FOUNDATION
Introduction to Foundation Engineering
Bearing Capacity of Foundation
FOUNDATION
To transfer the load of the structure to the soil
Considerations:
Settlement of the structure
Shear failure of the soil under the foundation
Types of Foundation
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Depth of embedment-to-width ratio of approximately less
than four (4)
SPREAD FOOTING
Enlargement of a load-bearing wall or column to spread the
load of the structure over a larger area
MAT FOUNDATION
Concrete pad where the entire structure is supported
Spread Footing
Spread Footing
Mat Foundations
Types of Foundation
DEEP FOUNDATION
depth of embedment-to-width ratio of foundation greater
than four
PILE FOUNDATION
FRICTION PILES – shear resistance along the surface of the pile
END BEARING PILES – load is transmitted at the tip to a firm
stratum of soil
DRILLED SHAFT FOUNDATION
Shaft drilled in the subsoil is then filled with concrete
Pile Foundation
Drilled Shaft Foundation
SOIL BEARING CAPACITY FOR SHALLOW
FOUNDATIONS
Terzaghi’s Ultimate Bearing Capacity Equation
Effect of Groundwater Table
Allowable Bearing Capacity
General Bearing Capacity Equation
Foundation with Moment Loads
Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Slopes
Plate Load Test
Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Two Modes of Bearing Capacity Failure
General Shear Failure
Dense Sand
Local Shear Failure
Loose to Medium
Dense Sand
Zone II - radial shear zone (logarithmic spirals)
Zone III – linear shear zone (planar surfaces)
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Analysis
Shallow foundation criterion:
depth Df ≤ width B
Weight of the soil above the base of the
footing may be replaced by an
equivalent surcharge, q = γ Df
Failure mechanism: general shear
failure, with AJ and BJ making an angle
of φ with respect to the horizontal
Rupture lines: JD and JE are arcs of
logarithmic spiral
Passive force: inclined at an angle δ
(angle of wall friction) with respect to the
perpendicular drawn to the wedge faces
and , but δ = φ
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Analysis
By equilibrium:
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Analysis
PASSIVE FORCE, Pp
Sum of the contribution of the weight of soil (γ), cohesion
(c), and surcharge (q) such that:
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Analysis
Substituting:
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Analysis
Approximating the value of ultimate bearing
capacity equation:
Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Equation
By superposition:
Where:
Nc
Nq bearing capacity factors
Nγ
Terzaghi’s Ultimate Bearing Capacity Equations
Terzaghi’s Ultimate Bearing Capacity Equations
Effect of Groundwater Table
Effect of Groundwater Table
Effect of Groundwater Table
Factor of Safety
GROSS ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY
Factor of Safety
NET ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY
Factor of Safety
GROSS ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY WITH A
FACTOR OF SAFETY WITH RESPECT TO SHEAR
FAILURE
PROBLEM 15
A circular footing having a diameter of 2.5m is supported by a
soil with the following properties:
Φ = 27° γ = 20.4 kN/m3
c = 38.4 kPa γsat = 22.3 kN/m3
The bottom of the footing is 2m below the ground surface.
GWT is located 2m below the ground surface. Using
Terzaghi’s equation, determine the gross allowable bearing
capacity, net allowable bearing capacity and gross allowable
bearing capacity with factor of safety with respect to shear
failure . Assume local shear failure. Use γw = 9.81 kN/m3.
PROBLEM 16
A square footing having a width of 5m is supported by a
soil with the ff. properties:
Φ = 32° γ = 17.5 kN/m3
c = 30 kPa
The bottom of the footing is 3.2m below the ground
surface. Using Terzaghi’s equation, determine the
footing’s gross allowable bearing capacity with a factor
of safety of 4 with respect to shear failure.
General Bearing Capacity Equation
Where:
and
and
and
General Bearing Capacity Equation
General Bearing Capacity Equation
For values of q and γ, consider the effect of
groundwater table.
PROBLEM 17
A square footing having a width of 5m is supported by a
soil with the ff. properties:
Φ = 32° γ = 17.5 kN/m3
c = 30 kPa
The bottom of the footing is 3.2m below the ground
surface. Using general bearing capacity equation,
determine the footing’s gross allowable bearing capacity
with a factor of safety of 4.
Footing with Eccentric or Moment Loads
Meyerhof’s Effective
Area Method
Effective footing
dimensions:
Effective Area:
Footing with Eccentric or Moment Loads
Use effective width in computing the allowable
bearing capacity
Use B’ to evaluate shape factors but use B for depth factors:
Footing with Eccentric or Moment Loads
Design the footing so that the equivalent net
bearing pressure does not exceed the allowable
bearing capacity
PROBLEM 18
Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Slopes
Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Slopes
Cohesionless soils
Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Slopes
Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Slopes
Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Slopes
Cohesive soils
Bearing Capacity of Foundations on Slopes
PROBLEM 19
Plate Load Test
ASTM D-1194
Plate Load Test
Plate Load Test
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
Plate Load Test
SETTLEMENT
Plate Load Test
BEARING CAPACITY FOR
COHESIVE SOIL (HOUSEL)
PROBLEM 21
