Networking Chapter 2: OSI LAYER
Chapter 2 OSI LAYER
Internetworking Models
When networks first came into being, cofrom the same manufacturers.
In the late 1970s, the Open Systems Interconnection(OSI) reference model was crardization(ISO) to break through this
barrier.
Why ISO?
Its not actually an Acronym, it derived from the greek word "isos", which means "equal".
Advantages of Reference Models
It divides the network communication process into smaller and simpler components, thus aiding component development,
design, and troubleshooting.
It allows multiple-vendor development through standardization of network components.
It encourages industry standardization by defining what functions occur at each layer of the model.
The OSI Reference Model
Application(Layer 7)
Presentation(:ayer 6)
Session(Layer 5)
Transport(Layer 4)
Network(Layer 3)
Data Link(Layer 2)
Physical(Layer 1)
LAYER FUNCTIONS
Application- File, Print, Message, Database, Application Services
Presentation- Data Encryption, Compression, and Translation
Session- Dialog Control
Transport- End to End Connection
Network- ROuting
Datalink- Framing
Physical- Physical Topology
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1. Application Layer
Where users actually communicate to the computer.
Compes into play only when its apparent that access to the network will be needed soon.-Acts as an interface between
application programs. This means that Microsoft Word, for example, doesnt resides at the application layer but instead interfaces
with the Application-layer protocols.
2. Presentation Layer
Presents data to the Application layer and is responsible for data translation and code formatting.
Translator and provides coding and conversion functions.
Data compression, decompression, encryption, and decryption are associated with this layer.
3. Session Layer
Provides dialogue control between devices, or nodes.
Organize communication by offering three different modes: simplex, half duplex, and full duplex.
Keeps applications' data separate from other applications' data.
4. Transport Layer - ( SEGMENT ) - Ex: TCP or UDP
Provide end-to-end data transport services and can establish a logical connection between the sending host and
destination host on an internetwork.
TCP and UDP resides
Can be connectionless or connection-oriented.
Connection-Oriented Communication
Provides reliable networking.
Before a transmitting host starts to send segments down the model, the sender's
The first "connection agreemetns" segment is a request for synchronization.
The second and third segment acknowledge the request and establish connection parameters--the rules--between hosts.
Flow Control
Provides a means for the receiver to govern the amount of data sent by the sender.
Windowing
The quantity of data segments(measured in bytes) that the transmitting machine is allowed to send without receiving an
acknowledgement.
Acknowledgments
It guarantees that the data wont be duplicated or lost.
This is achieved through something called POSITIVE ACKNOWLEDGMENT WITH RETRANSMISSION.
5. Network Layer - ( PACKETS ) - Ex: IP Address(logical)/routers
Manages bdevice addressing, tracks the loction of devices on the network, and determines the best way to move data.
Routers(Layer 3 devices) are specified at the Network layer and provide the routing services within an internetwork.
TWO TYPES OF PACKETS IN NETWORK LAYER
Data packets - Used to transport user data through the internetwork.
Routed protocol - Used to support data traffic. Ex: IP, IPv6, IPv4
Route update packets - Used to update neighboring routers about the networks connected to all routers within the
internetwork.
6. Data Link Layer ( FRAME ) - Ex: Mac Address(physical)/switch
Provides the physical transmission of the data and handles error notification, network topology, and flow control.
Ensures that messages and delivered to the proper device on a LAN using hardware addresses.
Translates messages from the nework layer into bits for the Physical layer to transmit.
Media Access Control (MAC)
Defines how packets are placed on the media.
Physical addressing (MAC Address) is definedhere, as well as logical topologies.
error notification, not correction
Logical Link Control (LLC)
Responsible for identifying Network layer protocols and then encapsulating them.
An LLC header tells the Data Link layer
7. Physical Layer - ( 1 0 ) - Ex: HUB/Modem
Responsible for placing the network data on the wire, by changing binary data (1 and 0) int oelectrical pulses on the
physical medium.
Responsible for the Physical Topoogy.
Data Encapsulation
Wrapping with protocol information at each layer of the OSI model.
Each layer communicates only with its peer layer on the receiving device.
PROTOCOL DATA UNITS(PDUs) - Hold the control information attached to the data at each layer of the model.
