| Introduction The problem of defining international law ‘The term international aw" was fist used by Jeremy Bentham in 1780 in his Introduction £0 the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Since about 1840, in the English and Romance languages it has replaced the older terminology ‘aw of nations’ or ‘doit de ges’ which ean be traced back to the Roman concept of iat gent and the writings of Ciera! In the German, Dutch, Scandinavian and Slavic languages the older terminology issaill in use (Volkerrect ‘Until the period between the two World Wars, writers found no dif- fculty in defining (public) international law in one formulation ot another, 36 the law that governs the relations between states amongst each other. The prevailing positivist doctrine’ of the nineteenth exntury and frst half of the twentieth century held that only stats could be subjects of incernational law, inthe sense of enjoying international legal personality* and being capable of possessing international rights and duties, including the righ to bring international claims’ However, this did not quite reflect realty even a that time. The Holy See although not a stats, was recognized to have international lege personality, and so, for certain purposes, were insurgents’ and some forerunners of modern international organizations* Since the inter-war Period, the matter has become more complicated due to both the expansion of the scope of international law into new areas and the emergence of actors other than states on the international plan, such as itergovernmental organizations established by sites, non-governmental conganivations created by private individuals, transnational companics, individuals and groups, including minorities and indigenous peoples’ ‘Some ofthese ncw actors hae also acquned internation! legal personality or, at lest, certain rights under internatisai la, even if only granted by treaties concluded between sates. “This development i reflected, for example, in the change of the defin= ition in the Restatement (Third) by the American Law Institute of the Porcign Relations Law of the United Staves, according to which international law cans fs and rns of general aplication dealing with te cond ot stats andorra rgarizations and wth the relatos itr se, 2 wal 2s wih some ofthe relations with persons, whether natural ori ™ folkenrech, ete). 1 ser eg Con, rts 2 fate raniga pros ‘enti on Cap & a, 3 See Dor 20m 16-17. 4 seer 6b 8 Sie aie, 26-7 218 se tame 6 see ae Stee 78, 7 SO 6 ot Se, sane Se Oagos2. 72nd 2-6 8 eC 105-818, 50 ee 10. 24 Tapas Reema (reamed msec ocorette mnsngincary East 24 Meme oat sare eee ee ats Prowse gta ‘Some recent textbooks refrain from any attempt to define international061 sing suey pop SH Sop pl se me ION 7 wr TAOUMREINO SUTRA29s ug] £4009 201 949 ceemen ma mo ues 1 Cur ye9 jo ponaoe ase rot on a somms saquioth 10 uomnspsn{ Koxindana sry wou) Uesdoung sey Cured soqpo aap yp penuoo © aieuuin pu pin my wn sere ~ 5 Sv TNOes av 9 00 8 abu, wou) am juoneu= Jo soxdouud pur sos Te TavouMasne 30350583on gunono xu ao gt sme NEUE HERB pn HAD ‘sp sort fp wogenEND oR URN HK eRe pI my voReINS UNA GUD sey Te BYR TURTUA) UREA FE WH “een pue soon ey eH NEUEN sEYERS FEU pAIND PRES suoneyorenue = metus buspar es kapaumd esse Sosqueq mgs oped puesapy oR Ps Qpempba) vn stone 200 SURE Ou remus gp Au 1 gm) vig dopep et popu unpEnted ti LonERND WE yo OS Asooyy pue K101S1H— Zzsem aon (eoypou 3g Pas HN, MF SAY oIppI a4) SMP. uaAG ‘me yeuonewsey4 weedoung yo voneuuoy ayy, {4 Sipme UOTE UT UMOU-PH st VONeRpoLod yo Uo>gOAd DHLso 5 0 on aya 1 ‘womenyur xp popu ‘suns ayy jo sanod oy waose ayy sje ede :semoqpum ne ok om cv psy 2» evens spies uo anh cues 1°" nes 0 SN 9 PY oR eu. 04 «BH PUBL OR Oe FH AI lens Josue nol suc pr sau 0 yey sed le ‘opm oo RU a aebon oe om K i far ay aOR ALOR ae 1 va ye wo nok wo Aeon oF aU sun Jo a0 pu seo. * pageueR 09 fgss0d ewes pu stu ao wean Kd 51 ens na POND al ope aud te o AND 6 ep Ya) Fea fa paypasae aq sn nok 0 Guo AEaAA nay o-2 e917lung, snug poouaties sus 9) Jo worms? 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