Revision and Errata List, March 1, 2003 AISC Design Guide 9: Torsional Analysis of Structural Steel Members The following editorial corrections have been made in the First Printing, 1997. To facilitate the incorporation of these corrections, this booklet has been constructed using copies of the revised pages, with corrections noted. The user may find it convenient in some cases to hand-write a correction: in others, a cut-and-paste approach may be more efficient. @ ® scorn ro sores a Torsional Analysis of Structural Steel Members23° Avoiding and Mi The commonly used structural shapes offer relatively poor resistance to torsion. Hence, it is best to avoid torsion by detailing the loads and reactions to act though the shear center ofthe member. However, in some instances, this may not always be possible. AISC (1994) offors several sugges: tions for eliminating torsion; see pages 2-40 through 2-42, For example, rigid facade elements spancing between floors (the ‘weight of which would otherwise induce torsional loading of the spandre! girder) may be designed .o transfer lateral forces into the floor diaphragms and resist the eccentric effect as illustrated in Figure 2.3. Note that many systems may be too exible for this assumption, Partial facade panels that do not ‘extend from floor diaphragm to Mor diaphragm may be designed with diagonal steel "kicker," as shown in Figore 2.4, to provide the lateral forees. In either case, this eliminates torsional loading of the spandtel beam or gitdes, Also, tor: sional bracing may be provided at eccentric load points 10 reduce or eliminate the fersianal effet; refer to Salnion and Johnson (1990), ‘When torsion must be resisted by the member directly, its effect may be reduced through consideration of intermesiate torsional support provided by secondity framing, For exam- ple, the rotation of the spandtel ginder cannot exceed the total end rotation of the beam and connection being supported. Therefore, a reduced torque may be calculated by evaluating, the torsional stiffness of the member subjected to torsion relative (othe rotational stiffness ofthe loading system. The bending stiffness of the restraining member depends upon its ‘end conditions; the torsional stiffness kof the member under consideration (illustrated in Figure 25) i Figure 22. where Torque @ = the angle of rotation, measured in radians, A fully restrained (FR) moment connection berween the framing beam ay restraint. Alternatively, additional intermediate torsional s ports may be provided to reduce the span over which the torsion acts and thereby reduce the torsional effect. ‘As another example, consider the beam supporting a wal and slab illustrated in Figure 26; calculations for a similar case may be found in Johnston (1982), Assume that che beam spandtel glider mavimizes the torsional Fs, noma te eosin ad: be Figue 23Case 3 of Cages res ee ge eececmenitiiee | Sis 039 027 024 ‘Torsional Function o ou 02 03 06 os (06 7 as 09 10 0a 036 ox a1 ° a 02, 03 oa 05 05 07 08 09 10 Fraction of Span Length — 2 58Tonal Ed Fastasis [Concerned opans al 1 Tek Ens gh Eid |e of mambo! wh 0d tence" Pee aero rans veo pe Case3 ws(Fxe [ a=01 ° on 0203 04 (OS o6 o7 ox 09 10 Case3 ov a=01 Bev 0 on 02 os os OS, 06 07 os 09 10 Fraction of Span Length — of: = avs : i : & 05] ong - ation dit osliP ios T= Paateiil'es Hite et Lariilti-es (rttea-THllfa res enigrea Case3 (4) Soca, a=03 Famed Beal Famed oe nals one ‘Torsional Funct o on 02203 os 06 07 08 09 10 Fraction of Span Length —2/f 0Torsional Analysis of Structural Steel Members | SIBLIOTHEQUE Paul A. Seaburg, PhD, PE Head, Department of Architectural Engineering Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA Charles J. Carter, PE American Institute of Steel Construction Chicago, IL OF BS2o AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTIONAll tights reserved, ‘This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. ‘The information presented in this publication has been prepared in accordance with recognized engineering principles and is for general information only. While it i believed to be accurate, this information should not be used or relied upon for any specific application without competent professional examination and verification of its ‘accuracy, suitability, and applicability by a licensed professional enginecr, designer, ot architect. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a repre: sentation or warranty on the part of the American Institute of Steel Construction or of any other person named herein, that this information is suitable for any general or particular use or of freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making ‘use of this information assumes all libifity arising from such use. ‘Caution must be exercised when relying upon other specifications and codes devel- coped by other bodies and incorporated by reference herein since sch material may be ‘modified or amended from time (o time subsequent to the printing of this edition. The Institute bears no responsibility for such material other than to refer o it and incorporate it by reference at the time of the initial publication of this edition. Printed in the United States of America Copytight 1997 by American Instat of Steel Cosstrcton. All night reserved, No part of tis publication may be reprodvced withoot writen permission, Published by the American Teste of: 1 Conaraction, fe ‘One East Wacker Dive, Suite 3100, Chicago 1 60601-2001TABLE OF CONTENTS L. Introduction Torsion Fundamentals 2.1 Shear Center 2.2. Resistance of a Cros a Torsional Moment 2.3. Avoiding and Minimizing Torsion... 24 Selection of Shapes for Torsional Loading Section 0 3, General Torsional Theory... - 3.1 Torsional Response. 3.2 Torsional Properties 3.2.1 Torsional Constant J 3.2.2 Otber Torsional Proper for Open Cross-Sections. 33 Torsional Functions 4. Analysis for Torsion 4.1 Torsional Stresses on I, C-, and Z-Shaped Open Cross-Sections ou 4.1.1 Pure Torsional Shear Siresses .. 4.1.2. Shear Stresses Due to Warping . 4.1.3 Normal Stresses Due to Warping, 4.1.4 Approximate Shear and Normal Stresses Due to Warping on I-Shapes 4.2 Torsional Stress on Single Angles 4.3. Torsional Stress on Structural Tees 4.4 Torsional Stress on Closed and Solid Cross-Sections 4.5. Elastic Stresses Due to Bending and ‘Axial Load... 4.6 Combining Torsi Other Stresses, . 1 Stresses With u u HL 2 4.6.1 Open Cross-Seetions 4.6.2. Closed Crost-Sections 4.7 Specification Provisions 4.7.1 Load and Resistance Factor Design 4.7.2 Allowable Stress Design 4.73 Effect of Lateral Restraint at Load Point 48 Torsional Serviceability Criveria, 5. Design Examples Appendix A. Torsional Properties Appendix B. Case Graphs of Torsional Functions. Appendix C. Supporting Information CC. General Equations for @ and its Derivatives C.L1 Constant Torsional Moment C.1.2 Uniformly Distributed Torsional ‘Moment... C.L3 Linearly Varying Torsional Moment C2 Boundary Conditions C3 Evaluation of Torsional Properties C311 General Solution €.3.2 Torsional Constant J for Open Cross-Sections. C4 Solusions to Differential Equations for Cases in Appendix B References Nomenclature 14 Is 15 15 16 " 18 3 lo7 lo? 107 lo7 107 107 108 108 ho ns hsChapter 1 INTRODUCTION ‘This design guide is an update to the AISC publication Tor- sional Analysis of Steel Members ani advances further the work upon which that publication was based: Bethlehem Steel Company's Torsion Analysis of Rolled Steel Sections (Heins and Scaburg. 1963). Coverage of shapes has been ‘expanded and includes W-, M-, S-, and HP-Shapes, channels (Cand MC), structural wes (WT, MT, and ST), angles (L), Z-shapes, square, rectangular and round hollow structural sections (HSS), and steel pipe (P), Torsional formulas for these and other non-standard cross sections can also be found in Chapter 9 of Young (1989), Chapters 2 and 3 provide an overview of the fundamentals and basic theory of torsional loading for structural steel members. Chapter 4 covers the determination of torsional stresses, theie combination with other stresses, Specification provisions celating to torsion, and serviceability issues. The design examples in Chapter 5 illustrat the design process as well asthe use ofthe design aids for corsional properties and functions found in Appendices A andB, respectively. Finally, Appendix C provides supporting information that ustrates the background of much of the information in this design suid. ‘The design examples are generally based upon the provi- sions af the 1993 AISC LRED Specification for Structural ‘Stee! Buildings (refered to herein as the LRFD Specitiea- tion). Accordingly, forees and moments are indicated with the subscript u to denote factored loads. Nonetheless, the infor- ration contained in this guide can be used for design accord- ing tothe 1989 AISC ASD Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (refered to herein as the ASD Specification) if service Toads are used in place of factored loads. Where this isnot the case, thas been sonoted in the text For single-angle members, the provisions ofthe AISC Specification jor LRFD ‘of Single-Angle Members and Specification for ASD of Si sgle-Angle Members are appropriate. The design of curved members is beyond the scope of this publication; refer to AIS (1986), Liew et al. (1995), Nakai and Heins (1977), ‘Tung and Fountain (1970), Chapter 8 of Young (1989), Galambos (1988), AASHTO (1993), and Nakai and Yoo 1988) ‘The authors thank Theodore V. Galambos, Louis F. Geseh- wwindner, Nestor R. Iwankiw, LeRoy A. Luv, and Donald R. Sherman for their helpful review comments and suggestioChapter 2 TORSION FUNDAMENTALS 24 Shear Center ‘The shear center is the point through which the applied loads ‘must pass to produce bending without twisting. Ifa shape has 2 line of symmetry, the shear center will always lie on that line; for cross-sections with two lines of symmetry, the shear center is at the intersection of those lines (as is the centroid). Thus, as shown in Figure 2.1a, ihe centroid and shear center coincide for doubly symmetric cross-sections such as W-, M-, S., and HP-shapes, square, rectangular and round hollow structural sections (HSS), and steel pipe (P). Singly symumetric cross-sections such as channels (C and MC) and tees (WT, MT, and ST) have their shear centers on the axis of symmetry, but not necessarily at the centroid. AS illustrated in Figure 2.1b, the shear center for channels is at distance e, from the face of the channel; the location of the shear center for channels is tabulated in Appendix A.as well as Part | of AISC (1994) and may be calculated as shown in Appendix C. The shear center for a tee is at the intersection of the centerlines of the flange and stem, The shear center location for unsymmetric cross-sections such as angles (L) and Z-shapes is illustrated in Figure 2.6. 22 Resistance of a Cross-section toa Torsional Moment Ac any point along the length of a member subjected to a torsional moment, the cross-section will rotate through an angle 6 as shown in Figure 2.2. For non-circular cross-see- tions this rotation is accompanied by warping; that is, trans verse sections do not remain plane." If this warping is com pletely unrestrained, the torsional moment resisted by the cross-section is T=GW Qa) where T, = resisting moment of unrestrained cross-section, kip- G = shear modulus of elasticity of steel, 11,200 ksi J. = torsional constant for the cross-section, in.* @ = angle of rotation per unit length, first derivative of 8 ‘with respect fo 2 measured slong the length of the: _member from the left support When the tendency for a cross-section to warp freely is prevented or restrained, longitudinal bending results. This is accompanied by shear stresses in the plane of the cross-section that resist the externally applied torsional mo- ment according to the Following relationship: ECA" 22) sisting moment due to restrained warpi cross-section, kip-in, nodulus of elasticity of steel, 29,000 ksi ,, = warping constant for the cross-section, in.* o” ‘The total torsional moment resisted by the cross-seetion isthe sum of T, and T,. The first of these is always present; the second depends upon the resistance to warping. Denoting the {otal torsional resisting moment by 7, the following expres, sion is obtained: GI -EC.8" Rearranging, this may also be written as: (2.4) (shy syamee ome Figure 2 WeSon= Gueo0,GI 2.3 Avoiding and Minimizing Torsion ‘The commonly used structural shapes offer relatively poor resistance to torsion, Hence, it is best to avoid torsion by detailing the loads and reactions to act through the shear center of the member, However, in some instances, this may not always be possible. AISC (1994) offers several sugges tions for eliminating torsion; see pages 2-40 through 2-42. For example, rigid facade elements spanning between floors (the weight of which would otherwise induce torsional loading of the spandrel girder) may be designed to transfer lateral forces, into the floor diaphragms and resist the eccentric effect as illustrated in Figure 2.3. Note that many systems may be too flexible for this assumption. Partial facade panels that do not ‘extend from floor diaphragm to floor diaphragm may be designed with diagonal steel “kickers,” as shown in Figure 2.4, to provide the lateral forces. In either case, this eliminates torsional loading of the spandrel beam or girder. Also, tor- sional bracing may be provided at eccentric load points to reduce or eliminate the torsional effect; refer to Salmon and Johnson (1990). ‘When torsion must be resisted by the member ditectly, its ‘effect may be reduced through consideration of intermediate torsional support provided by secondary framing. For exam: ple, the rotation of the spandrel girder cannot exceed the total end rotation of the beam and connection being supported. ‘Therefore, a reduced torque may be calculated by evaluating the torsional stiffness of the member subjected to torsion relative to the rotational stiffness of the loading system. The bending stiffness of the restraining member depends upon its ‘end conditions; the torsional stiffness k of the member under consideration (illustrated in Figure 2.5) is: 26) the angle of rotation, measured in radians. A fully restrained (FR) moment connection between the framing beam and spandrel girder maximizes the torsional restraint. Alternatively, additional intermediate torsional sup- ports may be provided to reduce the span over which the torsion acts and thereby reduce the torsional effect. {As another example, consider the beam supporting a wall and slab illustrated in Figure 2.6; caleulations for & si ‘case may be found in Johnston (1982). Assume that the bea ilar FLO0R Dap War puLone Facane Pane, “poor oapacs pa axon Room parvo me | oo JC wx Figure 24.alone sesists the torsional moment and the maximum rotation ff the beam due to the weight of the wall is 001 radians. Without temporary shoring, the top of the wall would deflect, laterally by nearly S-in. (72 in. x 0.01 rad.). The additional load due to the slab would significantly increase this lateral deflection, One solution to this problem is to make the bes and wall integral with reinforcing steel welded to the top flange of the beam, In addition to appreciably increasing the torsional rigidity of the system, the wall, because of its bending stiffness, would absorb nearly all of the torsional load. To prevent twist during construction, the steel beam ‘would have to be shored until the floor slab is in place 2.4 Selection of Shapes for Torsional Loading, In general, the torsional performance of closed cross-sections is superior to that for open cross-sections. Circular closed shapes, such as round HSS and steel pipe, are most efficient for resisting torsional loading. Other closed shapes, such as square and rectangular HSS, also provide considerably better resistance to torsion than open shapes, such as W-shapes and channels, When open shapes must be used, their torsional resistance may be increased by creating a box shape, €.£4 BY welding one oF two side plates between the flanges of a W-shape (or a portion of its length. Figure 2.5 Figure 2.6.Chapter 3 GENERAL TORSIONAL THEORY Acomplete discussion of torsional theory is beyond the scope Of this publication. The brief discussion that follows is in tended primarily to define the method of analysis used in this book, More detailed coverage of torsional theory and other topics is available in the references given, 3. Torsional Response From Section 2.2, the total torsional resistance provided by a structural shape is the sum of that due to pure torsion and that due to restrained warping, Thus, for «constant torque T along the length of the member: T=GI8'- EC0” GD shear modulus of elasticity of steel, 11,200 ksi (orsional constant of cross-section, in.* = modulus of elasticity of steel, 29,000 ksi C,_ = warping constant of cross-section, in.® For a uniformly distributed torque #: FC,8"" - G38" G2 For a linearly varying torque t% (2/1) ~A = EC,8"" - G10" 63) where ‘maximum applied torque at right support, kip-in/f. distance from left support, in. span length, in In the above equations, 6°, 6”, 6, and 6” are the First second, third, and fourth derivatives of@ with respect to z and Gis the Coral angle of rotation about the Z-axis (longitudinal axis of member). For the derivation of these equations, see Appendix C.1. 3.2 Torsional Properties Torsional properties J, 2, C., W,, and S, ,are necessary for the solution of the above equations.and the equations fortorsional, stress presented in Chapter 4. Since these values are depend cent only upon the geomeity of the cross-section, they have been tabulated for common structural shapes in Appendix A. as well as Part 1 of AISC (1994). Por the derivation of torsional properties for various cross-sections, see Appendix, Cand Heins (1975). Values for Q, and Q,. which ae used 10 compute plane bending shear stresses in the Mange and edge of the web, are also included in the tables for all relevant shapes except Z-shapes The terms J, a, and C, are properties of the entire eross- section. The terms W, and S, vary at different points on the cross-section as illustrated in Appendix A. The tables give all values of these tetmas necessary to determine the maximum values of the combined stress 3.2.1 Torsional Constant ‘The torsional constant J for solid round and flat bars, square, rectangular and round HSS, and stee! pipe is summarized in Table 3.1. For open cross-sections, the following equation ‘may be used (more accurate equations are given for selected shapes in Appendix C.3) foe | ") os) {3 where length of each cross-sectional element, in. bickness ofeach cross-sectional element, in 3.2.2. Other Torsional Properties for Open Cross-Section For rolled and built-up I-shapes, the following equations may be used (fillets are generally neglected): cat 65) G6) on 68) 2, Mahe te 89 Me oa G10) where ror sapes wth sloping ange, sloping angele espe in venga clones of ikon he seagate geTor Table 3.1 { Solid Crose-Sections Constants J h Nove ste values foc HSSin Appordi A difer shit because he tet of comer rac has ben consldeed. <4 f _2anben?. » ‘Ber Bh t?'° Bu For channels, the following equations may be used: G12) G13) ‘where, as illustrated in Figure 3.1 For Z-shapes: E,= we ' ~ae,+ Dy hrd-y w= 5-% uab-E, Abifhet, + b's) ahs + HE bth 58 an, 4268) Figure 3.1. Bay (3.15) G.16) 17) (3.18) G9) 3.20) 21 3.22) 3.23) 3.24) 6.25) (3.26) 27(HEE (4p Dine 12 (ii 5 } em ‘where, as illustrated in Figure 3. had-s 8.29) 330) 3) ye 3.32) fie, + 20's, eta For single-angles and structural tees, J may be calculated using Equation 3.4, excluding fillets. Formore accurate equa tions including fillets, see EI Darwish and Johnston (1965). Since pure torsional shear stresses will generally dominate ‘over warping stresses, stresses due to warping are usually neglected in single angles (see Section 4.2) and structural tees (see Section 4.3); equations for other torsional properties have not been included, Since the centerlines of each element Of the cross-section intersect at the shear center, the general solution of Appendix C3.1 would yield W,,= S,,= C= a= 0. A value of a (and therefore C,) is required, however, to determine the angle of rotation using the charts of Appen- dix B. EG, 6.33) For single angles, the following formulas (Bleich, 1952) may be used to determine C, fue Cag ta) (34) where ft, and h, are the centerline leg dimensions (overall leg dimension minus half the angle thickness for each leg). For structural tees: ab) ae Cn Ge 835) A 3.3. Torsional Functions In addition to the torsional properties given in Section above, the torsional rotation ® and its derivativ sary forthe solution of equations 3.1, 3.2, and 33. In Appen- dix B, these equations have been evaluated for twelve com- ‘mon combinations of end condition (xed, pinned, and fee) and load type. Members are assumed to be prismatic. The idealized fixed, pinned, and free torsional end conditions for which practical examples are illustrated in Figure 3.3, are defined in Appendix C.2. ‘The solutions give the rotational esponse @ and derivatives along the span comesponding to diferent values of fa, the ratio of the member span length / to the torsional property @ of ts cr038-section. The functions given are non-dimensional that is, each erm is multiplied by «factor that is dependent upon the torsional properties of the member and the magni- tude ofthe applied torsional moment. For each case, there are four graphs providing values of 6, 6’, 0", and 0”. Each graph shows the value of the torsional funetions (vertical scale plored against the fraction of the span length (horizontal scale) from the let suppor. Some of| the curves have been plotted as a dotted line for ease of reading. The resulting equations for each of these cases are sven in Appendix C4 (a) Teeny Fos Et (0) Teionaty Pret ns Figure 3.3.Chapter 4 ANALYSIS FOR TORSION In this chapter, the determination of torsional stresses and their combination with stresses due to bending and axial load is covered for both open and closed cross-sections. The AISC Specification provisions forthe design of members subjected to torsion and serviceability considerations fos torsional rota~ tion ate discussed, 4.1 Torsional Stresses on I-, C-, and Z-shaped Open Cross-Sections Shapes of open eross-section tend to warp under torsional loading. If this warping is unrestrained, only pure torsional stresses are present, However, when warping is restrained, additional direct shear stresses as well as longitudinal stresses ‘due to warping must also be considered, Pute torsional shear stresses, shear stresses due to warping, and normal stresses due to warping are cach related to the derivatives of the rotational function @. Thus, when the derivatives of @ are determined along the girder length, the corresponding stress ‘conditions can be evaluated. The calculation of these stresses is dascribed in the following sections. 4.11 Pure Torsional Shear Stresses ‘These shear stresses are always present on the cross-section of a member subjected to 2 torsional moment and provide the resisting moment 7, as described in Section 2.2. These are in-plane shear stresses that vary linearly across the thickness, of an element of the cross-section and act in a direction parallel to the edge of the element. They are maximum and equal, but of opposite direction, at the two edges. The maxi- mum stress is determined by the equation: = Goel ay where ‘4, = pure torsional shear stress at element edge, ksi G = shear modulus of elasticity of steel, 11,200 ksi 1 = thickness of element, in. = cate of change of angle of rotation 0, first derivative ‘of @ with respect to z (measured along longitudinal axis of member) ‘The pure torsional shear stresses will be largestin the thickest elements of the cross-section. These stress states are illus- trated in Figures 4.1b, 4.2b, and 4.3b for T-shapes, channels, ‘and Z-shapes. 41.2. Shear Stresses Due to Warping When amemberis allowed to warp freely, these shear stresses will not develop. When warping is restrained, these are in- plane shear stresses that are constant across the thickness of an element of the cross-section, but vary in magnitude along, the length of the element. They act in a direction parallel to the edge of the element. The magnitude of these stresses is, determined by the equation:(42a) shear stress at points due to warping, ksi modulus of elasticity of steel, 29,000 ksi Sz, = watping statcal moment at point (see Appendin A), in! 1 thickness of element, in 0” = third deivative of @ with respect to < ‘These stress states are illustrated in Figures 4,1¢, 4.2c, and 4.3e for [-shapes, channels, and Z-shapes. Numerical sub- scripts are added to represent points of the cross-section as illustrated. 4.1.3 Normal Stresses Due to Warping When a member is allowed to warp freely, these normal stresses will not develop. When warping is restrained, these are ditect stresses (tensile and compressive) resulting from bending of the element due to torsion. Tuey act perpendicular 1o the surface of the cross-section and are constant across the thickness of an element of the cross-section but vary in nagnitude along the length of the element. The magnitude of these stresses is determined by the equstion: ou W,,0" (43a) where Gi, = normal stress at point s due to warping, ksi E” = modulus of clastcity of steel, 29,000 ksi W,, = normalized warping function at points (see Appen- dix A), in? =second derivative of @ with respect to z ‘These stress states are illustrated in Figures 4.1d, 4.24, and 43d for Fshapes, channels, and Z-shapes, Numerical sub- scripts are added to represent points of the cross-section as illustrated, 4.1.4 Approximate Shear and Normal Stresses Due 10 Warping on -Shapes ‘The shear and normal stresses duc to warping may be approxi- ‘mated for short-span I-shapes by resolving the torsional mo- ‘meat 7 into an equivalent force couple acting at the Manges as illustrated in Figure 4.4, Each flange is then analyzed as a ‘beara subjected to this force. The shear stress at the center of the flange is approximated as 13¥, as where ¥jis the value of the shear in the flange at any point along the length. The normal stress atthe tips of the Mange is, approximated as: (4.26) = 4.36) -M, = bending moment on the flange at any point along the length, 4.2. Torsional Stress on Single-Angles ‘Single-angles tend to warp under torsional loading. If this ‘warping is unrestrained, only pure torsional shear stresses develop. However, when warping is restrained, additional direct shear stresses as well as longitudinal siress due to warping are present Pure torsional shear stress may be calculated using Equa tion 4.1. Gjelsvik (1981) identified that the shear stresses due to warping ate of two kinds: in-plane shear stresses, which vary from zero at the toe to a maximum at the heel of the angle; and secondary shear stresses, which vary from zero at the hee! 10 a raaximum at the toe of the angle. These stresses are illustrated in Figure 4.5, Warping strengths of single-angles are, in general, rela- tively small. Using typical angle dimensions. it can be shown that the two shear stresses due to warping are of approxi mately the same order of magnitue, but represent less than 20 percent of the pure torsional shear stress (AISC, 1993b). ‘When all the shear stresses are added, the result is a maximum sucface shear stress near mid-length of the angle leg. Since this is a local maximum that does not extend through the thickness of the angle, itis sufficient to ignore the shear stresses due to warping. Similarly, normal stresses due t0 ‘warping are considered to be negligible. For the design of shelf angles, refer to Tide and Krogstad 1993), 43. Torsional Stress on Structural Tees ‘Structural tees tend to warp under torsional loading. If this warping is unrestrained, only pure torsional shear stresses develop. However, when warping is restrained, additional direct shear stresses as well as longitudinal or normal stress ‘due to warping are present. Pure torsional shear stress may be calculated using Equation 4.1. Warping stresses of structural ‘ees are, in general, relatively small. Using typical tee dimen- sions, it can be shown that the shear and normal stresses due to warping are negligible. 44. Torsional Stress on Closed and Solid Cross-Sections Torsion on a salar shape (hollow or solid) is resisted by shear stresses in the cross-section that vary directly with distance from the centroid. The cross-section remains plane 4s it ewists (without warping) and torsional loading develops pure torsional stresses only. While non-circular closed cross-Table 4.1 Shear Stress Due to St. Verant's Torsion Solid Cross-Sections tb 210 te sections tend to warp under torsional loading, this warping is minimized since longitudinal shear prevents relative dis- placement of adjacent plate elements as illustrated in Fig ure 4.6 ‘The analysis and design of thin-walled (b/t 2 10) closed cross-sections for torsion is simplified with the assumption that the torque is absorbed by shear ferces that are uniformly distributed over the thickness ofthe element (Siev, 1966). The _general torsional response can be determined from Equation 3.1 with the warping term neglected, For a constant torsional moment T'the shear stress %, may be calculated a: (44) where 4, = area enclosed by shape, measured to centerline of thickness of bounding elements as illustrated in Fig- ure 47, in, 1 = thickness of bounding element, in For solid round and flat bars, square, rectangular and round HSS and steel pipe, the torsional shear stress may be caleu- lated using the equations given in Table 4.1. Note that the ‘equation for the hollow circular cross-section in Table 4.1 is not in a form based upon Equation 4.4 and is valid for any wall thickness 48. Elastic Stresses Due to Bending and Axial Load In addition tothe torsional stresses, bending and shear stresses (6, and %, respectively) due to plane bending are normally present in the structural member, These stresses are deter ‘mined by the following equations: as 46) where 6, = normal stress due to bending about either the x or y axis, ksi M_ = bending moment about either the x or y axis, ki S- =lastic section modulus, in.? % = shear stress due to applied shear in either x or y direction, ksi V_ = shear in either x or y direction, kips Q = Q,for the maximum shear stress in the flange Q, for the maximum shear stress in the web. 1 = moment of inertia f, of J, in f= thickness of element, in ‘The value of &, computed using Q, from Appendix A is the theosetical value at the center of the flange. It is within the accuracy of the method presented herein to combine this theoretical value with the torsional shearing stress calculated for the point at the intersection ofthe web and flange center- lines Figure 44 illustrates the distribution of these stresses, shown for the ease of a moment causing bending about the major axis of the cross-section and shear acting along the ‘minor axis of the cross-section. The stress distribution inthe Z-shape is somewhat complicated because the major axis is not parallel tothe flanges, Axial stress 9, may also be present due to an axial load P.‘This stress may be tensile or compressive and is determined by the following equation: Pe a O=5 an where 6, = normal stress due 10 axial load, ksi P. = axial load, kips A. sarea,in? 4.6 Combining Torsional Stresses With Other Stresses 4.6.1 Open Cross-Sections To determine the total stress condition, the stresses due 10, torsion are combined algebraically with all other stresses using the principles of superposition. The total normal siress fis fo= 5,4 Opt Gy ES (48a) and the total shear stress fis Ket TW EVES (4.99) As previously mentioned, the terms 6, and t, may be taken 1s zero ia the following cases: Figure 42. 1. members for which warping is unrestrained 2. single-angle members 3, structural tee members In the foregaing, it is imperative that the direction of the stresses be carefully observed. The positive direction of the torsional stresses as used in the sign convention presented hereinis indicated in Figures 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3. Inthe sketches accompanying cach figure, the stresses are shown acting on ‘cross-section of the member located at distance = from the left support and viewed in the direction indicated in Figure 4.1. Inall of the sketches, the applied torsional moment acts at some arbitrary point along the member in the direction indicated. Inthe sketches of Figure 4.8, the momentacts about ‘the major axis of the cross-section and causes compression in the top flange. The applied shear is assumed to act vertically downward along the minor axis of the cross-section. For [shapes, 6. and 6, are both at their maximum values at the edges of the flanges as shown in Figures 4.1 and 4.8 Likewise, there are always two flange tips where these stresses add regardless of the directions of the applied tor- sional moment and bending momeat. Also for I-shapes, the ‘maximum values of &, t,. and T, in the flanges will always add at some point regardless of the directions of the applied torsional moment and vertical shear to give the maximum t are Nn ‘Lean t Sar Cae eat) (0) Soar Stee Duets Fae Ton ua Witt (0) Show Sree Ove Wang (eNom ress Ou ware Figure 4.3.shear stress in the flange. For the web, the maximum value of ‘tpadds to the value oft in the web, regardless ofthe direction of loading, to give the maximum shea: stressin the web. Thus, for [-shapes, Equations 4,8a and 4.91 may be follows: r= O,£ (ret Gy, # 84) (4.80) f For channels and Z-shapes, generalized rules cannot be given for the determination of the magnitude of the maximum ‘combined stress. For shapes such as these, itis necessary 10 ‘consider the directions ofthe applied loading and to check the ‘combined stresses at soveral locations in both the flange and the web, Determining the maximum values of the combined stresses for all types of shapes is somewhat cumbersome because the MPESSES Ts Ty. Gye Oy. aNd T, are not all at their maximum values at the same transverse cross-section along the length ‘of the member. Therefore, in many cases, the stresses should be checked at several loeations along the member Tat tet ET (4.9) 46.2. Closed Cross-Sections For closed cross-sections, stresses due to warping are cither not induced’ or negligible. Torsional loading does, however, cause shear stress, and the total shear stress is: a dh & | Melt ' |) Mel z Z sige fateh tt (4.10) In the above equation, v z uy where A, = total web area for square and rectangular HSS and half the cross-sectional area for round HSS and steel Pipe. 4.7 Specification Provisions 4.7.1 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) In the following, the subscript u denotes factored loads. LRED Specification Section H2 provides general criteria for members subjected to torsion and torsion combined with other forces, Second-order amplification (P-delta) effects, if any, are presumed to already be included in the elastic analy sis from which the calculated stresses (fn fe: Ox» Ss Gus Tr ‘tq and ,) were determined, For the limit state of yielding under normal stress: Sa SOF, (4.12) For the limit state of yielding under shear stress: Sa, $0065, (4.13) For the limit state of buckling: (4.14) SoS OF, (4.13) 1s appropriate. In the above equations, F, = yield strength ofstel, ksi E,, = critical buckling stress in either compression (LRED. (9) Sex srees to Figure 4.5. Dora sins shape ofr nonsiaar shape or wtich wring sees warping does eo ea are 0Specification Chapter E) or shear (LRED Specifica- tion Section F2), ksi 4 =0.90 6, = 085 ‘When itis unclear whether the dominart limit state is yield ing, buckling, of stability, ina member subjected to combined forces, the above provisions may be too simplistic. Therefore, the following interaction equations may be usetul to conser- vatively combine the above checks of normal stress for the limit states of yielding (Equation 4,12) and buckling (Equa: tion 4.14). When second order effects, if any, are considered in the determination of the normal stresses: (4.168) If second order effects occur but are not considered in deter- ‘mining the normal stresses, the following equation must be used: (4.160) n the above equations, E,, = compressive critical sress for flexural orflexural-tor- sional member buckling from LRFD Specification Chapter E (G, term), ksi; critical flexural stress con- trolled by yielding, lateral-torsional buckling (LTB), web local buckling (WLB), or flange focal buckling (PLB) from LRFD Specification Chapter F (6, term) factored axial force in the member (kips) clastic (Buler) buckling load B Shear stresses due to combined (orsion and flexure may be checked for the limit state of yielding as in Equation 4.13, Note that a shear buckling limit state for torsion (Equation 4.15) has not yet been defined, For single-angle members, see AISC (1993b). A more advanced analysis and/or special design precautions are sug gested for slender open cross-sections subjected to torsion. 47.2. Allowable Stress Design (ASD) ‘Although not explicitly covered in the ASD Specification, the ‘design for the combination of torsional and other stresses in ASD can proceed essentially similarly to that in LRED, ‘except that service loads are used in place of factored loads. In the absence of allowable stress provisions for the design of members subjected to torsion and torsion combined with ‘other forces, the following provisions, which parallel LRED Specification provisions above, are recommended, Second-order amplification (P-delta) effects, if any, are pre sumed to already be included in the elastic analysis from which the calculated stresses (fy, fe, ws Ose Gus Tn Ty and &,) were determined. For the limit state of yielding under normal stress LS 0.68, ay For the limit state of yielding under shear stress: LS 04F (4.18) 6 Figure 47.For the limit state of buckling: LSE OF LS By (4.19) LSE 420) as appropriate. In the above equations, yield strength of steel, ksi E, =allowable buckling stress in compression (ASD Specification Chapter E), ksi ;, = allowable bending stress (ASD Speci ter F), ksi allowable buckling stress in shear (ASD Specifics: tion Section F4), ksi tion Chap- When itis unclear whether the dominant limit state is yield ing, buckling, or stability, in a member subjected to combined forces, the above provisions may be toosimplistic. Therefore, the following interaction equations may be useful to conser vatively combine the above checks of normal stress for the limit states of yielding (Equation 4.17) and buckling (Equa- tion 4.19). When second order effects, if any, are considered in determining the normal stresses: Gs, Ose E> h, *06F ~ 06 Oy Ge ek toes! (4218) If second order effects occur but are not considered in deter- mining the normal stresses, the following equation must be used: Sue oy (Epo (“Eps In the above equations, (421) E Hlowable axial stress (ASD Specification Chapter B) ksi ilowable bending stress controtled by yielding, lateral-torsional buckling (LTB), web local buck: ling (WLB), or flange local buckling (FLB) from ASD Specification Chapter F ksi axial steess in the member, ksi = elastic (Buler) stress divided by factor of safety (see ASD Specification Section Fil), AS ‘Shear stresses due to combined torsion and flexure may be checked for the limit state of yielding as in Equation 4.18, As ‘with LRED Specification provisions, a shear buckling limit slate for torsion has not yet been defined For single-angle members, see AISC (19896). A more advanced analysis and/or special design precautions ares gested for slender open cross-sections subjected to torsion, 4.7.3 Effect of Lateral Restraint at Load Point Chu and Johnson (1974) showed that for an unbraced be: subjected to both flexure and torsion, the stress due to warping is magnified for a W-shape as its lateral-torsional buckling strength is approached; this is analogous to beam-column bbohavior, Thus, if Jateral displacement or twist i not re- strained at the load poinl, the secondary effects of lateral bending and warping restraint stresses may become signili- cant and the following additional requirement is also conser- vatively suggested. For the LRFD Specification provisions of Section 4.7.1, amplify the minor-axis bending stress 6, and the warping normal stiess 6, by the factor (4.22) where 6F."is the elastic LTB stress (ksi), which can be derived for W-shapes from LRED Specification Equation F1-13, For the ASD Specification provisions of Section 4.7.2, amplify the minor-axis bending stiess ©, and the wasping normal stress 6, by the factor Figure 48,Re) —e_] 4.23) fe Fu) i where Fis the clastic LTB stress (ks), given for W-shapes, by the larger of ASD Specification Equations F1-7 and F1-8. 48 Torsional Serviceability Criteria {In addition to the strength provisions of Section 4.7, members subjected to torsion must be checked for torsional rotation 8 ‘The appropriate serviceability limitation varies; the rotation limit for a member supporting an exterior masonry wall may 18 differ from that for a member supporting a curtain-wall sys- tem, Therefore, the rotation limit must be selected based upon the requirements of the intended application, Whether the design check was determined with factored loads and LRFD Specification provisions, or service loads and ASD Specification provisions, the serviceability check of © should be made at service load levels (ie., against unfac- toted torsional moment).The design aids of Appendix B as ‘well as the general equations in Appendix C are required for the determination of 8.Chapter 5 DESIGN EXAMPLES Example $.1 As illustrated in Figure 5.12, a W10x49 spans 15 f¢ (180 in.) and supports a 15-kip factored load (10-kip service load) at midspan that acts at a 6 in. eccentricity with respect (0 the shear center, Determine the stresses on the cross-section and the torsional rotation Given: ‘The end conditions are assumed to be flexurally and torsion- ally pinned. The eccentric load can be resolved into torsional ‘moment and a load applied through the shear center as shown in Figure $.1b. The resulting flexural and torsional loadings are illustcated in Figure 5.tc. The torsional properties are as follows: 54.6 in t; = 0.560 in, 1, = 0.340 in, Solution: Calculate Bending Stresses BL te we 5) = 12.4 ksi (compression at top; tension at bottom) aM. TE, (7.5 kips) (30.2 in?) (272 in.) (0340 in.) AS ksi Ty (7.5 kips (13.0 in) (272 in) 0.560 in) 0.64 ksi Figure 5.1, 46) 46) For this loading, stresses are constant from the support to the load point.Cateulate Torsional Stresses T=Re = 15 kipsx 6m = 90 kip-in The following functions are taken from Appendix B, Case 3, with a= 0.5: 1 _ 180in a 621 =2.90 At midspan (2/ Gh oxe Ga. Wh caa-044 Gr t ox ex G T At the support (:/1=0) 6 in = 60 kip and the maximum rotation is n = +0095 0.09(-60 kip-in.i(180 i (11,200 ksiy1.39 in.) = -0.062 rad. Example 5.2 Repeat Example 5.1 for a TS10«6x'4 (f= 50 ksi. Compare the magnitudes of the resulting stesses and rotation with those determined in Example 5.1 Given: s. in J =18Tin* ‘Solution: Calculate Bending Stresses My 618 pin ant as _675 kip-in. -"362in7 = 18.7 ksi % aot z. @uy ___75kips 2x10 in. x4 in = 0.75 ksi Caleulate Torsional Stress From Example 5.1 90 kip-in, 4) Cateulate Combined Sess fea Bt, 10) = 2075 ksi — 172 Ksi 2-247 ksi Catcuiate taximum Rotation From Example 5.1, 1 = 60 Kips, (r/2yt/2) @ 60 kip-in./2)(180 in./2) © (11,200 ksij(187 in, = -0.0013 rad. Comparing the magnitudes of the maximum stresses and rotation for this HSS with those for the W-shape of Exam- ple 5.1 4280 Tea 156 waxcoue) asi |(-616) 0 wax we)wi0xa9 TS10x6%%4 So 404 ksi 18.7 ksi : M4 ksi 2AT ksi 8 0.062 rad 0.0013 rad. ‘Thus, stresses and rotation are significantly reduced in com parable closed sections when torsion is « major factor. Example 5.3 Repeat Example 5.1 assuring the conceatrated force is intro duced by a W6x9 column framed rigidly «othe W10x49 beam as illustrated in Figure 5.3. Assume the column is 12 ft long, with its top a pinned end and a floor diaphragm provides lateral restraint at the load point. Compare the magnitudes of the resulting stresses and rotation with those determined in Examples $.1 and 5.2. Given: For the W10x49 beam: 5,218.7 in! For the W6x9 column: A =268in? 1, =164 in! 47 in, Solution: In this example, the torsional restraint provided by the rigid connection joining the bear and columa will be utilized. Determine Flexural Stiffness of Column 329,000 ksi)(16.4 in.) 144 in. Figure 53. 9,910 kip-indJced. Determine Torsional Stiffness of Beam From Example 5.1, (11,200 ksi(1.39 in‘) * 0.09180 in.) = 961 kip-in.tad, Determine Distribution of Moment 8.1 kipsin 90.0 ips ‘Thus, the torsional moment on the beam has been reduced from 90 kip-in, o 8.1 kip-in. The column must be designed for an axial load of 15 kips plus an end-momentof 81.9 kip-in, “The beam must be designed for the torsional moment of 6.1 . the 15-kip force from the column axial load, and a Jateral force P, due tothe horizontal reaction atthe bottom of the column, where _ 819 kip-in, = Tas in, = 0.57 kips Calculate Bending Stresses From Example 5.1, 6, = 12.4 ksi T= 245 ksi ty =0.64 ksi In the weak axis Pal My="e 0.57 kips(180 in.) os 445) (4.2b) _ 057 kipsx 15 © 2(10.0 in. x 0.560 in.) = 0.076 ksi Catewlate Torsional Stress ‘Since the torsional moment has been reduced to 9 percent of that used in Example 5.1, the torsional stresses are also reduced to 9 percent of those calculated in Example 5.1. These stresses are summarized below. Calculate Combined Stress ‘Summarizing stresses due to flexure and torsion Location Ow Ome Oty | hin Mcspan tango | -252 124 0 s1g7 | 188 wep | See See te [Suppor nange | oo ° ° o wed | — eee = Maximum Location tweety | ty vidspan flange | 0-012 2064 wed | 0 — 245, [suppor flange 005 1084 web sas Maxima As before, the maximum normal stress occurs at midspan in. the flange. In this case, however, the maximum shear stress ‘occurs at the support in the web. Calculate Maximum Rotation Since the torsional moment has been reduced to 9 percent of that used in Example 5.1, the maximum rotation, which ‘occurs at midspan, is also reduced to 9 percent of that caleu lated in Example 5.1 or: 0 =~0.0056 rad, Comments ‘Comparing the magnitudes ofthe stresses and rotation for this, ccase with that of Example 5.1 W10x49 W10x49 unrestrained restrained fe 40d ksi 16.3 ksi i La Ksi 2.00 si ° 0.062 rd 0.0056 rad eee, . ® a I NA Pc poe HANAN i Lot ger sta | Hl af cc, er 1400, : » rar Tae) IT ai CATAL 160 Fiewe 54Thus, consideration of available torsional restraint signifi cantly reduces the torsional stresses and rotation. Gs) Example $4 ‘The welded plate-grder shown in FigureS a pans 25 £300 inyand supports 310-kipand 420-kip factored loads (210-kip ind 285-kipsevice loads), As ustraedin Figate S.A these Concentrated loads ate acting at a Sin. cecentiity with reapoct to the shear center Determine the sressa5 on the 30 Cross-section andthe torsional rotation om _ hin. [(29,000 KSI, 950i) The end conditions are asumed tobe flexually and torsion- - tee! ally pinned Solution: = L7in. hy Calculate Cross-Sectional Properties te an 18 in.)(36 in.) (32 in.) | (Lin.X32 L ( 8 . nae vy e iny G4inJU8 4 a 4 = 153 in? Hit om 23,600 in gin = 1,310in” 1 -26in9118 in? _G2in.X¥8 in? | G2 ing{t ny" Saar SEE 2 oo = 1,950 in* (34 in (2 in. LS Jin) a 289 in? 0, he Ae 6.10) 2 8 =217 in? Fin 018inye in , GAin.—2 inn Calculate Torsional Properties 3 peat? os -10 Calculate Bending Stresses 2x18 inj in | G2in yf int 3 3 By inspection, points D and E are most critical. At point D: 4 M, = 107i a 4. on5 45) had-y GD t 34,830 kip-in, = 36in,-2in 1310 in? = 34 in, = 26.6 ksi (compression at top; tension at bottom) Atpoint E, 6, = 0.Between points D and E: a2. WET 46 _ 387 kips)(740 in.) (23,600 in-)(T in.) 121 ksi v.02, 46 G87 kips\(289 in, (23,600 in.*}2 in.) = 2.37ksi For this loading, shear stresses are constent from point D to, point B. Calculate Torsional Stresses 10 kips x 3 in 30 kip-in 420 kips » 3 in, = 1,260 kip-in, ‘The effect of each torque at points D and Ewill be determined individually and then combined by superposition. Use Case 3 with @ = 0.3 (The effects ofeach load are added by superposition), 1 300in. a” HiTin =2.56 +930 kip-in Gd ~ (1200 ksiy(107 in.) 7.76 x 10 radfin, Ty ___+1.260 kip-in. G1 (11,200 ksi(107 in’ = 41.05% 10° rad.fn. At point D ( M, oM, oof 580.831) Hy, cos2sm) » a Kipcin C 09 ( 58-083 917 kipin. } (42.8 kip-in.) 48.2 kipsin 54.0 kip-in, > 48.2 kip-in, 30 QM, = 48.2 kip-in, > 48 kip-in, ok. ‘Cheek Shear Due to Flexure and Torsion The shear stress due to flexure is, 2 kips 3in.x Yin) = 133 ksi TThe shear stress due to pure torsion is, i z kip in.J(sin.) 023 in 641 ksi ‘The total shear stress is, fart = 133 ksi + 6.41 si = 174 si From LRED Single-Angle Specification Section 3, 4, = 0.906%) = 09(0.6 x 50 ksi) = 27 ksi> T.74ksi ok. Calculate Maximum Rotation ‘The maximum rotation will oceur at the free end of the cantilever. The service-load torque is: T=Pe 33 kips x 1.5 in, = 2.00 kip-in. and the maximum rotation, 1 7 GI (2.00 kip-in.}(24 in.) (11,200 ksiy(0.234 in. = 0.018 rad, Example 5.7 ‘The crane girder and loading illustrated in Figure 5.7 is taken from Example 18.1 of the AISC Design Guide IndustrialBuildings: Roofs to Column Anchorage (Fisher, 1993). Use the approximate approach of Section 4.1.4 to calculate the ‘maximum normal stress on the combined section. Determine if the member is adequate if F = 36 ksi Given: For the strong-axis disection: M,.= 679 kip-ft (sicong-axis bending moment on com- bined section) 8, =268in’ 5; =436in? Note that the subscripts J and 2 indicate that the section modulus is calculated relative to the bottom and top, respec lively, of the combined shape. For the channeltop flange assembly: M,y=38.9 kip-ft (weak-axis bending moment on top flange assembly) 5, =503in! ‘Note that the subscript r indicates thatthe section modulus is calculated based upon the properties of the channel and top flange area only. Solution: Calculate Normal Stress Due to Strong-Axis Bending a = a5) 679 kip-f412 inf ~~ a6in = 18.7 ksi a5) 619 kip-fe(12 in At) 268 in = 304 ksi Caleulate Normal Stress due to Warping From Section 4.1.4, the normal stress due to warping may be approximated as: (4.30) _ 38.9 kip-f(12 int) EEE ane = 9.28 ksi Calculate Total Normal Stress Song ™ Greve * Fe (48a) = 18.7 ksi + 9.28 ksi = 28.0 ksi Fon bono = 30.4 ksi = controls Check Design Strength 9F, = 0.9036 ksi =34ksi>304ksi ok. Comments ‘Since itis common practice in erane-girder design to assume that the lateral loads are resisted only by the top flange assembly, the approximate solution of Section 4.1.4 is ex- tremely useful for this case | Meat bres pesune Mie OKO —_——d eae ES EH ce Dotine My wok Hl || waeAppendix A TORSIONAL PROPERTIES i oy M., S-, and HP-Shapes | Wel? Torsional Properton Statical Moments z CI 1 We Sn ar Oy shape int ns in. in? int ind in? wanes | zaa | S6000 197 168 5190 28 en 200 | sis | aexo0o | 155, 168 soo Bt 709 gee | 37 | 40,000 187 185 ‘922 2s oe 200 | 249 | 46,000 190 68 789 184 351 waoxsss | 44s 6,000 701 1 | 2200 494 1,980 503 | 270 791000 e57 | 158 1340 aoa | s360 a | 7 610,000 957 156 4380 347 ‘at we | 16 528,000 109 154 300 236 zi | 754 | 417,000 123 182 259 n zr | ez | 257.000 $90 151 240 665 zr | 361 | 378.000 100 151 200 et 23 | a77 | ss3000 151 149 208 500 zis | 24a | 242,000 173 19 v7 401 jo | tet | 215000 | 107 48 ey 197 aa tm | 2 | 189.000 | 209 “7 43 18 oe waosase | 277 29,000 wos | ws 1.160 we | 1000 ‘302 | 72 206,000 679 121 ‘40 m 256 aot | 106 242,000 768 v8 182 228 ns ze | ‘ear | 192000 a6 115 622 492 596 26 | 561 | 181,000 913 14 589 wot 5e6 zs | 443° | te1000 | 101 13 530 168 508 ar | ao | 40000 | 109 2 468 1 453 | ies | tee | 119,000 135 ‘ 402 ia a | ter | 140. | 38.500 136 ct 26 419 246 149 eso | 79,800 147 10 270 zo | 209 wees | 1270 | 1,620,000 a5 | 3ss0 om | 1910 ‘ras | s.070 | 1480,900 505 so | 3270 ou 1700 650 | soo | 1,090,900 030 se | 2520 sia | 120 sz | 320 '16,000 mo | 155 11960 as | 1390 a9 | 195 637,000 mo | 12 | 1570 oe 228 asa | 9 ssap00 | 100 400 | 1300 309 830 as) 109 493.000 | 108 148 240 2a 137 wea) (ms | 41000 ns 138 130 258 oot | 300 642 928,000 17 146 1,020 235 626 280 526 936,000 134 145, 944 219 585 20) 415 | sioom | us saa 859 290 539 zs | sae | ooo | tt 143 799 187 505 20 | 286 | 22000 | 160 143 740 17 7 3Weis Site , M-, S-, and HP-Shapes We 7 Sw > Sw Wu Sa Torsional ronan Baia niomenis | & . We [Sa a 2 nape int in? a a was-288 "a9 00 | ee | me | CO we 140.000 te | se) toe | aes ie {i000 we | ae | te | ae ‘ot ‘iea00 w | a | oe | as tee wan | us | te | 3 | 38 1% eso | ed is | 8 ne 10 voz | 7 we | om i | Bie = we | ie | ws | ae fr) aot is ee | is | te | as moa | as wanes | ns | ogo | ose | 1 | sso | 260 | 700 ae) te) ee] oe | ot | tooo | oo] ae) es | Soa | ous | ose | oe | ae] 8 wy | Bo | Siete | tz | tao |e ws | 80 ar | sss | goa | to to | im | a wi) se | eco | ws | we | oso | se) ee a) ms | moe | ie | owe | oo | we | oe wences | a7 zat | 10 cor | s@ | wo | ow eo | tae | riven |e fee | 2 m1 | ze we | ‘om | eto | isi ws | ase wes | a te | oar | seo) ta we | neo | a We | Em | sean | ts cee | 60 wes | tr wooarr | so7 | amon | ose | se [| sao | me |e wr | wor | geet | mae | tay | two | oe | 6 ou) me | | oe | on | ‘ae ] oes | tae se | wm, | Seo | oe | ons | oe | 20 | m0 | me | S38 | zeom | we m | oe | wr | ae Bi] to | ton) m | es wo | ae ge | are | vec | 124 m | se | te om ix | 208 | team | 1 mm | te | te | 1%) 385 | eso |e no |e ns | vaonse | ue | soa | soo | 779 | 20 ws | 20 fe | ‘sm | ero | 106 ma | oo mo | ie | tm | ae | re je | eo ws | a te | 60 | namo | no mes | an ce | 1 we | 8m | Seco | tar | ter] se sar | i fe | or | asa | 136 rer | te S| i we | am | zxeoo | 15 no | te eo | te M4Seas See W-, M-, S-, and HP-Shapes Sw Sie Sa ‘Torsional Properties Statical Moments Zz a Woe Sat a On Shope int in ine int ne in? worse | 400 a7 wt 1490) 342 940 ase | 207 541 108 4190 283 786 368 | 169 wae 102 ‘980 2st 620 307 | 01 na 94 750 192 5it 258 10 822 982 813 61 424 235 463 285 960 543 146 a4 217 370 348, 950 503 135 354 194 265 r 104 933) 42 420 Bi 178 195 198,300 14 937 393 107 zee | 181 147 87,300 124 929 352 966 256 | 148 109 7200 135 922 ata 870 231 werxt29 12 32,500 867 oo 183 625 1097 114 733 | 27,600 987 66.4 155 502 17 102 529 | 241000 108 657 cd 527 153 94 03 | 21,300 47 os4 we 473 19 4 2at 17900 1 | a8 103 408 322 waaase | 456 283,000 404 ser | aso 281 ™ ‘aos | 271 214,000 452 be ‘209 233 628 sas | 154 460,000 518 was 708 89 509 29 o17 | 125000 504 920 570 187 ate 280 673 | 108,000 645 808 02 141 372 228 518 95,860 502 736 451 128 538 207 388 33,900 750 785 401 68 05 192 st 76,200 728 nr 387 107 280 178 pat 68,400 857 770 393 78 285 182 485 62,600 936 770 308 eae 234 146 134 54,600 103 763 288 705 208 131 aso | 47,100 113 756 233 697 188 “7 672 | 40,800 125 749 208 eS, 68 404 472 | 35200 139 743 178 Bat 148 weaxtos 740 | 16,600 778 530 v7 494 140 4 525 | 15.000 880 531 105 444 war B4 370 | 12.800 946 526 918 390 ne 8 263 | 1,100 104 522 798 344 100 | 68 137 9/490 14 519, 3.0 295 389 wats an 4.620 68 407 423 zaz 166 5 118 3870 22 404 38.7 198 era wenot 413 1,900 e22 oo 345 102 285 182 sit 534300 er2 660 207 23 238 165 zag 448500 ms 658 217 eas 216 147 184 41,100 1 | 654 235 m4 187 132 no. 36,000 208 oar 208 640, 167 122 ase | 32,700 ora 82 191 5a2 14 m ses | 23200 105 637 1m 537 139 101 sai | 26200 na 632 155 40 ar 35W-, M-, S-, and HP-Shapes Swe Seo Sa Torsional Properties: ‘Statical Moments, s ow | 4 Woe Sut oe a ‘shape ind ine in| int in? ind w21793 6.09) oa | 653 436 53 382, 110 8 494 8,60 na 43.0 750 ae 98.0 73 3.02 7,410 rez | 428 65.2 203 852 68 28, 6.760 BS 42.3 59.9 289 798 62 4.83 5.860 os 420 592 254 722 wane? wz 3.190 609 33.4 356 209 643 50 114 2570 764 33.4 289 472 550 “a ov 2110 wae 328 240 145, ant wean | 17 75,700 343 590 489 141 376 zea | 135 65,600 355 575 aan 127 338 288 | 108 57.400 378 56.4 382 "6 306 235 vor 49,900 403 552 399 105 274 an 593 43,200 434 542 299 43 2a, 192 452 97,900 466 53.3 267 a7 | at 175 a2 39,200 501 525 237 m2 198 188. 254 26,900 543 518 210 60.4 178 143 194 2,700 588 510 199 632 161 190 147 22:70 632 50.4 168 574 145 wieet19 106 20,900 74 504 15 506 131 106 748 17.400 78 498 131 446 15 97 586 15,800 838 49.4 120 412 105 86 410 48,800 7 48.9 108 96.3 8 6 283 41,700 108 484 07 319 a1 wie a8 4,700 594 337 21 258 7 6 273 41240 63.4 soa 475, 23.8 68 60 ear 3,850 ore 334 435 224 aia 55 1.66 2,490 7A 329 39.0 199 559 50 424 3.040 707 3268 ua 180 504 wisxas 1.20 4710 02 264 242 153, 453 40 o8t 1,440 ora | (261 208 13.3 302 6 ost 4,140 761 259 165 107 wae wrext00 773 11,900 63.1 a7 107 300 99.0 89 545 10,200 o98 ata 993 we 873 7 357 8590 739 406 793 2a7 750 7 2.39 7,00 839 401 ea2 29 | 649 wiexs7 222 957 200 356 199 528 50 152 622 276 308 167 460 48 att eat ara 22 150 a4 40 ore 753 271 2s 134 365 38 ose e7 269 202 14 320 wierst 046 739, 45 a9 130 oar 270 26 0.28 565, 750 aa 100 720 224 36Wo Wino ea Swe | W-, M-, S-, and HP-Shapes Woe > Sve See oe Se ‘Torsional Properties an Statical Momente | 4 Gy a | Woo Sut a O Shape int inf in. in int ins in wiaxsos | 1,860 +98,000 246 22 | 1950 387 916 730 | 1.480 362,000 254 ves | 1.720 319 831 65 | 1.120 05,000 zee 75 | «sto 27 740 605 | 870 258,000 27 730 | 320 259 60 580 | 670 219,000 201 ros | 1169 233 588 500 | S14 187,000 907 685 | 1020 209 504 355 | 505 160,000, 324 eos | 99 189 463 views | 331 144,000, 336 esa | war 175 aa | 30 | 273 129,000 380 ea 758 183 401 aro | 222 116,000 268 20 | 539 151 363 sez | 178 103,000 387 ote | 2s 138 386 an | 136 188,100 412 os | 553 125 301 2a3 | 104 77,700 440 591 493 113 ar 287 70a 67,900 a7 s7o | a3 102 243 293 585, 59,000 507 a) a7 ata an 408, 51,500 8a7 sso | 4s e23 195 193 348 45,900 504 551 | 312 73.8 7 176 265, 140,500 e28 baa | 279 680 160 159 198 35,500 682 sar | 248 613 143 148 182 31,700 735 530 | 224 558 130 wriaxt32 123 25,500 733 soz | 190 499 nz 120 sar | 22,700 792 a7 | im 453 106 109 742 | 20,200 857 431 154 a2 59 99 37 | 18/000 32 var | 128 72 a86 90 408 | 16,000 101 aaa | 125 3u7 783 wage 5.03 e710 585 3a 38 2a 593 7 3.88, 5,990 632 337 55 257 e28 68 3.02, 5,380 os a4 eos 235 573 ot 220 4710 745 384 533 210 Bia wiess | 398 2510 san 267 355 13 436 48 1.48 2240 630 265 316 188 382 4a | 1.08 4,950 699 262 278 139 348 wieas | 080 11.290 631 230 200 15 307 34 os? 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int in? in? 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