluid measuring system either sight glass or dip stick.
CONTROL LINES: The control lines are the high pressure lines that carry hydraulic fluid from
the accumulator to the BOP’s. The control lines be free of any damage like reduction in
the flow area that may slow fluid delivery. The control lines can be steel pipes or high
pressure hoses and should be properly protected from falling objects and vehicles.
REMOTE PANELS: There well be two remote control panels, one panel located near the
Driller’s position and the other panel is to be located in a safe area / Order to Tool
pusher office
ALL RAM TYPE PREVENTORS WILL BE EQUIPPED WITH RAM LOCKS
MUD GAS SEPARATOR: An atmospheric or low pressure separating vessel for handling gas
cut returns must be provided where BOP’s are used. It must be equipped with vent lines
to discharge at least 60 m from the well and the vent line should be sized to minimise
the back-pressure on the separator. The mud gas separator must be such that a
sufficient liquid seal is maintained on the unit during a killing operation to avoid blow
down. When the de-gasser gas exhaust is connected to the mud gas separator exhaust,
a check valve is to be inserted in between the de-gasser exhaust and mud gas
separator exhaust.
33
WELL CONTROL EQUIPEMENT TESTING REQUIREMENTS:

FUNCTION TEST:

Function test is conducted to check the closing time of each Blow out Preventor, which should
be with in the specified limit and to check the condition of the bladders, used in the
accumulators of BOP control unit.

 BOP function test should be performed on each trip or once a week whichever is earlier.
 The test should be conducted (for annular and pipe preventors) with the string in the well.
 Both the pneumatic and electric pumps of the unit should be turned after recording initial pr.
 Closing time should not exceed 30 seconds for all ram type preventors and annular
preventors smaller than 18 ¾” and 45 seconds for annular preventor of 18 ¾” and larger
size.
 Recorded final accumulator pressure after all the functions should not be less than 1200 psi
or 200 psi above the pre-charge pressure of accumulator, which ever is maximum.

PRESSURE TEST:
Pressure test is conducted to check
- the integrity of all the joints in BOP stack and Blow out preventor’s seals
- valves in choke and kill manifolds, standpipe manifold
- all FOSV’s and upper and lower kelly cocks.

The pressure test shall be done –

 When BOP’s are installed
 After each casing string
 Prior to entry into transition zone
 Following repairs to well control equipment that require breaking a pressure connection
 At least once in 7 days
 For shear ram preventor only the blind function will be tested (both pressure& function tests)

The weekly test is not required for shear rams. As a minimum, these rams are to be tested prior
to drilling –out after each casing string has been set.
LOW PRESSURE TEST : Initially low pressure test on the BOP’s is to be conducted. All the
BOP’s and HCR valves should be pressure tested at 200-300 psi for 5 minutes.
HIGH PRESSURE TEST:
 On installation the well control equipment to be tested to rated pressure of the equipement.
 On subsequent tests, the ram type BOP stack and choke and kill manifold should be tested
to the minimum of 70% of internal yield pressure of casing or 70% of the working pressure
of the equipment.
 The annular preventors shall be tested to 50% of its rated pressure to minimize element
wear.
 All high pressure tests will be conducted for 10 minutes.
 Test pressure should be applied from the direction in which BOP/valves would experience
pressure during actual well kick situations.
ACCUMULATOR TEST:
Accumulator performance tests will be done after installation of the BOP.
 Fluid charge system to 3000 psi and switch off the accumulator pumps.
 Close all functions and open functions simultaneously.
 Close the annular and open the remote operated valve.
 Observe that there is at least 1200 psi pressure on accumulator pressure gauge.
 Switch on the accumulator pumps. Record recharging time which should be less than 15
minutes.
Low fluid level alarms will be tested weekly.

34
 BLOW PREVENTER ARRANGEMENTS FOR 2M/5M/10M INSTALLATIONS:
2M BOP STACK ARRANGEMENT:

ANNU.
PREVEN

PIPE RAM TYPE

DRLG
KILL SPOOL CHOKE

5M BOP STACK ARRANGEMENT:

ANNU.
PREVEN

PIPE RAM TYPE

BLIND/SHEAR RAM TYPE

DRLG
KILL SPOOL CHOKE

10 M BOP STACK ARRANGEMENT:

ANNU.
PREVEN

US 325 RAM TYPE

BLIND/SHEAR RAM TYPE

DRLG
KILL SPOOL CHOKE

PIPE RAM TYPE

35
PARTICLE SIZE:

MUD SOLIDS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO SIZE IN UNITS CALLED

MICRONS. A MICRON IS 1/25,400 OF AN INCH OR 1/1000 OF A MM.

 THE SMALLER SIZE THE PARTICLE SIZE THE MORE PRONOUNCED THE AFFECT ON
FLUID PROPERTIES.
 THE SMALLER THE PARTICLE THE MORE DIFFICULT IT IS TO REMOVE OR CONTROL
ITS EFFECTS ON THE FLUID.

PARTICLE SIZE- API CLASSIFICATION:

PARTICLE
S.NO. PARTICLE SIZE (MICRONS) SIEVE SIZE
CLASSIFICATION
1 COLLODIAL 2-0 -
2 ULTRA FINE 44-2 -
3 FINE 77-44 325
4 MEDIUM 250-74 200
5 INTERMEDIATE 2000-250 60
6 COARSE > 2000 10

12x12 SHAKER

16x16 SHAKER

20x20 SHAKER

US 60

US 200

US 325
44 74 234 838 1130 1524

36
 PRIMARY APPLICATIONS OF VARIOUS DRILLING FLUID ADDITIVES:

S NO BENTONITE For viscosity and filtration control in fresh water mud system
1 BARYTE (sp.gr. 4.2) Weighting material for both water and oil based system
2 CALCIUM CARBONATE Fluid loss control, lost circulation material and weighting agent for
( sp.gr. 2.7) completion and work over fluids. Also acid soluble
3 ASBESTOS For viscosities in both fresh and salt water system
4 Hematite s.g.5.0 To increase mud density
5 HYDROXYETHYL Viscosifier for all types of brines
CELLULOSE
6 XCD Polymer High molecular –weight polysaccharide, Viscosifer for NaCl, KCl, and
CaCl2 brines
7 GUARGUM Nonionic viscosifier for brines
8 CMC(Carboxy Methyl For fluid loss control in fresh and brackish water base system. Impart
Cellulose) dispensing properties in salt water systems.
9 Pregelatinized STARCH For fluid loss control and viscosity in fresh and salt water systems.
10 Sodium Polyacrylonitrile For fluid loss control in fresh water
11 PAC (Poly Anionic For fluid loss control and viscosity in fresh and salt water systems
Cellulose)
12 Resinated LIGNITE For filtration control in under high temperature conditions
13 Causticized LIGNITE To control fluid loss and viscosity at high temperature
14 Chrome Lignosulphonate Thinner and also contributes to fluid loss control at higher temp.
15 Calcium Lignosulphonate Provide thinning to water base system
16 Processed Lignite Thinner, filtration control agent and stabiliser for O/W emulsion
17 Tannin Compound For thinning in high pH fresh water base system
(Cutch)
18 Drilling detergent Minimizes bit balling and reduces torque and drag in water based mud
systems
19 Emulsifier ( A blend of For emulsifying oil in fresh and salt water mud systems
anionic surfactant)
20 Oil soluble surfactant Used for freeing differential stuck pipe
21 Graphite Provides lubricity to mud
22 E.P.Lubricants Provides lubricity to water base mud under extreme pressure and
temperature conditions
23 Water dispersible Asphalt Seal microfractures to control shale hydration and fluid loss in water
based mud
24 Aluminum Stearate For de-foaming in water base mud system
25 Caustic soda (NaOH) Used for pH control in water base muds
26 Potassium hydroxide For alkalinity control in KCL mud and source of potassium in salt free
(KOH) fluids
27 Sodium chloride(NaCl) Used in packer and work over fluids for density control and in drilling
fluids for salinity control
28 Potassium Chloride (KCl) Used in KCl-Polymer muds for shale inhibition
29 Soda Ash Used for removal Ca++ from water base mud
30 Sodium Bicarbonate Used for removal of Ca++ contaminants in water base mud
31 LIME (Ca(OH)2) Used in lime base mud system and also control carbonate contamination
32 GYPSUM Used as source of soluble Ca++ in Gypsum base mud
33 Calcium chloride (Cacl2) Used in completion fluids, packer fluids, and in oil base mud for activity
control upto sp.gr 1.39
34 Spotting fluid non To release stuck pipe in non weighted muds.
weighted
35 Spotting fluid weighted To release stuck pipe in weighted muds.
36 Lubricant blend of To impart lubricity to the mud.
surfactant & oil
37 Graphite To impart lubricity to the mud.

37
WELLBORE INSTABILITY:

INDICATORS OF PROBLEMS SHALES:

Sloughing shale, Hole enlargement, Bridges and fill on trips, Stuck pipe and
fishing difficulty, Hole cleaning problems, High fluid maintenance cost and
solids-control problems.
SHALE HYDRATION:
Swelling-Expansion of clays due to intake of water.
Indicators - Bit balling, mud rings or gumbo attacks, hole washout, elliptical well
bores, fine solis buildup.
Dispersion- The disintegration of shale body due to water contact.
Indicators- Sloughing shale, bridges and fill on trips, hole cleaning problems.

SHALE STABILISATION MECHANISMS:

CATEGORIES (FLUID TYPE) STABILISATION MECHANISM APPLICATION

Electrolytes ( Fluids using Cation exchange process. Soft, highly dispersive
sodium chloride, potassium Li++, Na++,K+,Mg++,Ca++, Al+ hydratable shales, shales with
systems, gypsum and lime +. Increasing replacement montmorillonite and large %s of
muds, aluminium complex order. mixed layers with swelling
systems tendencies.
Polymers (PHPA- Hydrolyzed Encapsulation Soft, highly dispersive
polyacrylamides) hydratable shales, shales with
montmorillonite and illite with
highly expandable mixed
layers. Can be used in
conjuction with electrolytes for
increased inhibition.
Asphalts and Gilsonites(water Plug and seal micro-fractures Medium hard, moderately
dispersants) reducing filtrate invasion dispersive shales with sloughing
between bedding planes tendecies. Shale high in inter
layered clays. Sometimes high
in illite and chlorite.
Oil muds Oil external phase, balanced Highly-dispersive and fractured
activity of water phase shales with sloughing
tendencies. Hard, brittle,
indurated shalesin which
moderate dispersion exhibits
severe sloughing.

38
DRILL STRING STICKING:

TYPE CAUSES PREVENTIVE MEASURES

DIFFERENTIAL Differential pressure (wall Control mud densities as low as practical. Control
sticking) filtration rate to produce a thin, compressible wall
cake. Control drilled solids as low as possible.
Control drill to avoid overloading annulus Utilize
friction reducing additives. Do not keep the drill
string idle or stationary.
MECHANICAL Key seating, Formation Key seating-Control hole deviation, Assure drill
related well bore string is in tension, utilize string reamers and
instability. Well bore stabilizers and key seat wipers.
geometry (deviation and Formation related well bore instability is generally
ledges). Inadequate hole associated with tight hole conditions. Also optimize
cleaning. Junk in hole or fluid properties by use of inhibitive additives and
collapsed casing. fluid systems.
Cement related. Inadequate hole cleaning can be improved by
changing fluid rheologies and pump rates.

MECHANICALLY INDUCED BOREHOLE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS:

PROBLEM CAUSE INDICATORS SOLUTIONS

Mechanical Turbulent flow rates. Mixed sizes and Alter rheological properties or
erosion Drill string geometry. shapes of cuttings, reduce pump output to ensure
Indicative rheological excessive lag, hole laminar or transitional flow.
properties washout Reduce D/S dia.
Under balanced Inadequate mud Gas cut mud, Raise mud weight to balance
hydrostatic weight. Geo pressured excessive splintered or formation pressure
pressures formations concave cuttings, hole
fill after trips
Pipe whip Excessive rotary Cuttings –small mixed Slow rotary speed. Ensure
speeds. Drill string not shapes of different drill string is in tension.
in tension types.
Swab and surge Excessive pipe running Loss of circulation, gas, Reduce pipe running or
pressures or pulling speeds. High oil or water intrusions pulling speeds. Condition mud
gel strengths, improper on trips. Large to reduce gel strengths.
drill string design quantities of fill and
debris after trips.
Improper fluid
displacement.
Unconsolidated Rough drilling, hole fill, torque, drag on Increase low shear viscosities to
formations connections and trips. Frequent improve hole cleaning. Increase mud
packing off and bridges at specific weight. Assure laminar flow. Circulate
depths. Excessive caving. Mud loss out viscous pills with LCM.
Stringers and Salt in cuttings or increased chlorides Change to oil mud with balanced water
massive salt without increased volume. Flocculation phase. Convert to near saturated salt
sections of fresh water muds. Increased PV and system. Increase low-shear viscosity to
total hardness. Excessive washouts improve hole cleaning. Drill evaporate
and caving in of the formation. deposits and run casing.
Unwanted sidetracking of the hole

39
SOLIDS CONTROL
 To increase mud weight (Barite)
X = 4250 (W2-W1) /4250 – W2
Where X = Amount of barite, kg/m3
W1 = Present weight, kg/m3
W2 = Desired weight, kg/m3
 To decrease mud weight (Water)
X = V (W1- W2) 1 W2 - 1000
Where X = Amount of water, m3
V = Original mud volume, m3
W1 = Initial mud weight, kg/m3
W2 = Desired mud weight, kg/m3
 Effectiveness of de-sander: Removes sand (>45 microns particles) from the mud. If S. G. of discard
is 0.2 more then ingoing mud then it is working satisfactorily.
 Effectiveness of de-silter: Removes silt (20- 45 micron particles) from the mud. If S. G. of discard is
0.2 more then ingoing mud then it is working satisfactorily
 Effectiveness of de-silter: Removes silt (20- 45 micron particles) from the mud. If S. G. of discard is
0.2 more then ingoing mud then it is working satisfactorily.
 Effectiveness of degasser: Degasser removes gas from mud. If S. G. of out coming mud is 0.2 more
then ingoing mud then it is working satisfactorily.
 Mud Cleaner: Use 150 - 200 mesh size screen for effective performance of mud cleaner.
 Mud Cleaner: Use 150 - 200 mesh size screen for effective performance of mud cleaner.
 Shale shaker: Removes cuttings and particles of size> 74 microns from the mud. Select screen as
per hole dia 1 pump output as given below:
COMPLICATIONS / TROUBLE SHOOTING

1. FLUID DENSITY GOING HIGHER THAN REQUIRED : Use solids control equipment properly
especially judicious use of de-sander and de-silter shall help. Gel dilution may also be used in
combination.
2. FLUID VISCOSITY VERY HIGH: Rheological analysis of the fluid should be carried out. High
yield / gels be treated with suitable thinners and dispersants. If however the problem is more due
to high solids (High PV) then the solid control should be managed as indicated in 1 above.
3. SUDDEN DROP IN DENSITY WITH INCREASED VISOCISTY : The fluid may be gas cut. It should be
degassed using degasser and density should be raised to the required limits to control influx of gas.
4. TORQUE & DRAG : Use EP lube. Maintain friction Coefficient (µ) 0. 15-0.18.
5. STUCK UP: Spotting fluid mixed in diesel should be used. Dosage: 2.5% mixed in diesel oil.
Spot around the stuck zone completely.
6. MUD LOSS: Mud loss control pill of bridging materials viz: mica, walnut, rice husk, baggage etc. to
be pumped. Pill composition may vary from 10 ppb depending on loss severity
7. HOLE COLLAPSE (BOREHOLE INSTABILITY): Make drilling fluid more inhibitive by adding
suitable additives like KCL, Polymer, SA etc. In non-swelling shale caving problem try to raise mud
weight.

40
COMMON MUD CONTAMINANTS AND TREATMENT (WATER BASED MUDS):
Contami- Compound SOURCE Methods OF EFFECTS ON MUD COURSE OF ACTION
nant / Ion Measurement
Anhydrate / CaSO4/ Formation, Ca++titration High yield point, Treat with sodium carbonate (soda ash)
Gypsum CaSO4..2H2O Commercial High fluid loss & gels. Break over to a gypsum mud.
Ca++ Gypsum Thick filter cake
Ca++ increase
MgCl2 Mg++ Formation, Total hardness, High yield point, Treat with caustic soda, NaOH (PH>10.0) for moderate
. Cl-- seawater Cl- titration High fluid loss & gels. contamination. Treat with additional thinner and fluid loss
Thick filter cake chemicals Convert to MgCl2 mud if contamination is severe.
Total hardness increase. For severe MgCl2 contamination additions of NaOH or
PH & Pf decrease Ca(OH) 2 could result in an unacceptable viscosity increase.
Cement / Ca(OH)2 Cement, Titration for Ca+ High yield point. Treat with sodium bicarbonate. Treat with SAPP. Additional
Lime . commercial lime, +, Pm High fluid loss. thinner/fluid-loss chemicals. Centrifuge to remove
Ca++ contaminated Thick filter cake. contaminant particles. Dilution. Dump if flocculation cannot
. baryte PH,Pm & Ca ++ increase. be controlled. Treat with soda ash. Since effects of PH are
OH- often more detrimental to mud order, chemical treatment
should be 1. Sodium bicarbonate, 2. Lignite, 3. SAPP, 4.
Sosa Ash.
Salt NaCl Formation, i.e. Cl--filtration High yield point. Dilution with fresh water. Addition of thinner/fluid-loss
Salt dome, High fluid loss. chemicals reasonably tolerant of NaCl. Convert to salt mud
stringers, Thick filter cake. using chemicals designed for salt. Pre-solubilize chemicals
saltwater, make- Cl - increase. where possible. Dump if flocculation is too severe for
up water economical recovery.
Carbonate/ CO3-2 Formation gas, CO2 Garrett gas High yield point. Treat with lime. Treat with gypsum and caustic soda.
Bicarbonate . gas, thermal Train,PH/P1 High 10-min gels.
HCO3- degradation of method, P1/P2, High HT-HP fluid loss.
organics, M1/P1 titration Ca++ decrease.
contaminated
barite, over
Mf increase.
treatment with soda
ash.
Hydrogen H2S H2S from formation Garrett Gas High yield point. Course of action to be in compliance with all safety
Sulphide gas, thermal Train High fluid loss. requirements. Increase PH>11.0 with Ca(OH)2 or NaOH.
degradation of (quantitative). Thick filter cake. Condition mud to lower gels for minimum retention of H2S.
organics, bacterial Automatic rig Pm & Ca ++ increase Operate degasser, possibly with flare. Displace with oil mud.
action.
gas monitor .
Lead acetate
test

41
(I) IMPORTANT FORMULAE

1. Hole Volume = 0.507 D2 Ltrs/m

where D=Diameter in Inches

2. Annular Volume = 0.507(Do2 - Di2) Ltrs/m

where Do=outside dia (inch)
Di=inside dia (inch)

3. Displacement volume (Metal) casing only

v = P.P.F. x 0.19
where v = Volume in Ltrs/m

4. Capacity of casing only

C= Do2 - 0.19 X PPF

1.97

Where C= Capacity (Ltrs / m)

Do= Out side dia (inch)

5. Pump Discharge (Q) : (@100%)

Q = 0.0386 x D2 x L ( ltrs / stroke)
Where D = Pump liner size (inch)
L = Pump stroke length (inch)

6. Slurry displacement velocity

a) In pipe V = 32.89.x Q
Di2

Where V = Velocity (m/sec)

Q = Pumping rate ( m³/min)
Di = Inside dia of pipe (inches)

b) In Annulus V = 32.89 x Q
Do2 - Di2

Where Do = Outer pipe inside dia or hole size (inches)

Di = Inner pipe out side dia (inches)

7. Reynolds Number (Nre)

8V(2-n) S
= n
K 8000
D

Where s = slurry weight (kgs/ltrs)

v = velocity (m/sec)
n = flow behavior index number
k = consistency index number
d = inside dia of pipe (mm)

For annulus
D= Do – Di (mm)

Nre for plug flow = 100(max)

For turbulence = 3000

42
 (J) CEMENT CALCULATIONS

Water Qty of dry

Sp.gr. of slurry
percentage cement / m³
44 1.90 1.31
45 1.88 1.30
46 1.87 1.28
48 1.85 1.25
50 1.83 1.22
52 1.81 1.19
54 1.79 1.16
56 1.77 1.13
60 1.74 1.09
65 1.70 1.03
68.15 1.68 1.00
70 1.66 0.98
75 1.63 0.94
80 1.60 0.89

(K) SP. GR. OF SOME CEMENT ADDITIVES

Additive Sp.Gr
Salt (dry) 2.17
Calcium Chloride 1.96
Neat Cement (Class-G) 3.14
Attapulgite 2.89
Bentonite (Gel) 2.65
Gilsonite 1.07
Hematite 5.02
Limenite 4.52
Perlite (‘0psi) 0.53
Silica flour 2.63
Water (fresh) 1.00
Water (sea) 1.025
DO - 60 1.35
DO – 65 1.25
R-80 1.20
D-110 1.13
R-15L 1.08
CD2IL 1.17
F63L 1.13

43
 (L) TEMPERATURES OF COMMON THICENING TIME TESTS:

Bottom Bottom Hole temp

Well Depth Hole Circulating
Meters Temp Casing / Liner Squeeze
°C °C °C
610 38 33(9/4) 37(4)
1220 60 39(14/7) 47(7)
1830 71 45(20/10) 58(10)
2440 93 52(28/15) 71(15)
3050 110 62(36/19) 86(19)
3660 127 78(44/24) 101(24)
4270 143 97(52/29) 117(29)
4880 160 120(60/34) 133(34)
5490 177 149(67/39) 149(39)
6096 193 171(75) -

44