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BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY, Tiruchirappalli 620 024

M.Sc. BOTANY
COURSE STRUCTURE UNDER C.B.C.S.

(Application to the candidates admitted from the year 2014-2015 onwards)

E
Marks
x
Ins. h/ Credit a
Course Course Title Total
Sem Weeks s m
Int. Ext.
hr
s.
FIRST SEMESTER
Plant Diversity – I : Algae, Fungi,
CC - I 4 4 3 25 75 100
Lichens & Bryophytes
I
Anatomy, Embryology and
CC -II 4 4 3 25 75 100
Morphogenesis
S
E CC-III Cell Biology and Bioinstrumentation 4 4 3 25 75 100
M
E CC-IV Genetics and Plant Breeding 4 4 3 25 75 100
S
T
E CC - V Practical (Core Course I & II) 4 5 3 25 75 100
R CC -
Practical (Core Course III & IV) 4 5 3 25 75 100
VI
TOTAL 24 26 600

SECOND SEMESTER
Plant Diversity – II: Pteridophytes,
CC-VII 4 4 3 25 75 100
Gymnosperms and Paleobotany
II CC- Angiosperm Taxonomy and
4 4 3 25 75 100
VIII Conservation Biology
S
Plant Tissue Culture and Genetic
E CC-IX 4 4 3 25 75 100
Engineering
M
E CC-X Practical (Core Course VII, VIII & IX) 6 5 3 25 75 100
S
T Bioprospecting, Drug Discovery and
EC-I 6 5 3 25 75 100
E Product Development
R
ED-I Biofertilizers 3 3 3 25 75 100

TOTAL 27 25 600
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THIRD SEMESTER

CC-XI Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 4 4 3 25 75 100

III
CC-XII Plant Pathology and Molecular Biology 4 4 3 25 75 100
S
E CC-
Plant Ecology and Phytogeography 4 4 3 25 75 100
M XIII
E CC-
S Practical (Core Course XI, XI I & XIII) 6 5 3 25 75 100
XIV
T
E EC-II Medicinal Plants and Patenting 6 5 3 25 75 100
R
ED-II Mushroom Technology 3 3 3 25 75 100

TOTAL 27 25 600

FOURTH SEMESTER
IV 15
Project Work 30 14 50 200
0
S
E
M
E
S TOTAL 30 14 200
T
E
R
GRAND TOTAL 108 90 2000

CORE COURSE - I

PLANT DIVERSITY-I: ALGAE, FUNGI, LICHENS AND BRYOPHYTES

Unit I
Ultrastructure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic algal cells and their components -
cell wall, protoplasm, flagella, eye spots, chloroplast, pyrenoid, nucleus, pigments and
reserve foods. General trends and criteria for Algal classification (Smith, 1955). Salient
features of major classes: Prochlorophyta, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Xanthophyta,
Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta. Economic importance of algae - Food and feed - Single
cell protein - Industrial products (Agar-Agar, Carrageenan, Iodine, Vitamins) - In
Medicine and Diatomaceous earth.
 Page |3

Unit II
Range of thallus structure, origin and evolution of sex in algae, phylogeny and
interrelationships of algae. Lifecycle patterns in algae and alternation of generations,
Fossil algae.
Ecology of Algae: Freshwater algae, marine algae, soil algae, symbiotic algae
and parasitic algae. Algae as pollution indicators, algal blooms and algicides.

Unit III
General features, occurrence and distribution. Mode of nutrition in fungi, culture
of fungi. Classification of fungi (Alexopoulos and Mims, 1979), recent trends in the
classification of fungi. General characters of major classes: Mastigomycotina,
Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina and Deuteromycotina. Thallus
organization, cell structure and fruit bodies. Phylogeny and interrelationships of major
groups of fungi. Economic importance of fungi, in medicine and in industries.

Unit IV
Homothallism and Heterothallism in fungi. Homokaryon and Heterokaryon,
Hormonal control in sex organ development in fungi. Physiological specialization and
physiological races in fungi. Reproduction, life cycle types, parasexual cycles and
reduction in sexuality in fungi. Spore dispersal mechanisms and fungal genetics, Fossil
fungi.

Lichens - General features, classification (Miller, 1984), Distribution, thallus

organization, vegetative and sexual reproduction, lichens as indicators of pollution and
economic importance of lichens.

Unit V
General features, distribution, classification (Watson, 1955), General characters
of major groups. Marchantiales, Jungermaniales, Anthoceratales, Sphagnales,
Funariales and Polytrichales. Range of vegetative structure, Evolution of gametophytes
and sporophytes. Reproduction - Vegetative and sexual, spore dispersal mechanisms
in bryophytes, spore germination patterns in bryophytes. Ecological and economic
importance of bryophytes. Origin and interrelationships, Fossil bryophytes.
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References
Algae
Bold, H.C. and Wyne, M.J. (1978). Introduction of Algae - Structure and Reproduction.
Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Chapman, C.J. and Chapman, D.J. (1981). The Algae (2nd ed.). Macmillan, London.
Darley, W.M. (1982). Algal Biology: A Physiological Approach. Blackwell Scientific
Publications. Oxford, London.
Fritsch, F. E. (1976). Structure and Reproduction of the Algae. Vol. I & II. Cambridge
University Press, London.
Ian Morris (1967). An Introduction to the Algae. Hutchinson University Library, London.
Kumar, H. D. (1989). Introductory Phycology. East-West Press, Madras.
Kumar, H. D. and Singh, H. N. (1982). A Textbook of Algae. East-West Press, Madras.
Round, F. E. (1981). The Ecology of Algae. Cambridge University Press, London.
Sharma, O. P. (1986). Textbook of Algae. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
Smith, G. M. (1976). Cryptogamic Botany. Vol. I. Algae and Fungi. Tata McGraw Hill,
New Delhi.
Vashishta, B. R. et al. (2008). Botany for Degree Students - Algae. S. Chand and Co.
Ltd., New Delhi.
Venkataraman et al. (1974). Algal Form and Function. Today and Tomorrow
Publishers, New Delhi.

Fungi
Alexopoulus, C. J. and Mims, C. W. (1979). Introductory Mycology. Wiley Eastern Ltd.,
New York.
Bessey, E. A. (1979). Morphology and Taxonomy of Fungi. Vikas Publishing House
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Bold, H. C. et al. (1980). Morphology of Plants and Fungi. Harper and Row Publishing
Inc., New York.
Burnet, J. H. (1971). The Fundamentals of Mycology. ELBS Publications, London.
Mehrotra, R. S and Aneja, K. R. (1990). An Introduction of Mycology. Wiley Eastern
Ltd., New Delhi.
Sharma, P. D. (1987). The Fungi. Rastogi and Co., Meerut.
Vashishta, B. R. and Sinha, A. K. (2007). Botany for Degree Students - Fungi. S.
Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
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Lichens
Hale, M. E. Jr. (1983). Biology of Lichens. Edward Arnold, Maryland.

Bryophytes
Cavers, F. (1911). The Interrelationship of Bryophytes. Cambridge University Press,
London.
Ingold, C. T. (1939). Spore Discharge in Land Plants. Oxford, UK.
Kashyap, S.R. (1972). The Liverworts of Western Himalayas and Punjab. Plains I & II.
Research Company Publications, New Delhi.
Parihar, N. S. (1972). An Introduction to Embryophyta-I: Bryophyta. Central Book
Depot, Allahabad.
Prem Puri (1973). Bryophytes: A Broad Perspective. Atma Ram and Sons, New Delhi.
Smith, G. M. (1971). Cryptogamic Botany. Vol. II. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. Tata
McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
Vashishta, B. R. et al. (2008). Botany for Degree Students: Bryophyta. S. Chand and
Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Watson, E. V. (1971). The Structure and Life of Bryophytes. B.I. Publications, New
Delhi.

CORE COURSE – II
ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND MORPHOGENESIS
Unit I
General account and theories of organization of apical meristems of shoot apex
and root apex, quiescent centre. Structural diversity and phylogenetic trends of
specialization of xylem and phloem. Cambium - origin - cellular structure, cell division,
storied and non-storied types. Cambium in budding and grafting - wound healing role.
Trichomes, periderm and lenticels.
Unit II
Anatomical characteristics and vascular differentiation in primary and secondary
structure of root and stem in Dicot and Monocot. Anamolous secondary growth. Origin
of lateral roots - Root stem transition - Anatomy of Dicot and Monocot leaves. Leaf
abscission, stomatal types, nodal anatomy, petiole anatomy, vascularisation of flower
and seedling.
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Unit III
Microsporangium - Microsporogenesis, Microspores - arrangement -
morphology - ultrastructure - Microgametogenesis - Pollen - Stigma - Incompatibility -
Methods to overcome incompatibility - Megasporangium - Megagametogenesis -
Female gametophyte - Monosporic - Bisporic and Tetrasporic - Nutrition of embryo sac
and fertilization
Unit IV
Endosperm - Types - Endosperm haustoria - Cytology and physiology of
endosperms, functions of endosperms - Embryo development in Dicot and Monocot,
Nutrition of embryo – Double fertilization - Polyembryony - Causes, Apomixis - Causes,
Apospory - Their role in plant improvement programmes and seed development.
Unit V
Morphogenesis and its relation to morphology - Morphogenesis at tissue level -
Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of vascular tissue in vivo, in vitro
and in wounds. Developmental studies of stem, leaf and flower. Morphogenetic factors
- growth regulators - genetic and environment - polarity.

Molecular basis of morphogenesis - Cytosol and cytoskeleton, microtubules and

microfilaments - Cellular level morphogenesis - Nuclear transplantation experiments
with Acetabularia - Sach’s and Errer’s laws - Asymmetric divisions and their
significance. Plant galls and their importance in morphogenesis.

References
Anatomy
Clowers, F. A. L. (1961). Apical Meristems. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford.
Cutter, E. G. (1978). Plant Anatomy. Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd., London.
Easu, K. (1953). Plant Anatomy. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
Fahn, A. (1989). Plant Anatomy. Maxwell Pvt. Ltd., Singapore.
Metcalfe and Chalk (1950). Anatomy of the Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. Vol. I
and II. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
Pandey, B. P. (1989). Plant Anatomy. S. Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Singh, V., Pande, P. C. and Jain, D. K. (1987). Anatomy of Seed Plants. Rastogi
Publications, Meerut.
 Page |7

Embryology
Agarwal, S. B. (1990). Embryology of Angiosperms - a fundamental approach. Sahitya
Bhawan, Agra.
Bhojwani, S. S. and Bhatnagar, S. P. (1981). Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Dwivedi, J. N. (1998). Embryology of Angiosperms. Rastogi and Co., Meerut.
Maheswari, P. (1963). An Introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms. International
Society of Plant Morphologies, University of Delhi.
Raghavan, V. (1976). Experimental Embryogenesis in Vascular Plants. Academic
Press, London.
Morphogenesis
Bard, J. (1990). Morphogenesis. Cambridge University Press, London.
Bonner, J. T. (1965). Morphogenesis. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New
Jersey.
Brouder, L. W. (1986). Development Order: A Comprehensive Treatise. Vol.2. The
Cellular Basis of Morphogenesis. Plenum Press, New York.
Bryant, J. A. and Francis, D. (1985). The Cell Division Cycle in Plants. Cambridge
University Press, London.
Burgess, J. (1985). An Introduction to Plant Cell Development. Cambridge University
Press, London.
Ebert, J. D. et al. (1970). Interacting Systems in Development. Holt, Reinhart & Win
Inc., New York.
Murphy, T. M. and Thompson, W. F. (1988). Molecular Plant Development. Prentice
Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Jersey.

CORE COURSE – III

CELL BIOLOGY AND BIOINSTRUMENTATION

Unit I

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell, Ultra structure of plant cell, Primary and
Secondary cell wall. Plasma membrane structure, lipid bilayer, membrane proteins, cell
adhesion and recognition, plasmodesmata, solid transport between cells.
 Page |8

Unit II

Ultra structure and functions of Endoplasmic reticulum, Ribosomes- Golgi

apparatus, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Nucleus, Vacuoles, Peroxisomes, Dictiosomes.
Cytoskeleton Microtubules, microfilaments, Intermediate filaments – Structure and
function, Cell division- Mitosis and Meiosis, Cell cycle and its regulation.

Unit III

Measurement of pH, Buffer, Centrifugation – Principle and types of centrifuges,

Microscopy – Light, dark field and phase contrast, SEM and TEM, Spectrophotometer
– Beer and Lambert’s law – UV- Visible double beam spectrophotometer – FTIR –
NMR.

Unit IV

Electrophoresis – Principle – native and SDS PAGE, Agarose gel

electrophoresis, Isoelectrofocusing and Two dimensional electrophoresis, MALDI-TOF.
Radioisotopes and their applications in biology. Geiger Muller counter, Scintillation
counter.

Unit V

Chromatography – Principle and procedures – TLC, PC, Gel filtration, Ion

exchange, Affinity chromatography, Gas chromatography, HPLC and HPTLC.

References

Kooper, G. M. and Hausman, R.E. (2007). The Cell- A molecular approach (4th ed.).
ASM Press, Washington.
Karp, G. (2005). Cell and Molecular Biology – Concepts and experiments (4th ed.).
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
David Freifelder (2000). Molecular Biology ( 2nd ed.). Narosa Publishing House,
New Delhi.
De Robertis, E. D. P. and De Robertis, E. M. F. (1980). Cell and Molecular Biology
(7th Ed). Saunders College Publishers, Philadelphia.
Wilson, K. and Walker, J. (2000). Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry.
Cambridge University Press, London.
 Page |9

CORE COURSE - IV
GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING
Unit I

Principles of Mendelian Genetics, Linkage and Crossingover, Tetrad analysis -

Sex determination in plants - Sex limited and sex linked inheritance - Cytoplasmic
inheritance : Male sterility Mechanisms- cytoplasmic and genetic their applications.

Unit II

Mutation: Mutagenic agents - Physical and Chemical mutagens, reverse and

suppressed mutations. Polyploidy: types, induction, role in plant breeding. Population
genetics: Hardy and Weingberg Law.

Unit III

History of Plant Breeding – Plant genetic resources, Breeding methods in self

pollinated, cross pollinated, vegetatively propagated and apometic plants, pedigree -
bulk method and back cross methods merits and demerits, Selection: Mass, pureline
and clonal selection merits and demerits. Heterosis, hybrid vigour and inbreeding
depression.

Unit IV

Special Breeding Techniques: Mutation Breeding-induced mutation and

Distant hybridization. Breeding for Resistance: Abiotic and Biotic, Somaclonal
Variation in Crop Improvement.

Unit V

Marker Assisted Selection Breeding: RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length

Polymorphism), AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism), MAS (Marker-Aided
Selection), QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci), Plant Breeders’ Right and Regulations for
plant variety protection and farmers rights.

References
 P a g e | 10

Genetics
Dayanasargar, V. R. (1990). Cytology and Genetics. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Co.Ltd., New Delhi.
Gardner et al. (2004). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons Inc., Singapore.
Gardner, E. J. (1972). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
Primrose, S. B. and Twyman, R. M. (2006). Principles of Gene Manipulation and
Genomics. 7th ed. Blackwell Science, London.
Rothwell, N. V. (1983). Genetics. Oxford University Press, London.
Sharma, A. K. and Sharma, A. (1985). Advances in Chromosome and Cell Genetics.
Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Sinnot, E. W., Dunn, L. C. and Dobshansky, T. (1977). Principles of Genetics. 5th ed.
Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
Strickberger, M. W. (1976). Genetics (2nd ed.). Macmillan Publishing Co., New York.
Swanson, C. P. (1972). Cytology and Genetics. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York.

Plant Breeding
Allard, R. W. (1960). Principles of Plant Breeding. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York.
Chopra, V. L. (1989). Plant Breeding. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Jensen, N. F. (1988). Plant Breeding Methodology. Wiley Inerscience Publications,
New York.
Sinha, V. and Sinha, S. (1986). Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding and Evolution. Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Sundararaj, D. D. and Thulasidas, G. and Durairaj, M. S. (1997). Introduction to
Cytogenetics and Plant Breeding. Popular Book Depot, Chennai.
Vasishta, P. C. and Gill, P. S. (1998). Genetics: Speciation and Plant Breeding.
Pradeep Publications, Jalandhar.
Vijendra Das, L. D. (1998). Plant Breeding. New Age International Publishers, New
Delhi.

CC - V PRACTICAL (CORE COURSE I & II)

CORE COURSE - V
PLANT DIVERSITY-I: ALGAE, FUNGI, LICHENS AND BRYOPHYTES PRACTICALS
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Type study and Micro slide preparation of the following:

Algae
Prochlorophyceae: Prochloron, Prochlorococcus and Prochlorothrix
Chlorophyta: Chlorella, Ulva and Caulerpa
Charophyta: Chara
Xanthophyta: Borydium and Vaucheria
Bacillariophyta: Cocconeis placeritula and Navicula
Rhodophyta: Gracillaria and Sargassum
Industrial products: Agar-Agar, Carrageenan, Iodine, Vitamins, Diatomaceous earth.

Fungi
Mastigomycotina:Albuco candida, Phytophthora infestans, Phythium
debaryanum,Synchytrium endobioticum and Sporolegnia parasitica
Zygomycotina: Rhizopus stolonifer,Mucor
Ascomycotina:Taphrina,Saccharomyces
Basidiomycotina: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Peziza, Ustilago tritici
Deuteromycotina: Puccinia graminis tritici, Colletotricum, Cercospora

Bryophytes
Marchantiales: Marchantia
Anthoceratales: Anthoceros
Sphagnales: Sphagnum
Funariales: Funaria
Polytrichales: Polytrichum

ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY AND MORPHOGENESIS PRACTICALS

Anatomy
 Dissection of shoot apex in Hydrilla and whole mount.
 Examination of LS of shoot and root apices
 Examination of different types of pits - secondary wall thickening - annular,
helical and scalariform and pitted thickening.
 Wood structure - TS, TLS and RLS - showing variations in vessel elements,
fibres axial parenchyma and ray parenchyma.
 Identification of different types of stomata - Monocot and Dicot types
 P a g e | 12

Embryology
 Slides showing developmental stages of anther, embryosac, endosperm and
embryo.
 Study of different types of pollen grains.
 Dissection of endosperm
 Dissection of Embryo - Abelmoschus, Cyamopsis, Tridax

Morphogenesis
 Superficial ‘V’ shaped wounding of young stem and studying the wound healing
response in Dicot and Monocot stems.
 Study of one fungal gall (Club - Root of Cabbage) and insect gall (Pongamia
leaf -gall)

CC - VI PRACTICAL (CORE COURSE III & IV)

CELL BIOLOGY AND BIOINSTRUMENTATION PRACTICALS

1. Isolation of genomic DNA from E.coli

2. Isolation of plasmid DNA from E.coli
3. Cell division
4. Isolation of membrane proteins.
5. Preparation of Normality, Molarity, Molality and ppm solution
6. Preparation of Buffer
7. Absorption maxima
8. Quantification of protein
9. Separation of protein on native PAGE
10. Molecular weight determination by SDS-PAGE
11. Agarose gel electrophoresis
12. Separation of plant pigments by column chromatography
13. Separation of amino acids by PC/TLC.
14. HPLC and HPTLC separation of secondary metabolites

GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING PRACTICALS

Experiments:

1. Pedigree Analysis
 P a g e | 13

2. Pedigree Analysis: Recessive Mutation

3. Pedigree Analysis: Dominant Mutation
4. Pedigree Analysis: Dominant or Recessive Gene
5. Pedigree Analysis: A rare Recessive Trait
6. Pedigree Analysis: A rare Dominant Trait
7. Hybridization techniques-Emasculation, Bagging
8. Induction of Polyploidy using Colchicine
9. Cytological analysis of Polyploidy in plants
10. Genome analysis in wheat/Gossypium
11. Quantification of genomic DNA
12. Estimation and calculation of salt stress effects on the expression of protein.
13. Estimation and calculation of fungal disease on the expression of pathogen
related protein.
Spotters
1. Restriction digestion
2. Agarose gel electrophoresis
3. Mutagenesis
4. Distant hybridization
5. Hybrid Vigor
6. Hardy Weinberg's law
7. Cytoplasmic inheritance
8. RFL

CORE COURSE – VII

PLANT DIVERSITY – II: PTERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPERMS AND PALEOBOTANY
Unit I
General features and origin of Pteridophytes. Classification of Pteridophytes
(Sporne). Range of morphology, structure, reproduction and evolution of gametophytes
and sporophytes of the following genera: Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Isoetes
and Equisetum.
Unit II
Range of morphology, structure, reproduction and evolution of gametophytes
and sporophytes of the following genera: Ophioglossum, Marchantia, Osmunda and
 P a g e | 14

Salvinia. Stelar evolution in pteridophytes, Heterospory and origin of seed habit.

Economic importance of Pteridophytes.
Unit III
A general account of the characteristic features of Gymnosperms. Origin of
Gymnosperms. Classification of Gymnosperms (Sporne, 1965). General structure and
interrelationships of Pteridospermales, Bennetittales, Pentoxylales and Cordaitales.
Unit IV
A general account on the distribution, morphology, anatomy, reproduction and
phylogeny of Cycas, Pinus, Ginkgoa, Ephedra, Welwitschia and Gnetum. Economic
importance of Gymnosperms.
Unit V
Concepts of Paleobotany, A general account on Geological Time Scale. Age
determination and methods of study of fossils – carbon dating.
Fossil types: Compressions, incrustation, casts, molds, putrifactions, coalballs
and compactions. Systematic and Nomenclature of fossil plants. Paleoclimates and
fossil plants, Rhynia, Calamites, Pentaxylon, Glossopteris. Role of fossil in oil
exploration and coal excavation, Paleopalynology.

References
Pteridophytes
Bower, F. O. (1939). The Ferns (Vol. I, II, III). Today and Tomorrow’s Printers, New
Delhi.
Eames, A. J. (1936). Morphology of Vascular Plants - Lower Groups. Tata McGraw Hill,
New Delhi.
Ingold, C. T. (1939). Spore Discharge in Land Plants. Oxford, UK.
Parihar, N. S. (1985). The Biology and Morphology of Pteridophytes. Central Book
Depot, Allahabad.
Rashid, A. (1986). An Introduction to Pteridophyta. Vani Educational Books, New Delhi.
Sharma, O. P. (1990). Text Book of Pteridophyta. Macmillan India Ltd., India.
Smith, G. M. (1971). Cryptogamic Botany. Vol. II. Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. Tata
McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
Sporne, K. R. (1972). The Morphology of Pteridophytes. B. I. Publications, Madras.
Sundararajan, S. (2007). Introduction to Pteridophyta. New Age International
Publishers, New Delhi.
 P a g e | 15

Vashishta, P. C. et al. (2008). Botany for Degree Students: Pteridophyta. S. Chand and
Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Gymnosperms
Chamberlain, C. J. (1957). Gymnosperms Structure and Evolution. University Chicago
Press, New York.
Coultar, J. M. and Chamberlin, C. J. (1967). Morphology of Gymnosperms. Central
Book Depot, Allahabad.
Foster, A. S. and Gifford, E. M. (1965). Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants.
W. H. Freeman & Co.
Maheswari, P. and Vasil, V. 1960. Gnetum: A Monograph. CSIR Publication, New
Delhi.
Sporne, K. R. (1974). The Morphology of Gymnosperm. B.I. Publications, New Delhi.
Vasishta, P. C. et al. (2006). Botany for Degree Students: Gymnosperms. S. Chand
and Co. Ltd., New Delhi.

Paleobotany
Nikias, K. J. (1981). Paleobotany, Paleoecology and Evolution. Praeger Publishers,
USA.
Seward, A. C. (1919). Fossil Plants. Vol. I, II, III and IV. Cambridge University Press,
London.
Seward, A. C. (1931). Plant Life through the Ages. Cambridge University Press,
London.
Shukla, A. C. and Mishra, S. P. (1982). Essentials of Paleobotany (2nd ed.). Vikas
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

CORE COURSE - VIII

ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

Unit I

Plant Taxonomy: Objectives, types of botanical classifications; Linnaeus,

Bentham and Hooker, Engler & Prantl and Hutchinson, Takhtajan system, Cronquists
system, Dahlgrens system, APG III classification. Floras, revisions and monographs.
Construction of taxonomic keys --indented and bracketed. International Code of
 P a g e | 16

Botanical Nomenclature:type concept, principle of priority, valid publication and starting

points of nomenclature.

Unit II

Phytography. Field and Herbarium Techniques; Important herbaria and botanic

gardens in India. Modern trends in taxonomy. Anatomy, palynology and embryology in
relation to taxonomy. Cytotaxonomy, Biosystematics, Taxometrics, Cladistics,
Chemotaxonomy, Serotaxonomy, Numerical Taxonomy, Biosystematics, Molecular
Taxonomy applications of RAPD, RFLP, ISSR, SSR, ITS, and QTL, DNA barcoading.

Unit III

Families of Economic Importance: Annonaceae, Menispermaceae, Malvaceae,

Zygophyllaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Fabaceae (Faboideae, Caesalpinoideae and
Mimosoideae), Rosaceae, Combretaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae.

Unit IV

Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Plumbaginaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepiadaceae,

Loganiaceae, Gentianaceae, Solanaceae, Acanthaceae, Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae,
Nyctaginaceae, Amaranthaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Piperaceae, Euphorbiaceae,
Zingiberaceae, Costaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Alliaceae, Poaceae.

Unit V

The IUCN Threat Categories (Extinct, Extinct in Wild, Critically Endangered,

Vulnerable) – The threat factors – Threatened plant species of India (ten species) - Red
data Books - Plant conservation and Biotechnology- Integrating biotechnology in
conservation programs; In situ- Protected Areas; Biosphere Reserves, National Parks,
Tiger Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries. Ex situ – selection of superior germplasms. Field
gene bank, botanic garden, experimental garden, introduction, reintroduction and in
vitro conservation of threatened plants. Sustainable utilization of plant genetic
resources.

References

Bell, A. D. (1991). Plant form. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

 P a g e | 17

Benson, E. E. (1999). Plant Conservation Biotechnology. Taylor and Francis Ltd.,

United Kingdom.
Benson, L. D. (1962). Plant Taxonomy: Methods and Principles. Ronald Press, New
York.
Bilgrami, K. S. and Dogra, J. V. (1990). Phytochemistry and Plant Taxonomy. CBS
Publishers, New Delhi.
Chopra, G. L. (1974). Angiosperms. Jowhar Offset Press, Delhi, India.
Cronquist, A. (1981). An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants.
Columbia University Press, New York.
Davis, P. H. and Heywood, V. M. (1963). Principles of Angiosperm Taxonomy. Oliver &
Boyd, Edinburgh.
Erdtman, G. (1986). Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy : Angiosperms An
Introduction to Palynology. E.J.Brill, Leiden, Netherlands.
Gary, K. M. and Carroll, R.C. 1994. Principles of Conservation Biology Sinauer
Associates, Inc., Massachusetts.
Groombrige, B. (1992). Global Biodiversity- Status of the Earth’s Living Resources.
Chapman & Hall, London.
Heywood, V. H. (1967). Plant Taxonomy. Edward Arnold Ltd., Great Britain.
IUCN (1992). Conserving Biological Diversity in Managed Tropical Forests. IUCN,
Gland Switzerland and Cambridge.
Jain, S. K. and Rao, R. R. (1977). A handbook of Field and Herbarium methods. Today
and Tomorrow Printers and Publishers, New Delhi.
Jones, S. B. and Luchsinger, A. E. (1987). Plant Systematics (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill
Book Company. New York.
Judd W. S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F. and Donoghue. (2002). Plant
Systematics - A Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
Krishnamurthy, K.V. (2003). An advanced text book on Biodiversity. Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Lawrence, G. H. M. (1973). Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Oxford & IBH Publishing
Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Mabberley, D. J. (2008). Mabberley’s Plant Book: A portable dictionary of plants, their
classification and uses (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press, London.
 P a g e | 18

McNeely, J. A., Harrison, J. and Dingwall (1994). Protecting Nature: Regional Reviews
of Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge.
McNeely, J. A., Miller, K. R., Reid, W. V., Mittermeier, R. A. and Werner, T. B. (1990).
Conserving the World’s Biological Diversity. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland; WRI, CI,
WWF- US and the World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Minelli, A. (1993). Biological Systematics : The State of the Art. Chapman & Hall,
London.
Mitra, J. N. (1988). An Introduction to Systematic Botany and Ecology. The World
Press Pvt. Ltd., Calcutta.
Naik, V. K. (1984). Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Tata McGraw-Hill publishing Co. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
Pandey, B. P. (1995). Angiosperms. S. Chand & Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Poore, D. and Sayer, J. (1991). The Management of Tropical Moist Forest Lands:
Ecological Guideliness. Second Edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and
Cambridge.
Quicke, D. L. J. (1993). Principles and Techniques of Contemporary Taxonomy.
Blackie Academic & Professional (An imprint of Chapman & Hall.), London.
Radford, A. E., Dickinson, W. C., Massey, J. R. and Bell, C. R. (1974). Vascular Plant
Systematics, Harper & Row, New York.
Sayer, J. (1991). Rainforest Buffer Zones. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge.
Simpson, M. G. (2010). Plant Systematics (2nd ed.). Elsevier Inc., San Diego.
Singh, G. (1999). Plant Systematics – theory and practice. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Sivarajan, V. V. (1991). Introduction to the Principles of Plant Taxonomy. Oxford &
IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Stace, C. A. (1989). Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics (2nd ed.). Edward Arnold,
London.
Stuessy, T. F. (1990). Plant taxonomy - the systematic evaluation of comparative data.
Columbia Univ. Press, Columbia.
Subramanyam, N. S. (1995). Modern Plant Taxonomy. Vikas Publishing House Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
Takhtajan, A. (1981). Flowering Plants: Origin and Dispersal. Bishen Singh Mahendra
Pal Singh, Dehradun.
 P a g e | 19

UNEP (1995). Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge University Press, London.

Virchow, D. (1998). Conservation of Genetic Resources. Springer – Verlag, Berlin.
Whitmore, T. C. and Sayer, J. A. (1992). Tropical Deforestation and Species Extinction.
Chapman & Hall, London.
Wiley, E. O. (1981). Phylogenetics: The Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic
Systematics. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Willis, J. C. (1973). A dictionary of the flowering plants & ferns (8th ed.). (revised by H.K.
Airy Shaw). Cambridge University Press, London

CORE COURSE - IX
PLANT TISSUE CULTURE AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

Unit I

Introduction - History, Scope and Concepts of basic techniques in plant tissue

culture. Laboratory requirements and organisation. Sterilization - filter, heat and
chemical. Media preparation - inorganic nutrients, organic supplements, carbon
source, gelling agents, growth regulators and composition of important culture
media (MS, Whites and Gamborg’s media). Cell, tissue and organ culture, cell
suspension cultures - batch, continuous, chemostat culture.

Unit II

Micropropagation – Clonal propagation of elite germplasm, factors affecting

morphogenesis and proliferation rate, technical problems in micropropagation.

Organogenesis - formation of shoots and roots - Role of growth regulators

and other factors, somaclonal and gametoclonal variations.

Somatic embryogenesis - Process of somatic embryogenesis, structure,

stages of embryo development, factors affecting embryogenesis, synthetic seeds.

Haploid production - Androgenesis, gynogenesis - Protoplast culture:

Isolation of protoplasts - mechanical and enzymatic sources, culture of
protoplasts, viability. Protoplast fusion - Spontaneous, mechanical, induced
electrofusion, selection of somatic hybrids, cybrids, importance.
 P a g e | 20

Unit III

In vitro production of secondary metabolities - Classification of secondary

metabolites, biosynthetic pathways (Mavolanate, Malonic and Shikimic acid
pathway), Applications of cell suspension cultures, immobilized cell cultures and
biotransformation, elicitors and hairy root culture.

Cryopreservation and gene bank - Methods of preservation, preparation of

materials for deep freezing, cryoprotectors, storage strategies, assessment of
successful cryopreservation, application and limitations.

Application of tissue culture in Forestry, Horticulture, Agriculture and

Pharmaceutical industry.

Unit IV
Agrobacterium - crown gall tumors -Ti and Ri plasmids, Agrobacterium
mediated transformation - TDNA transfer; Direct DNA transfer: Electroporation, Particle
Bombardment & Chloroplast transformation. GUS expression. Gene tagging: Gene
regulation and silencing.
Unit V
Reporter genes and promoters. Genetic Engineering of plants for disease
resistance- antifungal proteins, virus resistance- coat protein mediated, insect
resistance - Bt genes, herbicide tolerance- glyphosate. ACC oxidase for delayed fruit
ripening. Future prospects of GM crops – merits and demerits.

References
Bhojwani, S. S. and Razdan, M. K. (1983). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and
Practice. Elsevier Science Publishers, Netherlands.
Dodds, J. H. and Roberts, I. W. (1985). Experiments in Plant Tissue Culture.
Cambridge University Press, London.
Fowler, M. W. (1986). Industrial Application of Plant Cell Culture. In: Yeoman, M.
M. (ed.). Plant Cell Culture Technology. Blackwell, Oxford, London.
Hammoond, J., McGarvey, P. and Yusibov, V. (2000). Plant Biotechnology.
Springer Verlag, New York.
 P a g e | 21

Johri, B. M. (1982). Experimental Embryology of Vascular Plants. Narosha

Publishing House, New Delhi.
Kalyan Kumar, De. (1992). An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture. New Central
Book Agency, Calcutta.
Ramawat, K. G. (2000). Plant Biotechnology. S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.
Razdan, M. K. (2004). Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture (2nd ed.). Oxford &
IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Reinert, J. and Bajaj, Y. P. S. (1977). Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture: A
Laboratory Manual, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
Vasil, I. K. (1986). Cell Culture and somatic Cell Genetics of Plants. 3 Volumes.
Academic Press Inc., New York.
Bhojwani, S. S. and Razdan, M. K. (1983). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice.
Elsevier Science Publishers, Netherlands.
Dodds, J. H. and Roberts, I. W. (1985). Experiments in Plant Tissue Culture.
Cambridge University Press, London.
Fowler, M. W. (1986). Industrial Application of Plant Cell Culture. In: Yeoman, M. M.
(ed.). Plant Cell Culture Technology. Blackwell, Oxford, London.
Hammoond, J., McGarvey, P. and Yusibov, V. (2000). Plant Biotechnology. Springer
Verlag, New York.
Johri, B. M. (1982). Experimental Embryology of Vascular Plants. Narosha Publishing
House, New Delhi.
Kalyan Kumar, De. (1992). An Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture. New Central Book
Agency, Calcutta.
Ramawat, K. G. (2000). Plant Biotechnology. S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.
Razdan, M. K. (2004). Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture (2nd ed.). Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Reinert, J. and Bajaj, Y. P. S. (1977). Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture: A
Laboratory Manual. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
Vasil, I. K. (1986). Cell Culture and somatic Cell Genetics of Plants. 3 Volumes.
Academic Press Inc., New York.
 P a g e | 22

CC - VI PRACTICAL (CORE COURSE VII, VIII & IX)

PTERIDOPHYTES, GYMNOSPERMS AND PALEOBOTANY PRACTICALS

Sectioning and micro slide preparation of the following:

Pteridophytes
Psilotum, Lycopodium, Selaginella, Isoetes, Equisetum, Ophioglossum, Marattia,
Osmunda and Salvinia

Gymnosperms
Cycus, Pinus, Ginkgoa, Ephedra, Welwitchia and Gnetum

Paleobotany
Fossil plants slides- Rhynia, Calamites, Pentaxylon and Glossopteris.

ANGIOSPERM TAXONOMY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY PRACTICALS

1. Root types
2. Underground stems
3. Leaf shapes
4. Inflorescence types
5. Fruits
6. Seeds
7. Preparation of herbarium specimens (one each) for the families of Annonaceae,
Menispermaceae, Malvaceae, Zygophyllaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Fabaceae
(Faboideae, Caesalpinoideae and Mimosoideae), Rosaceae, Combretaceae,
Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Rubiaceae, Asteraceae, Plumbaginaceae, Apocynaceae,
Asclepiadaceae, Loganiaceae, Gentianaceae, Solanaceae, Acanthaceae,
Verbenaceae, Lamiaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Amaranthaceae, Aristolochiaceae,
Piperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Zingiberaceae, Costaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Alliaceae
and Poaceae.

PLANT TISSUE CULTURE AND GENETIC ENGINEERING PRACTICALS

1. Preparation of media for tissue culture

2. Sterilization of explants
3. Micropropagation through axillary and apical bud explants
4. Organ development from cultured tissue
 P a g e | 23

5. Induction of somatic embryos

6. Culture of matured embryos and endosperm
7. Induction and maintenance of callus
8. Cell suspension culture
9. Measurement of plant cell growth (PCV, cell number, Wet and Dry Weights)
10. Determination of vascular element formation
11. Synthetic seed production
12. Detecting antibacterial secondary metabolite production by cultured tissue
13. Qualitative analysis of secondary metabolites in cultured cells
14. Protoplast isolation, fusion and culture.

ELECTIVE COURSE - I

BIOPROSPECTING, DRUG DISCOVERY AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

Unit I

Conventional and new approaches in drug discovery: Historical approaches in

drug discovery: Natural, Synthetic and Semisynthetic sources. New approaches in drug
discovery: combinatorial chemistry, high throughput screening, ultra high throughput
screening and high content screening, technologies for high throughput screening,
pharmacogenomics, proteomics and array technology.

Unit II

Drug delivery systems and dosage form development: Brief introduction on

Conventional and novel drug delivery modules. Design, development, formulation,
evaluation and validation methods for pharmaceutical operations involved in the
production of following pharmaceutical products: Capsules, Tablets, Powders,
Suppository, Liquid Dosage forms, Solutions, Suspensions, Emulsions, Semisolid
Dosage forms, Ointments, Cream and Parental Products.

Unit III

Preformulation studies: a) Study of physical properties of drug like physical

form, particle size, shape, density, wetting dielectric constant, solubility, dissolution and
organoleptic property and their effect on formulation, stability and bioavailability.
 P a g e | 24

b) Study of chemical properties of drugs like hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction,

racemization, polymerization etc., and their influence on formulation and stability of
products.

c) Study of pro-drugs in solving problems related to stability, bioavailability and

elegancy of formulations

D) Optimization Techniques in Pharmaceutics, Formulation and Processing,

Optimization parameters, statistical design and other application.

Unit IV

Performance evaluation methods: a) In vitro dissolution studies for solid dosage

forms methods, interpretation of dissolution data.

b) Bioavailability studies and bioavailability testing protocol and procedures.

c) In vivo methods of evaluation and statistical treatment.

d) Kinetic principles and stability testing: Order of reaction, Influence of pH,

temperature, Acid base catalysis. Effect of Ionic strength on degradation, complex
reactions, amide hydrolysis, ring alteration, oxidation reduction, chemical and physical
stability of dosage forms, influence of packaging components on dosage form stability.

Unit V

Drug regulatory affairs: federal food, drug and cosmetic act; Kafaurver Harre's
amendments, new drug application, drug efficacy study, implementation review, OTC
drug review, drug listing. Drug amendments, patents, copy right, trademarks, drug
recalls, product liability, clinical trials based on formulations of Siddha-Ayurveda
pharmacopoeias.

References

Armstrong, N. A. and James, K. C. (1996). Pharmaceutical Experimental Design and

Interpretation. Taylor and Francis, London.
 P a g e | 25

Baird, R. M., Hodges, N. A. and Denyer, S. P. (2000). Handbook of Microbiological

Quality Control: Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices. Taylor and Francis,
London.
Banker, G. S. and Rhodes, C. T. (2002). Modern Pharmaceutics (4th ed.). Marcel
Dekker, New York.
Bernard, T. L. and Narth Robert, A. (1991). Pharmaceutical Process Validation,
volumes 23, Marcel Dekker, New York.
Brody, A. L. and Marsh, K. S. (1997). The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging
Technology (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Harburn, K. (1990). Quality Control of Packaging Materials in the Pharmaceutical
Industry. Marcel Dekker, New York.
Leon, L. and Lieberman, H. A. (1987). The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy
(3rd ed.). Varghese Publishing House, Bombay.
Park, K., Shalaby, W.S.W. and Park, H. (1993). Biodegradable Hydrogels for Drug
Delivery. Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, PA.
Tonneson, H. (2004). Photostability of Drugs and Drug Formulations. Taylor and
Francis, London.
Willing, S. H. and Stoker, J. R. (1996). Good Manufacturing Practice for
Pharmaceuticals. Marcel Dekker, New York.

EXTRA DEPARTMENTAL COURSE - I

BIOFERTILIZERS

UNIT I

Biofertilizers - Introduction, scope. A general account of Biofertilizers organisms -

Cyanobacteria (BGA), Bacteria and Mycorrhizae - Cyanobacteria (BGA) as
biofertilizers - Anabaena, Nostoc and Azolla - Mass cultivation of Azolla -
Cyanobacterial biofertilizers - Symbiotic association of Cyanobacteria - Field
application of Cyanobacterial inoculants.

Unit II

Bacterial biofertilizers - Introduction, scope. A general account of bacterial

biofertilizers organisms. Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Frankia, Phosphobacteria and
 P a g e | 26

Rhizobium. Mass production of Rhizobia. Mechanism of nitrogen fixation (free-living

and symbiotic) - Biochemistry and molecular basis of nitrogen fixation - Phosphate
solubilization and mobilization.

Unit III

Mycorrhizal fungi as biofertilizers - Introduction, scope. A general account of Ecto,

Endo and Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM). Methods of collection, wet sieving and
decanting method and inoculum production, Green manuring , farm yard manuring,
compost manuring, importance of biofertilizers.

Unit IV

Simplified anaerobic digesters for biofertilizer. Modified anaerobic fermentor for

biofertilizer, Operating conditions for anaerobic digestion of biofertilizer.

Unit V

Mass production of biofertilizer and methods of filed application. Organic farming and
waste recycling. Integrated approach in biofertilier use, Biofertilizers and Agricultural
productivity.

References

Dubey, R. C. (2008). A Textbook of Biotechnology. S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.

Newton, W. E. et al. (1977). Recent Developments in Nitrogen Fixation.
Academic Press, New York.
Schwintzer, C. R. and Tjepkema, J. D. (1990). The Biology of Frankia and
Actinorhizal Plants. Academic Press Inc., San Diego, USA.
Stewart, W. D. P. and Gallon, J. R. (1980). Nitrogen Fixation. Academic Press,
New York.
Subba Rao, N. S. (1982). Advances in Agricultural Microbiology. Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Subba Rao, N. S. (2002). Soil Microbiology (4th ed.). Soil Microorganisms and
Plant Growth. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
 P a g e | 27

Subba Rao, N. S. and Dommergues, Y. R. (1998). Microbial Interactions in

Agriculture and Forestry. Vol. I, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
Verma, A. (1999). Mycorrhiza. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Wallanda, T. et al. (1997). Mycorrhizae. Backley’s Publishers, The Netherlands.

CORE COURSE - XI

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Unit I
Water Relations of Plants: Water potential, osmotic potential and pressure
potential - water and ion absorption and transport- passive and active absorption, soil-
plant atmosphere continuum, stomatal physiology and regulation. Translocation of
organic solutes – source – sink relationship. Mineral deficiency, hydroponics.

Unit II
Photosynthesis: Photophysical and photochemical phase; Light reactions;
sequence of photosynthetic pathway - Electron Transport Chain, Photophosphorylation.
Pathways of CO2 fixation.
Respiration: Photorespiration, metabolic significance of TCA cycle, electron
transport and oxidative phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway and dark
respiration.

Unit III
Nitrogen Metabolism: sources of nitrogen, molecular nitrogen- inorganic
nitrogen-organic nitrogen, Conversion of nitrate into ammonia. Biological nitrogen
fixation – non symbiotic and symbiotic- reductive amination and Transamination.
Plant Growth Hormones: Auxins, Gibberellins, Cytokinins and
Brassionosteroids- their physiological effects and mode of action.
Plant Growth Retardants: Absicic acid and ethylene. Senescence and aging,
Photoperiodisam.
Phytochromes: In movements and flowering.
 P a g e | 28

Unit IV
Secondary Metabolites and Plant Defense: Terpenes- phenolic compounds-
nitrogen containing compounds. Response of Plant to stresses – Biotic stress- induced
plant defenses against insect herbivores and pathogen. Abiotic- water deficit, salinity
stress - heat stress- heat shock - chilling and freezing oxidative stress – mechanism of
tolerance and resistance.

Unit V
Carbohydrates: Classification, structure of mono, di, oligo and
polysaccharides. Amino acids: structure and function. Enzymes: classification, mode
of action, Km value, coenzymes, isoenzymes. Proteins: classification, structure and
composition. Lipids: classification, structure and properties of acyl lipids and
phosphates. Fatty acids: Biosynthesis of fatty acids. Nucleic acids: Biosynthesis of
Nucleic acids.

References

Plant Physiology
Devlin, R. M. (1969). Plant Physiology. Van Nostrand, Reinhold Co., New York.
Fang, F. K. (1982). Light Reaction Path of Photosynthesis. Vol. 35. Molecular Biology,
Biochemistry and Biophysics. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Jain, V. K. (2007). Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.
Leopold, A. C. (1973). Plant Growth and Development. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Meyer, Anderson and Bonning (1965). Introduction to Plant Physiology. D. Van
Nostrand.
Noggle, R. and Fritz, G. I. (1989). Introductory Plant Physiology (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall,
New Delhi.
Norton, G. (1978). Plant Proteins. Butterworth, London.
Palmer, J. M. (1984). The Physiology and Biochemistry of Plant Respiration.
Cambridge University Press, London.
Salisbury, F. B. and Ross, E. (1992). Plant Physiology. Wadsworth, Belmont,
California, USA.
Verma, S. K. (1999). Plant Physiology. S. Chand & Co., New Delhi.
 P a g e | 29

Plant Biochemistry
Blonstein, A. B. and King, P. J. (1987). A Genetic Approach to Plant Biochemistry.
Narosa, New Delhi.
Brett, C. T. and Hillman, J. R. (1985). Biochemistry of Plant Cells Walls. Cambridge
University Press, London.
Cohn, E. E. and Stumpf, P. K. (1994). Outlines of Biochemistry. Wiley Eastern Ltd.,
New Delhi.
Goodwin, F. W. and Mercer, F. I. (1983). Introduction to Plant Biochemistry (2nd ed.).
Pergamon Press, New York.
Keshav Trehan (1987). Biochemistry. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.
Lehinger, A. L. et al. (1993). Principles of Biochemistry. CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
Stryer, L. (1995). Biochemistry (4th ed.). W. H. Freeman Co., New York.

CORE COURSE – XII

PLANT PATHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Unit I

History and scope of plant pathology- general account of diseases caused by

plant pathogens, biotic and abiotic causes of plant diseases, Symptomotology,
Identification of some plant diseases.

Fungal: wheat rust, smut, paddy-blast, cotton-wilt, grapes-downy mildew and

powdery mildew, tikka –groundnut

Bacterial- citrus canker; Nematode - Root knot of tomato; Viral - TMV and
cucumber mosaic virus.

Unit II

Pathogen attack and defence mechanism; physical, physiological, biochemical

and molecular aspects of defense mechanism, induced resistance, Plant disease
management - chemical (fungicides, pesticides), biological (merits and demerits).
Development of transgenics, biopesticides. Method of application.

Unit III
 P a g e | 30

Molecular diagnosis of plant pathogens, identification of genes, host parasite

interaction, recognition, morphological and anatomical resistance, role of enzymes,
toxins, defence strategies-oxidative burst, phenolics, phytoalexins, PR proteins,
elicitors, molecular manipulation of resistance, Application of information technology in
plant pathology.

Unit IV

Plant Genome Organization – Structural features of a representative plant gene.

Organization of chloroplast and mitochondrial genome. Nucleus encoded and
chloroplast encoded genes for chloroplast proteins. Organization of mitochondrial
genome. Targeting of proteins to mitochondria. Genome Organization and variation in
higher plants.

Unit V
Regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression and gene silencing.
Genetic code, protein synthesis – Initiation and their regulation – Elongation and
elongation factors, aminoacylation of tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthesis, translation,
inhibitors, Transposon, post – translation modification of proteins. Analysis of plant
gene expression with transgenic plant.

References
Bilgrami, K. S. and Dube, H. C. (1990). A Textbook of Modern Plant Pathology.
Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Butler, E. J. and Jones, S. G. (1949). Plant Pathology. Macmillan & Co., London.
Cooper, J. I. (1995). Viruses and the Environment ( 2nd ed.). Chapman & Hall,
London.
Mehrota, R. S. (1994). Plant Pathology. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
Pandey, B. P. (1982). A Textbook of Plant Pathology, Pathogen and Plant
Diseases. S. Chand and Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Singh, R. S. (1990). Plant Diseases ( 6th ed.). Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
Smith, K. M. (1957). A Textbook of Plant Virus Diseases. Little Borwn & Co., Boston.
 P a g e | 31

David Freifelder (2000). Molecular Biology ( 2nd ed.). Narosa Publishing House,
New Delhi.
De Robertis, E. D. P. and De Robertis, E. M. F. (1980). Cell and Molecular Biology
(7th Ed). Saunders College Publishers, Philadelphia.
Wilson, K. and Walker, J. (2000). Principles and Techniques of Practical Biochemistry.
Cambridge University Press, London.

CORE COURSE – XIII

PLANT ECOLOGY AND PHYTOGEOGRAPHY

Unit I. Introduction, Scope of Ecology, Principles and Concepts Pertaining to the

Ecosystem.

Principles and concepts pertaining to organization at population level: Population

group properties, population density, induces of relatives abundance, natality, mortality,
r & k selection, population age distribution, intrinsic rate of natural tolerance, carrying
capacity, population structure – aggregation and Allee’s principle, isolation and
territoriality.

Types of interactions between two species – Negative interactions predation,

parasitism and antibiosis, positive interactions – commensalism, cooperation and
mutualism.

Principles and concepts pertaining to organization at the community level: Biotic

community concept, community analysis, species diversity and dominance in
communities, pattern in communities – continuum and ordination approaches, ecotones
and the concepts of edge effect, qualitative characteristics (phytosociology) – transect,
quadrat, plotless or point methods, abundance, density, basal cover and IVI.

Unit II. Principles pertaining to limiting factors: Climatic factors – light, temperature,
water, soil, atmosphere; Liebig’s law of Minimum, Shelford’s Law of tolerance,
combined concept of limiting factors and ecological indicators.

Principles and concepts pertaining to energy in ecological systems - Concepts of

productivity – Bomb calorimetry, harvest method, gas exchange method, radioisotope
method, Leaf Area Index (LAI), chlorophyll estimation method, productivity in different
 P a g e | 32

ecosystems, food chains food web and trophic levels – autotrophs (photoautotrophs
and chemoautotrophs), decomposers, herbivores, carnivores, omnivores; ecological
pyramids, energy concept, energy flow and ecosystem energetics.

Unit III. Principles and concepts pertaining to biogeochemical cycles: Patterns

and basic types of biogeochemical cycles – C, N, P, S and water cycles, interactions
between the nutrient cycles, nutrient cycling and in tropical and temperature regions /
ecosystems.

Species and individual in the ecosystem: Concepts of habitat and ecological niche,
ecological equivalents, character displacement, Gause’s competitive exclusion
principle, sympatry and allopatry, natural selection, artificial selection and
domestication.

Unit IV. Development and evolution of the ecosystem: Strategy of ecosystem

development (autotrophic heterotrophic succession), concept of climax, evolution of the
ecosystem (xerophytes and hydrosere), co-evolution, group selection, gynecological –
Turesson’s gynecological classification.

Habitat approaches: Aquatic ecosystems – lentic and lotic communities, marine

ecosystem, estuarine ecosystem; terrestrial ecosystems – forests, grasslands,
savanna, alpine ecosystem, tundra and deserts.

Pollution and environment health: Kinds and sources of pollution – air, water, soil,
acoustic and radiation pollution, climatic changes – green house effect and global
warming.

Unit V. Biogeography: Principles and importance of biogeography – Phyto and

Zoogeographic regions of the world with a detailed study of Indian vegetation and
fauna. Udvady’s classification.

Patterns of distribution – Endemic – Contribution- Discontinuous – Vicarious or

vicariance – polytopic – endemism – Age – and Area hypothesis, dispersal and
migration and their aims and methods.

Theories on present day distribution – continental drift hypothesis, physiographic

evidence, stratigraphic evidence and paleomagnetic evidence.

GIS – A preliminary account.

 P a g e | 33

References
Ambasht, R. S. (1974). A text book of plant ecology. Students & Friends and Co.,
Varanasi, India.
APHA, (1985). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water. APHA,
Washington, DC.
Barry, Cox, C and Peter D. Moore (2005). Biogeography: An ecological and
evolutionary approaches. Blackwell Pub., Co., London.
Billings, W. D. (1972). Plants man and ecosystem, Macmillian India, New Delhi.
Blackie (1983). Evolutionary principles, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
Briggs, D. and Walters, S. M. (1984). Plant variation and Evolution, Cambridge
University Press, London.
Chapman (1999). Ecology - Principles and applications. Cambridge University Press,
Foundation Books, New Delhi.
Crawford, R. M. M. (1986). Plant life in aquatic and amphibious habitats. Blackwell
Scientific Publications, Oxford, London.
Echrlin and Holm (1974). Process of Evolution, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi.
Hill, M. K. (1997). Understanding environmental pollution. Cambridge University Press,
London.
Jeffery, D. W. (1987). Soil Plant relationship – An ecological approach. Croom Helm.
Jha A. P. (1997). Genes and Evolution. Macmillian India Ltd., New Delhi.
Jones, H. G. (1983). Plants and Microclimate: a qualitative approach to environment
plant physiology. Cambridge University Press, London.
Kershaw, K. A. and Looney, J. H. H. (1985). Qualitative dynamic plant ecology (3rd ed.).
Edward Arnold, London.
Koromondy, E. J. (1996). Concepts of ecology. Prentice – Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New
Delhi.
Krebs, J.A. and Davies, N.A. (1997). Behavioural Ecology An evolution approach
Blackwell Publishing Co., Oxford, UK.
Krishnamurthi, C. R. and Viswanathan, P. (1991). Toxic metals in the Indian
Environment. Tata Mcgraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
Kumar, H. D. (1997). General Ecology. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
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Mac Donold, G., Ball, A. S. and Virdee S.R. (1999). Instant notes in Ecology. Viva
Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Misra, R. (1968). Ecology Workbook. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Muller – Dombios, D. and Ellenberg, H. (1974). Aims and Methods of vegetation
ecology. Wiley, New Delhi.
Odum, F. E. (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunders & Co., New Delhi.
Ray, P. K. (1992). Pollution and Health. Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.
Robinson, H. (1978). Biogeography. ECBS & Mac Donald and Evans, London.
Savage, J. M. (1969). Evolution, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Strickberger, M. W. (1996). Evolution. Jones and Barlett Publishers. New Delhi.
Theodosius Dbozhansky et al., (1986). Evolution Surjeet Publications. New Delhi.
Trivedi, P.R. and Gurudeep Raj (1995). Environmental Biology. Akasdeep Publishing
House, New Delhi.
Weber, W. J. and Morris, C. J. (1962). Advances in water pollution research.
Peragamon Press, Oxford, London.
Wooley, P. (1983). Molecular theory of Evolution. Springer Verlag, Berlin.

CC - XIV PRACTICAL (CORE COURSE XI, XII & XIII

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY PRACTICALS

Plant Physiology
Determination of water potential in different tissues.
Determination of chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll by the Arnon’s
method.
Determination of carotenoids.
Estimation of protein by Lowry’s method.
Estimation of total phenols.
Hill reaction - demonstration.
Biochemistry
Extraction and estimation of lipid
Determination of reducing sugars in (grapes) fruit
Estimation of amino acids by ninhydrin
Separation and identification of amino acids by chromatography
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Extraction of amylase and determination of its activity

Determination of peroxidase activity.

Plant Pathology and Molecular Biology

Isolation of phytopathogens (fungi and bacteria)

Isolation of plasmids from bacteria and antibiotic resistance.

Paddy blast, cotton wilt pathogen – morphologiocal characters

Biochemical defense mechanism- isolation of protein from control and infected plant
parts-and their separation

Identification of biocontrol organisms through PCR

Raising transgenic plants

Isolation of biopesticides

Plant Ecology and Phytogeography

Analysis of vegetation – by using quadrat / line transect to find out frequency and
interpret the vegetations in terms of Raunkiaer’s frequency formula.

To find out dissolved oxygen dissolved oxygen content in the given water (Pond, Lake,
Well etc.) samples by Winkler’s methods.

To find out primary production in the given water sample by using light and dark bottle
methods.

Estimation carbonate and bicarbonate content in the water samples.

Estimation the total organic carbon content in the given soil samples

ELECTIVE COURSE - II
MEDICINAL PLANTS AND PATENTING

Unit I. Systems of medicine

Systems of medicine - Ayurvedha, Siddha, Unani, Tibetian – Homeopathy –

Naturopathy – Aromatheraphy – Ethnotherapeutics – Ethnopharmacology.
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Unit II. Economic value

Economic value of herbals and herbal drugs – Wealth of India and World herbals –
standardization and preservation of herbal drugs – Drug adulteration – Identification
and substitutions, Identification, cultivation and micropropagation of herbals,
biotechnological exploitation – Databases on herbs and herbal drugs – In situ
conservation through gene banks.

Unit III. Cultivation of medicinal plants

Plant wise uses and cultivation practices – agriculture practices for cultivation of some
important medicinal plants – Catharanthus roseus, Gloriosa suberba, Rauvolfia
serpentine, Elettaria cardamom and Zinziber officinale.

Unit IV. Mode of action & pharmacodynamics

The need for the study of herbal medicine – Understanding the mode of action –
synthesis and designing of herbal drugs – Pharmacodynamics – Improvement of drugs.

Unit V. Patenting

Patenting – Definition – Need for patenting – Types of Patents – Conditions to be

satisfied by an invention to be patentable – Introduction to patent search – Problems in
patenting and Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights ((TRIPS) – General
Agreement on Trade and Tariff (GATT) – World Trade Organization (WTO).

REFERENCES

Agenes A. (1999). Herbal plants and Drugs. Mangal Deep Publications, Jaipur.
Chopra, R. N. Nayar, S. L. and Chopra, I. C. (1956). Glossary of Indian medicinal
plants. CSIR Publication, New Delhi.
Guhabakshi, D. N., Sen Sharma, P. and Pal, D. C. (1999). A lexicon of medicinal plants
in India. Nayaprakash publication, Calcutta.
Purohit, S. S. and Vyas, S. P. (2004). Medicinal Plant Cultivation – A Scientific
Approach. Agrobios, India.
Rajiv K Sinha (1996). Ethnobotany – The Renaissance of Traditional herbal medicine.
INA Shree Publishers.

EXTRA DEPARTMENTAL COURSE - II

MUSHROOM TECHNOLOGY
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Unit I

Introduction – history - scope of edible mushroom cultivation - Types of edible

mushrooms available in India – Agaricus bisporus, Plerotus citrinopileatus and
Volvariella volvacea

Unit II

Pure culture – preparation of medium (PDA and Oatmeal agar medium) sterilization –
preparation of test tube slants to store mother culture – culturing of Pleurotus mycelium
on petriplates, preparation of mother spawn in saline bottle and polypropylene bag and
their multiplication.

Unit III

Cultivation technology: Infrastructure: Sibstates (locally available) Polythene bag,

vessels, Inoculation hook, inoculation loop, low cost stove, sieves, culture rack,
mushroom unit (Thatched house) water sprayer, tray, small polythene bag, Mushroom
bed preparation - paddy straw, sugarcane trash, maize straw, banana leaves.

Unit IV

Storage and nutrition: Short – term storage (Refrigeration – up to 24 hours) Long term
Storage (Canning, pickles, papads), drying, storage in salt solutions. Nutrition –
Proteins – amino acids, mineral elements nutrition – Carbohydrates, Crude fibre
content – Vitamins.

Unit V

Food Preparation

Types of foods prepared from mushroom: Soup, Cutlet, Omelette, Samosa

Research Centres – National level and Regional level

Cost benefit ratio – Marketing in India and Abroad, Export Value.

REFERENCES

Nita Bahl (1984 – 1988). Hand book of Mushrooms, II Edition, Vol. I & Vol. II. Oxford
and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi
Swaminathan, M. (1990). Food and Nutrition. Bappco, The Bangalore Printing and
Publishing Co. Ltd., No.88, Mysore Road, Bangalore – 560018.
Tewari and Pankaj Kapoor (1988). Mushroom cultivation, Mittal Publications, Delhi.

PROJECT WORK