Welcome to

PHYS 5870-03 Introduction to Spintronics

Spring 2020
PHYS 5870-03 Introduction to Spintronics
Spring 2020

Lecture 1
(01/28/2020)
PHYS 5870-03 Introduction to Spintronics

Instructor: Dr. Jifa Tian

Office: PS 223

Email: [email protected]

Group website:

http://tianjifa.wixsite.com/nano

Office hours: by email appointment

Course website: WyoCourse

 Brief Introduction to Spintronics

Electron Electron
Brief Introduction to Spintronics

J. Berezovsky et al. Science 320, 349-352 (2008)

Brief Introduction to Spintronics
Brief Introduction to Spintronics
 Brief Introduction to Spintronics

I’m not happy

Brief Introduction to Spintronics

I’m not happy

I’m not happy

 Brief Introduction to Spintronics

Parkin, et al, Nature Mater 3, 862–867 (2004)

Yuasa, et al, Nature Mater 3, 868-871 (2004)
 Introduction to the Course: Goals
1. This interdisciplinary course is designed to be accessible to a
wide range of graduate students with different backgrounds
in physics, electrical engineering, materials science, and
chemistry.
2. Students will be introduced to basic concepts on spin
electronics, classes of magnetic materials, quantum
mechanics of spins, spin-orbit interaction, and exchange
interactions, and their present and potential use in a broad
range of applications.
3. More generally, this course will provide students with an
appreciation of how emerging developments in spintronics
could intersect with their present interests and future
technical work.
 Introduction to the Course
Prerequisites by Topic: Undergraduate senior level quantum mechanics,
statistical mechanics, solid state physics, and E&M
Instructor: Dr. Jifa Tian Office: PS 223 Email: [email protected]

Time: Tue. 09:35 am - 10:50 am

Thu. 09:35 am - 10:50 am

Location: CR 137

Office hours: By appointment

Grading:
In class discussion/ Attendance 20 points
Homework/projects 30 points
Research paper and presentation 50 points
Total 100 points
 The Topics to Be Covered

Chapter 01: Overview of Spintronics

Chapter 02: Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

Chapter 03: Magnetoresistance

Chapter 04: Spin Transfer Torque

Chapter 05: Spin-orbit Coupling

Chapter 06: Spin Caloritronics

Chapter 07: Topological Spintronics

Chapter 08: Spintronics in Antiferromagnets

Chapter 09: Superconducting Spintronics

 References
• “Magnetism and Magnetic Materials”, edited by J. M. D. COEY,
Cambridge University Press, UK, 2010
• “Introduction to Spintronics”, 2nd edition, edited by S. Bandyopadhyay
and M. Cahay, CRC Press, USA, 2016
• “Spin Current”, edited by Sadamichi Maekawa, Sergio O. Valenzuela,
Eiji Saitoh, and Takashi Kimura, Oxford University Press, UK, 2012
• “Concepts in Spin Electronics” edited by Sadamichi Maekawa,
Oxford University Press, UK, 2006
• “Electronic Transport in Mesoscopic Systems”, Supriyo Datta,
Cambridge University Press, UK 1997
• “Semiconductor Spintronics and Quantum Computation”, D.D.
Awschalom, N. Samarath, and D. Loss, Springer, Berlin, 2002
• “Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications”, I. Žutić, J. Fabian, and
S. Das Sarma, Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, 323 (2004)
• Google
 Chapter 1 Overview of Spintronics

• What is spintronics?

• The recent development in spintronics.

 What is spintronics?

nm
2D materials

Spintronics at different scales

 Spin
Macroscopic “故郑人之取玉也，载司南之
车，为其不惑也。”
《鬼谷子·谋篇第十》
 Spin
Macroscopic Earth's Magnetic Field
 Spin
Macroscopic Compass
 Spin
Macroscopic Naturally Magnetic Lodestone
(Magnetite) Fe3O4
 Spin
Macroscopic Microscopic Thin crystalline film

10 nm Fe3O4

Molecular Beam Epitaxy MgO

 Spin
Macroscopic Microscopic

Quantum Design—
SQUID
 Spin
Macroscopic Microscopic Magnetic nanostructures

Magnetic field sensor

 Spin
Macroscopic Microscopic Giant
Magnetoresistance

Baibich, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 2472-2475, (1988)

Binash, G., et al., Phys. Rev. B 39, 4828 (1989).
Fert, A., Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1517-1530 (2007)
 Spin
Macroscopic Microscopic

Read Head

S. Parkin and S.-H. Yang, Memory on the racetrack, Nature Nanotech. 10, 195 (2015).

Magnetic
Spin valve Tunnel
Junction

Wolf, et al, Science 294, 1488-1495 (2001).

 Spin
Macroscopic Microscopic

A device that reads (senses) and

writes (records) data on a magnetic
disk or tape. For writing, the
surface of the disk or tape is
moved past the read/write head. By
discharging electrical impulses at
the appropriate times, bits are
recorded as tiny, magnetized spots
of positive or negative polarity.

read/write head
https://www.yourdictionary.com/read-write-head
 Spin
Macroscopic Microscopic

Stuart Parkin(IBM)
Spin
 Spin
Stuart Parkin

2014 millennium technology prize，

the prominent award for
technological innovation

Prof. Parkin receives the Prize in recognition of his discoveries,

which have enabled a thousand-fold increase in the storage
capacity of magnetic disk drives.
 Spin

Computer ~2002 Apple IPAD Pro ~2019

 Spin
Spin polarized scanning tunneling microscope

Loth, et al. Science 335, 196-199 (2012)

 Spin
Skyrmion

Nagaosa & Tokura, Nat. Nanotech. 8, 899-911, (2013).

 Spin
Skyrmion

Magnetic field dependence of the PdFe bilayer on the Ir(111) surface at T=8K
Romming, et al. Science 341, 636 (2013)
 Spin
Spin Ice
A spin ice is a magnetic substance that does not have a single minimal-energy
state. It has magnetic moments (i.e. "spin") as elementary degrees of freedom
which are subject to frustrated interactions. By their nature, these interactions
prevent the moments from exhibiting a periodic pattern in their orientation down to
a temperature much below the energy scale set by the interactions.
Spin ices show low-temperature properties, residual entropy in particular, closely
related to those of common crystalline water ice.

Dy2Ti2O7
a two-in-two-out configuration
Morris, et al. Science 326, 411(2009)
 Spin
Magnetic monopole

SS N SN N
 Spin
Magnetic monopole
 Spin

Atomic level

Intrinsic angular momentum

 Spin
Atomic—orbit moment

The natural unit for electronic

magnetism is therefore the
Bohr magneton:

h = 6.6226 x 10-34 J s; ħ = h/2π = 1.055 x 10-34 J s.

 Spin
Atomic—spin moment
The electron has a built-in spin angular
momentum. Spin is a consequence of
relativistic quantum mechanics. The
spin quantum number is 1/2.

Spin angular momentum s: z-component

The two states ↑ and ↓with spin magnetic

quantum number
 Spin
Atomic—spin moment The link between magnetism and angular
momentum: Einstein–de Haas effect

Angular momentum

Magnetic moment

A ferromagnetic rod is suspended on a torsion

fiber. The field in the solenoid is reversed,
changing the direction of magnetization of the
nickel. It rotates, to conserve angular momentum
as the angular momenta of the electrons are
reversed.
[A. Einstein, W. J. de Haas,]
Experimental Proof of Ampère's Molecular Currents, Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft,
Verhandlungen 17 (1915): 152-170.
Experimental Proof of the Existence of Ampère's Molecular Currents (in English), Koninklijke
Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, Proceedings 18 (1915-16).
Spin

Macroscopic Microscopic

(electron Spin: Bohr Magneton)

Spin----- quantum number

Spin----- Manipulate spin by spin

Spin----- Physics Mechanism

History: Spin
 Spin History
Prior 1500
Ancient age

1500-1820
Early modern age

1820-1900
Electromagnetic age

1900-1935
Quantum age

1935 - Now
Age of magnetic
applications
1995 - now
Age of Spin current
and Nano Spin
Spin History
1500-1820
Early modern age

William Gilbert

(1544-1603)
 Spin History
1500-1820
Early modern age
The earth’s own magnetism
William Gilbert

(1544-1603)
 Spin History
The earth’s own magnetism 1500-1820
Early modern age
Spin History
1500-1820
Early modern age
 Spin History

1820-1900
Electromagnetic age
 Spin History
1820-1900
Electromagnetic age

21 April 1820
 Spin History
1820-1900
Electromagnetic age 𝐹12 μ0 I1 I2
=
L 2πd

September 1820
 Spin History
1820-1900
Electromagnetic age
 Spin History
1820-1900
Electromagnetic age
 Spin History
1) A change in refractive index is
1820-1900 proportional to the square of the
Electromagnetic age
electric field.
2) A change in refractive index is
proportional to the square of the
magnetic field. → Magneto
optical Kerr effect (MOKE)
 Spin History
1900-1935
Bloch Sphere Quantum age

Spin is Quantum!
 Spin History
1900-1935
Quantum age

Samuel Goudsmit George Uhlenbeck

The spin is quantized in such a way that it

can have just two possible orientations in a
magnetic field, ‘up’ and ‘down’.