Procrastination is the term for restraining oneself to do something that needs to be
accomplished (Estrito & Victor,2019), it could be further stated as habitual act despite
its negative consequences (Ferrari, 2018).As eloquently stated by Steel (2017),
Procrastination is to voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting
to be worse off for the delay. It is all about delays or putting things off like work, chores,
assignments, or other actions that should be done in timely manner. Procrastination
was described as one of the general weaknesses, which ,in spite of the instruction of
moralists, and the remonstrances of reason, prevail to a greater or less degree in
every mind. Procrastination serves as a barrier and blocks you from living your life to
the fullest. Recent researches shown that people regret the things that they haven’t
done than the things that they have done. Procrastination is the adjournment of a task
which needs to be done. It is a chronic habit of justifying to oneself that a task does
not, should not or cannot be started now (Ekundayo, et al. 2010). According to
Kingsley (2015), procrastination is a general and pathological delay where we tend to
practice of carrying out less urgent task preference to more urgent ones, or doing
more pleasurable things in place of less pleasurable ones. Delaying of a task that was
originally planned despite expecting to be worse off for the delay , students end up
voluntarily choosing of action that they will not maximize their opinions and
ideas.According to Wignall (2018), there are four causes of procrastination. Self
Efficacy, a person’s expectation that they are capable of completing a task. Value, the
more enjoyable the task is, the less to procrastinate. Impulsiveness, maintaining the
face of immediate and more appealing distractions. Delay, how much time there is in
between the decision to take on a task and the point when it must be completed.
Procrastination among students and even among adults is common. There is no
question that avoiding these important tasks will potentially have implications for them.
Studies have been carried out to investigate this aspect. In the case of the students,
delaying tasks lead them to hate these issues and as a result they continue to do it
poorly. It is also said to be that the amount of academic procrastination rises as
academic success decreases (Kandemir, 2014). Procrastination also has adverse
health effects. Procrastinators tend to be less involved in health activities.
Behaviors can have different causes, and academic procrastination is a student's
ineradicable behavior with reasons behind it.Motivation is one of the causes, it is
shown that the conduct of academic procrastination increases when a student is
driven to learn loose.In this matter, internet use has also led, students tend to lose
focus when using the internet and set aside their academic tasks that need continuity.
Students ' self-regulation and/or self-control is one of the factors. Students who
procrastinate are those who have less control over themselves (Kandemir, 2014).Also,
the potential was seen as a source of the academic procrastination of students. When
one student is less competent, the academic assignment will be postponed. In
academics, students with high self-esteem tend to procrastinate more (Tamini, et al.,
2013).Fear of failure is included in the students ' regular academic activity because
they think they won't succeed (Mandap, 2016).
Extensiveness of procrastination has also been shown in some research in the
Philippines. It turned out that there is no significant difference between college
students in the amount of procrastination behavior divided into academic courses.
The study supported the international researchers stating the discrepancy between
two genders on the level of procrastination.Results showed male students are more
procrastinating than female students. Students ' academic achievement was also
reviewed. The findings show that the scale of procrastination is the same for low and
high performing students. (Mandap, 2016) claim to have a negative correlation
between academic performance and procrastination.In accordance with the last
mentioned research, the output of students is also a great predictor of the level of
academic procrastination of students in other studies in the same region. A student
who procrastinates less, the higher the GWA (General Weighted Average) he or she
will gain.It highlights a foreign country's results in terms of students ' academic
performance and its relationship with procrastination (Rio & Tarin, 2015).
Research has shown a relationship between the personality trait of the Filipino
students and academic procrastination, particularly to the youth. The individual's
neuroticism is not linked to academic procrastination. This is linked only to the facet of
impulsiveness of the personality trait.Neuroticism is a personality characteristic or an
individual's emotional stability. It is also known as a state of distress or anxiety on
the surroundings (Weed, 2019).Numerous studies reveal that procrastination is
associated with significant job and academic performance loss. Students often
engage in activities such as sleeping, reading or watching TV rather than studying.In
addition, procrastination decreases well-being, raises negative feelings such as
shame or guilt, increases symptoms of serious mental health problems such as
depression, and impacts health habits such as failures in pursuing proper health care
(Stead et al., 2010).In an attempt to justify this universal and potentially harmful
phenomenon, several researchers indicated that negative emotions constitute a
significant antecedent of procrastination (Wohl et al., 2010).
Proof for this assumption comes from studies showing that people procrastinate more
when they're sad or upset and that the perceived enjoyment of the distractor reduces
the link between feeling upset and procrastination.It has also been found that
depressive mood, neuroticism and lack of control over distressing conditions are
correlated with procrastination.Eventually, it has been shown that the positive effects
of self-forgiveness on procrastination have been mediated by the the negative impact
(Wohl et al., 2010). Therefore, control of emotions plays a critical role in recognizing
procrastination's self-regulatory failure.Individuals delay or avoid an aversive activity
to achieve a favorable short-term impact at the detriment of long-term goals. With
regard to the specifics of this process, Sirois and Pychyl (2013) indicate that
counterfactual thinking should be regarded as an explanation of emotional
misregulation that may promote procrastination.Counterfactual thinking implies that
individuals equate adverse outcomes that have occurred in the past with possible
outcomes that may have occurred better (Sirois & Pychyl, 2013).In short, upward
counterfactuals can cause aversive feelings (e.g., guilt or guild) that can trigger
potential behavior adjustment. Given that aversive emotions such as shame or guild
cause breakdown of self-regulation, counterfactuals ascending can increase
procrastination. On the opposite, counterfactuals downward boost real feelings but
contribute to poorer performance in the future.Not only aversive emotional states
prompt procrastination, but also susceptibility to pleasurable temptations improve
procrastination as individuals attempt to optimize good feelings at the coast of long
term goals . Yet interestingly, engaging in fun activities when procrastinating does not
increase positive yet negative effects because people feel bad about failing their tasks
In particular, procrastination was consistently related to a low level of the
perspective of future time (Díaz et.al., 2015; Sirois, 2014). Therefore, procrastinators
are less likely to use a future orientation of time to direct their decisions and actions
(Gupta et.al., 2012).In addition, Rebetez (2016) discussed the relation between
procrastination and a particular type of future time orientation, namely the
consideration of future consequences (the degree to which people consider future
versus immediate effects of possible behaviors). Procrastinators were less likely to
consider their present behavior's potential future consequences.Such data suggest
that procrastination includes a decisive conflict between immediate and postponed
consequences of one’s behavior.
However, it was shown that people with a low degree of future
consequences awareness were more likely to discount the value of future rewards
(one dimension of decision-making) and indulge in impulsive behaviors.Tentatively,
the decision-making process of delaying (or not delaying) actions / decisions creates
a problem about short- versus long-term delaying outcomes, and the way people deal
with such a temporal dilemma is likely to be influenced by the degree to which they
are concerned with the immediate or delayed consequences of their behaviour.
Lately, procrastination was delineated into intentional and unintentional domains
(Fernie et.al., 2016). Intentional procrastination (IP) refers to involvement in this
activity intentionally and knowingly, while unintentional procrastination (UP) refers to
circumstances where it is viewed as involuntary.
