UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & ENERGY

STUDIES, DEHRADUN

FIELD CUM INDUSTRIAL REPORT

MARWAR SUPER GROUP, IN AROUND JODHPUR DISTRICT, RAJASTHAN

(25th -28th February, 2019)

SUBMITTED BY

NAME SAP ID ROLL NO

AKSHIT JHA 500054829 R490216003
RISHABH GARG 500053713 R490216027
SHUBHAM ASWAL 500055694 R490216031
VERCHAS DURGESH SINGH 500055249 R490216036
VIKAS KUMAR 500055056 R490216037

Geo-Science Engineering – III year – VI Semester (Batch 2016-2020)

Accompanied By-
Dr. Uday Bhan
Mr. Somenath Ganguly
Mrs. Nitu Kumari Thakur

DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING & EARTH SCIENCES

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 CONTENT
a. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
b. FIGURE REFRENCES
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GEOLOGY OF AREA
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF FIELD WORK
2. DAY 1 OF 3
2.1 LOCATION 1 OF DAY1
2.2 LOCATION 2 OF DAY 1
2.3 LOCATION 3 OF DAY 1
3. DAY 2 OF 3
3.1 LOCATION 1 OF DAY 2
3.2 LOCATION 2 OF DAY 2
3.3 LOCATION 3 OF DAY 2
4. DAY 3 OF 3
4.1 LOCATION 1 OF DAY 3
4.2 LOCATION 2 OF DAY 3
5. CONCLUSION
6. LEARNINGS
7. REFERENCE LIST

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 a. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to thank University of Petroleum and Energy Studies for allowing the
students to go for a field trip for the fulfillment of the course Industrial Visit. We want to pass
my regards to the Petroleum and Earth Sciences for their participation of the trip. Our special
thanks go to the head of department of PEES, Dr. S.K Khare for making prior arrangement for
the trip and providing guidance, moral. We also want to thank Dr. Uday Bhan(PIC,GSE), Mr.
Somenath Ganguly(Asst. Prof. S.S.) and Mrs. Nitu Kumari Thakur(Asst. Prof.) for
accompanying us, providing moral support, guidance, expressing concern to us and explaining
the geology on the field that we only studied in classes. Also thanking Dr. Atul Kumar Patidar
(Activity Coordinater) for his constant support throughout the Industrial Visit.

The trip became successful and enjoyable because of your company. We also want to thank the
department for their support by providing us with the bus. The driver did a wonderful job by
ensuring that we reached all the places planned and we came back safely thank you so much. We
thank all the people that we met at different places like Sandstone Mine in Bilara among others for
giving us detailed information about the firm. We personally learnt a lot about agricultural
enterprises. We extend our appreciation to our fellow students for their cooperation disciple and
adhering to the instructions. All this made the trip the most successful one. Finally we want to
thank the almighty for the safe journey good health, protection and care that he gave we could
not have made it by our own strength. Thank you so much.

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 B.FIGURE REFERENCES

Fig.1: Marwar Supergroup Litholog

Fig.2: Brunton Compass
Fig.3: Sonia Sandstone and Malani Ryolite Suite Contact
Fig.4: Amygdules
Fig.5: Rain Impressions
Fig.6: Malani-Sonia Unconformity (Non-conformity)
Fig.7: Large crystals embedded in fine grained matrix
Fig.8: Aranite
Fig.9: Trough Cross-bedding
Fig.10: Jaswant Sagar Dam
Fig.11: Sinusoidal Ripple Marks
Fig.12: Horst and Garben
Fig.13: Mud Cracks
Fig14. Stromatolites
Fig.15: Jasper Red
Fig16: Dhanappa Dolomite
Fig.17: Elephant Skin Weathering
Fig.18: Erinpura Granite
Fig.19: Batholith
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Fig.20: Hinge Fold
Fig.21: Recumbent Fold
Fig.22: Quick Lime Powder
Fig.23: Girbhakar Sonia Contact
Fig.24: Adhesive
Fig.25: Lingoidal Structure
Fig.26: Crescent Ripple
Fig.27: Stages of Ripple Marks
Fig.28: Herring Bone Structure
Fig.29, 33: Trace Fossil
Fig.30, 31, 32: Microbial Induced Sedimentary Structure (MISS)
Fig.34: Google Map for the sites visited

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 1. INTRODUCTION
The trans-Aravalli Vindhyan Supergroup is attracting attention of geologists for its hydrocarbon
prospective and building materials for last four decades. The recent studies have revealed that the
coeval Vindhyan sediments across the Aravalli axis have much closer relationship with the
Tethyan sediments (Saline Series) of Salt Range and tectonically belong to the Bikaner-Nagaur
sedimentary Basin (Marwar and Birmania Basins). Lithostratigraphically, the sediments (about
1000 – 2000 m thick) have been grouped into lower Jodhpur; middle Bilara and upper
Nagaur Groups of Marwar Supergroup. The relative age of Marwar Supergroup
ranges from Late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian. The geological and geophysical study
indicate that these Late Neoproterozoic – Early Cambrian sediments covers a vast area on
the Rajasthan shelf,which was the westerly dipping eastern flank of the Indus shelf of the
Indus-Baluchistan geosyncline or Indo-Arabian Geological. This report deals with a short
review of the Marwar Supergroup, its lithostratigraphy,depositional environment and age.

Geological Map of Marwar Supergroup

1.1 GEOLOGY OF AREA

The lithostratigraphy of the Marwar Supergroup has been subject to modification from time to
time. The earliest workers (Hacket, 1881; Oldham, 1888; La Touche, 1902; Heron, 1932, etc)
named the older Palaeozoic siliciclastic sediments (red beds) and associated calcareous sediments
in the Trans-Aravalli region as Vindhyans of Rajputana. There are two schools as far as the
lithostratigraphy of the Marwar Supergroup is concerned.
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On the basis of field relationships, the older Palaeozoic sediments of west-central Rajasthan,
which tectonically fall into the Bikaner-Nagaur Basin, into two formations; the older
Jodhpur Formation, consists predominantly of siliciclastic sediments, subordinately carbonates and
evaporites, whereas the younger, overlying unconformably the Bilara Formation, consists of
stromatolitic and cherty limestones. Further, its recognized that three mapable units; Pokran boulder
bed, Sonia shale (salt psuedomorph shale) and Bandero limestone as formal members of
the Jodhpur Formation. According to Shrivastava (1971) the red beds of the western Rajasthan,
previously called as ‘Vindhyan System’, should be preferably called as Jodhpur sandstone
(Blanford, 1887), which subsequently along with associated sediments was grouped as Jodhpur
Formation. In the classification of Shrivastava, the red beds and other siliciclastic
sediments were not been given any formal member status. Khan (1971) proposed Marwar
Supergroup for the older Palaeozoic sediments of the Bikaner-Nagaur Basin, which was
subsequently followed of late.
The Marwar Supergroup has been classified into three groups; lower Jodhpur Group, middle
Bilara Group and upper Nagaur Group (Figure 1). This Supergroup is s a n d w i c h e d
b e t w e e n M a l a n i I g n e o u s S u i t e ( L a t e Proterozoic) and Bap boulder beds (Permo-
carboniferous). The oldest sedimentary unit of the Jodhpur Group, the Pokaran boulder bed,
rests unconformably over Malani Igneous Suite, whereas the youngest unit of the Nagaur
Group, the gritty and pebbly Tunklian sandstone, is unconformably overlain by Bap
boulder bed. The Marwar Supergroup forms a most conspicuous geomorphological relief in the
Nagaur-Bikaner Basin running from south of Nagaur in the east to north of Pokaran in the west.
Later, one more group/formation of rocks consisting of limestones, dolomites with gypsum,
anhydride, halite, etc. has been described as Hanseran Group/Formation (Das Gupta, 1996;
Chauhan et al. 2004; Kumar et al. 1997) stratigraphically above the Bilara Group. However,
close resemblance of lithological and C-isotopic profiles of Hanseran evaporites and
Bilara carbonates allows intra-basinal correlation and suggests that they are coeval facies
variants.
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 Figure 1(a): Geological Map of Marwar Supergroup

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Fig. Large scale trough cross bedding on the top of the Girbhakar Sandstone

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 Figure 1(b) Marwar Supergroup Lithostratigraphy

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 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE FIELD WORK
 Outcrop Analysis at Various Locations.
 Correlating Exposed Outcrops With Theoretical Studies.
 Measurement of Strike and Dip using a Brunton Compass (Figure 2).
 Analysis of Mineralogy Associated With Sedimentary Sequences.
 Process Involving Formation of Quick Lime from Limestone.
 Collection of Rock Samples.
 Team Work and Coordination.

Figure 2- Brunton Compass

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 2. DAY 1 OF 3: 25 February 2019
Site 1: ANTENNA HILL
Latitude & Longitude: 26°17’46”N & 73°1’9”E

Elevation: 330m

At this site, we saw the contact between the underlying Malani suite and overlying Sonia
sandstone (Fig 3). We also saw sedimentary structure known as Amygdules (Fig.4), which are
formed when the gas bubbles or vesicles in volcanic lava are infield with a secondary mineral
such as Calcite, Quartz, etc. where cavities develops. As we move further, we saw sedimentary
structures where secondary porosity was greater than the primary porosity as explained by the
Instructor. We also saw Rain imprints (Fig.5) that are the weathered cavities found in exposed
sedimentary sequences.

Figure 3

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 Figure 4

Moving further we saw graded bedding and coarse sediment (Quartz) deposits which is
testimonial to high energy depositional environment.

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 Figure 5

An unconformity (Non-conformity) between the Malani Ryolite Suite and the Sonia Sandstone
was highlighted by the instructor (Fig.6).

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 Figure 6

The Mehrangarh Fort, which is a popular tourist destination in Jodhpur is built on Malani Suite
with Sonia Sandstone fragments. We also saw deltaic environment where top set, Foreset and
bottom set were easily recognizable. Apart from that fluvial ripple marks, grain size variation due
to fluctuating energy conditions and secondary mineralization along the fracture was observed.
The paleo-current direction was NW to SE. We also used brunton compass to measure the dip &
strike of a particular bed.

1.3 Site 2: Beri Ganga Dham, Daijar Mata Temple

Latitude & Longitude: 26°22’18”N & 73°1’20”E

Elevation: 330m

Here, we saw the contact of Rhyolite igneous with Girbhakar sandstone (non-conformity).
Girbhakar sandstone is thicker than Sonia sandstone. Fluvial depositional along with meandering
system where deposition occurred along the river channel. Feldspar crystals, large crystals in
fine grained matrix (fig.7) were observed. Here, the mineral embedded was Tourmaline.

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 Fig 7

We saw Aranite (fig.8) that consisted of 95% quartz and 5% matrix. In sedimentary beds of
Girbhakar sequence, cross-bedding and trough cross-bedding (fig.9) was observed.

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 Figure 9

We also saw Chert that is crypto crystalline silica deposited in a high energy condition. Silt sized
particles in cavities of Girbhakar sandstone bed were also observed.

Fig. Chert that is crypto Crystalline

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 DAY-2: 26 February 2019

3.1 Site 1: Jaswant Sagar Dam

Latitude & Longitude: 26°13’16”N & 73°41’19”E

Elevation: 280m

We went to Bilara, were we saw Jaswant Sagar Dam (fig.10).

Fig. 10

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This region had fine grained sandstone and coarser pebbles were absent. This is testimonial to the
ancient fluvio marine sequence, moving further we also saw carbonate sequences. Here, sinous
ripple marks (fig.11) were observed.

Fig.11

Coarse grained sediments were observed in very less quantity that too away from the fluvio
marine transitional environment. Pure calcium were embedded in limestone and magnesium were
embedded in dolomite. It was very well pointed out by our instructors that these two cannot be
differentiated in the field and required lab analysis.

Other features observed at this site was-:

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  Horst & Garben fault (fig.12)
 Fault plain & drag fault
 Rain imprints
 Several geological folds
 Chert (no reaction with acid whereas carbonate reacts with acid)
 Mud cracks (fig.13)
 Sproidal weathering
 Multiple bed sets (silt & sand size)
 Trough cross bedding
 Stromatolites (very hard and brittle, perfect dolomite) colour-greyish black, calcium
quantity quality is very high (fig.14)
 Carbonate precipitated in nodules
 Red jasper (fig.15)
 Dhanappa dolomite (fig.16)
 Elephant skill weathering (fig.17)

Dip & strike was also measured on this site with the help of Brunton compass.

Fig.12

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 Fig.13

Fig. 14

Fig.15

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 Fig.16

Fig. 17

3.2 Site 2:
Location: 26°19’47’’N 73°41’1’’E

Elevation: 310 M

Here, we saw Erinpura granite (fig.18) of arcean origin. Basement consisted of granite and fine
crystals were observed which is testimonial to shallow depth cooling. Igneous structures (fig.19)
laccoliths and Baccoliths were observed.

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 Fig. 18

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 Fig.19

3.3 Site 3: Mines: - Umeed Singh Khoja Mines

Latitude: - 26.35 N, Longitude: - 73.68E

Elevation:-291m

After seeing Erinpura granite we went to different site to see limestone minning. Limestones are
found at the synclines of the folds, in this case the fold observed was an elongated hinge fold
(fig.20).

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 Figure 20

We also saw the process of blasting and it was pointed out by the local workers that quick lime
can only be formed of limestone and not of dolomite. Depth at which limestone is mined is
around 10 to 15 feet from the surface. We also observed recumbent fold (fig.21) which is
overturned in nature and closed sidewise.

After that we saw the formation of quick lime. For the formation of quick lime limestone and
peat coal are taken in a ratio of 5:1. They were heated inside a chimney that made the limestone
soft in nature. These soft limestones were crushed by the mined workers that turned limestone
into quick lime (fig.22).

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 Figure 21

DAY 3: 27 February 2019

4.1 Site 1: SURSAGAR MINES (SUN MOON FACTORY )
Location: 26°19’41’’N, 72°59’59’’E,

Elevation: 300 M

At this location, we saw the contact between Girbhakar and Sonia sandstone (disconfirmity)
(fig.23) , sand quantity was very less and the pebbles were embedded in sand.

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 Figure 22

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 Fig.23

Coarse grained particles showed high fluvial energy depostition . Sonia sandstone mostly had
fine grain particles. Girbhakar sandstone was reddish in colour and was feldspar dominated
whereas; Sonia sandstone was whitesh in appearance and was quartz dominated. Surface was
polished because of external agents like wind and water. We also observed the paleocurrent
direction at this location. Feldspar has high weathering rate whereas quartz are highly resistive to
weathering. There are three types of feldspar i.e. sodium rich, potassium rich and calcium rich.
Ripple marks was also observed at this location.

At this location, we also saw sandstone mining where adhesive force where required for blasting
(fig.24).

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 Fig. 24

Chemical powder made of lime and gypsum where used for drilling. We also saw Lingoidal
ripple marks that are affected by both wind and water (fig.25).

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 Fig. 25

Crecsent ripple (fig.26) and plane bedding were also observed at the spot.

Fig.26

It was understandably highlighted by our instructors that ripple marks are formed under shallow
water condition and by wind and water terminals. The instructors also explained the three stages
of ripples varying from straight to turbulent (fig.27).

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 Fig. 27

We also saw Microbial sedimentary structures (MISS) and fine ripple marks.

4.2 Site 2: Rajkhan Mines

Location: 26°19’41’’N, 72°59’59’’E

Elevation: 300 M

We went to another sandstone mine where we saw herring bone cross stratification. A form of
cross-bedding ( CROSS-STRATIFICATION) in which the foresets in successive sets are
directed in opposite directions, so producing a structure which somewhat resembles the bones of
a fish. The bipolar orientation of foresets seen in herringbone cross-bedding is commonly
generated by the reversing currents developed in many tidal environments (fig.28).

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 Fig. 28

We also saw trace fossils (fig.30,31,32) and microbial induced structure. While we are most
familiar with relatively spectacular fossil hard part remains such as shells and bones, trace fossils
are often less dramatic, but nonetheless very important.

Trace fossils include burrows, track marks, coprolites (fossilized feces), stromatolites (fossilized
algal mounds), and rhizoliths or rhizocretions (fossil remains of roots).

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 Fig. 29

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 Fig. 30

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 Fig. 31

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 Fig. 32

Fig. 33

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 Figure 34: The red points are showing the various spots covered
during the field visit and they are denoted with the numbers:
1. Antenna Hill 6. Jaswant Sagar Dam
2. Extension of Beri Ganga 7.Village Khejrala
4. Daijar Mandir

5. Sursagar Dam (Sun Moon Factory)

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5. Conclusions:
The sediments of the Marwar Supergroup are results of a wide-spread marine transgression over
Malani Igneous Suite and older metasediments in western India, contemporary to a wide- marine
transgression. The variation m the facies has been attributed to the change in water salinity and
depth The Bilara Group is characterized by shallow marine calcareous biochemical facies. The
limestone biostrom has been suggested to be deposited in low energy poor circulation lagoon to
tidal flats with under warm water conditions. The three DOTS Represent three facies.The
Jodhpur Bilara and Nagaur Groups representing area cecas, calcareous and mixed cretaceous and
argillaceous facies respectively.

6. Learning from the field

 Analysis of outcrop from jodhpur group of malwar supergroup
 Use of brunton compass to measure dip & strike
 Depositional environment with respect to energy fluctuations
 Preparation of quick lime
 Differentiating between fluvial and marine environment
 Team work

7. References:
 https://www.slideshare.net/rgoswami2008/presentation2-40448252
 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12594-009-0060-6
 https://www.coursehero.com/file/13170821/Acknowledgements/
 https://blogs.agu.org/mountainbeltway/2012/06/05/a-clutch-of-amygdules/

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