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Waste Management

The document discusses solid waste management and issues related to plastic waste. It notes that solid waste management services are poorly rendered in many countries. Regarding plastic waste, it states that mixed, low-quality plastic waste cannot be recycled by current mechanical methods. Pyrolysis is proposed as a process to convert mixed plastic waste into oil. Pyrolysis involves heating plastic in the absence of oxygen to break the polymers into shorter oil compounds. This process could help utilize plastic waste that would otherwise be landfilled or incinerated.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
98 views13 pages

Waste Management

The document discusses solid waste management and issues related to plastic waste. It notes that solid waste management services are poorly rendered in many countries. Regarding plastic waste, it states that mixed, low-quality plastic waste cannot be recycled by current mechanical methods. Pyrolysis is proposed as a process to convert mixed plastic waste into oil. Pyrolysis involves heating plastic in the absence of oxygen to break the polymers into shorter oil compounds. This process could help utilize plastic waste that would otherwise be landfilled or incinerated.

Uploaded by

Ms Rawat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Solid Waste Management

Abstract

Solid waste management is one among the basic essential services provided by municipal

authorities in the country to keep urban centers clean. However, it is among the most poorly

rendered services in the basket. The systems applied are unscientific, outdated and inefficient

; population coverage is low ; and the poor are marginalized. Waste is littered all over leading

to insanitary living conditions. Municipal laws governing the urban local bodies do not have

adequate provisions to deal effectively with the ever- growing problem of solid waste

management. With rapid urbanization, the situation is becoming critical. The urban

population has grown fivefold in the last six decades with 285.35 million people living in

urban areas as per the 2001 Census.


INTRODUCTION

The improper disposal of municipal waste has a serious and dangerous impact on a wide

range of areas. Garbage thrown in the street or in open spaces creates a public health hazard,

while waste dumped near rivers, lakes and streams contaminates the water supply. Rubbish

that is burned in the open rather than disposed of properly creates pollution and releases toxic

fumes into the environment. Non- biodegradable materials thrown into open drains make

their way into the sewerage system, clogging pipelines and damaging infrastructure. The

hazards posed by the dumping of untreated hospital and industrial waste are even greater,

with the release of pathogens and toxic compounds posing a grave threat not just to human

life but also to plants and animals. Garbage dumped in the countryside is not simply an

eyesore; entire landscapes are ruined and unique habitats for flora and fauna are lost. All of

these problems are common in India, where vast quantities of solid waste remain uncollected

in the streets, along major roads, in empty plots of land, down hill slopes and in illegal

dumps.
The Zero Waste Plan published by the Scottish Government in 2010 sets targets of 70% of all
waste to be recycled and 5% to be landfilled by 2025. In order to help deliver this plan, The
Waste (Scotland) Regulations 2012 require that all dry recyclables are collected separately
and that disposal of separately collected dry recyclables to landfill or incineration is banned
from 1 January 2014. Plastic items that enter the waste stream are made in a wide range of
formats and from a variety of polymer types. According to the market research of material
recovery facilities (MRFs), and other waste-processing facilities, conducted as part of this
project, there is currently around 18,000–27,000 tonnes per annum (tpa) of low-quality mixed
waste plastic film in Scotland which cannot be recovered by current mechanical recycling
techniques. The bulk of this material is plastic film from commercial and domestic packaging
sources, and arises from municipal MRFs, with the remainder from composting and
anaerobic digestion facilities. It is estimated that this volume will increase to up to 50,000tpa
as the Zero Waste Plan is implemented. There is the potential to use chemical and thermal
processing methods to recover these low-grade mixed waste plastics as useful materials.

The purpose of this report is to review the current state of development of processes for
conversion of mixed waste plastic to oil and to compare the technical, commercial and
environmental potential of the leading process options for implementation in Scotland. The
report also reviews the regulatory and fiscal issues relating to implementation of these
technologies in Scotland and makes recommendations for changes which could encourage
uptake of these technologies.

Processes for conversion of plastics and other solid hydrocarbon materials to oil are not new.
Gasification and pyrolysis techniques for coal were commercialised in Germany during the
Second World War and developed further in South Africa during the Apartheid years. Plastic
depolymerisation techniques were developed actively during the 1980s and 1990s, but none
was adopted commercially as mechanical recycling methods developed rapidly. Over the past
10 years there has been an increase in the amount of research into the conversion of plastic
into oil, as oil prices have increased and waste collection and sorting methods have improved.
There are now several processes operating close to commercial viability in different parts of
the world.
INTRODUCTION

One of the most prevalent types of waste is plastic; it is estimated2 that, in 2009, 400,000–
600,000 tonnes of plastic waste was disposed of in Scotland, more than 70% of which was
landfilled or incinerated. Recovering the majority of this material would be a significant
boost in meeting recycling targets.

Recovering plastic for direct reuse can be problematic because of the wide range of different
plastic types, applications and formats. This can result in a mixed, contaminated fraction that
is unsuitable for existing mechanical recycling methods, which rely on a relatively
uncontaminated feed. Separating a wide range of plastic types and formats can be difficult
and costly to achieve. An alternative method is to change the plastic mixture into a reusable
product via a chemical process. As most plastic is originally created from crude oil, the
simplest and most ‘closed-loop’ solution is to create oil products that can be reused either to
make more plastic or as a fuel.

Zero Waste Scotland commissioned Axion Consulting to evaluate the various routes
available to treat waste plastics and create oil products, and to assess the Scottish plastic
waste arisings that would be available for such processes.

1.2 Project objectives

• The key objectives of the project were as follows:


• literature review of the process options;
• assessment of the types and sources of available waste plastics, the supply chain for
delivery of these plastics and end markets for oil products;
• technological, financial and environmental assessment of selected processes;
• evaluation of the regulations surrounding the construction of a process; and
• investigation into barriers to development and current levels of interest.
LITERATURE REVIEW

Literature review
2.1 Introduction
The recovery and recycling of plastic waste disposed of in landfill has been the
subject of much effort over the decades, as it is seen as a valuable resource and is high
in the public’s perception of what ‘waste’ is. Progress has been made in the
mechanical recycling of post-commercial, industrial and presorted post-consumer
waste, but the recovery of value from low-grade mixed plastic waste has always
presented technical and economic difficulties.
The conversion of plastic into oil products requires the long polymer chains that are
characteristic of plastics to be broken into shorter chains typical of compounds present
in crude petroleum. This depolymerisation can be achieved by heating the materials to
moderate or high temperatures, and zeolite catalysts (such as those frequently used in
oil refineries) are helpful in increasing the rate of depolymerisation.
The basic processes of depolymerisation are pyrolysis, gasification and thermal
cracking. All of these processes have been in use in the coal, gas and petroleum
refining industries for decades, and as such can be considered to be mature
technologies. The use of plastic as a feedstock for these processes has been studied for
20 years, but its uptake has been limited by the relatively low price of oil and the lack
of a credible collection infrastructure for this low-density, disperse-source feedstock.
During the 1990s a series of demonstration plants were announced, only to disappear
after a few years’ operation. It is interesting to note that the majority of technology
suppliers reported by Juniper in 20013 are no longer active in this field, having run
out of money or sold the technology to organisations with access to the funds to
continue process and project development.
More recently, the increased price of oil and incentives in the USA for energy and
fuels from biomass and waste have resulted in renewed activity in these areas.
However, in the USA and Europe, there is a preference for investment and
government funding (in terms of research, development and final projects) for
processes using biomass as a feedstock rather than non-biogenic waste materials. The
main reasons for this are:
 The feedstock itself is more homogeneous, and therefore tends to create fewer
process problems.
 There is an established collection mechanism, from either agricultural processing or
forestry operations.
 The feedstocks are considered to be truly renewable, so can attract incentives aimed
at reducing the impact of climate change, etc.
The recognition that waste plastic is a valuable resource has also energised research
and development activity in China and India. In Europe, the greater incentives for
energy and fuel production from renewable (‘biogenic’) feedstock materials have
meant that research programmes in Europe are concentrating on the conversion of
biomass, although the technologies and principles could be adapted for processing
waste plastic.
SUBJECTING THE WASTE PLASTIC FOR PYROLYSIS PROCESS:

The pyrolysis is a simple process in which the organic matter is subjected to higher
temperature about 300ºC to 500ºC in order to promote thermal cracking of the organic
matter so as to obtain the end products in the form of – liquid, char and gas in absence
of oxygen.

WHY WE ADOPT PYROLYSIS PROCESS:

Comparison of Green House Gas (GHG) Emissions by Pyrolysis process with other
processes: [11]

• Emissions associated with manufacture of other raw materials (excluding the


waste plastic stream) are 13.0kgCO2. For the case of pyrolysis these are owing to
hydrogen that is consumed
within the process.

Site emissions from incineration of pyrolysis gases, distillation residues and 3% of
the diesel
product generated are 56kgCO2
• Emissions associated with all elements of transport (products and waste) are 197kgCO2
• Based on these figures the emissions associated with pyrolysis are 266kgCO2
• Displacement savings associated with replacing fossilised diesel production are
426kgCO2.
• Overall the net emissions for pyrolysis are –160kgCO2.
APPLICATION OF PROJECT & FUTURE WORK

1. The obtained fuel could be utilized in diesel generators, vehicles


such as tractors and also passenger vehicles such as cars.
2. The fuel has to be refined at the industrial establishments, based on the results of which
small scale industry can be established.
3. As there is a high demand of crude oil and due to its sky reaching prices
, we could take up this project to setup large or small scale industries
and produce the fuel locally at much cheaper rates
directly benefiting the National economy and also a step towards
SWAACH BHARAT by recycling the waste plastic.

4. The application of this project could help in reducing the dependency on


the gulf countries and promote a step towards innovation.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. Through our experimentation we concluded that about 600 to 750ml of diesel fuel
could be obtained by burning 1Kg of plastic. Burning 1Kg of plastic in an open
environment produces 3Kg of CO2, whereas by converting it into fuel and burning it
reduces 80% of CO2 emissions , which results in to be quite environmentally friendly.

2. Lesser emission of unburnt HYDROCARBONS in waste plastic pyrolysis oil


compared to that of diesel.
3. The diesel or oil thus obtained has a higher efficiency with around 30 to 40% low
production cost compared to that available in the market.
CONCLUSION

It is very difficult to find out alternative of plastic. Even plastic´s demand is increasing
every day as well as their waste. This project analysis has observed the use of waste plastics, a
factory planning and its feasibility in Metropolitan City. It is easily assumed that, when the use of
waste plastic will increase then the solid waste management will search more ways to find out to
collect them.

The implementation of this project can develop so many opportunities in the city. It can
be a solution to control waste plastic, develop a new technique or idea, and detect the source of
diesel for the country. Bangladesh is such a country where this kind of project could be very
promising and effective in the future
REFERENCES:

1. J. Walendziewski, Engine fuel derived from plastics by thermal


treatment, fuel 81 (2002) 473-481

2. M. Mani, G. NagarajaN, Influence of injection timing on performance,


emission and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine running on
waste plastic oil Energy 34 (2009) 1617–1623

3. F. Murphy, K. M. Donnell, E. Butler, G. Devlin, The evaluation of


viscosity and density of blends ofCyn-diesel pyrolysis fuel with conventional
diesel fuel in relation to compliance with fuel

specifications EN 590:2009.

4.

N. Miskolczi, A. Angyal, L. Bartha, I. Valkai, Fuels by pyrolysis of waste


plastics from

agricultural and packaging sectors in a pilot scale reactor Fuel Processing


Technology 90 (2009) 1032–104

5. M. N. Siddiqui, H.H. Redhwi, Catalytic coprocessing of waste plastics


and petroleum residue

into liquid fuel oils, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 86 (2009)
141–147

6. A.K. Panda, R.K. Singh, D.K. Mishra, Thermolysis of waste plastics to


liquid fuel A suitable method for plastic waste management and
manufacture of value added Products-A world prospective, Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010) 233–248

7. A. Demirbas, Waste management, waste resource facilities and


waste conversion processes, Energy Conversion and Management 52
(2011) 1280–1287
8. M. F. Ali, S. Ahmed, M. S. Qureshi, Catalytic coprocessing of coal and
petroleum residues with waste plastics to produce transportation fuels Fuel
Processing Technology 92 (2011) 1109–1120

9. Mitusuhara, waste plastics to produce transportation fuels Fuel


Processing Technology 72(2011)

10. Anup T J1,et.al “Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil as Alternative For SI and
CI Engines” International

Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology


(An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 3, Issue 7, July 2014.

11. Sam Haig,et.al Plastic to oil IFM002 final report “Zero Waste
Scotland”.

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