CHAPTER -1

MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

1. What is matter?
Ans:- Anything that has mass and volume is called matter.

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2. Which of the following are matter?

Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almonds, thought, cold, lemon water, smell of perfume.
Ans:- Chair, air, almonds, lemon water and smell of perfume are matter.

(Note: The sense of smell is not matter. However, the smell or odour of a substance is classified
as matter. The smell of any substance (say, perfume) is the gaseous form of that substance which
our olfactory system can detect (even at very low concentrations). Hence, smell of perfume is
matter.)

3. Give reasons for the following observation:

The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several metres away, but to get the smell from
cold food you have to go close.
Ans:- Solids diffuse at a very slow rate. But, if the temperature of the solid is increased, then the
rate of diffusion of the solid particles into air increases. This is due to an increase in the kinetic
energy of solid particles. Hence, the smell of hot sizzling food reaches us even at a distance, but
to get the smell from cold food we have to go close.

4. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of matter does
this observation show?
Ans:- This observation shows that the particles of matter have space between them. The space
between particles in liquids is fair enough to let the diver pass through it.

5. What are the characteristics of the particles of matter?

Ans:- The characteristics of particles of matter are:
a. Particles of matter have spaces between them.
b. Particles of matter are continuously moving.
c. Particles of mater attract each other.

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6. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density. (density = mass/volume).
Arrange the following in order of increasing density – air, exhaust from chimneys, honey,
water, chalk, cotton and iron.
Ans:- The given substances in the increasing order of their densities can be represented
as:
air < exhaust from chimney < cotton < water < honey < chalk < iron

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7. (a) Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of matter.
(b) Comment upon the following:
rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a gas container, shape, kinetic energy and
density.
Ans:-
(a)
Sl. Solid state Liquid state Gaseous state
No.
1 Definite shape and volume No definite shape. Liquids Gases have neither a definite
attain the shape of the shape nor a definite volume.
vessel in which they are
kept.
2 Incompressible Slightly compressible Highly compressible
3 Cannot flow Can flow Can flow
4 Rigid Not rigid Not rigid
5 Particles don’t move freely Particles move freely but Particles move freely
are confined within the
boundary
6 Force of attraction between Force of attraction Force of attraction between
particles is maximum. between particles is less particles is least.
than solid but more than
that in gas.

(b)

Rigidity: It is the property of matter to resist the change of its shape.

Compressibility: It is the property of matter in which its volume is decreased by applying
pressure.
Fluidity: It is the ability of matter to flow.
Filling a gas container: On filling a gas takes the shape of the container.
Shape: Having definite boundaries.
Kinetic Energy: It is the energy possessed by the particles of matter due to its motion.
Density: It is the mass per unit volume.

8. Give reasons
(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
Ans:- (a) The force of attraction between particles of gas is negligible. Because of this, particles
of gas move in all directions. Thus, a gas fill the vessel completely in which it is kept.

(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.

Ans:- Particles of gas move randomly in all directions at high speed. As a result, the particles hit
each other and also hit the walls of the container with a force. Therefore, gas exerts pressure on
the walls of the container.
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(c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
Ans:- A wooden table has definite shape and fixed volume, which are the main characteristics of
solid. Thus, a wooden table should be called a solid.
(d) We can easily move our hand in air but to do the same through a solid block of wood
we need a karate expert.
Ans:- Particles of the air have large spaces between them. On the other hand, wood has little
space between its particles. Also, it is rigid. For this reason, we can easily move our hands in the
air, but to do the same through a solid block of wood, we need a karate expert.

9. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But you must have observed
that ice floats on water. Find out why.
Ans:- Ice which is solid has vacant spaces between water molecules this making ice lighter than water.
Thus ice floats on water.

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10. Convert the following temperature to Celsius scale:
a) 300 K b) 573 K
Ans:-
a) 300 K = (300 − 273)°C = 27°C
b) 573 K = (573 − 273)°C = 300°C
11. What is the physical state of water at:
a) 250°C b) 100°C
Ans:-
a) Water at 250°C exists in gaseous state (as boiling temperature of the water is 100°C).
b) At 100°C, water can exist in both liquid and gaseous form. At this temperature, after getting
the heat equal to the latent heat of vaporization, water starts changing from liquid state to
gaseous state.

12. For any substance, why does the temperature remain constant during the change of
state?
Ans:- During a change of state, the temperature remains constant. This is because all the heat
supplied to increase the temperature is utilised (as latent heat) in changing the state by overcoming
the forces of attraction between the particles. Therefore, this heat does not contribute in increasing
the temperature of the substance.

13. Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases.

Ans:- By applying pressure and reducing the temperature, atmospheric gases can be liquefied.

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14. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?
Ans:- A desert cooler increases the humidity of the surrounding air. The water particles in the air
take the heat from the surroundings and evaporate. In hot and dry days the moisture level is very
low in the atmosphere which increases the rate of evaporation. Because of faster evaporation, the
cooler works well. That’s why desert cooler cools better on a hot dry day.
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15. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become cool during summer?
Ans:- There are some pores in an earthen pot through which the liquid inside the pot evaporates. This
evaporation makes the water inside the pot cool. In this way, water kept in an earthen pot becomes cool
during summer.
16. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or petrol or perfume on it?
Ans:- Acetone, petrol or perfume evaporate at low temperatures. When some acetone, petrol or
perfume is dropped on the palm, it takes heat from the palm and evaporates, thereby making the
palm cooler.

17. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer rather than a cup?
Ans:- A liquid has a larger surface area in a saucer than in a cup. Thus, it evaporates faster and
cools faster in a saucer than in a cup. Thus, we are able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer
than a cup.

18. What type of clothes should we wear in summer?

Ans:- We should wear cotton clothes in summer.

19. Why should we wear cotton clothes in summer?

Ans:- During summers, we sweat more and cotton is a good absorber of water. Thus, it absorbs
sweat from our body and exposes the liquid to the atmosphere, making evaporation faster. During
this evaporation, particles on the surface of the liquid gain energy from our body surface, making
the body cool. That is why we should wear cotton clothes.

20. Why do we see water droplets on the outer surface of a glass containing ice-cold water?
Ans:- The water vapour present in air, on coming in contact with the cold glass of water, loses
energy and gets converted to liquid state, which we see as water droplets.

(Page-12) EXERCISES QUESTIONS:

21. Convert the following temperatures to the celsius scale.
(a) 293 K (b) 470 K.
Ans:- (a) 293 K = 293 – 273 = 20°C
(b) 470 K = 470 – 273 = 197°C

22. Convert the following temperatures to the kelvin scale.

(a) 25°C (b) 373°C.
Ans:- (a) 25°C = 25 + 273 = 298 K
(b) 373°C = 373 + 273 = 646 K

23. Give reason for the following observations.

(a) Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
Ans:- Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid because they undergoes
sublimation easily i.e., the change of state of naphthalene from solid to gas takes place easily.

(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.
Ans:- Perfumes have high degree of vaporization and its vapour diffuses into air easily.
Therefore, we can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away.

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24. Arrange the following substances in increasing order of forces of attraction between the
particles— water, sugar, oxygen.
Ans:- Oxygen < Water < Sugar

25. What is the physical state of water at—

(a) 25°C (b) 0°C (c) 100°C ?
Ans:- (a) Liquid state
(b) Solid state and Liquid state
(c) Liquid state and Gaseous state

26. Give two reasons to justify—

(a) water at room temperature is a liquid.
(b) an iron almirah is a solid at room temperature.
Ans:- (a) Water at room temperature is a liquid because it has fluidity and has definite
volume but no definite shape.
(b) An iron almirah is a solid at room temperature because it is rigid and has a
definite shape.

27. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at the same temperature?
Ans:- Ice at 273 K (0°C) has less energy than water (although both are at the same temperature).
Water possesses the additional latent heat of fusion. Hence, at 273 K, ice is more effective in
cooling than water.

28. What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam?

Ans:- Steam has more energy than boiling water. It possesses the additional latent heat of
vaporization. Therefore, burns produced by steam are more severe than those produced by boiling
water.

29. Name A,B,C,D,E and F in the following diagram showing change in its state

Ans:-
A – Fusion
B – Vaporization
C – Condensation
D – Solidification
E – Sublimation
F – Sublimation (Deposition)

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EXTRA QUESTIONS:

1. What is matter made up of?

Ans:- Matter is made up of small particles.

2. Write different states of matter.

Ans:- The different states of matter are – solid, liquid and gas.

3. In which states of matter the forces of attraction between the particles are maximum,
intermediate and minimum?
Ans:- The forces of attraction between the particles are maximum in solids, intermediate in
liquids and minimum in gases.

4. In which states of matter the spaces in between the constituent particles and kinetic
energy of the particles are minimum, intermediate and maximum?
Ans:- The spaces in between the constituent particles and kinetic energy of the particles are
minimum in the case of solids, intermediate in liquids and maximum in gases.

5. How can we change the state of matter?

Ans:- The state of matter can be changed by changing temperature or pressure.

6. Why does the state of matter arise?

Ans:- Due to different characteristics of the particles of matter, the state of matter arises.

7. Why does the rate of diffusion is higher in between liquids than that between solid and
liquid?
Ans:- It is so because in liquid state, the particles move freely and have greater space between
each other as compared to particles in the solid state.

8. Define the terms:

(i) Sublimation: Sublimation is the change of solid state directly to gaseous state or vice
versa without going through liquid state.
(ii) Deposition: Deposition is the change of gaseous state directly to solid state without
going through liquid state.
(iii) Diffusion: The intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own
is called diffusion.
(iv) Melting Point: The minimum temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid
at the atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.
(v) Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at the atmospheric
pressure is known as its boiling point.
(vi) Latent heat of fusion: Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required
to change 1 kg of solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point.
(vii) Latent heat of vaporization: Latent heat of vaporisation is the amount of heat
energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid to gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.
(viii) Evaporation: The phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any
temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.
(ix) Humidity: Humidity is the amount of water vapour present in air.
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9. Which has more density – liquid or solid?
Ans:- Solid.

10. What is the melting point of ice?

Ans:- 0°C (273 K)

11. Boiling point of alcohol is 78°C. Change it into Kelvin scale?

Ans:- 78°C = (78+273)K = 351 K

12. Why do gas exert pressure?

Ans:- In the gaseous state, the particles move about randomly at high speed. Due to this random
movement, the particles hit each other and also the walls of the container. The pressure exerted by
the gas is because of this force exerted by gas particles per unit area on the walls of the container.

13. How do we liquefy the gases?

Ans:- Applying pressure and reducing temperature can liquefy gases.

14. Why solid CO2 is also known as dry ice?

Ans:- Solid CO2 gets converted directly to gaseous state on decrease of pressure to 1 atmosphere
without coming into liquid state. This is the reason that solid carbon dioxide is also known as dry
ice.

15. How does evaporation cause cooling?

Ans:- In an open vessel, the liquid keeps on evaporating. The particles of liquid absorb energy from
the surrounding to regain the energy lost during evaporation. This absorption of energy from the
surroundings make the surroundings cold.

16. Why do we keep ether and acetone at cool places?

Ans:- Because, they are very volatile. They can easily evaporate at room temperatures. They take
up the heat from the atmosphere and the molecules of ether/acetone use up this heat to evaporate.
So, this is the reason why they are kept at cool places.

17. What are the factors which will increase the rate of evaporation?
Ans:- The factors which will increase the rate of evaporation are-
(a) increase of surface area
(b) increase of temperature
(c) decrease in humidity
(d) increase in wind speed

18. Which gas is supplied in the liquefied form at home and in hospitals?
Ans:- Petroleum gas

19. Compare the force of attraction between iron, rubber band and chalk?
Ans:- The force of attraction depend on the intermolecular space between two particles. Thus,
iron has more force of attraction and least in the case of chalk. Thus, the increasing order of the
force of attraction is : Chalk < Rubber band < Iron

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20. Arrange sugar, water and oxygen in the increasing order of force of
attraction between their particles ?
Ans:- Oxygen < Water < Sugar

21. Write the characteristic responsible for :

(a) Smell of perfume spreads in the room.
Ans:- The particles of perfume are continuously moving and thus they get diffused with the air
particles in the room. Thus, the smell of perfume spreads in the room.

(b) Water takes the shape of the container in which it is kept.

Ans:- This is because water is a liquid, and liquids flow and do not have a fixed shape. Instead,
they take on the shape of whatever container they are in.

LONG QUESTIONS (5 Marks)

22. Describe the factors affecting evaporation?

Ans:- The rate of evaporation increases with-
(a) an increase of surface area: We know that evaporation is a surface
phenomenon. If the surface area is increased, the rate of evaporation increases. For example, while
putting clothes for drying up we spread them out.
(b) an increase of temperature: With the increase of temperature, more
number of particles get enough kinetic energy to go into the vapour state.
(c) a decrease in humidity: The air around us cannot hold more than a definite amount of
water vapour at a given temperature. If the amount of water in air is already high, the rate of
evaporation decreases.
(a) an increase in wind speed: With the increase in wind speed, the particles of water
vapour move away with the wind, decreasing the amount of water vapour in the
surrounding.

23. Write three characteristics of particles of matter. Give one example of

each?
Ans:- The characteristics of particles of matter are:
a) Particles of matter have spaces between them.
e.g. Particles of salt/sugar get dissolved in water without increasing the volume of
water.
b) Particles of matter are continuously moving.
e.g. When an incense stick is light up in a corner of the class, we can smell it even
from far.
c) Particles of mater attract each other.
e.g. We can cut the surface of the water with our fingers easily. And when we
remove our fingers the surface of water is back to normal form.