CH.
CHHABIL DASS PUBLIC SCHOOL
PHYSICS PROJECT FILE
TRANSFORMER
SUBMITTED TO - MR.VIJAY BHUSHAN
SUBMITTED BY - DIVYANSH RATHI
CLASS - 12 - A
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that DIVYANSH RATHI student of class 12-A
CH . CHHABIL DASS PUBLIC SCHOOL , GHAZIABAD has
completed the project titled Transformer during the
academic year 2019 - 20 towards the partial fulfillment of
credit for the physics practical evaluation of CBSE , and
submitted satisfactory report , as compiled in the following
pages , under my supervision.
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my physics
mentor MR.VIJAY BHUSHAN for his vital support , guidance
encouragement without which this project would not have
come forth. I would also like to express my gratitude to
the OTHER staff of the department of physics for their
support during making of this project .
TRANSFORMER
INTRODUCTION
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
A.C. voltages . A transformer is most widely used device
in both low and high current circuit . In electronic ,
measurement and control circuits , transformer size may be
so small that it weights only a few tens of grams
In a transformer , the electrical energy
transfer from one circuit to another takes place without
the use of moving parts .
A transformer which increases the voltage is called step-up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the voltage is
called step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore , an piece of apparatus both for
high and low current circuits .
PRINCIPLE:
A transformer based on the principle of mutual induction
according to this principle , the amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changing , an E.M.F is introduced in the
neighboring coil.
CONSTRUCTION:
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core
made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one
another. Two coils P1 & P2 and S1 & S2 are wound on the
same core, but are well insulated with each other.
For an ideal transformer, we assume that the
resistance of the primary & secondary winding is negligible.
EFFICIENCY:
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of
output power to the input power.
Ƞ = output power / input power
Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there are no power
losses, Ƞ=1 , but in actual practice, there are many power
losses, therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than
one .
THEORY AND WORKING OF
TRANSFORMER
When an alternating E.M.F's is supplied to the primary coil
P1P2, A.C starts falling in it. The alternating current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in secondary.
Thus, if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the
E.M.F's induced in the primary and secondary and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of
the transformer and
Døb / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil
at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np døb/ dt ....................(1)
And
Es = -Ns døb/ dt ....................(2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = -Ns / Np ...............(3)
Then, the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is
given by,
Ip = E - Ep / Rp
E - Ep = Ip Rp
when the resistance of the primary is small , Rp Ip can be
neglected so therefore :
E - Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus, back E.M.F = input E.M.F
hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es = output E.M.F / input E.M.F = Ns / Np = k
where k is constant , called turn or transformation ratio .
Hence , whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in
the same ratio .
USES OF TRANSFORMER
* A transformer is used in almost all A.C operations.
* In voltage regulator for T.V, refrigerator, computer, A.C etc.
* In the induction furnaces.
* A step-down transformer is used for welding purposes .
* Transformers are used for the transmission of A.C over
long distances.
* Small transformers are used in radio sets, telephones etc .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Physics NCERT book for class 12
www.google.com
www.live.com
www.rediffmail.com
www.CBSEguide.com
