Course Code: MS-212
Couse Title: Probability and Statistics
• Course Instructor: Ahmed Farid
Text Book:
Probability and statistics for
engineering and scientist
th
8 Edition
by
Walpole, mayer
Stem and leaf plot
Histogram: Study the shape
Bell-shaped: A bell-shaped picture, shown below, usually presents a normal distribution.
Histogram: Study the shape
Bimodal: A bimodal shape, shown below, has two peaks.
This shape may show that the data has come from two different systems.
If this shape occurs, the two sources should be separated and analyzed separately.
Histogram: Study the shape
Skewed right: Some histograms will show a skewed distribution to the right, as shown below.
A distribution skewed to the right is said to be positively skewed.
This kind of distribution has a large number of occurrences in the lower value cells (left side)
and few in the upper value cells (right side). A skewed distribution can
result when data is gathered from a system with has a boundary such as zero.
In other words, all the collected data has values greater than zero.
Histogram: Study the shape
Skewed left:
Some histograms will show a skewed distribution to the left, as shown
below. A distribution skewed to the left is said to be negatively skewed.
This kind of distribution has a large number of occurrences in the upper
value cells (right side) and few in the lower value cells (left side). A
skewed distribution can result when data is gathered from a system
with a boundary such as 100. In other words, all the collected data has
values less than 100.
Histogram: Study the shape
• Uniform:
• A uniform distribution, as shown below, provides little information about the system. An example
would be a state lottery, in which each class has about the same number of elements. It may describe a
distribution which has several modes (peaks). If your histogram has this shape, check to see if several
sources of variation have been combined. If so, analyze them separately. If multiple sources of variation
do not seem to be the cause of this pattern, different groupings can be tried to see if a more useful
pattern results. This could be as simple as changing the starting and ending points of the cells, or
changing the number of cells. A uniform distribution often means that the number of classes is too
small.
Histogram: Study the shape
• Random:
• A random distribution, as shown below, has no apparent pattern. Like the uniform distribution, it
may describe a distribution that has several modes (peaks). If your histogram has this shape,
check to see if several sources of variation have been combined. If so, analyze them separately. If
multiple sources of variation do not seem to be the cause of this pattern, different groupings can
be tried to see if a more useful pattern results. This could be as simple as changing the starting
and ending points of the cells, or changing the number of cells. A random distribution often
means there are too many classes.
• 0.2
• 0.2
• 0.2
• 0.3
• 0.3
• 0.4
• 0.4
• 0.5
• 0.7
• 1
• 1.2
• 1.3
• 1.3
• 1.5
• 1.5
• 1.8
• 2
• 2.5
• 3
• 3.3
• 4
• 4.5
• 4.7
• 5
• 5.5
Ex 1.17-1.25
