FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION – (Chapter 23)

Look at a conductor moving ACROSS magnetic field lines

r
• Free electrons move perpendicular to B (into page)
F v
r r r
o Electrons (neg.) feel force F = −ev × B
Bin
• Force on electrons is down

o Result is potential difference induced between ends of bar – bottom

more negative

CONCLUSION: potential difference can be induced across a conductor moving

through a magnetic field

Will come back to this example later when we have more theory
SOME DEMONSTRATIONS:

• A magnet moving into/out of a loop of Ammeter N S

wire induces a current
o See fig. 23.2 in text

switch
iron
• Starting/stopping current through loop in
battery Ammeter
one coil (primary) causes pulse of
current in coil (secondary) linked by iron
coil - this is a transformer primary secondary

o See fig. 23.3 in text

FARADAY’S CONCLUSION from observations like these:

• Time-varying magnetic fields can induce currents

To quantify, need to relate induced potential difference to changing magnetic flux

MAGNETIC FLUX: proportional to number of magnetic field lines through area
r
• area element dA : vector perpendicular to area element
r r r
• contribution to magnetic flux from dA is B ⋅ dA dA
B
r r θ
• Total flux through area is Φ B = ∫ B ⋅ dA
area

• Unit for flux is T⋅m2 ≡ Wb (1 Weber)

emf – symbol is ε
• Work to push unit charge through a wire (or space)

• Units of emf are volts Battery is source of emf

• originally “electromotive force” BUT not a force: long name no longer used

• If resistance in loop is R, then current in loop is I = ε / R

 B

FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION

• Look at circuit bounding a surface of area A

• If magnetic flux Φ B through surface changes with time:

o induces emf ε around circuit

• Faraday’s Law of induction relates emf to rate of change of flux:

dΦ B
ε =−
dt

• will think about meaning of minus sign later

• if circuit is coil of N turns:

dΦ B
ε = −N
dt
Sources of time-varying magnetic flux Φ B (t )
B
A
r
• look at loop of area A in field B with angle θ θ
r r
between B and normal A
r r
o magnetic flux is: Φ B = B ⋅ A = B Acos θ

d (B Acosθ )
SO Faraday’s law is ε = − dt

Can induce emf by:

• varying magnitude B

• varying magnitude A

• varying angle θ (i.e. rotating coil as in a generator)

• combination of above
EXAMPLE (see Exs. 23.1, 23.2) :

A loop of wire is located in a uniform magnetic field that is changing with time.
What is the induced emf?
r
• B is uniform over the surface of area A bounded by the loop of wire so:
r r
Φ B = B ⋅ A = B Acos θ B
A

o A and θ are constant.

θ

o B depends on time

dB
• So: ε = − Acos θ dt
emf INDUCED BY MOTION OF CONDUCTOR THROUGH MAG. FIELD (23.2)

1st: Look at straight conductor:

r r r r
• Conductor ⊥ to B ; v ⊥ to B ; v ⊥ to length of conductor
FB v
• Magnetic force on free electrons in conductor is:
r r r
F = −ev × B = e v B (down)
Bin
o lower end → more negative; upper end → more positive

• electrons move UNTIL resulting electric and magnetic forces balance

o Balances when FE = FB so that e E = ev B FE

o Magnitude of potential difference between conductor ends:
v
∆V = E l = Bl v
r Bin
• As long as v is constant FB
• Top of conductor is positive (here)
2nd: Complete circuit: Bar sliding on conducting rails connected by resistance R

r
• Pull bar to right with force FAPP

• Can get direction of I from picture in l R v

previous section FB

• What is magnitude of I ? I Bin

Use Faraday’s Law:

x
• Magnetic flux through area bounded by circuit is Φ B = Bl x

dΦ dx
• Induced emf is ε = − dt = − Bl d t = − Bl v
B

ε Bl v
• Magnitude of current is I = =
R R
Sliding Bar: Power dissipated (as heat) in resistance is P = I 2 R
• Where does this energy come from?

Look at force needed to pull bar to right at

constant speed?

Current flows up in barr – causes magnetic FB FAPP

r r l R
force on bar : FB = I l × B = I l B (left)
I Bin
For constant speed, net force is zero.
r
• So applied force is: FAPP = I l B (right) x

Power delivered by applied force is P = FAPP v = I l B v

Bl v IR
• But from I = v =
R can write Bl
IR
So Power delivered by applied force is P = I l B = I 2
R
Bl
• Same as power dissipated in resistor – CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
EXAMPLE: emf Induced in a Rotating Bar
ω
v
A bar of length l is rotating in a plane perpendicular to
r
magnetic field B with angular speed ω . What is the emf
induced across the length of the bar? r
l
 r
Alternating Current Generator: A loop rotating about an axis ⊥ to B
r
• Flux through loop depends on angle θ between B S
N
and loop normal vector
r r
o Φ B = B ⋅ A = B Acos θ

• If loop is rotating with angular speed ω , then θ (t ) = ω t

o Then Φ B (t ) = B Acos ω t
N S
• If there are N turns in the loop then induced emf is

dΦ d cos ω t
o ε = − N B
= − NAB = NABω sin ω t
dt dt ε
εmax
• Result is AC voltage: ε = NABω sin ω t t
o Amplitude is ε max = NABω
Alternating Current Generator (continued): Induced emf is ε = NABω sin ω t

• Induced emf ε = 0 when θ (t ) = ω t = 0

A
r N S
o i.e. when loop normal is parallel to B B

r
o at this orientation, edges of loop are not cutting any B field lines

• Induced emf ε = ε max = NABω when θ (t ) = ω t = π / 2

A B
r N S
o i.e. when loop normal is perpendicular to B
r
o at this orientation, edges of loop are cutting B field lines

• For real AC generator, need “slip rings” to connect to rotating coil

o AC is OK for heat, lights, etc.
• To get DC voltage, need a “rectifier”
LENZ’S LAW: gives direction of induced current when flux through loop changes

• Rule for “polarity” of induced emf in loop:

o Resulting current will be in direction that tends to produce a magnetic

field that opposes the change in flux that induced the emf

• Example: Bar moving to right increases

magnetic flux through loop R
v
o Lenz’s law → resulting current should cause
field tending to cancel increased flux in loop Bin
r
o SO: B from induced current should be out.

• Means that induced current should be ccw I

r v
o Will generate B out of page/screen INSIDE R I
the loop (by RH-rule)
I Bin

induced B
EXAMPLE: v
• Move bar magnet right toward loop S N
o Increases flux through loop

• By Lenz’s Law, current induced in loop should

oppose increase in flux through loop

o Means that induced current should

generate field pointing to left

• Result: Current in loop generates magnetic dipole Iinduced

pointing to left

o Acts like magnet with north pole to left Binduced

DEMONSTRATIONS:
• Magnetic levitation (jumping rings)
• Eddy current pendulum