Connectivity Technologies – Part I
Dr. Sudip Misra
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIT KHARAGPUR
Email:
[email protected] Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Introduction to Internet of Things 1
Communication Protocols
The following communication protocols have immediate importance to consumer and
industrial IoTs:
IEEE 802.15.4
Zigbee
6LoWPAN
Wireless HART
Z‐Wave
ISA 100
Bluetooth
NFC
RFID
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IEEE 802.15.4
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Features of IEEE 802.15.4
Well‐known standard for low data‐rate WPAN.
Developed for low‐data‐rate monitoring and control
applications and extended‐life low‐power‐consumption uses.
This standard uses only the first two layers (PHY, MAC) plus
the logical link control (LLC) and service specific convergence
sub‐layer (SSCS) additions to communicate with all upper
layers
Operates in the ISM band.
Source: L.Fenzel, “What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless?”, Electronic Design (Online), Mar. 2013
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Uses direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) modulation.
Highly tolerant of noise and interference and offers link
reliability improvement mechanisms.
Low‐speed versions use Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK).
High data‐rate versions use offset‐quadrature phase‐shift
keying (O‐QPSK).
Uses carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance
(CSMA‐CA) for channel access.
Multiplexing allows multiple users or nodes interference‐free
access to the same channel at different times.
Source: L.Fenzel, “What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless?”, Electronic Design (Online), Mar. 2013
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Power consumption is minimized due to infrequently occurring
very short packet transmissions with low duty cycle (<1%).
The minimum power level defined is –3 dBm or 0.5 mW.
Transmission, for most cases, is Line of Sight (LOS).
Standard transmission range varies between 10m to 75m.
Best case transmission range achieved outdoors can be upto
1000m.
Networking topologies defined are ‐‐ Star, and Mesh.
Source: L.Fenzel, “What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless?”, Electronic Design (Online), Mar. 2013
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IEEE 802.15.4 Variants
A/B
• Base version
C
• For China
D
• For Japan
E
• Industrial applications
F
• Active RFID uses
G
• Smart utility networks (Smart Grids)
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IEEE 802.15.4 Types
PAN
coordinator
Networks
FFD Router
Non‐Beacon
Enabled
802.15.4 Device
Beacon
Enabled RFD Device
(a) (b)
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• Full Function Device (FFD)
• Can talk to all types of devices
• Supports full protocol
• Reduced Function Device (RFD)
• Can only talk to an FFD
• Lower power consumption
• Minimal CPU/RAM required
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IEEE 802.15.4 Frames
Beacon
MAC
Frames Command
Acknowledgement
Data
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Beacon Enabled Networks
• Periodic transmission of beacon messages
• Data‐frames sent via Slotted CSMA/CA with a super
frame structure managed by PAN coordinator
• Beacons used for synchronization & association of
other nodes with the coordinator
• Scope of operation spans the whole network.
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Non-Beacon Enabled Networks
• Data‐frames sent via un‐slotted CSMA/CA (Contention
Based)
• Beacons used only for link layer discovery
• Requires both source and destination IDs.
• As 802.15.4 is primarily, a mesh protocol, all protocol
addressing must adhere to mesh configurations
• De‐centralized communication amongst nodes
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Zigbee
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Features of ZigBee
Most widely deployed enhancement of IEEE 802.15.4.
The ZigBee protocol is defined by layer 3 and above. It works with
the 802.15.4 layers 1 and 2.
The standard uses layers 3 and 4 to define additional
communication enhancements.
These enhancements include authentication with valid nodes,
encryption for security, and a data routing and forwarding capability
that enables mesh networking.
The most popular use of ZigBee is wireless sensor networks using
the mesh topology.
Source: L.Fenzel, “What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless?”, Electronic Design (Online), Mar. 2013
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Important Components
• ZigBee Device Object
ZDO (Device management, Security, Policies)
• Application Support Sub‐layer
APS (Interfacing and control services, bridge
between network and other layers)
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ZigBee Topologies
Source: T. Agarwal, “ZigBee Wireless Technology Architecture and Applications”, Electronics Projects Focus (Online)
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ZigBee Mesh
In a mesh, any node can
communicate with any other
node within its range.
If nodes are not in range,
messages are relayed through
intermediate nodes.
This allows the network
deployment over large areas.
Source: L.Fenzel, “What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless?”, Electronic Design (Online), Mar. 2013
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ZigBee Mesh (Contd.)
Meshes have increased network
reliability.
For example, if nodes C and F
are down, the message packets
from A can still be relayed to G
via B and E.
ZigBee mesh networks are self‐
configuring and self‐healing.
Source: L.Fenzel, “What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless?”, Electronic Design (Online), Mar. 2013
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ZigBee Types
ZigBee Coordinator (ZC):
The Coordinator forms the root of the ZigBee network tree and might
act as a bridge between networks.
There is a single ZigBee Coordinator in each network, which originally
initiates the network.
It stores information about the network under it and outside it.
It acts as a Trust Center & repository for security keys.
Sources:
•"Wireless Sensor Networks Research Group". Sensor-networks.org. 2010-04-15.
•"Wireless Sensor Networks Research Group". Sensor-networks.org. 2009-02-05.
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ZigBee Types
ZigBee Router (ZR):
Capable of running applications, as well as relaying information between
nodes connected to it.
ZigBee End Device (ZED):
It contains just enough functionality to talk to the parent node, and it
cannot relay data from other devices.
This allows the node to be asleep a significant amount of the time thereby
enhancing battery life.
Memory requirements and cost of ZEDs are quite low, as compared to ZR
Sources: or ZC.
•"Wireless Sensor Networks Research Group". Sensor-networks.org. 2010-04-15.
•"Wireless Sensor Networks Research Group". Sensor-networks.org. 2009-02-05.
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ZigBee Network Layer
The network layer uses Ad Hoc On‐Demand Distance Vector (AODV)
routing.
To find the final destination, the AODV broadcasts a route request
to all its immediate neighbors.
The neighbors relay the same information to their neighbors,
eventually spreading the request throughout the network.
Upon discovery of the destination, a low‐cost path is calculated and
informed to the requesting device via unicast messaging.
Source: “Zigbee”, Wikipedia (Online)
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Applications
Building automation
Remote control (RF4CE or RF for consumer electronics)
Smart energy for home energy monitoring
Health care for medical and fitness monitoring
Home automation for control of smart homes
Light Link for control of LED lighting
Telecom services
Source: L.Fenzel, “What’s The Difference Between IEEE 802.15.4 And ZigBee Wireless?”, Electronic Design (Online), Mar. 2013
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