Debate or debating is a formal method of interactive and representational argument.
Debate is a broader form of argument
than logical argument, which only examines consistency from axiom, and factual argument, which only examines what is
or isn't the case or rhetoric which is a technique of persuasion. Though logical consistency, factual accuracy and some
degree of emotional appeal to the audience are important elements of the art of persuasion, in debating, one side often
prevails over the other side by presenting a superior "context" and/or framework of the issue, which is far more subtle and
strategic.
In a formal debating contest, there are rules for people to discuss and decide on differences, within a framework defining
how they will interact. Informal debate is a common occurrence, the quality and depth of a debate improves with
knowledge and skill of its participants as debaters. Deliberative bodies such as parliaments, legislative assemblies, and
meetings of all sorts engage in debates. The outcome of a debate may be decided by audience vote, by judges, or by some
combination of the two. (Of course, this implies that facts are based on consensus, which is not factual.) Formal debates
between candidates for elected office, such as the leaders debates and the U.S. presidential election debates, are common in
democracies.
The major goal of the study of debate as a method or art is to develop one's ability to play from either position with equal
ease. To inexperienced debaters, some propositions appear easier to defend or to attack; to experienced debaters, any
proposition can be defended or attacked after the same amount of preparation time, usually quite short. [citation needed] Lawyers
argue forcefully on behalf of their client, even if the facts appear against them. However one large misconception about
debate is that it is all about strong beliefs; it is not.
Debates are sometime organized for purely competitive purposes, particularly at the US high-school level, but also in other
English-speaking countries.
What is Debate?
l Debate is basically a response to a problem. It is a competition using words and logic. It is to change people’s
minds and actions through our words and power of conviction.
oregon-oxford debate
Cross-Examination/Oregon-Oxford/Forensic Debate
- traditional debate format used in elementary, high schools and colleges all over the country.
- There are 2 sides in this format : the Affirmative and the Negative. The Affirmative proves the validity of the issue or
topic called the Proposition while the Negative disproves it. Each team has two speakers and one scribe. A Debate
Moderator enforces the rules to ensure the debate's smooth conduct.
- Each speaker delivers one Constructive speech, one Rebuttal-Summation speech and gets to cross-examine his opponent.
- This is the format of choice for topics requiring more than superficial research. This format involves the use of specific
information in the form of evidence to support arguments
- During interpellation, the debate takes the appearance of a courtroom trial where the advocate is subjected by his
opponent to a series of questions with the aim of exposing fallacious arguments and clarifying issues.
Propositions
- The topics or issues used in Cross-Examination debate are called PROPOSITIONS.
- A proposition is a statement of the issue under consideration which the debater must establish or overthrow, depending on
his side.
- Propositions start with the phrase "Resolved…" which is short for "Be it resolved as it is hereby resolved…". This is the
reason why the topics are sometimes called resolutions.
- Propositions are classified under (1) policy or (2) fact. Propositions of policy deal with the question "Why should this be
done?". Propositions of fact deal with the question "Is this true?"
Phrasing the Proposition
The proposition must be debatable.
The proposition must be stated in the affirmative.
The proposition should be concise and simple.
The proposition must state the proposed policy, not defend the status quo.
The proposition should embody only one act of judgment or central idea.
The proposition must not be too wordy and must be impartial.
Team Burdens and Rights
Affirmative
Negative
Burden of Proof ( prove validity of the proposition)
Burden of Rebuttal (to oppose or disprove the proposition; to effect a clash on all affirmative arguments)
Right to Definition (to define the proposition and set the parameters of the debate)
Right to Presumption of Validity (that the status quo is presumed to be working and valid if not properly refuted)
Interpellation is the phase in a debate when the actual clash between you and your opponent occurs
Objectives of Interpellation
To clarify points in the opposing team's position
To expose factual errors or unscrupulous assertions by the opposition
To obtain damaging admissions from the opposition themselves
To set up arguments for use in subsequent speeches by you and your team-mate.
Do's and Don'ts in Interpellation
Don't simply state that the opponent's argument is fallacious.
Do not make statements in interpellation.
Don't ask irrelevant questions or questions that might require a lengthy explanation.
Ask categorical questions (answerable by a simple yes or no).
Observe courtesy. Rudeness will not win debates.
Checklist for Debaters
Examine the proposition closely.
Formulate a clear theme.
Prepare for both sides.
Never write the actual speech in advance.
State the burden of both sides.
Always support arguments with evidence.
Never use distorted of fabricated evidence.
Debaters are expected to be in possession of the forms of documentation at the time they used any evidence which was
challenged.
Don't overemphasize an argument.
Be on the look-out for fallacious arguments.
Don't underestimate the power of the last emotional appeal.
------------ Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo ------------
Arroyo, a practicing economist, has made the economy the focus of her presidency. Early in her presidency, Arroyo
implemented a controversial policy of holiday economics, adjusting holidays to form longer weekends with the
purpose of boosting domestic tourism and allowing Filipinos more time with their families. Economic growth in
terms of gross domestic product has averaged 4.6% during the Arroyo presidency from 2001 up to the end of
2005. This is higher than previous recent presidents when compared to the 3.8% average of Aquino, the 3.7%
average of Ramos, and the 2.8% average of Joseph Estrada. Inflation during the Arroyo presidency has been the
lowest since 1986, averaging 2.5%.
Arroyo's handling of the economy has earned praise from observers including former US President Bill Clinton,
who praised Arroyo for making "tough decisions" that put the Philippine economy back in shape.
------------ Joey Salceda ------------
Voted by foreign fund managers in Asiamoney's Annual Survey as "Best Analyst" in 1995 and "Best Economist" for
four consecutive years from 1993 to 1996, Salceda brought to Congress a wealth of experience from the financial
markets and the field of economics.
During his term of office, he was able to enact three important measures. He was the principal sponsor and co-
author, respectively, of Republic Act No. 8751 or the Countervailing Duty Act, Republic Act No. 8752 or the Anti-
Dumping Duty Act, and Republic Act No. 8800 or the Safeguard Measures Act. These measures are critical in
allowing the country realize the full benefits of its membership in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and at the
same time protect domestic farmers.
On January 18, 2008, Albay Governor Joey Salceda and the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) Estrella
Alabastro relaunched one of the country's 4 P 18-million upper-air receiving equipment in Albay. The other upper-
air receiving stations are in Laoag, Cebu, and Tanay, Rizal
Mar-(born May 13, 1957) is a former Senator of the Philippines. He is the son of former Senator Gerry Roxas, and
the grandson of former President Manuel Roxas and industrialist J. Amado Araneta.
A graduate of the Wharton School of Economics, Roxas worked as an investment banker, mobilizing venture
capital funds for small and medium enterprises.[1] He served as the Representative of the 1st District of Capiz from
1993 to 2000. His stint as Congressman was cut short after he was appointed by President Joseph Estrada as
Secretary of Trade and Industry.[2] He resigned from the position at the height of the EDSA Revolution of 2001 and
was later re-appointed by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in her new Cabinet.[3] He resigned again to run for a
Senate seat in the 2004 Philippine election.[4] He was elected as Senator with 19 million votes and the highest ever
garnered by a national candidate in any Philippine election and co-author of e-vat law [5]
Juanita Amatong (born March 23, 1935)[1] is a member of the Monetary Board of the Philippines, a policy-making
body of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines), and former Secretary of Finance in the
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration. Amatong has been in government service since 1971 starting as Senior
Financial Analyst. Prior to her appointment as Secretary, she served as Undersecretary and eventually as Acting
Secretary of the Department of Finance.[1] She also served as the first woman executive director in the World Bank
Group from the Philippines.[2][3]
Amatong obtained her business degree from Silliman University in Dumaguete City and postgraduate degree from
Syracuse University in New York. Prior to her entry in the government service, she worked as an associate
professor at Silliman University from 1959 to 1960, as tax economist for the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
from 1963-1968, and as lecturer at the Andres Bonifacio College at Zamboanga del Norte in 1968-1971.[1]
Cayetano "Dondon" Woo Paderanga Jr. is a Filipino economist and current Director-General[1] of the National
Economic and Development Authority or NEDA, an independent cabinet-level agency of the Philippine
government responsible for economic development and planning. Paderanga Jr.'s appointment was announced [2]
on June 29, 2010 by President Benigno Aquino III.
Paderanga Jr. is the only Mindanaon in the current Cabinet of President Benigno Aquino III. Paderanga Jr.
previously served as NEDA Director-General from 1990-1992, under former President Corazon C. Aquino's
presidency and was a member of the Monetary Board of the Central Bank of the Philippines from 1993-1999[3]. He
was also Executive Director for the Philippines in the Asian Development Bank (ADB) from 2001 to 2003.[4]
A native of Camiguin province, Paderanga Jr. is a graduate of the Center for Research and Communication and De
La Salle University and holds a PhD in Economics from Stanford University. Paderanga Jr. is also a professor of
economics at the University of the Philippines School of Economics.
Bernardo Villegas is a Filipino writer, thinker and economist. He was a member of the Constitutional Commission
that drafted the Philippine Constitution under the government of former President Corazon Aquino.[1] He has been
an advisor of the recent Philippine Presidents. He is currently a University Professor and Senior Vice-President at
the University of Asia and the Pacific (UA&P), the Chairman of the Center of Research and Communication, and a
member of the Board of Trustees of the Makati Business Club.[2] He is visiting professor at IESE.[3] He is a Certified
Public Accountant, having been one of the CPA board topnotchers in 1958. He obtained Bachelor's Degree in
Commerce and the Humanities (both Summa Cum Laude) from De La Salle University where he established a
record by obtaining straight A's in the LIACOM course, a five-year program he finished in four years. He earned his
doctorate degree in economics at the Harvard University.[4] At the age of 21, Prof Villegas was one of the youngest
ever to be a teaching fellow at Harvard's College of Arts and Sciences.
Cielito Flores Habito[2] (born April 20, 1953)[1] or "Ciel" Habito is a Filipino economist, professor, and columnist. He
served concurrently as the Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority and Socio-
Economic Planning Secretary during the Ramos administration. [1][3][4]
He is one of the 1991 Ten Outstanding Young Men Awardees for Economics. [5]
Habito currently teaches Economics at the Ateneo de Manila University. He is also director of the Ateneo Center
for Economic Research and Development, a research unit in economics and economic policy at the same
university.[4]
José Encarnación, Jr. (born November 17, 1928, Manila; died July 5, 1998, Quezon City) was professor of
economics at the University of the Philippines, where he served as dean of the School of Economics from 1974
until his retirement in 1994. Encarnación was educated at the University of the Philippines (PhB, MA Philosophy)
and at Princeton University (PhD Economics). At Princeton he was a student and dissertation advisee of William J.
Baumol. The only Filipino economist of his generation to work in the field of theory, Encarnación was best known
for advancing the theory of lexicographic preferences, which in the words of Richard Day, Encarnación "almost
singlehandedly kept alive". In 1987 he was named National Scientist, the highest recognition of scientific
achievement given by the Republic of the Philippines.[1]. In 2008, the main building of the School of Economics at
the University of the Philippines was renamed Encarnación Hall in his honor.
Felipe M. Medalla is a Filipino economist. He is a professor at the University of the Philippines
School of Economics. He served as Socio-Economic Planning Secretary and the Director-General of
the National Economic and Development Authority during the Estrada administration.
Ralph Gonzalez Recto (born January 11, 1964) is a Filipino politician. Recto served as a member of the House
of Representatives representing the 4th District of Batangas from 1992 to 2001. He was then elected to the
Senate, serving from 2001 to 2007. In 2007, Recto run for reelection and lost because, as many analysts
believed, he had authored the EVAT (Expaded Variable Added Tax) law. In July 2008 he was appointed to head
the National Economic and Development Authority, but resigned from his position in August 2009 in
preparation to run for senator in the 2010 election.[1] Recto won a seat in the Senate and was proclaimed as
one of the winning senatorial candidates of the 2010 Senate elections. He will take office at noon of June 30,
2010.
Dante Canlas is a Filipino economist. He is a professor at the University of the Philippines School of Economics.
He served as Socio-Economic Planning Secretary and the Director-General of the National Economic and
Development Authority from 2001-2002.
Juanita Amatong
Cayetano "Dondon" Woo Paderanga
Flores medalla
canlas
