CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODS

This chapter present the description of the research method used in the

study. It consists of (1) research design, (2) population, sampling and sample, (3)

Research Instrument, (4) Validity and Reliability Testing, (5) Data Collecting

Method, (6) Data Analysis

A. Research Design

Research design is commonly defined as the way of thinking and doing

preparation to complete research and achieve the goal of the research. The writer

wants to know whether any correlation between Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and

student’s English achievement, so the design use in this study is correlation study.

This research was use quantitative research. According to Aliaga and

Gunderson (2002:81), Quantitative research is ‘Explaining phenomena by

collecting numerical data that are analysed using mathematically based methods

(in particular statistics). In another definition according to Muijs (2004:2)

quantitative research is essentially about collecting numerical data to explain a

particular phenomenon.

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According to Judith Pressie in Cresswell, J. (1998:24) states as follows:

Qualitative research is a loosely defined category of research design or

models, all of which elicit verbal, visual, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory

data in the form of descriptive narratives like field notes, recordings, or

other transcriptions from audio and vidiotapes and other written records

and picture or films.

Identification, choosing and problem formulate

Arrange term of thought

Hypothesis formulate

Test-hypothesis in a posteriori manner

Doing working through

Making conclusion

Figure 3.1 Steps by Quantitative Research

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This research included in correlation design. Yamin (2009:63) state that

Correlation design is research intent on know the correlation between two

variables or more than two variable or correlation between independent variable

and dependent variable.

Correlation design is quantitative research in which investigators measure

the degree of relation between two or more variables using the statistical

procedure of correlation analysis. This degree of association, expressed as a

number, indicates whether the two variables are related or whether one can predict

another.

In this study, the writer used correlation between two variables. In popular

usage, the term correlation refers to any type of relationship between events or

object. In statistical correlation, there must be measures for each subject (person)

in-group. If this condition is satisfied, the data can be inserted into a statistical

formulation, which will reveal the type and strength of the relationship under the

study.

The writer just uses one class to find and collect the data. There are two

stages to collecting the data. The first stage in this study was done by distributing

the text of test. Distributing the test was done to know the students’ achievement.

The second stage is distributing IQ test as to know the IQ score of students’.

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B. Population, Sampling and Sample

1. Population

Before the sample was collected, the researcher had to determine the

population. According to Sugiono (2010:117) Population is geographic

generalization there are : object/subject has quality and certain of characteristic

that set by researcher to learning then make the conclusion. The whole of research

subject (Arikunto, 1998:115).

The population of this study is the first year students in the 2013-2014

academic year conducted at MAN 1 Tulungagung, Jl. Mastrip Beji, Tulungagung

consisting 11 classes. There are about 356 students, 96 male and 260 female as the

population.

2. Sampling

In this study, the researcher used purposive sampling to obtain the

sample.According to Hadi (1990:75) Sampling adalah cara yang digunakan untuk

mengambil sampel, (sampling is the ways of doing to get sample). Sampling was

constituted to choose some of individual process in research so they or individual

as a voluntary. The purpose of sampling is use some of individual to get

information about population. Sampling is the way to take sample.

In this research sampling technique was used to take sample is purposive

sampling. According to Arikunto (2010:183), purposive sampling is the process of

selecting sample by taking subject that is not based on the level or area, but it is

taken based on the specific purpose.

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According to Riyanto (2001:81) stated that the technique of research was

orientation on choosing sample that population and the purpose was specific from

research is knowing by researcher in the very beginning. With purpose sampling

the researcher can choose the sample those that representative and get represent of

population.

3. Sample

Selection of the sample is very important step in conducting a research

study. Sample is a part of population which will to be analyzed. Sample must be

representative as one is to be able to generalize with confidence from the sample

to population. According to Arikunto (2006:109), a sample must be representative

to a population. Based on Ary (2002:163) a sample is a group of a population. It

means that good sample must be representative of the entire as possible, so that

the generalization of the sample of this research.

According to Sugiono (2010:118) Sampel adalah bagian dari jumlah dan

karakteristik yang dimiliki oleh populasi tersebut, (sample is part of number and

characteristic those set in the population). Population form a part of population

representative population, so if the researcher find information on sample its mean

that information was constituted from the sample.

According to Sukardi (2007:54) stated that the important condition to

attention in take sample is two kind, they are total of apparently adequate sample

and the profile of sample must be representative sample. The total of sample must

be choose before doing research. There is abusively how much we can take the
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sample to represent population but in generally the greater of the sample is the

greater to population explained.

Knowing that the population is huge in number, therefore, for this

research, the writer took only one class that is X science 1 class, it means there are

30 students in round 8,42%, 6 male and 24 female. From the population the writer

token 29 students’ as sample because 1 of students’ off the followed test. This

decision was make with the consideration that these two classes they are teach by

the same teacher, Dra. Yuliani.

C. Research Instrument

Instrument has important functions in this research. Instrument is one of

the significant steps in conducting this research. Therefore, the researcher must

choose an instrument in the process of collecting data. Research instrument is tool

of collecting data that should be valid and reliable.

According to Arikunto (2006:126) the device the researcher uses to collect

data is called instrument. Instrument has important in this research. Instrument is

one of the significant steps in conducting this research. The successful of research

is much decided by instrument used, because data which is need to answer

research question and examine the hypothesis gained trough instrument itself.

Instrument was constitute measurer that used to get quantitative information about

variation of characteristics objectively (Hadjar, 1999:160).

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The instrument of this research were tests. According to Ary (2010:201)

test is a set of stimuli presented to an individual in order to elicit responses on the

basis of which a numerical score can be assigned. The test from researcher is to

know the achievement of students. The researcher makes English test for the

students that consist fifteen questions in the form multiple choices, twenty nine

questions in the form fill the blank and write using own their words.

The writer conducted the field by getting the IQ score from students’ data

and students’ English score from English test. The students’ IQ score was taken

from the result IQ test and the writer takes this score by students’ document. the

writer needs to get the score so the writer ask to students’ to copy their data and

then the students’ give the data to the writer. The test held by Pusat Layanan

Psikologi Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang. There are five psychology aspect

in this intelligence test, they are: “Intelegensi, Kreativitas, Komitment Terhadap

Tugas, Kepribadian, and Minat”.

D. Validity and Reliability Testing

According to Ary, (1985:213) research is always dependent upon

measurement. There are two important characteristic that every measuring

instrument should passes: validity and reliability. Before using these test, a try out

to 30 students to find out the validity and reliability of the test.

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1. Validity

The validity of an assessment or tool indicates the extent to which it is an

adequate measure of the curriculum and objectives it represent. According to Gay

in Tanzeh (2009:57) the definition of validity is the degree to which a test

measures what it is supposed to measure. A common misconception is that a test

is, or, is not valid. The researchers get validity from English teacher.

According to Brown in Isnawati (2012:27), there are four types of validity,

they are content validity, criterion-related validity, construct validity and face

validity. Furthermore, the researcher emphasized on the content validity and

construct validity in this research.

Sukardi (2007:115) stated that An instrument so-called valid if the

instrument that is to be use can measure what will measurability. The validity of

instrument is standard was indicated where is a instrument of test what will

measurability.

Content validity is a kind of validity which depends on careful analysis of

the language being tested and of the particular test. A test is said to have content

validity if its contents constitutes a representative sample of the language skill,

structures, etc. being tested. The researcher made this test based on the course

objectives in the syllabus of first grade in MAN Tulungagung 1. Therefore, this

test is valid in term of content validity.

In this test, the researcher asked student to answer the multiple choice and

questions in the form fill the blank and write using own their words test to
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measure the students’ achievement. The researcher made this test based on the

course objectives in the syllabus and consult with English teacher of first grade of

MAN Tulungagung 1.

Therefore, this test is valid in term of content validity and constructs

validity. The content validity in this research can be showed as follow:

Table 3.1. Content Validity

No. Competence indicator Test item

1. Students are able to answer the active passive 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,

voice 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15

2. Students are able to answer the Question of 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
the text. 22, 23, 24, 25

3. Students are able to answer the change of 26, 27, 28, 29

condition active or passive voice

4. Students write with their own word -

According to Brown in Isnawati (2012:29) mentioned that a construct is

any theory, hypothesis, or model that attempts to explain observed phenomena in

our universe of perception. Based on the theory above, in the test, the researcher

asked the students to answer the question based on recount text to measure to the

students’ reading achievement and fulfill the construct of reading test and

therefore valid in term of construct validity. However, the writer makes this

questionnaire by herself so this test is very valid or not the writer not knowing

about that.
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2. Reliability

According to Howit and Cramer (2000:28) reliability is the extent to which

the measure will give the same response under similar circumstances.. In other

words, reliability shows a measure of consistency in measuring the same

phenomenon..

Sukardi (2007:122) stated that reliability is the level in the test in a

consistent manner measure at any test. A research instrument can called reliability

the tool was used what to use measure cab used in when and in any time, the

result is same. Ary at all (2002:250) states that reliability is concerned with the

effect of such random errors of measurement on the consistency of scores.

In this test, the researcher was consultation with English teacher of the

students’ of MAN Tulungagung 1. So there is was not use reliability testing.

E. Normality and Homogeneity

1. Normality

According Sujianto (2009:77) normality distribution test is a test to

measure whether our data has a normal distribution. There is not used normality

test.

2. Homogeneity

Homogeneity testing is intended to make sure that the collected

manipulation data in analysis is truly taken from a population which is too

different each other. Especially in a study which is predictive, the model which is
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used must be appropriate with the composition and its distribution (Sujianto:112).

To know the normality, the researcher used One Way Anova with SPSS. The

result can be seen in table below.

Table 3.2 Homogeneity Pre-test Using One Way Anova

ANOVA
testB
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Between Groups 372.749 12 31.062 1.155 .386
Within Groups 430.217 16 26.889
Total 802.966 28

The pretest is called homogeny test if the significant score more than

0.050. Based on the table above that test is homogeneity because 0.386> 0.050.

F. Data Collecting Method

The data collecting method is the method to obtain the data in the research.

The aim of the data collecting in conducting scientific research was to get material

that needed by the research. In this research, the researcher used achievement test.

According to Hughes in Isnawati (2012:14) states that the purpose of achievement

test is to establish how successful individual students, group of students, or the

courses themselves have been in achieving objectives. This test used to measure

students’ achievement
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Arikunto (2006:127) states that “ test is a series question, exercise or other

means which are used to measure the skill, knowledge, intelligent, ability or talent

that have by individual or group”. The material of the test is taken from english

book which related to their subject and based on senior high school curriculum

with the subect the news item text. This test used to measure on the students’

achievement in MAN Tulungagung 1.

The test in this study comprises of some question that are given to

respondents to get the data about students’ achievement. In arranging questions

the writer passed through a long time. The first the writer started from reviewed

literature from students’ book. After that the writer wrote the question and then

checking with the teacher of the lesson and also the writer gave the test in one

class to check the validity of the test.

At the first week the writer make a some of questionnaire and show to the

teacher English what about the question, that is suitable to her students or not. The

writer makes a questionnaire twice because at the first the teacher fell that the

questionnaire was difficulty to students do carry out the questionnaire. And the

second time the teacher was fell that the questionnaire is suitable to the students.

After that, the writer give the questionnaire to two class to know the validity of

the test and to compare one class to other class.

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G. Data Analysis

According to Prasetyo (2008:184) stated that data analysis constitute of a

continuation process from data processing to see how to interpret data, then

analysis data from output at hand in processing data result stage. In this research

the writer was used quantitative analysis.

Hasan (2006:30) said that Analysis quantitative is analysis that using

statistic instruments, the instrument that use models like mathematic model. The

result was given in numerical form then was explained and interpret in a

descriptively. Analysis data quantitative also called statistic analysis. Statistic

analysis is method to organize and analysis data quantitative or data that to need

as data quantitative (Tanzeh, 2006:31).

Data analysis is a review of a series of activities, grouping,

systematization, interpretation and verification of data so that a phenomenon has

social value, academic, and scientific. The data obtained from research result is

the result of student test that were analyzed quantitatively. Quantitative analysis

was done using statistic which is called statistical analysis or inferential statistic.

The writer used a survey method through correlation technique. She

analyzed he research by using Product Moment Correlation to know the result.

According to Sudijono (179:2008) Product Moment Correlation is one of

technique that usually used to find out the significance of the correlation between

two variables. This technique was published by Karl Pearson, therefore it often

called by Person Correlation Technique. It is called Product Moment Correlation

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because it is usually used to correlate one variable to another variable based on its

correlation coefficient value.

The last step in this chapter is analyzing data. This analysis is to see and to

find out whether there is significance correlation between students’ Intelligence

Quotient (IQ) score and their achievement in learning English. And to find out the

result of this research, the writer analyzed the data by using Person’s Product

Moment Correlation, as follow:

N∑XY – (∑X)( ∑Y)

rxy =
{N∑X – (∑X) } {N∑Y – (∑Y) }

rXY = correlation coefficient between X and Y

∑XY = sum of cross products of deviation scores of X and Y
∑X = Total score of X
∑Y = Total score of Y
N = number of respondents
X = distributions of students’ IQ score
Y = distribution of English score

Criteria : If ro > rt means there is correlation and Hα is accepted,

iHo is rejected
: If ro < tt means there is no correlation and Hα is rejected,
hhghHo is accepted
Ho : there is no correlation between students’ Intelligence score and
hjstudents’ achievement in learning English
Ha : there is correlation between students’ Intelligence score and
jgjstudents’ achievement in learning English