CONTENTS

Title Page No
Message by Member Secretary, State Planning Commission
Preface by the District Collector
Acknowledgement i

List of Boxes ii

List of Figures iii

List of Tables iv

Chapters
1. District Profile
1
2. Status of Human Development
12
3. Employment, Income and Poverty
22

4. Demography, Health and Nutrition

33

5. Literacy and Education

53

6. Gender
69

7. Social Security
77

8. Infrastructure
84

9. Summary and way forward

98
Annexures 106
Technical Notes
128
Abbreviations 136
References 137
NAMAKKAL
DISTRICT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2017

District Administration, Namakkal, and

Planning Commission, Tamil Nadu
in association with Dept. of Economics, Thiruvalluvar Govt.
Arts College, Rasipuram & Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Namakkal
 CONTENTS

Title Page No
Message by Member Secretary, State Planning Commission
Preface by the District Collector
Acknowledgement i

List of Boxes ii

List of Figures iii

List of Tables iv

Chapters
1. District Profile
1
2. Status of Human Development
12
3. Employment, Income and Poverty
22

4. Demography, Health and Nutrition

33

5. Literacy and Education

53

6. Gender
69

7. Social Security
77

8. Infrastructure
84

9. Summary and way forward

98
Annexures 106
Technical Notes
128
Abbreviations 136
References 137
M. Asia Mariam, I.A.S Phone : 04286 – 281101(O)
District Collector, 280111 (R)
Namakkal Fax : 280888
Mobile : 9444163000
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The District Human Development Report (DHDR) of Namakkal District was initiated
by the State Planning Commission, Government of Tamil Nadu with support of UNDP. The
preparation of the report was assigned to KVK, Namakkal initially and it has been given to
Thiruvalluvar Govt. Arts College, Rasipuram later by the State Planning Commission in
association with the District Administration. As I am Dr.K.S.Loganathan, Asst. Professor and
Head, Department of Economics, Thiruvalluvar Govt. Arts College, Rasipuram authorized to
be a resource person for the preparation of the report. The report has been completed with the
support and encouragement of bounteous people. It is great pleasure to express my sincere
thanks to all those who have contributed in many ways to successfully complete the report.

First of all I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to Tmt. Santha Sheela Nair IAS,
FormerVice Chair person, State Planning Commission, Government of Tamil Nadu for constantly
reviving the progress for honing the skill for supplementing with valuable suggestions.

I am extremely indebted to Thiru M.Balaji,IAS, the then Member Secretary, State

Planning Commission for initiated this exercise. I also thanks to Thiru. Sugato Dutt,IFS,
former Member Secretary i/c, State Planning Commission and Thiru Anil Meshram,IAS
Member Secretary, State Planning Commission for providing all necessary administrative
support to accomplish the task.

I owe a deep sense of gratitude to Dr. T.R Ganesan, Principal, Thiruvalluvar Govt.
Arts College, Rasipuram and Dr.B.Mohan, Professor and Head, Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Namakkal for their constant encouragement and unstring cooperation.

I express my sincere thanks to Thiru P. Selvarajan, Head of Division, Rural

Development and District Planning, State Planning Commission and Selvi. S. Namagiri, Senior
District Planning Officer, State Planning Commission, whose encouragement, and support
from the preliminary to the concluding level for enabling me to complete this task. I thank Dr.
G. N. Kirupa Subramaniam, Planning Officer, and Thiru R.K.Haroon, Senior Planning
Officer, State Planning Commission for providing critical inputs which helped me in enriching
the report.
I honestly acknowledge Thiru V. Dakshinamoorthy, I.A.S., former District Collector,
Namakkal District for their constant encouragement and periodical review along with the
support of Tmt.G.Malarvizhi, the then District Planning Officer and Thiru K.Selvam, the
then District Planning Officer, Namakkal. This work would not have been possible without
their continued support.
I sincerely acknowledge Tmt. M. Asiya Mariam, I.A.S., District Collector, Namakkal
District for their ultimate authorization of the report with the prop up of Tmt. M. Priya,
District Planning Officer for final shaping of the report successfully.
It is my great pleasure to acknowledge the help rendered by the Block Development
Officers (BDOs), the elected representatives of the district, SHG members, and Municipal
Commissioners. Besides, the various head of departments at the district level provided
invaluable assistance. Specifically Superintendent Engineer, TNEB, Deputy Director, Health &
Family Welfare, Joint Director, Agriculture, Chief Educational Officer, Chief Educational
Officer (SSA), Project Officer, Mahalir Thittam, Executive Engineer(Urban), TWAD; Executive
Engineer, (RWS), TWAD, Deputy Director, Statistics, Special Deputy Collector, SSS, District
Elementary Educational Officer; District Social Welfare Officer, Project Officer, ICDS; Labour
Officer, Manager, Lead Bank; Manager, NABARD, All Executive Officers, All Town
Panchayats; all Block Medical Officers; Namakkal District and others who have also coordinated
with us in executing the work.
I thank Mrs.E.Premavathi, Steno typist DPO, Thiru N. Kanagaraj, Assistant, DPO,
Namakkal, Thiru K.Panneer Selvam, Thiru S.M.Thamilarasn and Tmt. R.Sangeetha, JRF,
KVK, Namakkal for shouldered the responsibility for executing various tasks of the project with
involvement. They also deserve to have appreciation for their efforts behind the scene in
organising several stakeholders meet and focusing group discussions.
Lastly I acknowledge with a deep sense of appreciation, unremitting cooperation and
help of all the officers and staff of the SPC and District Administration, without whom the
present endeavor would not have achieved zenith.

Dr.K.S.LOGANATHAN
Thiruvalluvar Govt. Arts College
Rasipuram
 LIST OF BOXES
S. Page
N Title
o No
1 BOX: 3.1- DECLINE OF CHILD LABOUR 27

2 BOX 3.2 MGNREGA –EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME 28

BOX: 6.1 STATUS OF GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX IN THE

3 DISTRICT 78

4 BOX-7.1 MARRIAGE AND MATERNITY ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME 86

LIST OF FIGURES
S. Page
No Title No
1 FIGURE: 1.1- BLOCK MAP OF THE DISTRICT 4
2 FIGURE: 1.2- DISTRIBUTION OF RAIN FALL (IN MM) 6
FIGURE: 1.3 AVERAGE PER CAPITA INCOME OF DISTRICT AND
3 STATE 8
4 FIGURE: 1.4 - CRUDE BIRTH RATE FOR DISTRICT AND STATE 9
5 FIGURE: 1.5- COMPARATION OF INFANT MORTALITY RATE 2013-14 10
6 FIGURE: 4.1 TRENDS IN CRUDE BIRTH RATE 38
7 FIGURE: 4.2 TRENDS OF CRUDE DEATH RATE 2013-14 39
8 FIGURE: 4.3-INFANT MORTALITY RATE (2009& 2013-14) 43
9 FIGURE: 4.4- MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO 44
10 FIGURE: 4.5 - PERCENTAGE OF INSTITUTIONAL DELIVERY 2013-14 45
11 FIGURE: 4.6 HOSPITAL WISE DELIVERY 46
12 FIGURE: 4.7- ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER 51
13 FIGURE: 5.1- LITERACY RATE 2011 56
16 FIGURE:6.1- FEMALE WORKER PARTICIPATION RATE IN BLOCKS 77
LIST OF TABLES
S. Title Page
No No
1 TABLE: 1.1- BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORs 3
2 TABLE: 1.2- GROSS DISTRICT DOMESTIC PRODUCT 8

3 TABLE: 2.1- TOP AND BOTTOM THREE BLOCKS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX 14
4 TABLE: 2.2- TOP AND BOTTOM THREE BLOCKS OF GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX 17
5 TABLE: 2.3- TOP AND BOTTOM THREE BLOCKS OF CHLD DEVELOPMENT INDEX 18
TABLE: 2.4- TOP AND BOTTOM THREE BLOCKS OF MULTIDIMENTIONAL POVERTY
6 INDEX 20
7 TABLE: 2.5- COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ALL INDICES 21
8 TABLE: 3.1-TOTAL WORKERS AND NON-WORKERS 24
9 TABLE: 3.2 – URBAN & RURAL WORKER PARTICIPATION 25
10 TABLE: 3.3 - BLOCK WISE WORKER PARTICIPATION RATE 26
11 TABLE: 3.4 - REGISTRATIONS AND PLACEMENT 27
12 TABLE: 3.5 - BLOCK WISE DETAILS OF MGNREGA HOUSE HOLDS 28
13 TABLE: 3.6- GROSS DISTRICT DOMESTIC PRODUCT FOR 2011-12 (IN LAKHS) 30
14 TABLE: 3.7 - PER CAPITA INCOME AT CONSTANT PRICE OF 2004-05 30
15 TABLE: 3.8 – BLOCK WISE BPL STATUS 31
16 TABLE: 3.9- TALUK WISE DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY CARD HOLDERS IN 2011 32
17 TABLE: 4.1 - DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES 36
18 TABLE: 4.2 - BLOCK WISE SEX RATIO 40
19 TABLE: 4.3 - BLOCK WISE DISTRIBUTION OF CHILD SEX RATIO 41
20 TABLE: 4.4 - LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH 42
21 TABLE: 4.5 - STILL BIRTH RATE 47
22 TABLE: 4.6 – NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN 2013-14 48
23 TABLE: 4.7 - PROVISIONS OF IFA TABLETS 50
24 TABLE: 4. 8– BLOCK WISE COVERAGE OF TOILET FACILITIES IN THE DISTRICT 52
25 TABLE: 4.9- HIV POSITIVE CASES 53
26 TABLE: 4.10- TB AND LEPROSY CASES 53
27 TABLE: 5.1- GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE IN PRIMARYEDUCATION 2012-14 57
28 TABLE: 5.2 - COMPLETION RATE 59
29 TABLE: 5.3 - DROPOUT RATE 60
30 TABLE: 5.4- GENDER WISE ENROLLMENT IN UPPER PRIMARY EDUCATION 61
31 TABLE: 5.5. COMPLETION RATE 62
32 TABLE: 5.6 - DROPOUTS IN UPPER PRIMARY 63
33 TABLE: 5.7- TRANSITION RATE 64
34 TABLE: 5.8 - AVAILABILITY OF SCHOOL 65
35 TABLE: 5.9 - PUPIL TEACHER AND SCHOOL RATIO 67
36 TABLE: 5.10 - ENROLMENTS IN SECONDARY EDUCATION 2011-12 69

iv
37 TABLE: 5.11 – INFRASTRUCTURES 70
38 TABLE: 5.12 - HOSTELS IN 2013 AND 2014 71
39 TABLE: 5.13 - COLLEGES FOR HIGHER EDUCATION IN NAMAKKAL DISTRICT 72
40 TABLE: 6.1- STATUS OF WOMEN IN 2011 75
TABLE: 6.2 - BLOCK WISE CREDIT AVAILED FOR THE PERIOD FROM 2008-09 TO
41 2013-14 79
42 TABLE: 6.3 - MEMBERSHIP IN ASSEMBLY, LOCAL BODIES 80
43 TABLE: 7.1- DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE 83
44 TABLE: 7.2- TALUK WISE BENEFICIARIES OF OLD AGE PENSIONER 84
45 TABLE: 7.3- FINANCIAL SECURITY OF DIFFERENTLY ABLE PERSON IN 2012-13 85
46 TABLE: 7.4 - VARIOUS CASES AGAINST WOMEN IN THE DISTRICT 87
TABLE: 8.1 DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL ROAD LENGTH IN NAMAKKAL DISTRICT IN
47 2011 89
48 TABLE: 8.2- STATUS OF ELECTRIFICATION in 2014 93
49 TABLE: 8.3 - TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMs 94
50 TABLE: 8.4- NUMBER OF BANKS FUNCTIONING IN THE DISTRICT IN 2015 95
51 TABLE: 8.5- DETAILS OF ADVANCES FOR WEAKER SECTIONS OF THE DISTRICT 96
52 TABLE: 8.6 COMMERCIAL AND COOPERATIVE BANKS 96
53 TABLE: 8.7 - INSURANCE COMPANIES 97
TABLE: 8.8-BLOCK WISE FUNCTION OF CO OPERATIVE BANK AND COMMERCIAL
54 BANK 98
55 TABLE: 8.9 - BLOCK WISE DETAILS OF TANKS IN NAMAKKAL DISTRICT 100
56 TABLE: 8.10 - BLOCK WISE TOTAL COVERAGE OF TANK WATER IN HECTARES 101

v
 CHAPTER 1
NAMAKKAL DISTRICT - A PROFILE
 Chapter I

A Profile of Namakkal District

Introduction

The report of District Human Development reflects the recent progress of socio economic
status of people of the district. Human development is prime requisite for being healthy and to lead a
long life with necessary knowledge under the influence of indispensable infrastructure for obtaining
sustained development of economy of the district. To assess the worth of the human resources, the
UNDP has formulated various indices which have been used in this report. The findings are
presented in the following chapters designed in different headings for further implementation of
development programmers for over all progress of socio economic condition of the people.

Topography
Namakkal District comes under the north western agro climatic zone of Tamil Nadu. It was
bifurcated from Salem District and has been functioning as a separate district since 01-01- 1997. It is
bound by Salem in the north, Karur in the south, Trichy in the east and Erode in the west. The
Geographical area of the district is 3363.35 square km. This lies between 110 00‟ and 110360‟ North
Latitude and 770 280‟ and 780 300‟ East Longitude.

History of the District

Namakkal was in the hands of Atikula King called Gunasila who had married with Pallava
Dynasty. The great empires Chera, Chola and Pandyan had strong struggle between them. It let
the Hoysalas get the power to control the vicinity till the 14th century. It was followed by
Vijayanagara Empire who ruled the place till 1567 AD. Then the Madurai Nayakas got the power
in 1623 AD. The Salem area was ruled by the Polygons of Thirumalai Nayak popularly known as
Ramachandra Nayakas and Gatti Mudaliar. After that by 1635 AD, the area came successively
under the rule of Muslim Sultans of Bijapur followed by Golkonda, Mysore kings and then the
Marattas, when about the year 1750 AD Hyder Ali came to power and it was a history of power
by great effort between Hyder Ali and British. Later Tippu Sultan also continued the struggle
against British. Namakkal was held by Killedhar (Caption) of Hyder Ali. It was captured by the
British in 1768.

District Human Development Report Page 01

District Administration

For the administrative purpose, the district is divided into two Revenue Divisions:
Namakkal and Thiruchengode. It had five Taluks earlier namely Namakkal, Thiruchengode,
Rasipuram, Paramathi and Kolli hills. Now, Sendamangalam has been announced as a new Taluk
with 30 Revenue firkas. For local administration, it has been divided into five Municipalities, 15
Panchayat Unions (Blocks), 19 Town Panchayats and 322 Village Panchayats.

The Northern portion of Namakkal is mountainous and the southern areas are plains. The
chief rivers that run through the district are Cauvery, Aiyaru, Karipottan Aaru and
Thirumanimutharu. The river Cauvery flows south and south west traversing across the border. It
is one of the major water sources for over all socio economic progress of the district.

Art, Architecture and Culture

The well-known Tamil Poet “Namakkal Kavingnar Ramalingam Pillai” was born in this
district. In remembrance of the poet, the State government has established, Namakkal Kavingnar
Ramalingam Pillai Arts and Science College for Women in the heart of the city. One of the most
well-known institutions, the Government Veterinary College, (TANUVAS) is also situated near
by Namakkal town. In addition to that huge number of private schools especially Higher
Secondary, Colleges of Arts and Science(22), Engineering(36), Polytechnic(16), Educational(8),
Industrial Training Institute(8), Medical Institutions(11) and Agricultural College(1) are
functioning. The performance of High Schools and Higher Secondary Schools of the district are
well known for achieving State ranks during the recent years. The famous Anjaneyar swamy
Statue with a height of 6.7 Meters, built in 996 AD and Lord Narasimhar swamy temple along
with Amman temple are also situated behind the west side of the rock fort. The large land mark
of Namakkal is the eye-catching fort which was reportedly built on the solitary rock by
Ramachandra Nayaka. The Rock Fort in Namakkal is a special feature of the town. The Fort
covers an area of one and half acres of flat surface and is accessible from south west by a flight of
narrow steps.

District Human Development Report Page 02

Demographic profile

TABLE 1.1- BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS

Sl. No Indicators 2001 2011

1 Population 1493462 1726601

2 Decennial Growth (%) 13.08 15.61
3 Density of population per sq. km. 437 505
4 Urban population (%) 36.51 40.32
5 Sex ratio 964 986
6 Percentage of 0-6 year old 10.22 8.73

Source-Census documents 2001 and 2011

The Population of the district had increased by 15.61 per cent between 2001 and 2011. It
was realized that the annual average growth rate was 1.56 per cent. Urbanization is one of the
contributing factors for increase in the economic activity of the district which is witnessed by the
increasing urban population in the district. The sex ratio had significantly improved from 964 to
986. The share of young and dependent population of age group of 0 to 6 years has decreased
14.58 per cent during the corresponding period.

Language
Tamil is the mother tongue of majority population. Kannada and Urudu are also spoken
by few community groups.

District Human Development Report Page 03

 FIGURE: 1.1- BLOCKS MAP OF THE DISTRICT

Economy

The land of the district is formed naturally by the fertile soil types of Red loam and Black
soil. Agriculture is the main occupation in the district. The cultivation generally depends on
monsoon rains, wells, tanks and Cauvery River. Nearly 90 per cent of the cultivated area is under
food crops. The principal crops grown are Paddy, Jowar, Millet and Ragi. The minor millets of the
district are Panivaragu, Samai, Varagu and Thinai. Oil seeds like Groundnut, Castor and Gingili
occupy an important place in the district. Sugarcane, Cotton and Tapioca are some of the
commercial crops grown efficiently.

District Human Development Report Page 04

`
 The total geographical area of Namakkal district is 3, 36,719 hectares, in which the forest
coverage 13 per cent, barren and uncultivable land 7.3 per cent, non agricultural use 11.5 per cent,
cultivable waste 1.4 per cent, permanent pasture and grazing land 2.0 per cent, land under
miscellaneous tree crops 1.1 per cent, current fallow land 13.2 per cent, other fallow land 2.8 per
cent and net area shown 47.7 per cent in the period of 2013-14.
According to the analysis of performance of agricultural behavior, the net area shown has
decreased to 47.2 per cent that means 1489 hectares of land has been withdrawn from the shown
area in 2014-15. The area showed more than once has increased from 17.4 per cent to 19.6 per
cent while total cropped area has also increased from 65.1 to 66.8 per cent in the corresponding
period. It is significantly noted that the total food crops decreased from 78.14 per cent to 76.81
per cent while non food crops increased from 21.86 per cent to 23.19 per cent in the similar
periods. In the food crops cultivation, the fruit has decreased from 5.15 per cent to 2.42 per cent
while vegetable has increased from 6.86 per cent to 9.35 per cent in the periods itself.

Rainfall
The actual total rainfall of the district was 667.2 mm during the year 2013.14 against the
normal rain fall documented at 793.4 mm. The deviation is recorded by 15.91 per cent. In 2014-
15, the actual rainfall increased to 682.8 mm while deviation has decreased to 13.94 per cent. The
normal rain fall consists of South West monsoon, North East monsoon, winter season and
summer rainfall. Except Northeast, actual rainfall of all other seasons was less than normal. The
data of the average annual rainfall of Namakkal district revealed that out of 15 years (2000 – 2014)
the district received excess rainfall only during three years, normal for two years and shortage for
ten years. The last three years (2012-14) data reveals a drought like situation: rain fall is 50 per
cent less than the normal one.
FIGURE: 1.2- DISTRIBUTION OF RAIN FALL (IN MM)

1000

500 Normal
Actual
0

District Human Development Report Page05

Perennial River
The famous and perennial river Cauvery flows in Paramathi Taluk. It helps to irrigate
lands in Paramathi and Mohanur blocks. It runs 88.50 km from Pallipalayam to Oruvandur in
Mohanur block to irrigate the lands of 4452.84 hectares. The channel called „Raja channel‟ which
was established by a local king of Paramathi by name Allala Ilamanayakkar takes the water to
these blocks. It is running for 21.35 km and covers of 3526.59 hectares. Lift irrigation system is a
predominant source of water not only for agricultural purpose but also for drinking water supply
to major towns and panchayats of the district.

Other Rivers
The following rivers have been sources of water for irrigation in the district. The
Kumarapalayam channel runs for 10.7 km covering the land area of 1032.59 hectares.
Thirumanimutharu River starts from Salem district up to Namakkal for the coverage of total area
of 18,621 hectares by 105 km long length of distance. It benefits the lands in Namakkal district by
34.44 per cent only. The Karattaru begins at Kolli hills runs up to the district of Trichy for the
distance coverage is 41 km for irrigating the land area of 8318.05 hectares.

Industry

Traditional sectors like textiles and handlooms are predominant in the district. The Salem
Central Co-operative Sugar mill at Mohanur, Ponni sugars and Seshasayee Paper Mill at
Pallipalayam are large scale industries in the district while Steel, manufacturing unit‟s chemical and
agro based industries are in the form of medium scale. Small scale industries are spread over the
district. The major ones are in the category of animal and poultry feed units, sago factories, rice
mills, oil mills and agro units. The significant and exclusive one is rig vehicles and their accessories
manufactured in and around Namakkal and Thiruchengode.
Tourism
The city of Namakkal is being visited by pilgrimage from all over Tamil Nadu and India to
worship lord Namagiri thai, Narashimman, Amman, Perumal and Anjeneyar. These temples are
located under the shadow of magnificent fort which is one of the attracting centres of the city.
The hilly area of Kolli hills also pulls more number of tourists towards to enjoy the Agaya Ganga
falls and adoration of lord Siva, Kolli Paavai and Periyasamy. In recent days, the Jedarpalyam
check dam across the river of Cauvery has been becoming one of the important picnic spot of the
district.
District Human Development Report Page 06
Gross District Domestic Product
The economic performance of district is reflected by the Gross District Domestic
Product. The share of it in the Gross State Domestic Product was 2.94 per cent in 2007-08 and
2.77 per cent in 2011-12. The consecutive period of five years, the share was decreasing except in
2009-10.
TABLE: 1.2- GROSS DISTRICT DOMESTIC PRODUCT (CONSTANT PRICE OF 2004-05)
(Rs. in Lakhs)

S.
No Year GDDP Primary Secondary Tertiary

1 2007-08 896355 175503 291547 429305

2 2008-09 931552 178428 277957 475167

3 2009-10 1032855 210505 307772 514578

4 2010-11 1142614 205677 357275 579662

5 2011-12 1202192 210624 356921 634647

Source: Dept. of Economics & Statistics - Chennai

The Gross District Domestic Product consists of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary. The
annual average growth rate of it was 7.4 per cent which was less than the annual average growth
rate of GSDP of 9.2 per cent. The share of agriculture and industry was of declining nature while
service was of increasing nature.
Income
FIGURE: 1.3 AVERAGE PER CAPITA INCOMES (CONSTANT PRICE- 2004-05)
OF DISTRICT AND STATE

68213
65737 63996
70000 60265 59967
53841 55140 53359
60000
46293 48473
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12
DPI in Rs. SPI in Rs.

District Human Development Report Page 07

 The per capita income of the district determines standard of living of people. When it is
compared with nearest districts, it is more than the income of adjoining districts of Salem,
Thiruchirappalli and Karur except Erode.

The per capita income of district is higher than the per capita income of the State in all the
period between 2007- 08 to 2011-12. At the same time, income had been increasing continuously.
The annual average growth rate of per capita income of the district is less than the State by 6.14
per cent and 8.47 per cent respectively.

Social Sector -Health

FIGURE: 1.4- COMPARISON OF CRUDE BIRTH RATE FOR DISTRICT AND STATE
FIGURE: 1.4 CRUDE BIRTH RATE IN 2014

CBR

15.9
12.4

TamilNadu
Namakkal

Source: Health Department

It indicates that the Crude Birth Rate of the Namakkal district is less than Sate average
rate. In 2007, the rate was 14.3 and it increased to 14.6 in 2011 to some extent. The awareness of
the people, growth in literacy rate and female participation of work particularly in non-agricultural
activities may be the causes for the level of CBR.
The infant mortality rate for Namakkal was 16.19, while for Tamil Nadu was 21 and for all
India, the figure was 44.

District Human Development Report Page 08

 FIGURE: 1.5- COMPARATION OF INFANT MORTALITY RATE 2013-14

Source: Dept. of Health, Namakkal

The comparative analysis of infant mortality rate of Tamil Nadu with State and national
level indicates that the rate of the district is less than the State and centre. The effective and
efficient functioning of health department of the district had brought down the rate of infant
mortality drastically with help of several measures taken by the government and implemented
effectively by the district administration. It is generally influenced by the level of per capita
income, literacy rate, availability of social infrastructure facility and awareness among the people.
Literacy Rate and Education

The focus on development programs of the district has led to an increase in literacy rate.
In the construction of Human Development Index (HDI), literacy rate assumes a greater
significance. Namakkal District, a predominantly rural district is carved out of Salem district, a
relatively backward region. So any improvement in literacy rate could be considered as a
constructive sign of development. The block wise 2011 census data on literacy rate of Namakkal
district revealed some pertinent points.
Human development is highly influenced by the quality of education. The district average
literacy rate was 74.6 per cent while State average literacy rate was 80.1 per cent according to 2011
census. The Namakkal block has got 76.68 per cent of literacy rate which is highest among all the
blocks. The Kolli hills block is placed at the lowest level with 52.06 per cent. The male literacy
rate
(75%) is higher than that of female (60.98%) in the district.

District Human Development Report Page 09

 The crucial points found in the following chapters are highlighted here.

 The indices of HDI, CDI and DPI are lowest position in Kolli hills block while in GII
Mallasamutharam block fared poor. The poor literacy rate and the early marriage of
the female child are found in Kolli hills for causing the problem of infant mortality,
malnourishment, higher order birth rate and maternal mortality. Mallasamuthiram,
Elachipalayam and Namagiripet blocks have to be focused to upgrade the people
economically for elimination of the poorest of poor.
 The decreasing trend of participation of work reflects the slowdown of Economy. The
participation of workers in rural area was less than the urban areas but female
participation was more in rural areas than urban. The MGNREGA has to be
implemented without disturbing the farm activity. In the district, 35.23% of the
household are still below the poverty line. The highest number of BPL households is
in Pallipalayam. Kolli hills have highest percentage of house hold live in below
poverty however in real term, Pallipalayam have highest number of households live
below poverty line.
 The scheduled caste contribution in the total population was 20 per cent. The highest
level of crude death rate occurred in Puduchathiram block. The highest crude birth
rate and highest child sex ratio are prevailing in the block of Kolli hills. The life
expectancy of female has increased more than male. The high incidents of still birth
rate registered in Kolli hill. In the district, there were 520 habitations that were to be
covered with water facility in 2011 but in 2013-14, all the habitations were covered by
water. There is need for 42 per cent of households to be covered with toilets.
 The literacy rate of the district is less than the rate of State and National average. The
blocks of Kolli hills and Vennandur have lowest literacy rate of 52 per cent and 64.22
per cent respectively. The drop out cases is registered more in the block of Kolli hills.
The facility of the schools has to be strengthened in few blocks. The immediate
intervention is required to rectify the basic problem of non availability of toilet
facilities. To ensure the safety and health of the students, the compound wall has to be
eructed in schools wherever it is required urgently.
 The share of female population is 49.65 per cent in the district while lowest level is
witnessed in the block of Elachipalayam i.e. 940 per 1000 male. The females are not
treated equally in Kolli hills. The MMR is very high in Mallasamudram block. The
work participation by female in the district has come down vividly.
 The beneficiaries of old age people have been increasing gradually due to the
expansion of life expectancy of them. It is learned that women category of old age
people strength is more than men OAP in the district. The kidnapping cases against
women are alarming in recent record of history. Moral education is essential to change
the attitude of youngsters for avoiding in the involvement of sexual harassment cases.
 The expansion of road facilities is not proportionate to meet the need of rapidly
increasing nature of variety of vehicles. There is urgent need for one more bridge
across the river of Cauvery in between Paramathy velur and Sozhasiramani to get
connectivity between various districts and States of western side of the district. Highly
expectation of people for opening of recently constructed bridge across the river of
Cauvery at Mohanur for connecting Karur to Namakkal has eased the traffic
congestion in the district drastically.

District Human Development Report Page 10

Conclusion

This chapter has highlighted topography as well as the socio-economic and demographic
profile of the district briefly. It has also covered requisite analysis of various measures for human
development with different dimensions. The framing of this chapter has formulated suitable
scrutiny to focus the basic issues as well as some incidental developments that occurred over the
years through various Government sponsored program in the district. The vital points found in
various chapters have been presented here for further formulation of suitable policy to eliminate
core issues of the district and a delineated analysis of various issues is also offered in the following
chapters.

District Human Development Report Page 11

`
 CHAPTER 2
STATUS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
 Chapter 2

Status of Human Development in Namakkal District

Introduction

The mere growth of population is meaningless in this competitive and dynamic world.
The quality of people is a far-fetched factor to determine the overall performance of economy. To
understand the status of people of the district, the recommended indices like Human
Development Index, Gender Inequality Index, Child Development Index and Multidimensional
Poverty Index have been used and the factors and findings on the basis of its value are analysed
and presented in this chapter.

Human Development Index

The following indicators under various dimensions have been taken for assessing the
status of people of the district.

Dimensions Indicators

Standard of Living Access of cooking fuel, Toilet, Drinking

Water, Electricity and Pucca house

Health Infant Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality

Ratio and Under Five Mortality Rate

Education Literacy Rate, Gross Enrolment in Primary

and Gross Enrolment in Secondary

Based on the value of the Human Development Index, the block wise analysis has been
made to identify the three top and bottom level blocks as follows.

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`
 TABLE: 2.1 TOP AND BOTTOM THREE BLOCKS IN HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT INDEX

Top Three blocks Bottom Three blocks

Thiruchengode(0.88) Puduchathiram(0.55)

Namakkal (0.85) Mallasamuthram(0.41)

Rasipuram(0.84) Kolli hills (0.21)

Source: Computed
According to the block wise HDI, the top three ranks holding blocks were Thiruchengode
Namakkal and Rasipuram in 2013-14. Thiruchengode block was the best place in the Human
Development Index value. It is one of the revenue divisions of Namakkal District and has an
urban centre along with few rural villages. The main activities of the block are transport, textiles,
rig vehicle manufacturing, power looms, hand looms, educational institutions, agriculture and
other allied activities. It is believed to attribute to the standard of living of the people of the block
is considered as far better due to the possibility of earning from various economic activities of the
block and it is witnessed by the complete coverage‟s of basic amenities of water, house and
electricity. Even in the health aspects, the IMR and MMR level is very low compared to other
blocks. The literacy rate of the block is in the satisfactory level which is accredited by the highest
intensity of gross enrolment rate in primary and secondary education.
The block of Namakkal also has high level of economic activities like transport, poultry,
lorry body building and educational institutions and Rasipuram is also a semi urban pocket
covering agriculture, sago factories, educational institutions and other allied activities. The
indicators of the entire dimension are found better for getting the status in the top level of index.

In the bottom level, Kolli hills block got lowest rank in the district. The people of Kolli
hills are tribes and their main occupation is agriculture. The literacy rate is very low compared to
other blocks. Most of the people are marginal farmers engaged in subsistence of agriculture
activities only.

District Human Development Report Page 13

The basic amenities of the people are very poor particularly in the facilities of fuel, toilet, house
and electricity. In terms of health aspect, the IMR, MMR and under 5MR are also poor. Even in
education, the gross enrolment rate in primary is very poor. To find the reality of the nature of
these short comings, the case study was conducted in the block of Kolli hills. Most of the people
are illiterate and their livelihood is based on monsoon based agriculture. Young couple mostly
migrates to Kerala to work in the Tea estate due to the absence of regular income from
agriculture in their native block. The children of migrated couple have been left to the care of
elderly parents in addition to the concern of cattle and field of agriculture. It may be a cause for
low rate of gross enrolment in primary education. Polygamy and early marriages are quite
common among the tribes. The health awareness and hospital facilities are substandard. Because
of early marriage, the young mother is mostly anemic and their baby may be underweight lead to
be malnourished children and the higher order birth rate is also reported to high. Most of the
rural villages are located in the remote area in the radius of 25 to 30 km. All these villages are
being covered by only one 108 ambulance. One more ambulance is required to ensure complete
coverage of these village people during any emergency. The reasons behind the position of
Mallasamuthiram block in the bottom level of index are found that the facilities of fuel and toilet
are pitiable and the indicators of health dimension have become poor. The identical grounds are
placed for Puduchathiram block also.

Box: 2.1- FINDINGS OF CASE STUDY IN KOLLIHILLS BLOCK

 40 per cent of tribal is illiterate and 11 per cent of them are completed
10th STD
 81 per cent of the women got married before the attainment of age of 15
years
 Only 2 per cent of women are married at their right age
 Nearly 70 per cent of the married women get pregnancy immediately after
marriage
 90 per cent of the first child is under weight
 It has been found that the expectant mothers are advised to take lesser amount of
food by the sixth month for getting normal delivery
 Higher order births with larger number of malnourished children found
with low Ante natal coverage is poor
 The transport facility is not adequate
 There is only one ambulance pressed in service to cover the entire area of the taluk
 The villages are located in 30 km radius
 Awareness on health aspects is poor

District Human Development Report Page 14

Gender Inequality Index
It has been stated that in general males are physically stronger than females, but mentally
both are more or less same. According to Swami Vivekananda, “It is impossible for the
development of a country without consideration of equal importance for women in all aspects”.
Many social reforms and activists observed that even now the women were discriminated against
in their access to health, education, wealth and labour market with negative repercussions on their
freedom.
The level of gender inequality varies across countries in accordance with unequal
distribution of status of human development. The point is areas with high gender inequality also
experience unequal distribution of human development. Human capital theories refer that the
education, knowledge, experience or skill of a person makes him/her potentially valuable to an
employer. This has historically been understood as cause of the gendered wage gap but it is no
longer predominant cause as women and men in certain occupation tend to have similar
education level or other credentials.

Therefore, the GII is used to find the discrepancies among the sex in the block level. For
the index value, the following indicators are considered in two dimensions as significant
determining factors.

Dimensions Indicators

Female Literacy, Male Literacy, Share of

Empowerment Institutional Delivery and Share of Ante
natal coverage

Share of Female Participation in the Rural

and Urban Local Bodies, Share of male
participation in the Rural and Urban Local
Labour Market Bodies, Female workers Participation Rate,
Male Worker Participation Rate, Female
Workers Participation in Non – Agriculture
and Male Worker Participation in Non-
Agriculture

District Human Development Report Page 15

 Based on the value of GII, the following top and bottom three blocks have been
identified, analysed and presented here.

TABLE: 2.2 TOP AND BOTTOM THREE BLOCKS IN GENDER INEQUALITY

INDEX

Top three blocks Bottom three blocks

Pallipalayam (0.02) Senthamangalam(0.07)

Erumapatty (0.03) Kabilarmalai (0.11)

Mohanur (0.04) Mallasamuthiram (0.12)

Source: Computed

The block of Mallasamuthiram has the highest level of inequality prevailing in the district
due to the backwardness of the block particularly in high MMR, low female literacy rate. Female
participation in electoral role and workers participation in non agriculture is weak and evens the
agricultural wage rate of the women was showing vast variation. These are all found as rationale
for being the position of the block in GII, while comparing with Pallipalayam block which is
placed first for having lowest gender inequality in the district. This block is covered by the strong
mixture of industry and agriculture situated on the bank of Cauvery and very near to the adjoining
district of Erode. The migrated marginal workers are mostly engaged in various industries
functioning in the area for providing equal opportunity for employment. The block of
Erumapatty is placed in the second position of top three due to high female literacy rate and as
female participation in the electoral role is found to be very high at the same time and the
agricultural wage rate not having any huge variation

The Kabilarmalai block is found as one of the block for having more gender inequality
which is caused by the influence of low intensity of the female participation in electoral role,
worker participation in non-agriculture and high level of variation in the agricultural wage rate.
The block is located in the bank of river of Cauvery which facilitates covering the entire area of
the agricultural

District Human Development Report Page 16

land for intensive cultivation through lift irrigation system. The possibilities of non-agricultural
base of work are limited in the block.
In Senthamangalam block, the Maternal Mortality Ratio is found to be high. Moreover,
the female workers participation rate in non-agriculture is 50 per cent less than the male
participation. The agricultural wage rate of women is having large variation compared to male
wage rate. These are all attributed strongly to the block for obtaining one of the bottom positions
of GII.

Child Development Index

Every child, on provision of a conducive and an enabling environment, may blossom into
an ever fragrant flower, to shine in all spheres of life. This reminds the onerous responsibilities
that which has to mould and shape present condition of the child in the best possible way. The
child development index has been used to assess the provision of necessary requirements for the
development of children. The index is based on the health and educational status of the children
comprising various indicators as follows.

Dimensions Indicators

Under 5MR, Child Sex Ratio and

Health
Malnourishment
Gross Enrolment in Primary and Secondary,
Transition rate from Primary to Upper
Education Primary and Upper Primary to Secondary

These factors are considered to find the top and bottom three blocks expressing the value of
the index as follows.
TABLE: 2.3 TOP AND BOTTOM THREE BLOCKS IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT INDEX

Top three blocks Bottom three blocks

Pallipalayam (0.9) Vennandur (0.69)

Mohanur (0.88) Puduchathiram (0.56)

Thiruchengode (0.87) Kolli hills (0.2)

Source: Computed

District Human Development Report Page 17

 The poor development of children has been observed in the block of Kolli hill. It is
mostly attributed by the weakness of health dimension particularly the malnourishment is a major
contributing indicator for this stage of the block. Moreover the educational dimension of the
block more or less is same in all the blocks during the corresponding period.
As per this index, the top level blocks are felt far well in the dimensions of health and
education. At the same time, in the bottom level blocks other than Kolli hills, (except U5MR) all
other indicators of health and education were found to be enhanced in Vennandur and
Puduchathiram except U5MR. The latter‟s U5MR was more than Vennandur block.
In the top level blocks, except Mohanur all have urban pockets and have greater number
of schools and hospitals run by both government and private organizations which attracts
students from not only adjoining blocks but also from other districts. At the same time, the
Mohanur block has an agricultural background and is located on the bank of Cauvery.
The block of Puduchatram is one of the backward blocks of the district. The block has
got more number of ponds created for storing the rain water. The scarcity of water is a major
problem of the block. The villages of the block are away from the urban centre even if it is
adjoining block of Namakkal. They are mostly marginal farmers and labourers engaged in the field
of agriculture and absorbed by nearest urban centers so as to engage in non agricultural activities.
Their income is marginal. The facility of education and hospital is insufficient and their income
sources are minimum.

Multidimensional Poverty Index

The poorest of poor is assessed with the help of a Multidimensional Poverty Index which
is prepared on the basis of three dimensions health, education and standard of living. Each
dimension consists of important indicators as follows

Dimensions Indicators

Infant Mortality Rate, Higher Order Birth

Health Rate and Malnourishment

Education
Dropout in Primary and Secondary

Standard of Living Access to Fuel, Toilet, Water, Pucca house

and Electricity

District Human Development Report Page 18

 The value of these indicators of the blocks have been prepared to find the blocks where
the poorest of the poor people are living, who are the most vulnerable people to face the impact
of any reduction of economic activity. Based on the value, top three and bottom three blocks
have been presented as follows. The highest value of the index indicates the high number of poor
people that exist while lowest value indicates the existence of less number of poor people in the
blocks.

TABLE: 2.4 TOP AND BOTTOM THREE BLOCKS IN MULTY

DIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX
Top three blocks Bottom three blocks
Namagiripet (0.38)
Namakkal (0.12)
Thiruchengode (0.14) Senthamangalam (0.46)

Rasipuram (0.18) Kollihills (0.74)

Source: Computed

According to the value of Multidimensional Poverty Index, the highest number of poor
people is in the blocks of Kolli hills, Senthamagalam and Namagiripet. All these blocks are
located as a contiguous block. Senthamangalam and Namagiripet are at the foothill of Kolli hills.
In the block of Kolli hills, the tribes are mostly illiterate which causes many evil things
particularly unaware of consequences of poor health, education and basic facilities. Missing
monogamy and higher order birth rate places are relatively common among these people. Other
blocks also are highly dependent on agricultural.

Senthamangalam block is backed by fertile area with good water sources partially. The other
part of the block is having insufficient water for agriculture and the number of non-agricultural
activities carried out in this area is also very much limited. A high level of maternal mortality is
also recorded in this block. The work participation has come down from 51 per cent to 31 per
cent in 2011. The share of SC population (26%) is more than the district average of 20 per cent.
The people of Namagiripet block are having poor facilities of toilet and pucca house which
reflects their standard of life. They are mostly marginal farmers. The block is located at the foot
hills of Kolli hills. The agricultural lands are based on monsoon and the ground water level is
depleting every year considerably. The basic facilities of higher educational institutions and
hospital are insufficient.

District Human Development Report Page 19

Comparative analysis of all the indices
By comparing the values and rank of all indices, the strength and weakness of blocks may
be identified for further formulation of suitable policy for the up gradation of the blocks in the
district. Hence, the result of analysis is presented here.
The comparative analysis of all the indices indicates that Thiruchengode for HDI,
Pallipalayam for GII and CDI and Namakkal for MDPI have got the first position. According to
the MDPI, the lowest number of poor people is living in the block of Namakkal.

TABLE: 2.5 - COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ALL INDICES

HDI GII CDI MDPI

S.N Blocks V R V R V R V R

1 Namakkal 0.86 2 0.05 6 0.73 11 0.12 1

12 Erumapatty 0.64 11 0.03 2 0.7 12 0.34 10
3 Sendamangalam 0.71 8 0.07 13 0.77 8 0.38 12
4 Mohanur 0.79 5 0.04 3 0.88 2 0.19 4
5 Puduchatram 0.55 13 0.06 11 0.56 14 0.38 11
6 Kolli hills 0.21 15 0.05 7 0.2 15 0.74 15
7 Rasipuram 0.85 3 0.04 5 0.87 4 0.18 3
8 Namagiripet 0.62 12 0.05 10 0.74 10 0.38 13
9 Vennandur 0.71 10 0.04 4 0.69 13 0.33 9
10 Tiruchengode 0.88 1 0.05 9 0.87 3 0.14 2
11 Mallasamudram 0.41 14 0.12 15 0.83 6 0.46 14
12 Elachipalayam 0.71 9 0.05 8 0.77 7 0.25 6
13 Pallipalayam 0.8 4 0.02 1 0.9 1 0.27 8
14 Paramathi 0.78 6 0.06 12 0.76 9 0.21 5
15 Kabilarmalai 0.76 7 0.11 14 0.84 5 0.25 7

Source: Computed (V-Value, R-Rank)

District Human Development Report Page 20

`
 The indices used for preparation of human development report are reflecting the overall
performance of human resources in terms of human development, child development, gender
inequality and poverty reduction. The block wise analysis of human resources highlights the
requirements and removal of impediments to the development process. The notable blocks are
Kolli hills, Mallasamuthiram, Puduchathiram, Kabilarmalai, Senthamangalam, Vennandur and
Namagiripet. In all these blocks, the intervention of Govt. is highly required to concentrate on the
dimension of health and standard of living particularly the indicators of toilet and pucca houses
and the other indicators. The female participation in non agricultural and electoral role has to be
improved while high differential in male – female agricultural wage rates also has to be addressed.

Conclusion

The block of Kolli hills has been placed in the lowest position of three indices. Hence, the
intervention of government with special schemes is warranted particularly, the girls have to be
given opportunities to pursue their study up to the degree level to avoid early marriage. This will
reduce infant death, malnourishment, higher order birth and maternal mortality. The possibility of
employment opportunity in the non-agricultural sector is completely absent. The establishment of
agro based small scale industrial units or cottage industries may be useful to absorb the labourer
who is seasonally unemployed for their livelihood. The migration can be controlled by creating
employment opportunities in the block itself. In Puduchathiram block, the MMR level has come
down due to effective measures taken by the government for antenatal coverage and institutional
deliveries by way of medical schemes. Some maternal benefit schemes of the government
facilitate to control the MMR considerably in all the blocks. The intervention in the form of
bringing water sources would be the major relief measure to the blocks. The female work
participation has to be increased by way of imparting skills and technical knowledge to the
females. Creation of awareness for becoming entrepreneurs based on the locally available
resources may provide relief measures to the people of these blocks. The blocks of
Mallasamuthiram and Namagiripet have to be focused to upgrade them economically for
elimination of the poorest of poor.

District Human Development Report Page 21

 CHAPTER 3
EMPLOYMENT, INCOME AND
POVERTY
 Chapter 3

Employment, Income and Poverty

Introduction

All the existing natural resources in the world can be converted into the form of capital
and wealth only by proper utilization of human resource. Hence, the priority for development and
utilization of such potential of human resources is assumed as very significant. Employment
generation is one of the major determining factors for the exploitation of the existing resources
for the development and growth of economy. In this way, Namakkal district has 2.39 per cent of
total population of Tamil Nadu. However, the productive utilization of the resources can be
expressed by way of workers participation rate of the district which is 50 per cent in 2011. It has
declined slightly compared to the 2001 figure. The district has potential of employment in the
sectors of agriculture, transport, poultry, and textile. The major industries of sugar and paper,
small industries of sago, cane sugar, steel, bricks, flour mill, in addition to educational institutions,
construction and other allied activities are the major employers is in the district. In this chapter,
the workers participation rate, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Scheme and per
capita income have been analysed and presented to gauge the trends in employment, income and
poverty.

Population

Employment - Size of the Workforce

The working population of the district has been grouped into Main worker and Marginal
workers. The result of comparative analysis of these workers along with total workers and non
workers of the blocks for the census period of 2001 and 2011 is presented here.

District Human Development Report Page 22

 TABLE 3.1-TOTAL WORKERS AND NON-WORKERS
MARGINAL
SL. Blocks MAIN WORKERS TOTAL WORKERS NON WORKERS TOTAL POULATION
WORKERS
No Name 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011
1 ELACHIPALAYAM 50538 41851 1559 3196 52097 45047 21613 42518 73710 87565
2 MALLASAMUDRAM 30689 35242 4050 2065 34739 37307 24252 31424 58991 68731
3 ERUMAIPATTI 47723 48174 6662 6169 54385 54343 41970 51312 96355 105655
4 KABILARMALAI 46814 50267 3674 4094 50488 54361 32002 41474 82490 95835
5 KOLLI HILLS 23736 24567 901 1514 24637 26081 12215 14398 36852 40479
6 MOHANUR 50115 49761 4378 3307 54493 53068 35762 44929 90255 97997
7 NAMAGIRIPETTAI 44705 58853 9736 5971 54441 64824 55522 45250 109963 110074
8 NAMAKKAL 57392 74653 7272 4857 64664 79510 75993 101734 140657 181244
9 PALLIPALAYAM 114666 138685 7050 6356 121716 145041 106395 130325 228111 275366
10 PARAMATHI 40224 41326 3147 3224 43371 44550 29909 40377 73280 84927
11 PUDUCHATRAM 41593 43711 3430 3223 45023 46934 27728 37377 72751 84311
12 RASIPURAM 60556 56452 7036 4223 67592 60675 47188 68159 114780 128834
13 SENTHAMANGALAM 39767 38033 3388 4885 43155 42918 29434 36380 72589 79298
14 TIRUCHENGODE 78263 91756 5140 3986 83403 95742 80180 104103 163583 199845
15 VENNANTHUR 44159 45821 4277 2023 48436 47844 30659 38596 79095 86440
DISTRICT TOTAL 770940 839152 71700 59093 842640 898245 650822 828356 1493462 1726601
Source: Director of Economics and Statistics

The increased population of district during the period from 2001 to 2011 was 233139 persons
in which 23.87 per cent only has turned to be participatory of worker and the remaining 76.13 per
cent was non workers. In 2001, 56.42 per cent of population was in worker participation category
while 43.58 per cent was in non workers. At the same time, 52.02 per cent and 47 per cent were in
workers participation and non workers respectively in the year 2011. The total workers
participation has increased by 6.6 percent only.
In terms of Main worker participation, district average has increased 8.85 per cent and in the
block wise, all the blocks have got increased participation except four blocks namely
Elachipalayam, Mohanur, Rasipuram and Senthamangalam. The highest increase is recorded in
Namagiripet (31.65%) while lowest in Erumapatti (0.05%). Highest decrease is happened in
Elachipalayam (17.19%) and lowest is in Mohanur (0.71%). In terms of Marginal worker, the
district average has decreased by 17.58 per cent and block wise anlysis, except five blocks like
Elachipalayam, Kabilarmalai, Kolli hills, Paramathi and Senthamangalam, all other blocks have got
decreases in the participation. Highest decrease is in Vennanadur (52.70%) while lowest in
Puduchathiram (6.03%). In the case of increases, highest is in Elachipalayam (105.01%) and
lowest in Paramathi (2.45%).

District Human Development Report Page 23

 For total worker participation category, district average has increased by 6.6 percent and for
the block wise, except seven blocks, all the blocks have given positive participation in which
highest is recorded in Namakkal (22.96%) due to the urban development, while lowest in
Paramathi (2.72%). In the case of negative changes, highest is in Elachipalayam (13.53%) where
economic activity related industries agricultural are become weak and while lowest in Erumapatti
(0.08%). In terms of non workers, the district average is increased by 76.15 and in block wise, all
the blocks have increased non participation of worker where highest is placed in Elachipalayam
(96.72%) where the marginal labours are more depend on agriculture, while lowest places in
Erumapatti (22.24%). There is only one block namely Namagiripet decreased its non participation
category in the corresponding period of 2001 and 2011.

Worker Participation Rate

TABLE: 3.2 – URBAN & RURAL WORKER PARTICIPATION

Sl. No Rural 2001 2011
1 Male 314478 315347
2 Female 259930 251059
3 General 574408 566406
Urban 2001 2011
1 Male 174524 216116
2 Female 93708 115723
3 General 268232 331839
Total 2001 2011
1 Male 489002 531463
2 Female 353638 366782
3 General 842640 898245
Source: census 2001&2011

The area wise analysis of urban and rural, in terms of rural participation, the general
participation has decreased by1.39 per cent while male increased by 0.28 per cent and for female it
has decreased by 3.41 per cent in the corresponding period, in terms of urban in all the general,
male and female have increased by 23.68 per cent in average. In total participation, male, female
and general have increased by 8.68 per cent, 3.72 per cent and 6.60 per cent respectively.
In terms of share of male and female in rural in 2001, the share is 54.75 per cent and 45.25
per cent respectively. At the same time in 2011, it is 55.68 per cent and 44.32 per cent, for urban,
it is 65.13 per cent and 34.87 per cent in general, it is 59.17 per cent and 40.83 per cent
correspondingly.

District Human Development Report Page 24

 TABLE 3.3 -BLOCK WISE WORKER PARTICIPATION RATE

S. No Blocks 2001 2011

1 Namakkal 45.97 63.36

2 Erumapatti 55.37 31.51
3 Sendamangalam 58.18 36.39
4 Mohanur 56.92 30.44
5 Puduchattaram 61.89 52.8
6 Kolli hills 66.85 64.43
7 Rasipuram 58.2 47.09
8 Namagiripet 95.03 64.78
9 Vennanthur 61.24 55.35
10 Thiruchengodu 50.99 29.77
11 Mallasamudram 59.52 70.02
12 Elachipalayam 70.68 48.3
13 Pallipalayam 53.59 53.08
14 Paramathy 59.19 76.56
15 Kabilarmalai 58.7 47.12
Namakkal Dist 58.85 49.92
Source: Director of Economics and Statistics

The workers participation rate of the district has come down in the corresponding period.
It may be attributed by the slowdown of economic activities of agriculture and allied activities.
The rate of participation in most of the blocks has declined marginally except three blocks namely
Namakkal, Mallasamuthram and Paramathy. Among these blocks, except Namakkal other two
blocks are rural and of agricultural background. In the block of Namakkal, the population has
increased rapidly due to attraction of urban development. The highest decrease in the rate has
been recorded in the block of Mohanur which is located on the bank of river Cauvery and it gives
room for more economic activity in agriculture. The block has got a Government. Sugar factory,
which is one of the major providers of employment opportunity other than agriculture.

District Human Development Report Page 25

`
 BOX: 3.1- DECLINE OF CHILD LABOUR

It is mandatory that child labour must be eliminated for ensuring the protection of
rights of children. The child labour in Namakkal district was found to have declined
drastically by 87.36 per cent between 2001 and 2011. This may be due to the intensive
efforts taken by Tamil Nadu government. In this process of elimination of child labour,
Kabilarmalai block has emerged successfully with absence of child labour. However,
higher number of child labour prevails in Pallipalayam block which may be due to the
existence of large number of eateries and petty trade. In Elachipalayam and
Puduchathiram blocks, the number of child labour reported is 4. In 2001, Namakkal had
the highest number of child labour followed by Thiruchengode and Pallipalayam. But in
2011, this order was reversed to Pallipalayam, Thiruchengode and Namakkal while the
success of action is to be extolled, the process of elimination has to be intensified further
for elimination of child labour completely.

Placement
The district employment office has been organizing placement market at various
institutions in the district by inviting reputed private organizations for providing employment
opportunity for the benefit of locally available youths and registered capable candidates
periodically.

TABLE 3.4 - REGISTRATIONS AND PLACEMENT OF THE DISTRICT

Sl. No Year Registration Placement

1 2007 16784 404

2 2008 19009 269
3 2009 20113 365
4 2010 30625 194
5 2011 37846 189
Total 124377 1421
Source: Employment office, Namakkal

It has been found that the annual growth rate of registration for employment was 23.73
percent for the five year period from 2007 to 2011.

District Human Development Report Page 26

`
 Box 3.2 MGNREGA –EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme aims at enhancing
the livelihood security of people in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage -
employment in a financial year to rural households who, volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
The daily wage is nearly Rs.135 and the accumulated income of it is credited in their account
directly at the end of month. There has been wide variation in the percentage of household provided
with work under MGNREGS schemes. It is varied from 8.74 per cent in Pallipalayam block to 77.83
per cent in Kollihills block. For Namakkal district as whole it comes to 31.02 per cent. However, the
data on number of poor households registered to measure the reach of benefits of MGNREGS is
highly required for accuracy. In the taluk head quarters, the scheme is not covering entire needy
people while considerable number of person covered in rural.

TABLE: 3.5 BLOCKWISE DETAILS OF MGNREGA HOUSE HOLDS

S. No Blocks No. of HH Job for HH % of HH

1 Namakkal 60672 11335 18.68
2 Erumapatti 25152 13761 54.71
3 Sendamangalam 20340 7645 37.59
4 Mohanur 26260 12003 45.71
5 Puduchatram 27299 9295 34.05
6 Kolli hills 10054 7825 77.83
7 Rasipuram 44239 8088 18.28
8 Namagiripet 28104 11911 42.38
9 Vennandur 21587 9799 45.39
10 Thiruchengode 51674 10247 19.83
11 Mallasamudram 22344 9437 42.24
12 Elachipalayam 21047 12066 57.33
13 Pallipalayam 64660 5653 8.74
14 Paramathy 26805 7727 28.83
15 Kabilarmalai 22821 9947 43.59
Namakkal Dist 473058 146739 31.02
Source: All Panchayat Union

District Human Development Report Page 27

 Box: 3.3 - CASE STUDY
A personal visit has been made to witness the performance of the scheme of MGNREGS
in Namagiripet block. It was found that the block was completely dependent on agricultural and
large number of sago factories were functioning and the monsoon crop of tapioca was grown
extensively. One of the major problems of the farmers was in getting agricultural labours. The
reason was reported that most of the labourers were absorbed by the MGNREGS scheme and
they were engaged in various developmental works in the village. Due to this, the farmers were
hiring vehicles (Rs.500 per day) for bringing agricultural labour from other villages and paying
them Rs.200 as wage per worker per day for all kind of agricultural work. This kind of struggle for
getting labour escalates the cost of cultivation and return becomes very meager. These are forcing
the farmers either to abandon the land to be unoccupied or give it to the tenant. The intervention
of government is required here to make use of labour of the scheme in the productive ways
without blighting the life of farmers.

In the village of Kappaloothu of the block, where one of the beneficial farmer of the
scheme of creating rain water harvesting pond with size of 20X20 at a depth of 5 feet‟s informed
that the stored rain water was believed to percolate to the bore wells made in his farm land. It was
found significantly that 40 labourers were engaged for 20 days to dig one feet depth of these
ponds. For remaining four feet of depth of pond, another 80 days are required to complete the
task. Each labour is paid Rs.135 per day. The cost of creating the pond has been estimated that it
would be Rs.5,40, 000/- for two ponds. At the same time the benefit goes to only one farmer
who is selected by first come first serve basis. In case the work is done with help of machine of
earth mover, the work can be completed within a day itself at the cost may be about one lakh
rupees. The manual work cost of Rs.440,000 can be diverted to other economic activities like
engaging as farm labour in private lands. It is extensively noted that the saved money and labour
force can be utilized for some other developmental activities economically and productively in the
vicinity of the village.

District Human Development Report Page 28

Gross District Domestic Product

TABLE: 3.6 GROSS DISTRICT DOMESTIC PRODUCT FOR 2011-12 (AT

CONSTANT PRICE 2014-05

(Rs.IN LAKHS)
S. No. District/State GDDP Primary Secondary Tertiary
1 District 1202192 210624 356921 634647
2 State 43323803 3872767 13039248 26411788
Sources: Dept of Economics and Statistics

The Gross district domestic product of Namakkal has contributed 2.77 per cent in the
State domestic product at the same time the share of district population is 2.39 per cent. The
share of primary, secondary and tertiary of the gross district domestic product are 17, 30 and 53
per cent respectively, while the share of State are 9, 30 and 61 per cent respectively. The primary
sector of district is greater than the share of State. Secondary sector‟s contribution is same while
tertiary is less than the State‟s share. It is significantly found that the share of service sector is high
which is considered to be a good sign for the economic development of the district. The
contribution of primary is still high which indirectly indicates that the economy of the district is
depending on the agricultural activities considerably.

Income
Per Capita Income

TABLE: 3.7 - PER CAPITA INCOME AT CONSTANT PRICE OF 2004-05

(In Rupees)
S. No. District/State 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12

1 District 53841 55140 60265 65737 68213

2 State 46293 48473 58359 59967 63996

Source: Dept. of Economics and Statistics

Income is an important parameter in overall development of economy. It completely depends

on the opportunity available in the district in the fire of economic activity kindled by various sectors.
The human development is highly influenced by the sufficient amount of income with necessary
purchasing power. It is also considered as a basic factor to determine the growth of economy.

District Human Development Report Page 29

 The per capita income of the district is higher than the State per capita income. At the
same time, the annual average growth rate of district is less than the State that is 6.14 per cent for
former and 8.64 per cent for latter. In the year 2009-10, the annual average growth rate of per
capita income of both increased at 9.29 per cent for district while 20.39 per cent for State but in
the next consecutive year it has come down by 2.76 per cent for state while district was retaining
more or less the same percentage.

Poverty and Inequality

The assessment of below poverty level households will indicate the economic
performance of the district. An analysis of the BPL status is presented here to get an initiative
about the extent of poverty in the district.
TABLE: 3.8 –BLOCK WISE BPL STATUS FOR 2013-14
S. No Blocks NHH No. BPL.HH % of BPL
1 Namakkal 60672 9852 16.24
2 Erumapatti 25152 9884 39.30
3 Sendamangalam 20340 14546 71.51
4 Mohanur 26260 7122 27.12
5 Puduchatram 27299 9550 34.98
6 Kolli hills 10054 9653 96.01
7 Rasipuram 44239 19915 45.02
8 Namagiripet 28104 10439 37.14
9 Vennandur 21587 11603 53.75
10 Thiruchengode 51674 13598 26.31
11 Mallasamudram 22344 5821 26.05
12 Elachipalayam 21047 7091 33.69
13 Pallipalayam 64660 23716 36.68
14 Paramathy 26805 6234 23.26
15 Kabilarmalai 22821 7647 33.51
District 473058 166671 35.23
Source: Panchayat Union/Town Panchayat/ Municipality

It is found that around 35 per cent of the households of the district were living below the
poverty line in 2013-14. The block wise distribution of BPL households shows that 8 out of 15
blocks reportedly are less than the district average. The highest number of households belongs to
this category is existing in the block of Pallipalayam.

District Human Development Report Page 30

 The Kolli hills block has got highest share of 96.01 per cent BPL households while lowest
is in Namakkal 16.24 per cent. The Kollihills is followed by Senthamangalam, Vennandur and
Rasipuram by the percentage of 71.51,53.75 and 45.02 respectively.

It is significantly noted that nearly 35 per cent of the households were in below poverty
line in the district even though the literacy rate of the district is 68.12 per cent and worker
participation is nearly 50 per cent. The highest share of BPL household prevails in Kolli hills
block which was not having any industrial background for employment opportunity for
permanent income. The literacy rate and the worker participation of the block are near to the
ground. According to the correlation, the literacy rate does not show a strong relationship for
these below poverty line. The female and male worker participation in non agriculture is believed
to have a relatively moderate relationship.
Public Distribution System
The Public Distribution System in Tamil Nadu is universal as it is not based on the income of
the people and it covers all the families without any exclusion. Providing food security to all
particularly to poor and vulnerable groups are the prime objective of Public Distribution System
in Tamil Nadu. In this way, the Taluk level of card holders are analysed and presented here.

TABLE: 3.9 - TALUK WISE DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY CARD

HOLDERS IN 2011
S. No. Taluk HH Cards

1 Namakkal 156611
2 Rasipuram 89486
3 Tiruchengode 173388

4 Paramathi – Velur 62993

Source: Dept .of Public Distribution System, Namakkal District

Among the stated Taluks of the district, Thiruchengode has got more number of card
holders ( 35.94%) in the district and it is followed by Namakkal, Rasipuram and Paramathi Taluks
by 32.46 per cent, 18.55 per cent and 13.06 per cent respectively. All these Taluks except
Rasipuram were providing employment opportunity by way of trade, industry and agriculture but
in the Rasipuram Taluk, most of them were marginal farmers and workers. The remaining two
taluks namely Kollihills and Senthamangalam were newly created in the district in the year 2012
and 2015 respectively.

District Human Development Report Page 31

Conclusion
The population increased marginally but the decreasing participation of work reflects the
slowdown of Economy. It is necessary to speed up the economic activity by the intervention of
Government through the strengthening of various developmental activities. The participation of
workers in rural area was less than the urban areas but the female participation was more in rural
areas than urban. The placement for the candidates through the district employment office has
been decreasing subsequently. The MGNREGS is believed to be one of the measures to ensure
the subsidized income to the rural people at the same time it is highly expected that the scheme
has to be implemented without disturbing the farm activity of the village. It is observed that in the
district around 35% of the household are still below the poverty line. The highest numbers of
BPL households are in Pallipalayam but the highest share of BPL households is in the block of
Kolli hills while lowest is in Namakkal block.

District Human Development Report Page 32

 CHAPTER 4
DEMOGRAPHY, HEALTH AND
NUTRITION
 Demography, Health and Nutrition

Introduction
The study of human resources is vital from the point of view of economic welfare of
Nation. It is particularly important because human beings are not only instruments of production
but also an end in them. It is necessary to know the quantitative and qualitative nature of people
living in a country over a period of time, the rate at which that number is growing and the
composition and distribution of population. In this course, the sound health and mind of people
is highly required for leading the Nation in right direction to reach its destiny of economic growth
with peace for which this chapter has been designed and dedicated.

India possesses about 2.4 per cent of total land area of the world but she has to support
17 per cent of the world population. Tamil Nadu possesses 3.96 per cent of area of land of India
with 5.96 per cent of India‟s population. Namakkal District possesses about 2.62 per cent of area
of the State and 2.39 per cent of its population. The significance of the human resources is
realized only by way of utilization of these resources which can be strengthened by way of
physical health and mental attitude of the people who are depending on the social infrastructure
of hospital and education partially. The chapter is designed to analyse the block wise size,
distribution of population, social classification, birth and death rate and sex ratio of population
and the health aspects related to deficiencies, diseases and schemes. Health is considered to be the
base for wealth of nation. The assessment of this aspect will help to formulate appropriate
schemes and programs for the improvement and the efficiency of human resource.

Demographic Trends and Health Indicators

Population growth in one decadal period from 2001 to 2011 has been anlysed and
presented with classification of sex, density and percentage of social groups. The growth of
population, pressure of population in each block, the distribution and growth of scheduled caste
community and scheduled tribal community have been highlighted here.

District Human Development Report Page 34

 TABLE: 4.1 - DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES
NAME OF THE POPULATION DENSITY % of SC Pop % of ST Pop
SL.NO
BLOCK 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011
1 Elachipalayam 73710 87565 294 349 25.58 26.14 0.05 0.08
2 Erumapatti 96355 108099 466 523 26.4 27.39 0.25 0.43
3 Kabilarmalai 82490 95835 386 448 15.3 16.16 0.02 0.04
4 Kollihills 36852 40479 139 152 1.82 1.65 95.44 95.55
5 Mallasamudiram 58991 68731 388 453 23.66 24.99 0.09 0.07
6 Mohanur 90255 97997 353 383 18.51 19.44 0.03 0.07
7 Namakkal 140657 178800 607 771 19.85 21.78 0.22 0.39
8 Namagiripet 109963 110074 520 521 24.82 26.93 10.2 10.82
9 Puduchatram 72751 84311 374 433 24.64 25.59 0.13 0.37
10 Paramathi 73280 84927 333 386 20 21.09 0.01 0.12
11 Pallipalayam 228111 275366 1264 1526 8.84 10.28 0.07 0.08
12 Rasipuram 114780 128834 1124 1262 22.16 23.36 0.15 0.48
13 Sendamangalam 72589 79298 544 594 24.18 27.14 3.17 3.27
14 Tiruchengode 163583 199845 617 754 14.6 16.33 0.05 0.08
15 Vennandur 79095 86440 609 666 22.35 22.98 1.91 1.27
DISTRICT TOTAL 1493462 1726601 437 505 18.8 20 3.44 3.3
Sources: Censes report of 2001 &2011

An analysis of demographic status of the district indicates that the population growth of
the district was15.61 per cent between the period from 2001 to 2011. In the block wise
transformation of population between the corresponding periods, the highest increase of
population was recorded in Namakkal (27.12%). It has been attributed that the urban
development attracts migrants from rural areas. The lowest change occurred in Namagiripet
(0.10%). The people of block are mostly marginal farmers and labourers belong to ST
community and they may migrate to other places temporarily. In terms of density, Pallipalayam
and Rasipuram blocks had the peak pressure of population due to being urbanized and
possibility of further expansion of the area being very limited. At the same time, the area is
completely occupied with commercial establishments and houses. The intervention of
Government is expected in order to make alterative arrangements like ring road and elimination
of encroachments can ease traffic congestion in these blocks while lowest of the density has
been recorded in Kolli hills. Out of 15 blocks, six blocks have the density less than the district
average.
In terms the block wise share of population of the district, the highest share has
happened in Pallipalayam (15.27%) followed by Thiruchengode (10.95%) while lowest share is
in Kolli hills (2.47%) followed by Mallasamuthiram (3.95%) in 2001. The same trend has been
occurred in all the blocks in the later senses period of 2011.

District Human Development Report Page 35

 Nearly 20 per cent of the population of the district belongs to Scheduled caste which has
increased 6.38 per cent during the corresponding period. The highest share of this people is in
Erumappatti while lowest in Kolli hills. The SC population has increased by 40 percent in
Pallipalayam while negative changes occurred in Kolli hills. In terms of scheduled tribes, it has
increased by 10.98 per cent. The highest positive change of this group was recorded in Rasipuram
block which attracts ST people from the nearest hilly area of Bodhamalai, where the basic
facilities of Education, safe drinking water, sanitation, toilet, furnished houses, fair price shop,
even a petty shop, health centers, road and others are completely missing.

Box: 4.1FINDINGS OF CASE STUDY AT BODHAMALAI IN

VENNANDUR BLOCK
 The workers participation rate is 86 per cent for men while 82 per cent for female The life
expectancy of male is longer than female

 44 per cent of male children are underweight while 39 per cent of female children

 There is only one primary school functioning in Keelur providing education up to 5th STD

 41 per cent of male have studied up to 5th STD

 24 per cent of men are illiterate while 52 per cent for female are illiterate 30 per cent of
female studied up to 10th STD.

 MGNREGA is functioning in the area normally

 36 per cent of these people are earning up to Rs.3000 per month and 71 per cent are less
than one thousand
 37 per cent of them are having habits of savings in the form of chit fund

 50 per cent of them are having 1 to 4 hectare of lands and the remains are in 1 hectare
Predominant produces are samai, varagu, kelvaragu and grams, jack fruit and mango
 Except power, other facilities of water, toilet, pucca house, road, hospital, communication,
radio coverage, TV, any petty shop and market any good of purchasing and selling‟s are
completely missing.

Trend in CBR and CDR

The Crude Birth and Death Rate reflects in the population growth, the fertility level of
female population and condition of healthy life of the people in the district.

District Human Development Report Page 36

 FIGURE: 4.1 TRENDS IN CRUDE BIRTH RATE
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0 2013
2.0 2014
0.0

The crude birth rate of the blocks for the periods of 2013 and 2014 informs that all the
blocks of the district have reduced the rate considerably except in two blocks namely Kollihills
and Thiruchengode where the rate has increased by 2.49 per cent and 0.14 per cent respectively.
Among the blocks for controlling the rate, Kabilarmalai has reduced it by 10.00 per cent against
lowest reduction is occurred in Namakkal block (0.44%). The Pallipalayam block also reduced the
rate to at the level of 9.27 per cent. The average rate of growth of the district is 12.1 in 2013 and it
has come to 11.3 in 2014.

District Human Development Report Page 37

 Figure: 4.2-Trend of Crude Death Rate
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0 2013
2.0
1.0 2014
0.0

In case of crude death rate for the corresponding period, the rate has increased in seven
blocks among them the highest increases have been recorded in Kolli hills and the lowest was in
Kabilarmalai block. In the remaining blocks, the rates had decreased and high level of decreases
of the rate was recorded in Vennandur while low level was in Namakkal block. The CBR and
CDR are crucial factor for determining the growth of population.

Sex Ratio

The sex ratio is a critical factor for determining the emergence of social problem in the
society and the high level of it is indicating gap between genders. It informs that the number of
females available for one thousand male in the population. The analysis of it will give an
indication of gender inequality of population in the various blocks of the district.

District Human Development Report Page 38

 TABLE: 4.2 - BLOCK WISE SEX RATIO

Sex Ratio in General

S. No. Blocks 2001 2011 changes
1 Namakkal 974 995 +21
2 Puduchathiram 980 990 +10
3 Sendamangalam 977 980 +3
4 Erumapatty 982 985 +3
5 Mohanur 963 970 +7
6 Kollihills 973 964 -9
7 Rasipuram 971 980 +9
8 Namagiripet 957 960 +3
9 Vennandur 954 960 +6
10 Tiruchengodu 939 945 +6
11 Pallipalayam 943 960 +17
12 Elachipalayam 993 995 +2
13 Mallasamudram 942 955 +13
14 Paramathi 971 980 +9
15 Kabilarmalai 989 990 +1
Namakkal District 964 986 +19
Sources: Censes report of 2011

It is significantly noted that sex ratio of the district is encouraging by the increase of
female population which indicates that the gender inequality has come down. At the same time,
the acceptance of female child in the society has increased considerably due to the raising of
literacy rate, awareness and strict imposition of act. The block wise analysis of ratio reveals that
Namakkal and Elachipalayam blocks have recorded the highest level of sex ratio in 2011, while
lowest in Thiruchengode. It is implied that the urban people are believed to prefer male child
when compared to rural blocks. It is really noted that the sex ratio of Kolli hills has shown
negative changes while all other blocks have given positive changes in which, Namakkal block has
recorded the highest change of positive cases while lowest change was in Kabilarmalai, which
belongs to rural agricultural back ground in the corresponding period. In the previous period of
2001, highest ratio was prevailing in Elachipalayam while lowest was in Mallasamuthiram, where
the number of female was very less to match one thousand male.

District Human Development Report Page 39

Child Sex Ratio
The child sex ratio discloses the prevailing nature of intention of parents for preference
of having male child. The block wise analysis helps to identify the blocks where the female child is
abandoned unnaturally.

TABLE: 4.3 - BLOCK WISE DISTRIBUTION OF CHILD SEX RATIO

Total population the
Blockwise/ Population age group of 0-6 Sex
SL.NO District / State (0-6) Male Female Ratio
1 Namakkal 14042 7307 6735 922
2 Erumapatty 12855 6723 6132 912
3 Sendamangalam 6882 3643 3239 889
4 Mohanur 8221 4241 3980 938
5 Puduchatram 7031 3727 3304 887
6 Kolli hills 5008 2784 2224 799
7 Rasipuram 11268 5974 5294 886
8 Namagiripet 9042 4783 4259 890
9 Vennanthur 7372 3845 3527 917
10 Thiruchengode 17034 8790 8244 938
11 Mallasamudram 6501 3397 3104 914
12 Elachipalayam 6092 3245 2847 877
13 Pallipalayam 24998 12781 12217 956
14 Paramathy 6611 3440 3171 922
15 Kabilarmalai 7742 4074 3668 903
District Average 150699 78754 71945 914
Source: 2011 census

It is significantly noted that Kolli hills had recorded lowest child sex ratio which means
799 female child for one thousand male child due to the illiteracy, absence of hospital facility and
awareness while highest was prevailing in Pallipalayam followed by Thiruchengode and Mohanur.
These places are located in the plains with accessibility of all related facilities.

Life Expectancy at Birth

The average life expectancy of the Indian was 38 at the time of independence.
According to the recent senses report, the life expectancy has improved to 65 which indicates
favorable sign of improvement in health and other related aspects of basic cores infrastructure.

District Human Development Report Page 40

 TABLE: 4.4 - LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH

Sl. Block
No wise/District 2001 2011 2013-14
/State

Male Female Male Female Male Female

1 District 66.1 69.1 68.6 71.8 69.3 74.2

2 State 64.80 67.10 67.10 70.90 71.8 75.2

Sources: District Primary Health

The life expectancy of male was less than female in 2001. The same status was prevailing
in 2011 too. During the consecutive periods, the life of male was increased by 2.5 years
additionally while the life of female raised by 2.7 years. When it is compared with the LEB status
of State average life of man and female, the same status prevails but the life expectancy of females
has risen more than the life expectancy of man.

Infant Mortality Rate

The infant mortality rate of the district reveals that the rate of the distirct has been
reduced considerably from 19.3 in 2007 to 16.19 in 2013-14. The rate has decreased by 16.14 per
cent during this period. The block wise analysis of the rate indicates that the highest rate is
prevailing in Kolli hills (36.46),which is one of the most backward blocks of the district where
large number of agricultural marginal labourers is existing and lowest rate is recorded in
Thiruchengode (5.09) in 2013.14.

District Human Development Report Page 41

 FIGURE: 4.3- BLOCK WISE INFANT MORTALITY RATE (2009
&2013-14)

The Infant Mortality Rate of the district was 16.19 in 2013-14 while the rate of state and
centre were 21 and 24 respectively. The block wise studies of Infant Mortality Rate for the period
between 2009 and 2013-14 states that the rate of only six blocks had increased while other blocks
curbed the rate considerably in these corresponding periods. The highest rise of the rate is
occurred in Kolli hills and Mallasamuthiram. These blocks have already come under the close
vigilance of district administration for the up gradation of overall performance of the block.

Maternal Mortality Ratio

The prevailing ratio of maternal mortality reveals the status of healthy and fertile women
who causes for giving healthy children they are considered as the real wealth of nation.

District Human Development Report Page 42

 IGURE: 4.4-BLOCK WISE MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO

700
600
500
400
300
200 Year 2009
100 Year 2013
0

In 2009, the cases of MMR indicate that the lowest level is recorded in Thiruchengode,
Paramathi and Namakkal blocks. All these blocks are having only 10 maternal deaths in every one
lakh deliveries. The MMR for Kolli hills, Puduchathiram and Sendamangalam blocks was found
to be as high as 604.6, 286.3 and 205.3 respectively. If any one of the death case is registered, the
rate is turned to be high due to the technique of calculation of MMR.

The Maternal Mortality Ratio of District was 71.59 in 2013-14. The comparative
examination of the ratio for block wise indicates that the highest ratio is recorded in the block
Mallasamuthiram (257.4) which is followed by Kolli hills (130.2). The lowest ratio is occurred in
of Senthamangalam, Rasipuram, Vennandur, Paramathi and Kabilarmalai at the ratio of 10 only.
The cases of MMR are unexpected and there are number of factors involved for the cause of any
maternal death

Place of Delivery

The place of delivery indicates the availability and accessibility of facilities prevailing in the
vicinity of the blocks. It also indicates the intention of people for the preference of facility for the
delivery of child.

District Human Development Report Page 43

 FIGURE: 4.5 - PERCENTAGE OF INSTITUTIONAL DELIVERY 2013-14

60

50

40
Home
30
Sub H.C
20 P.H.C
Gh
10
Private H.
0

Institutional delivery is considered to be a significant factor for reducing the Maternal

Mortality Ratio, Still birth rate and Infant mortality ratio. In these aspects, it is analysed here, for
presenting the real position of the ratio in the district. The home deliveries have become very rare
except in few blocks like Kolli hills, Namagiripet, Namakkal and Pallipalayam where few home
deliveries are recorded. These belong to rural area except Namakkal and far away from
accessibility of the facility of hospital.

In this category of home delivery in the District is only 0.2 per cent. The sub health centre
also has recorded 0.1 per cent of delivery in the district level except few blocks and all other
blocks have got very meager delivery cases in these centers. The primary health centers are mostly
used by the people of Kolli hills by 66. 4 per cent, the lesser users are in the block of Namakkal.
The Government hospitals are mostly utilized by the people of Erumapatty block. The minimum
users are in Kolli hills where only one GH is available and one 108 ambulance vehicle is
operational. It is located mostly far away from the villages and most of them are located at
distance of 30 km of radius away from the GH. 30 to 60 per cent of deliveries are recorded
mostly in the Private hospitals which has recorded highest deliveries of 57.6 per cent. It is
followed by Kabilarmalai and Paramathi `blocks with 55.5 and 50.8 per cent of deliveries
respectively. In these two blocks, Velur has become the centre of private hospitals. As absences
of these hospitals in Kolli hills, the institutional delivery cases are very low at 11.9 per cent only.

District Human Development Report Page 44

 The comparative study of the delivery cases in the district whether in Govt. hospitals or
private hospitals revealed that 58.5 per cent of delivery occurred in the Govt. hospitals while
41.5 in private hospitals. In the block wise analysis, except Namakkal block, all the blocks have
recorded higher the cases in Govt. hospitals than private hospitals but in Kabilarmalai block
both are in equal contribution for the delivery cases. The private hospitals have admitted
highest delivery cases in the Namakkal block due to more number of private hospitals are
functioning round the clock wise to give medical support during any emergency as it is being
capital of the district.

Still birth rate

The still birth rate reflects the condition of the health of pregnant women who may be
inappropriate to deliver the baby due to various reasons like anemia, early marriage, under
weight, non availability of hospital, home delivery, absence of ante natal coverage etc.

District Human Development Report Page 45

`
 TABLE: 4.5 - STILL BIRTH RATE
S. No Blocks 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
1 Namakkal 12.8 9.7 9.1 11.4 8.1 2.7 10.1 7.9
2 Erumapatty 25.1 16.5 22.6 14.3 10.4 6.2 6.4 6.4
3 Sendamangalam 27 22.8 16.2 12.1 12.4 7.9 8.2 8.2
4 Mohanur 12.4 22.8 15.5 8.5 12.7 6 7.9 7.9
5 Puduchatram 12.9 10.7 12.3 14.1 9.3 11.7 7.8 7.8
6 Kollihills 51.4 72.8 55.9 45.8 43.3 49.5 61.1 61.1
7 Rasipuram 17.3 16.9 14 10.4 5.3 5.2 8.5 8.5
8 Namagiripet 26.9 19.5 24.2 16.3 16.2 12 11.9 11.9
9 Vennanthur 19.4 17.8 24 12.1 19.3 14 5.8 5.8
10 Thiruchengode 15.4 9.2 13.8 13.1 10.5 8.5 3.8 3.8
11 Mallasamudram 18.6 20 17.2 24.5 10.9 10.8 2.6 2.6
12 Elachipalayam 14.3 12.2 9.6 18.2 5.4 11.2 9 9
13 Pallipalayam 20.2 12.9 11.2 10.1 9.8 9.2 5.5 5.5
14 Paramathy 16 15.7 10.2 5.1 7.8 2 5.1 5.1
15 Kabilarmalai 15.2 14.1 6.7 6.9 7.7 5.5 8.9 8.9
District 19.9 17.9 16.5 13.9 12 10.1 9.3 9.3
Sources: JD health Namakkal district

The concern of still birth is a serious warning due to its impact on the women‟s health.
According to above said information, the rate is occurring in higher proportion only in Kolli hills
block in all the consecutive years from 2007 to 2014 due to the absence of required number of
hospital facilities. The lowest rate is recorded only in the block of Paramathi by 2.6 per cent in
2014 while it is 12.4 in Mohanur in 2007. When it is compared with the periods of 2007 and 2014,
the still birth rate has been reduced considerably in all the blocks except Kolli hills. In Paramathi,
the rate has decreased by 87.49 per cent at the same time the changes have been lower only in
Kolli hills, as there are constraints in awareness, availability of facility and rate of literacy. In 2013,
the rate has increased in all the blocks except in the following blocks like Namagiripet,
Vennandur, Thiruchengode, Mallasamuthiram, Elachipalayam and Pallipalayam.

The still birth rate of District has decreased by 51.23 per cent between the corresponding
periods. Except Kolli hills where the rate has increased by 18.87 per cent, all the block have
reduced the rate considerably in which highest reduction is occurred in Mallasamuthiram by 86.02
while lowest reduction is in Elachipalayam by 37.06 per cent.

District Human Development Report Page 46

Nutritional Status of Children
The severely under weight (SUW) and moderate under weight (MUW) children have been
found and analysed here for finding the blocks where the status of the children is in pitiable and
precarious condition.

TABLE: 4.6 NUTRITIONAL STATUSES OF CHILDREN 2013-14

S.NO Blocks SUW MUW MUC+SUW

1 Namakkal 0.1 7.66 7.76

2 Erumapatty 0.11 14.71 14.82

3 Sendamangalam 0.08 7.31 7.39

4 Mohanur 0.26 8.41 8.67

5 Puduchattaram 0.24 9.51 9.75

6 Kolli hills 0.22 43.99 44.21

7 Rasipuram 0.12 4.63 4.75

8 Namagiripet 0.03 15.29 15.32

9 Vennanthur 0.08 7.54 7.62

10 Thiruchengode 0.05 5.34 5.39

11 Mallasamudram 0.07 5.54 5.61

12 Elachipalayam 0.1 8.29 8.39

13 Pallipalayam 0.09 14.71 14.8

14 Paramathy 0.13 7.54 7.67

15 Kabilarmalai 0.08 12.75 12.83

Source: Dept. of Statistics, Chennai

The analysis of nutritional status of children of various blocks portrays that severely
underweight children are high in Mohanur which is in a rural background but located in the bank
of Cauvery adjoining to the Namakkal block. The lack of health awareness may be a cause for this
status followed by Puduchathiram and Kolli hills. The low level is prevailing in Kabilarmalai,
Vennandur and Senthamangalam blocks. In case of moderate under weight, highest numbers of
children are in Kolli hills and the lowest is recorded in Rasipuram block. The combination of both
cases reveals that highest status is prevailing in Kollihills while lowest is in Rasipuram.

District Human Development Report Page 47

Provision of IFA Tablets

Iron Folic Acid tablets are supportive and helpful in the medication of various health
disorders and deficiencies of the mankind. It helps to recover children suffering from anemia. It
also helps to maintain the hemoglobin levels. Iron deficiency is a serious setback of mankind. It is
one of the most prevalent nutritional problems and it is found to be highest among the infant
born with low birth weight particularly among children between the age group from 24 months to
6 years. Iron deficiencies can lead to long term impairment of mental and motor development. It
leads to lower levels of concentration and decreased physical activity. It is considered as crucial
component for providing treatment of iron deficiencies. The intervention of supplying IFA tablet
was started in 2000 for all school going adolescent girls once in a week to control anemia. It was
for the first time that an anemia control program was jointly implemented by the health and
educational department with the support of UNICEF. It is being administered to students from
the class VIII onwards under the supervision of school teachers. Wednesday is found to be an apt
day for distributing the tablet to children. After a year and half, it is studied that anemia has
declined to be 22 per cent and hemoglobin level has gone up by 75 per cent successfully.

District Human Development Report Page 48

 TABLE: 4.7 - PROVISIONS OF IFA TABLETS 2013-14

% of % of % of
S Block wise/District women children Adolescent
.No /State took IFA took IFA girls took
tablets tablets IFA tablets
1 Namagiripet 101.3 39.2 108.2
2 Kolli hills 92.1 40.3 49.5
3 Sendamangalam 100.2 33.4 81.6
4 Erumapatty 102.7 39.3 73.8
5 Mohanur 105.8 41.8 101.8
6 Namakkal 100 21.3 78.8
7 Paramathy 126.2 24.1 72.8
8 Kabilarmalai 103.5 44.6 102.3
9 Thiruchengode 96.6 33.6 73.6
10 Pallipalayam 99.7 22.2 96.6
11 Vennanthur 97.9 27.5 77.5
12 Rasipuram 99 31.4 68.1
13 Puduchatram 105.3 30.2 97.7
14 Elachipalayam 100.1 34 104.1
15 Mallasamudram 108.8 45 99.5
Namakkal District 102.6 33.9 85.7
Sources: JD Health Services, Namakkal

In terms of IFA coverage for women, ten blocks have got more than hundred
percentages. The blocks have covered the range from 92.1 to 126.2 per cent. Moreover, the
highest coverage is accounted in the block of Paramathy against lowest in Kolli hills. In case of
children, the coverage ranged from 21 per cent to 44.6 per cent which is recorded in Kabilarmalai
block. In the case of adolescent girls, more than 100 per cent is reported in four blocks. The
lowest coverage is believed in the block of Kolli hills. The district average coverage of these
classifications is recorded as 102.6, 33.9 and 85.7 per cent for women, children and adolescent
respectively.

District Human Development Report Page 49

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Non –Nutritional Factors and their Impact on Nutrition

Water Supply

FIGURE: 4.7- ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER in 2011

The basic requirement of life of all human beings is quality of safe drinking water, which is
one of the major determining factor for maintaining good health and leading better life for which
it has to be ensured to provide to all the habitations. The complete coverage of all habitation with
the facility is mandatory for any Government. According to the statistical information of 2011 in
the district, there were 3025 habitations in all the blocks. The district average coverage of these
facilities of safe drinking water was only 86.65 per cent. The remaining 13 per cent (393
habitations) were not covered by the facility. These basic amenities should be fulfilled in the
coming years with an appropriate plan and required amount of fund allocation. The habitations in
Rasipuram block had the highest coverage of 97.55 per cent. It was followed by Kolli hills by
95.24 and Puduchathiram by 94.04 per cent. These two blocks were identified as most back ward
block of the district. The lowest level of coverage was in the Erumapatty block by 69.48 per cent.
It was followed by Mohanur and Thiruchengode block by percentage of 71.72 and 77.81
respectively. These blocks are very near to the Cauvery, running in the western and southern side
of the district as boundary. But according to the statistical report of 2013, the coverage of the
facility has reached to 100 per cent in all the habitations of the blocks. It is really impressive
achievement of one of the most significant basic requirement of people in the district.

District Human Development Report Page 50

Sanitation

TABLE: 4.8 –BLOCK WISE COVERAGE OF TOILET FACILITIES IN

THE DISTRICT
S. No Blocks 2013-14
1 Namakkal 93
2 Erumapatty 53.01
3 Sendamangalam 59.89
4 Mohanur 55.84
5 Puduchatram 39
6 Kolli hills 41.47
7 Rasipuram 71
8 Namagiripet 46
9 Vennandur 53
10 Tiruchengode 72.17
11 Mallasamuthiram 49
12 Elachipalayam 50.05
13 Pallipalayam 52.59
14 Paramathi 74
15 Kabilarmalai 72
District average 58.8
Source: Dept. of Rural Development, Namakkal

The block wise analysis of toilet facilities for the year 2013-14 found that the household‟s
coverage has been increased by nearly18 per cent in the district. The lowest coverage of toilet
facilities had shifted from Elachipalayam block to Puduchathiram block correspondingly. The
coverage of the facility for Kolli hills has increased followed by Elachipalayam and Kabilarmalai
blocks.
Special Programs - AIDS Control
TABLE: 4.9 - HIV POSITIVE CASES 2013-14
S. No Age wise Male Female Common
1 0-14 139 112 251
2 15-24 2340 2047 4387
3 25-34 7849 5422 13271
4 35-49 6578 7104 13682
5 50 & A 4706 4063 8760
Total 21612 18748 40360
Sources: JD Health Namakkal

The table displays the status of the HIV positive cases in Namakkal district. According to the
age wise classification of HIV cases, the age group of 35 has been found to be more vulnerable with a
larger proportional of the affected in this group but it is more for male in the age group of 25-34 while
for females it is more in the age group of 35-49.

District Human Development Report Page 51

Tuberculosis and Leprosy cases
TABLE: 4.10- TB AND LEPROSY CASES
In District Positive TB Cases Leprosy cases
S.No District 2007 2011 2013 2014 2007 2011 2013 2014
1 Namakkal 4529 3905 2808 3115 137 93 102 122

Sources: JD Health, Namakkal

The TB cases in the district have increased by 11 per cent from 2013 to 2014 and the
Leprosy cases have increased by nearly 20 per cent in the corresponding period. When they are
compared with the years between 2007 and 2014, the former cases have decreased by 31 per cent
while latter by 11 per cent. The efforts to mitigate the cases have given considerable effect
successfully.

Conclusion

The chapter concludes that the annual population growth was recorded by 1.56 per cent
in the district due to increasing rate of literacy. The density of population is very high in the
blocks of Thiruchengode and Rasipuram. The scheduled caste contribution in the total
population is 20 per cent. The highest level of crude death rate occurred in Kolli hills block which
is one of the backward blocks. The marginal labours of the block are plenty and farm activities are
predominant based on the monsoon rain. The per capita income of the people could be low
which led for reducing the propensity to take sufficient food to maintain health while highest
crude birth rate and highest child sex ratio are prevailing in the block of Kolli hills. The life
expectancy of female has increased more than male. The domicile delivery is recorded in the
district by 0.2 per cent and indicates that these need to be changed. The high incidents of still
birth rate registered in Kolli hills too. The IFA tablets are given to the students who have
deficiency in iron and anemic particularly for adolescent girls. There were 520 habitations that
were to be covered with water facility in 2011 but in 2013-14, all the habitations were covered by
water which has ensured hundred per cent coverage in the district and there is need for nearly 42
per cent of households to be covered with toilets.

District Human Development Report Page 52

 CHAPTER 5
LITERACY AND EDUCATION
 Chapter 5
Literacy and Education
Introduction

The critical factor for human development is the excellence of education which is believed
to enrich and enhance human capital. The increasing intensity and efficiency of human capital
cause exploitation of possessions of resources for creating elevated class of people with leading
peace full life in the world. The literacy rate is one of the indicators to express the educational
status of the people of Nation. The system of education prevailing in the country is only the
major contribution for shaping and sharpening the human capabilities for increasing productivity
levels of available resources for reaching an economic destination. The abundant human
resources can be turned to be the human capital which is considered to be essential in the present
situation wherein every nation in the world is endeavoring to improve them economically by
getting comparative advantage. Hence, the attention of the Nation on human capital has become
a paramount importance and it can be strengthened only by way of imparting knowledge through
proper education. The power of human being is exceedingly incredible in nature. Ancient people
had realized it and reaped this power for creating astounding things admirably in this world. In
this context, the chapter focuses on the educational status of people, the availability of school
infrastructure and overall performance of the educational department in the district.

Literacy and its Rate

The literacy rate of Namakkal district was 67.41 per cent in 2001 while the rate of Tamil
Nadu was 73.45 and for India it was 64.85 per cent. After a decade, this rate has improved to
74.60 per cent, 80.1 per cent and 73.0 per cent for District, State and Nation respectively. The
growth rate of the literacy rate is 10.71 per cent for Namakkal.

The focus on the development programs of the district has been necessary to increase the
literacy rate which is strongly assumed to be superior significance in the formulation of Human
Development Index (HDI). Namakkal District, a predominantly rural district is carved out of
Salem district, relatively backward region. Any improvement and achievement in literacy rate are
considered as a favorable sign in the overall development of the district. The block wise census
data (2011) on literacy rate of Namakkal district reveals some pertinent points.

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Literacy performance of District

FIGURE 5.1 LITERACY RATE 2011

The literacy rate may be influenced by the awareness of people, their economic
background and the availability and accessibility of the school. In this context, the highest level of
literacy rate is prevailing in Namakkal block (76.68) which is in urban background and provides
plenty of employment opportunity for the educated people who are aware of the magnitude of
education in practice. The block is nowadays considered as centre of education in Tamil Nadu by
the emergence of lot of schools and colleges for attracting students from all over the States of
India to produce and retain the State and National ranks in education. The second rank holding
block is Thiruchengode (71.95%) which is also urban in nature. At the same time numerous
educational institutions, industries, textiles, rig and transport are predominant in providing room
for the educated people for earning substantial amount of income. The lowest rank in literacy is
subsisting in Kolli hills (52.06%). The people of the block are depending on agriculture and acting
as marginal labour. The awareness of education is inadequate to the tribal community and the
consciousness on necessity of education for employment is completely lacking. All these factors
may be causes for low level of literacy in the block. This block is followed by Namagiripet block
(64.11%), it is rural in character and weaving is the major overcome of employment in addition to
agriculture.
Elementary Education - Primary Education
The block wise rate of enrolment is analysed here to give an idea and for knowing the
position of parents for admitting their wards in the primary schools in the right age.

District Human Development Report Page 54

 TABLE: 5.1 GROSS ENROLMENT RATE IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
2013-14
S. No Blocks GER in Primary Education
1 NAMAKKAL 100.77
2 ERUMAPATTY 100.75
3 SENDAMANGALAM 100.57
4 MOHANUR 101.08
5 PUDUCHATRAM 99.1
6 KOLLI HILLS 99.08
7 RASIPURAM 100.94
8 NAMAGIRIPET 100.62
9 VENNANDUR 100.38
10 TIRUCHENGODE 101.17
11 MALLASAMUTHIRAM 100.71
12 ELACHIPALAYAM 100.2
13 PALLIPALAYAM 101.07
14 PARAMATHI 100.94
15 KABILARMALAI 100.99
District average 100.56
Source: Additional chief Educational Officer SSA Namakkal

The analysis of enrolment rate in primary schools reveals that most of the schools in
each block got admission of more than hundred per cent except Puduchathiram and Kolli hills
blocks where the rate has been recorded as nearly 99 per cent. The lowest level of the rate is
prevailing in the block of Kolli hills while the highest was recorded in Thiurchengode block as
101.17 per cent. The literacy of the block of Thiruchengode is more than the district average of
100.56 per cent.

The other blocks also had reasonable admission in the primary education. The enrolment
rate of primary education in the district has improved slightly from 100.55 in 2011-12 to 102.60 in
2013-14. It is more or less very near to the State average enrolment rate in primary education.

Completion Rate and Dropout Rate in Primary Education

Completion Rate in Primary Education
The completion rate is required to know the performance of the students in the primary
education for the district of Namakkal. The period of three years from 2011-12 to 2012-13 have
been taken here for analysing the information regarding the completion and dropout rates in the
classification of boys, girls and general.

District Human Development Report Page 55

 The block wise analysis of the data for the period of two consecutive years indicated that
nearly 99 per cent of the students of the class successfully completed their primary level in the
district. It is gradually increasing in all the three years of the stated period from 98.24 to 98.64 per
cent. The same results are provided by boys and girls. It is interpreted that the remaining meager
percentage of students might have dropped out or shifted to other schools in other districts. It is
significantly noted that the few blocks in the district in terms of boys, girls and total have
produced near to 100 per cent completion in the level of education in the year of 2012-13. In the
academic year 2013-14, the same status as the previous year is perfectly repeated without any
change in the rate.
TABLE: 5.2- COMPLETION RATE

Boys Girls General

Blocks 2013-
S. 2011- 2012- 2013- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2011- 2012-
14
No 12 13 14 12 13 14 12 13
1 Namakkal 97.38 97.4 97.4 98.06 98.36 98.36 97.72 97.88 97.88

2 Kollihills 92.92 92.94 92.94 94.45 94.95 94.75 93.69 93.95 93.85

3 Mohanur 98.84 98.86 98.86 98.28 98.58 98.58 98.56 98.72 98.72

4 Erumapatty 99.15 99.17 99.17 98.93 99.23 99.23 99.04 99.2 99.2

5 Sendamangalam 99.8 99.82 99.82 97.92 98.22 98.22 98.86 99.02 99.02

6 Puduchatram 99.73 99.75 99.75 99.92 100 100 99.83 99.88 99.88

7 Rasipuram 98.6 98.62 98.62 98.51 98.81 98.81 98.55 98.71 98.71

8 Vennandur 96.94 96.96 96.96 96.03 96.34 96.33 96.48 96.65 96.64

9 Namagiripet 99.61 99.63 96.63 99.72 100 100 99.67 99.82 99.82

99.98 100 100,00 99.27 99.57 99.57 99.63 99.79 99.79

10 Tiruchengode
97.38 97.4 97.4 97.54 97.83 98.3 97.46 97.62 97.85
11 Pallipalayam
98.93 98.95 98.95 99.43 99.73 99.73 99.18 99.34 99.34
12 Mallasamudram
98.63 98.65 98.65 99.93 100 100 99.28 99.33 99.33
13 Elachipalayam
98.35 98.37 98.37 97.14 97.43 97.44 97.74 97.9 97.9
14 Paramathi
98.25 98.27 98.27 97.48 98 97.78 97.86 98.14 98.02
15 Kabilarmalai
98.3 98.32 98.32 98.17 98.47 98.47 98.24 98.39 98.4
District Total
Sources: Additional chief of Educational Officer, SSA Namakkal

District Human Development Report Page 56

Dropout in Primary Education
The dropout rate is given here for knowing the involvement of the parents and students
for continuation of their children‟s education. The corresponding periods have been taken for
comparative analysis. The abolition of child labour and serious enactment of the law for the
children right for their education prevented the dropouts from the school significantly.

TABLE: 5.3 - DROPOUT RATE

Boys Girls General

S. No Blocks 2011- 2012- 2013- 2011- 2012- 2013- 2011- 2012- 2013-
12 13 14 12 13 14 12 13 14
1 Namakkal 2.23 2.16 2.18 1.88 1.88 1.88 2.05 2.02 2.03
2 Kolli hills 5.15 4.99 5.1 5.52 5.52 5.52 5.33 5.25 5.31
3 Mohanur 0.25 0.24 0.2 1.67 1.67 1.67 0.96 0.95 0.93
4 Erumapatty 0.68 0.66 0.63 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.76 0.75 0.74
5 Sendamangalam 0.34 0.33 0.29 1.81 1.8 1.81 1.07 1.07 1.05
6 Puduchatram 0.25 0.24 0.2 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.29 0.29 0.27
7 Rasipuram 1.83 1.78 1.78 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.62 1.59 1.59
8 Vennandur 2.82 2.74 2.77 3.63 3.63 3.63 3.23 3.18 3.2
9 Namagiripet 0.8 0.78 0.75 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.44 0.42 0.41
10 Tiruchengode 1.23 1.19 1.18 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.84 0.82 0.82
11 Pallipalayam 1.72 1.66 1.67 1.69 1.69 1.69 1.7 1.67 1.68
12 Mallasamudram 1.04 1.01 0.99 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.82 0.81 0.8
13 Elachipalayam 1.16 1.12 1.11 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.7 0.68 0.67
14 Paramathi 1.5 1.45 1.45 2.62 2.61 2.62 2.06 2.03 2.03
15 Kabilarmalai 1.63 1.58 1.58 2.3 2.29 2.32 1.96 1.94 1.95
District Total 1.51 1.46 1.46 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.59 1.57 1.54
Sources: Additional chief Educational Officer SSA Namakkal

The analysis of block wise dropout in Primary education in the corresponding period shows
that the district average dropout rate in primary schools in general is being gradually decreased
like 1.59, 1.57 and 1.54 in the corresponding periods. In terms of boys and girls, the rate is also of
decreasing nature. But the rate of girls is marginally higher than the rate of boys. There is a very
meager difference between the gender groups. The block wise dropout is being in the range of
0.27 to 5.31 in the academic year 2013-14. The district average dropout rate is 1.54. In 2013-14
the block of Kolli hills is placed for more number of drops out cases but meager dropout
recorded in Puduchathiram, which is located in middle of Namakkal and Rasipuram. These
blocks are famous for their educational institutions.

District Human Development Report Page 57

Enrolment in Upper Primary/Middle School Education
The block wise enrolment in upper primary have been analysed for knowing the
continuation of education from the level of primary education to upper primary education. The
students in the level of upper primary are in the age group of 12 to 14 which is considered to be
in the prime adolescent age group. It is unspecified that the possibilities of deviation from the
school may be high.
TABLE: 5.4- GENDER WISE ENROLLMENT IN UPPER PRIMARY
EDUCATION
Boys Girls General
S. No Blocks
2011-12 2013-14 2011-12 2013-14 2011-12 2013-14
1 Namakkal 4647 4142 3940 3583 8587 7725
2 Kolli hills 779 805 837 793 1616 1598
3 Mohanur 2371 2404 2026 2144 4397 4548
4 Erumapatty 3290 3337 2892 2897 6182 6234
5 Sendamangalam 1406 1418 1319 1430 2725 2848
6 Puduchatram 1853 2061 1464 1686 3317 3747
7 Rasipuram 3824 3772 3007 3191 6831 6963
8 Vennandur 2555 2393 2037 1696 4592 4089
9 Namagiripet 2483 2505 2148 2152 4631 4657
10 Tiruchengode 4961 4786 4150 4169 9111 8955
11 Pallipalayam 7557 7079 6778 6396 14335 13475
12 Mallasamudram 2178 2069 1624 1782 3802 3851
13 Elachipalayam 1936 1893 1823 1671 3759 3564
14 Paramathi 2733 2744 2060 2159 4793 4903
15 Kabilarmalai 2285 2214 2028 1907 4313 4121
District Total 44858 43622 38133 37656 82991 81278
Sources: Additional chief Educational Officer SSA Namakkal
The details of enrolment for upper primary are presented here. It is stated that the comparison of
two academic year data of enrolment for 2011-12 and 2013-14, the enrolment in this level has
decreased by 2.06 per cent for general category. In terms of boys, it is decreased by 2.76 while it is
1.25 for girls. The block wise enrolment stated that 50 per cent of the blocks in the district have
shown positive changes of enrolment. The comparison of the corresponding period indicates that
highest positive changes have been recorded in the block of Puduchathiram (12.96%) and lowest
in Namagiripet block (0.56%). At the same time, Vennandur block has recorded highest changes
in negative for enrolment of 10.95. In terms of girl‟s enrolment, this block has recorded highest
negative change. It is implied that the rate has dropped marginally in this block. But for girls,
Puduchathiram block has registered highest change in positive by 15.16 per cent. The same
situation is also prevailing in the block for the boys by 11.23 per cent which is higher than the
other blocks.

District Human Development Report Page 58

Completion Rate in Upper Primary/Middle School Education
TABLE: 5.5 - COMPLETION RATE

Boys Girls General

S. Blocks
No 2011-12 2013-14 2011-12 2013-14 2011-12 2013-14

1 Namakkal 93.14 97.83 95.13 98.51 94.14 98.17

2 Kolli hills 90.85 93.35 92.12 95.1 91.48 94.22
3 Mohanur 93.88 99.29 95.36 98.73 94.62 99.01
4 Erumapatty 89.3 99.6 93.32 99.38 91.31 99.49
5 Sendamangalam 88.2 100 94.89 98.37 91.55 99.18
6 Puduchatram 92 100 93.67 100 92.84 100
7 Rasipuram 92.85 99.05 94.36 98.96 93.61 99
8 Vennandur 87.33 97.38 91.22 96.49 89.27 96.93
9 Namagiripet 91.96 100 94.44 100 93.2 100
10 Tiruchengode 89.54 100 93.48 99.72 91.51 99.86
11 Pallipalayam 93.12 97.82 91.95 97.98 92.53 97.9
12 Mallasamudram 93.49 99.38 95.94 99.88 94.72 99.63
13 Elachipalayam 94.52 99.08 96.7 100.15 95.61 99.62
14 Paramathi 88.01 98.8 94.77 97.58 91.39 98.19
15 Kabilarmalai 91.59 98.7 97.45 98.15 94.52 98.43
District Total 91.32 98.69 94.32 98.6 92.82 98.64
Sources: Additional chief Educational Officer SSA Namakkal

The district average of completion rate of upper primary for general category is 98. 64 per
cent in the year 2013-14 but it was at 92.82 per cent in the year 2011-2012. The district average of
positive change is 6.27 per cent for general. In the corresponding period, the completion rate is
increased by 4.54 per cent for girls while it is 8.07 per cent for boys. The increasing nature of
completion rate for boys is better than girls during the period. In terms of boys, Sendamangalam
block reached 100 per cent by positive changes of 13.37 per cent from the comparative year.
Puduchathiram block is also in the same situation. In terms of girls, Puduchathiram and
Namagiripet have reached 100 per cent by increasing of 6.76 and 5.89 per cent respectively. In
general, the same blocks have arrived at 100 per cent. Other blocks are very near to hundred per
cent of completion rate in the level of education in the corresponding period.

District Human Development Report Page 59

Dropout Rate in Upper Primary

TABLE: 5.6 - DROPOUTS IN UPPER PRIMARY

Boys Girls General

S. Blocks
No
2011-12 2013-14 2011-12 2013-14 2011-12 2013-14
1 Namakkal 1.61 1.14 2.53 0.35 2.07 0.75
2 Kolli hills 3.31 5.07 6.08 6.28 4.69 5.68
3 Mohanur 0.07 0.51 1.36 0.41 0.72 0.46
4 Erumapatty 2.84 0.37 2.8 0.32 2.82 0.35
5 Sendamangalam 6.23 3.29 2.29 0.37 4.26 1.83
6 Puduchatram 0.38 0.55 2.91 1.27 1.65 0.91
7 Rasipuram 0.93 0.03 1.74 0 1.34 0.01
8 Vennandur 4.33 1.03 4.91 1.62 4.62 1.33
9 Namagiripet 4.02 0.61 2.37 0.24 3.19 0.43
10 Tiruchengode 2.26 0.74 2.93 0.67 2.6 0.7
11 Pallipalayam 0.82 2.63 2.51 1.71 1.67 2.17
12 Mallasamudram 0.53 0.98 1.44 0.36 0.99 0.67
13 Elachipalayam 0.2 1.05 0.73 0.45 0.46 0.75
14 Paramathi 2.5 0.41 2.19 0.13 2.35 0.27
15 Kabilarmalai 2.43 0.93 0.06 0.28 1.25 0.6
District Total 2.16 1.29 2.46 0.96 2.31 1.13
Sources: CEO, Educational Department Namakkal

The dropout rate in upper primary is taken for analysis in the district. The block wise
district average dropout rate for sated year is analyzed and offered here. In the corresponding
period, in terms of general category, the district average of dropout rate has declined by 5.27 per
cent. But over all dropout rate is 1.13 per cent in the year 2013-14, while it was 2.31 per cent
previously. It is inferred that the dropout rate in the district has declined slightly. In terms of boys
and girls, the rate is in decreasing nature. It is felt that the block wise performance of the dropout
rate was getting better for reaching the report in the district.

District Human Development Report Page 60

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Transition Rate from primary to upper primary and Upper primary to
Secondary
TABLE: 5.7 - TRANSITION RATE
Primary to Upper Primary To
S. Blocks Upper Primary Secondary
No
2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14
1 Namakkal 100 100 99.95 92.32 92.41 100
2 Kolli hills 94 94.07 93.99 98 98.09 94.19
3 Mohanur 99.44 99.49 99.15 99.99 1000 99.93
4 Erumapatty 96.61 96.66 98.19 98.77 98.86 95.23
5 Sendamangalam 100 100 99.95 99.3 99.4 100
6 Puduchatram 97.62 97.69 98.95 96.3 96.39 96.48
7 Rasipuram 99.07 99.11 99.07 100 100 99.26
8 Vennandur 94.31 94.43 95.46 99.86 99.96 94.8
9 Namagiripet 99.36 99.41 99.8 99.86 99.96 99.11
10 Tiruchengode 100 100 99.95 99.55 99.65 100
11 Pallipalayam 100 100 99.95 99.86 99.96 100
12 Mallasamudram 99.84 99.97 99.95 98.16 98.25 99.92
13 Elachipalayam 99.34 99.41 98.63 99.36 99.45 100
14 Paramathi 99.85 99.87 99.95 99.57 99.66 99.93
15 Kabilarmalai 100 100 99.95 100 100 100
Namakkal
98.63 98.68 98.86 98.73 98.82 98.59
District
Sources: CEO , Educational Department, Namakkal

It is revealed that the district average transition rate is nearly 98.78 per cent for the three
consecutive periods for primary to upper primary. The students of primary class are mostly
promoted to upper primary without giving much stress to the students. It has been proved by the
transition rate of all the blocks are in the range of 96 to 100 per cent for the corresponding
periods. The transition rate for upper primary to secondary is also in the range of 98 to 100 per
cent in all the blocks except Vennandur block where the rate is recorded by nearly 94.8 per cent.
In 2013-14, the rate for primary to upper primary is slightly increased but for upper primary to
secondary is slightly decreased in all the blocks. There is marginal decline in five blocks.

District Human Development Report Page 61

`
Access to Schools

TABLE: 5.8 - AVAILABILITY OF SCHOOL

No of Upper
No of Primary
S. No of primary
No Blocks Habitation
2011-12 2013-14 2011-12 2013-14

1 Namakkal 263 55 59 17 13
2 Kolli hills 305 42 43 17 16
3 Mohanur 184 53 53 11 10
4 Erumapatty 104 42 43 11 10
5 Sendamangalam 103 35 35 9 9
6 Puduchatram 176 63 64 9 9
7 Rasipuram 197 29 29 17 17
8 Vennandur 132 37 38 7 6
9 Namagiripet 151 48 50 19 17
10 Tiruchengode 298 63 64 20 19
11 Pallipalayam 277 42 49 23 16
12 Mallasamudram 240 56 56 7 7
13 Elachipalayam 248 61 61 6 6
14 Paramathi 175 49 51 11 10
15 Kabilarmalai 172 42 43 16 15
District Total 3025 717 738 200 180
Sources: Additional Chief Educational Officer SSA, Namakkal

The block wise availability of school for different levels of education in the district
revealed that the number of habitation is 3,025 in the district. Kolli hills block has more number
of habitations. There are only lower number of habitations in Sendamangalam and Erumapatty
block. The availability of number of primary schools is 738 in the district for year 2013-14. It has
increased by nearly 3 per cent during the corresponding period. Among the blocks, the highest
number of primary school is functioning in Thiruchengode (64). The least number is in
Rasipuram (29).

District Human Development Report Page 62

 The upper primary school has decreased by 10 per cent during the corresponding period. It
is in the ratio of 4:1 for the primary and upper primary in the district. In all the blocks the number
of upper primary school has come down due to the up gradation of the status of school as high
school or higher secondary school. But few blocks were left without an increase in additional
number of schools.

It is found that the coverage of habitation by primary school in the district is in the ratio
of 4 habitations per school in the year 2011-12 and 2013-14, even the strength of the school is
increased by nearly 3 per cent. The blocks namely Kollihills, Rasipuram and Pallipalayam have got
one school for 7 habitations while the Erumapatty block has got it for 2 habitation only but the
strength of the school has increased and the number of habitation per school has come down to
6. Other blocks are found in the range of 3 to 5 habitation per school in the corresponding
period. In terms of upper primary schools, the district average was 15 habitations per school in
2011-12 and it increased to 17 in 2013-14 due to the up gradation of upper primary into
secondary school in 10 blocks while leaving other blocks in the same status.

In terms of high school, there are 67 high schools in the district and their number increased
by 31.37 per cent during the corresponding periods. The high school status has been upgraded for
the status of higher secondary schools in the blocks of Mohanur and Rasipuram.

District Human Development Report Page 63

Pupil-Teacher Ratio in Primary and Upper Primary

TABLE: 5.9 - PUPIL TEACHER AND SCHOOL RATIO

In Primary school Upper Primary school

People Teacher Ratio School Ratio Teacher Ratio School Ratio

S. No Blocks 2011-12 2013-14 2011-12 2013-14 2011-12 2013-14 2011-12 2013-14

1 Namakkal 24 21 105 85 25 23 128 116
2 Kolli hills 37 27 79 76 22 21 66 62
3 Mohanur 19 18 59 56 20 24 145 128
4 Erumapatty 27 23 123 106 32 27 188 163
5 Sendamangalam 22 19 82 69 24 27 132 123
6 Puduchatram 20 16 51 44 29 27 144 125
7 Rasipuram 26 21 153 118 24 22 143 121
8 Vennandur 27 23 100 87 39 30 201 184
9 Namagiripet 27 21 98 80 25 25 124 113
10 Tiruchengode 26 21 108 89 30 24 172 151
11 Pallipalayam 32 29 247 189 41 38 238 214
12 Mallasamudram 19 16 50 43 30 22 159 138
13 Elachipalayam 20 17 52 46 28 28 150 132
14 Paramathi 20 17 63 51 22 20 105 100
15 Kabilarmalai 23 19 75 65 18 17 94 86
District Total 25 21 92 78 28 25 149 133

Source: Additional Chief Educational Officer SSA Namakkal

The analysis of Pupil teacher ratio reveals that the student‟s strength per teacher has
been reduced by 16 per cent. It may be implied that the strength of the teachers in the district has
been increased during the period from 2011-12 to 2013-14. The highest ratio is prevailing in the
year 2013-14 in the block of Pallipalayam. At the same time the Pupil school ratio, the number of
schools has been increased by 15 per cent in the corresponding period. It is significantly noted
that the importance of primary school is being focused by the government by way of appointing
teachers and allocation of fund for the additional schools for this segment in the district. The
highest strength is prevailing in Pallipalayam schools.

District Human Development Report Page 64

Secondary Education
The students enrolled in secondary school has been analysed here. The block wise
enrollment in secondary schools reveals that the highest number of students are enrolled in the
blocks of Pallipalayam (106.16) followed by Paramathi ( 104.32) in 2013-14 while lowest in
Puduchathiram and Mohanur by the rate of 94.07 and 97.93 respectively. Most of the blocks have
reached more than the rate of 100 in secondary education. In the period of 2012-13, highest rate
is in Rasipuram block (105.23) while lowest is in Kabilarmalai (96.01). Among the fifteen blocks,
increased rate is enrolled in eleven blocks while decreasing in four blocks during the
corresponding periods. The reasons behind these blocks may be ascribed by the students of this
category might be shifted to other blocks for intension of better education.
TABLE: 5.10 - ENROLMENTS IN SECONDARY EDUCATION 2013-14

GER GER
S. No Blocks
12-13 13-14

Namakkal 101.38 102.52

1
Kolli hills 97.82 102.73
2
Mohanur 100.91 97.93
3
Erumapatti 99.36 102.01
4
Sendamangalam 99.03 100.03
5
Puduchatram 99.31 94.07
6
Rasipuram 105.23 103.78
7
Vennandur 98.34 100.76
8
Namagiripet 99.28 100.28
9
Tirchengode 101.04 101.62
10
Pallipalayam 102.27 106.16
11
Mallasamudram 102.91 101.68
12
Elachipalayam 100.63 101.52
13
Paramathi 102.32 104.32
14
Kabilarmalai 96.01 101.4
15
Total 100 101.39

Sources: Additional Chief Educational Officer SSA, Namakkal

District Human Development Report Page 65

Basic Infrastructure:
To provide quality education, infrastructure facilities like class rooms, Library, play
ground, lab, toilet especially for female children, hostel for both genders separately and water
facilities have to be improved and maintained properly.
TABLE: 5.11–INFRASTRUCTURES 2013-2014

Without Desk
Without Electricity

WithoutDe
skandwater
Without Girls
More than

classrooms

Compound
Without Toilet
Classrooms
S.

Without
Without
Toilet
Schools

and Chair
Drinking
No. No. of

With 3

Wall
Block Name

3
1 Namakkal 74 49 25 0 0 0 16 0 0
2 Kolli hills 64 35 29 0 0 0 36 0 0
3 Mohanur 68 38 30 0 0 0 11 0 0
4 Erumapatty 61 28 33 0 0 0 6 0 0
5 Sendamangalam 47 31 16 0 0 0 10 0 0
6 Puduchatram 77 42 35 0 0 0 20 0 0
7 Rasipuram 44 21 23 0 0 0 8 0 0
8 Vennandur 50 27 23 0 0 0 12 0 0
9 Namagiripet 79 37 42 0 0 0 21 0 0
10 Tiruchengode 84 35 49 0 0 0 27 0 0
11 Pallipalayam 79 34 45 0 0 0 15 0 0
12 Mallasamudram 67 47 20 0 0 0 13 0 0
13 Elachipalayam 73 48 25 0 0 0 11 0 0
14 Paramathi 62 44 18 0 0 0 11 0 0
15 Kabilarmalai 66 28 38 0 0 0 16 0 0
Namakkal
995 544 451 0 0 0 233 0 0
District
Sources: Additional Chief Educational Officer SSA, Namakkal
In the block wise analysis of basic facilities for the schools in the district for the year
2013-2014 it is seen that the block of Thiruchengode has the highest number of schools while the
lowest is in Rasipuram block. Nearly 51 per cent of schools in the district have three class rooms
and remaining schools have more than three class rooms while 33 per cent do not have toilet
facilities, particularly the availability of girl‟s toilet are not created separately. At the same time, the
absence of electricity and compound wall at 12 per cent and 7 per cent respectively. In this
connection, personal enquiry has been made with few head masters of schools and they informed
that toilet room cannot be properly maintained due to the absence of concerned workers not
appointed separately. The private contract labour can be availed but there is no proper provision
for payment to the concerned labour. The intervention is required to rectify this problem
prevailing in many schools of the district. At one primary school, the teacher has been found
pitiably while cleaning the student‟s toilet by himself.

District Human Development Report Page 66

 In the comparison of various facilities between the two periods of 2011-12 and 2013-14
indicates that in terms of total number of schools, it has been found to have increased by 24 in
the district. In most of the blocks, it has increased except in Rasipuram, Vennandur and
Namagiripet. At the same time, no changes occurred in two blocks namely Senthamangalam and
Kabilarmalai. Maximum number of positive changes occurred in Pallipalayam block. Moreover, in
the category of three class rooms, 54 schools are increased additionally along with all the other
blocks except Namagiripet and Kabilarmalai. Particularly, the Pallipalayam block got more
number of schools and followed by Namakkal. The block of Kabilarmalai is the only block where
the number of class rooms is needed to increase. The infrastructure like common toilet, girl‟s
toilet and electricity were provided in all the schools of all blocks in 2013-14. The compound wall
facility was found to have increased by 39 per cent in 13-14.
Hostel Facilities
The hostel facilities are being provided to the students those who are studying in the
Government schools. In this connection, the analysis of facilities available and number of
students that are accommodated in the district has been carried out and the outcomes are also
presented here.
TABLE: 5.12 - HOSTELS IN 2013 AND 2014
Number of Number Number of Number of
S.S. No Hostel of Hostel students students
Hostel
2013 2014 2013 2014

1 AD 51 51 3679 3814

2 BC 27 27 1630 1651

Total 78 78 5309 5465

Source: Dept of welfare, Namakkal

The analysis discloses that the number of hostels is 78 for both adidiravidar and backward
community in the district during the period of 2013 and 2014. The numbers had not changed in
the availability of facility but the number of students per hostel was only 68 in 2013 and it has
increased to 70 in 2014. The rate of change is 2.94 per cent during the corresponding period.

In term of adidiravidar hostel, the number of students is 75 per hostel in the year of 2014
as against 72 in the previous year. In Backward community hostel, the number of students is 61
per hostel as against 60 in the year 2013.

District Human Development Report Page 67

Higher Education: Arts and Science Colleges
Namakkal district has become centre of education by the presence of various higher
education institutions benefiting the students not only for the district but also those who are from
all over India and abroad. In the categories of Arts and Science, there are 22 colleges in which
three colleges are run by the government and two are aided colleges. Other colleges are in the
categories of self financing colleges. In addition to that there are number of Engineering colleges,
Polytechnic colleges, Paramedical, Dental, Nursing colleges, Veterinary colleges and Agricultural
colleges functioning and contributing to transform the district from egg city and transport city to
Educational city.
TABLE: 5.13- COLLEGES FOR HIGHER EDUCATION IN NAMAKKAL
DISTRICT 2013-14
S.NO Colleges Numbers
1 Engineering 36
2 Polytechnic 16
3 Education 40
4 Industrial Training Institute 8
5 Medical Institutions 11
6 Arts and Science 22
Total 101
Sources: Dept. of Higher Education
The special feature of most of the institutions in the district is that they are in the cluster
form that is there are number of institutions under one umbrella of administration. For example,
the Vivekananda group of Institutions located in the block of Elachipalayam admits only female
students in the different categories of colleges and it has the total strength of nearly twenty five
thousand students with requisite amount of facilities.
Conclusion
It is found that the literacy rate of the district is less than the rate of State and National
average. The blocks of Kolli hills and Namagiripet have lowest literacy rate of 52 per cent and
64.22 per cent respectively. Only the meager percentage of dropout cases has been recorded in
this level in all the blocks but the cases are more in the block of Kolli hills. The number of high
schools has been increased to meet the requirement of student strength and the people teacher
ratio shows favorable sign of improvement by the way of enrolment and quality of education
particularly in high school and higher secondary level of education. The facilities of the schools have
to be strengthened in few blocks. The immediate intervention is required to rectify the basic problem
of non availability of toilet facilities and separate employee is appointed to maintain the toilet in few
schools particularly for girl students and to ensure the safety and health of the students, the
compound wall has to be eructed in schools wherever it is not provided.

District Human Development Report Page 68

CHAPTER 6
GENDER
 Chapter 6
Gender

Introduction

The Gender inequality should be eliminated; otherwise, the human potential cannot be
fully exploited for utilization for exchange of economic activity for rapid economic growth. Social
behavior is highly considered to be the prime cause for the emergence of inequality in the minds
of human being. The patriarchal tendencies in India leads to pressure to produce sons instead of
daughter and it favors sons for the reasons of kinship, inheritance, marriage, status and economic
security which results in the discrimination of women. The power of cultural inequalities is
witnessed in the extreme case of female children in fetus itself. The causes of gender inequalities
are complex, but number of cultural factors in India can explain how son preference prevails.
Gender inequalities include unequal rights, responsibilities and opportunities for women; translate
to poor health status, educational attainment and economic status comparable to men.

Status of Women

The indicators like female literacy, employment, workers participation in agriculture, work
participation in non- agriculture, sex ratio, child sex ratio, mother mortality ratio, antenatal
coverage, institutional deliveries, anemic of pregnant women, malnourishment, crime against
women, and participation in electoral role are considered here to assess the status of women in
the district.
TABLE: 6.1- STATUS OF WOMEN IN 2011
S.
Indicators District
No.
1 Female Population 8,57,321
2 Percentage in Total population 49.65
3 Sex-ratio 986
4 Female literacy rate 60.98
6 MMR 86
7 % of women worker in agriculture sector 45.68

8 % of women in non-agri. Sector 31.83

District Human Development Report Page 69

Population

Namakkal has got 49.65 per cent of female population while the state level was 49.88 per
cent in 2011. At the same time the sex ratio indicated that there were only 986 females for 1000
male present in the district. It is observed that the female population is growing equally at a
proportionate level to the population of men.

According to the census report of 2011, the highest level of sex ratio was recorded in
Namakkal and Elachipalayam blocks (995), while lowest was in Thiruchengode (945). The district
average was 986. It is noted that Namakkal block was mostly urban and the literacy rate was also
high but Elachipalayam block comes under rural areas completely with low level of literacy rate.

In terms of Child Sex Ratio, the district has recorded 903 girls per one thousand boys. It is
inferred that the male child is still preferred instead of female children with the help of emergence
of advanced technology illegally because of the attitude of the people. Among the blocks of the
district, Kollihills has poor record of this ratio. The tribal community of the block has strong
intention to have male child who is considered to be only legal heir of the family for their
property. The higher order birth rate is high in the block which has led families to have more
number of children, and many of them were in stage of malnourishment. The girls are married
before attaining the age of 18 by conducting the ceremony of marriage unlawfully. They are
mostly not fit to lead married life due to the lack of sound mind and health. They have more
number of children without having sufficient gap between children.

Literacy
The basic motto behind many rural development programs in India, in general, is the
improvement of standard of living of rural people particularly the rural poor women. This can be
believed to achieve through the enhancement of educational facilities, provision of better health
care infrastructure and empowerment for rural women. At the same time, the programs /
schemes / projects designed and implemented to achieve the above are found to be just mere
numbers without creating the much needed impact.

District Human Development Report Page 70

 The literacy rate of the state was 80.1 for persons in which the female literacy rate was
73.4 per cent which is less than the male literacy rate 86.8 per cent. It is inferred that female
literacy rate is behind the male by 13.4 per cent only. In Namakkal district, the literacy rate was
74.63 in 2011. The female literacy was 66.6 while male was 82.6. It is found that the highest
literacy rate was prevailing in Namakkal block (76.68%) while lowest in Kolli hills block (52.06%).
Most of the blocks have deviated negatively from the district literacy rate by the range from 0.23
per cent to 16.06 per cent. The positive deviation was recorded only in the following blocks like
Namakkal, Erumapatty, Thiruchengode and Paramathi.

Employment

As per the census of 2001, Namakkal had the highest level of worker participation rate at
56.28 per cent among the districts of Tamil Nadu. The districts of Chennai and Kanyakumari had
the lowest WPR by 12.09 per cent and 12.23 per cent respectively. The female work participation
rate was 42.78 per cent while male participation was at 61.14 per cent in Namakkal district in
2011. It is significant to note that nearly 50 per cent of female population of the district is
engaged in economic activities of various sectors of economy. In terms of block wise female
participation, Kolli hills had the highest percentage (64.89%) which was more than the male
participation. It is highly impressive that the people of the block are having less literacy rate and
their main occupation is agriculture. They are belonging to tribal community (99%). At the same
time the lowest participation is prevailing in Namakkal block (28.27%) which is covered by urban
areas with industrial and commercial back ground particularly Lorry body building units, lorry
transport, educational institutions and poultry units. It is inferred that participation of the rural
women is higher than the urban women who would have preferred to stay at home.

District Human Development Report Page 71

 FIGURE: 6.1- FEMALE WORKER PARTICIPATION RATE IN BLOCKS

The female work participation in agricultural and non agricultural has been displayed in
the bar diagram. For agricultural participation, Kolli hills has got the highest position. The
possibility of any other option for providing employment opportunity is nothing in the block due
to the lack of industrial activity. In the nature of rural pocket, the marginal labour is absorbed by
the agriculture sector only. The lowest level is recorded in Namakkal due to the urban character.
In terms of non agriculture, the highest level of participation took place in Pallipalayam block
which had an industrial background.

Maternal Mortality Ratio

The Maternal Mortality Ratio of the district was 255 in 2001 and it came down to 86 in
2011, It is felt that the intervention of health department and awareness of the people may be the
causes for reducing it to this stage drastically. The block wise MMR is considered as one of the
indicators of health dimension for finding Gender Inequality Index. According to present
statistics, Mallasamudram block had recorded 257 cases of death at delivery. It is followed by
Thiruchengode and Kolli hills blocks at the rate of 171 and 130 cases respectively. It is very
significant to note that Thiruchengode block is one of the revenue divisions of the district. The
ratio is found better in the following blocks named Sendamangalam, Paramathi, Kabilarmalai,
Vennandur and Rasipuram where no death cases were registered at delivery. At the same time the
antenatal coverage is also found to be very high. According to the district health report, 50 per
cent of the women were anemic.

District Human Development Report Page 72

 BOX: 6.1- STATUS OF GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX IN THE
DISTRICT

It is very momentous to note that Vennandur block has been found with lowest level of
gender inequality among the blocks of the district even it is declared as one of the back ward
blocks of the district. According to the GII values, the block is placed in the first rank. It is
heard that the female participation of work and more number of women self help groups may
be the most influencing factors for this rank of the block. It is followed by Thiruchengode and
Mallasamuthiram blocks. At the same time, Kolli hills block has been acknowledged as the
high level of discrepancy prevailing block of the district. It may be attributed by the low level
of literacy rate for general as well as for female too. The people of the block are mostly as
agricultural marginal labourers whose per capita income may be insufficient and their culture
is also favor only for male. The female rights are purposely neglected. They are in the
condition of compulsion for participating in work. It is observed that the female participation
in the work is more than male participation. For the year 2013-14, the blocks of
Mallasamuthiram, Senthamangalam and Kabilarmalai are placed in the bottom three blocks of
GII where the high level of gender inequality is prevailing.

Access and Control over Resources

The “mahalir thittam” is a predominant scheme of the government for empowerment of

women and it is functioning in all the districts of the State. The self help group is one of the vital
schemes in which the members are being provided micro financial support, entrepreneur training,
skill development and encouraging them to participate in various competitions. Moreover, each
group is provided with minimum amount of loan with subsidy but it has been observed that the
sanctioned loan amount is mostly given to the needy members for income from rate of interest
instead of using it for their economic development by way of establishing any venture, micro or
cottage industries. Otherwise the amount is equally disbursed among the members. Most of the
groups is caught by the same tendency.

District Human Development Report Page 73

 TABLE: 6.2 - BLOCK WISE CREDIT AVAILED BY SHG FOR THE
PERIOD FROM
2009-10 TO 2013-14
(Rs. in Lakhs)
2009 2010 2011 - 2012 2013 -
S. -10 -11 12 -13 14 Total
Blocks
N SH SH
SHG Rs Rs SHG Rs Rs SHG Rs Rs.
0 G G

1 Elachipalayam 264 338 232 262.26 152 265.2 252 200.26 326 831.5 1897.22
2 Erumapatti 235 301 175 209.79 156 289.1 215 209.79 338 830.5 1840.18

3 Kabilarmalai 221 283 311 354.77 121 225.3 321 354.77 641 596.46 1814.3

4 Kolli hills 105 135 158 169.26 198 395.2 198 207.26 235 597.64 1504.36
5 Mallasamudram 167 212 251 357.48 171 207.48 271 287.48 234 871.81 1936.25

6 Mohanur 269 344.22 392 409.48 195 396.48 428 536.48 192 449.96 2136.62
7 Namagiripet 359 458 201 295.73 115 125.73 215 275.73 405 961.99 2117.18
8 Namakkal 352 451 279 554.62 191 384.62 319 954.62 810 1434.1 3778.96

9 Pallipalayam 375 482.1 258 308.75 156 308.35 298 608.745 444 1370.57 3078.51

10 Paramathi 356 458 153 226.83 185 336.83 185 316.83 369 941.86 2280.35
11 Puduchatram 269 345 161 208.73 109 208.73 175 208.73 258 466.95 1438.14

12 Rasipuram 291 373 325 996.19 156 325.18 425 1296.19 541 1568.68 4559.24

13 Senthamangalam 256 328 183 284.11 98 264.11 216 264.11 1085 1073.33 2213.66
14 Tiruchengode 293 375.04 215 486.77 164 389.88 264 489.88 549 723.98 2465.55

15 Vennandur 216 277 107 132.87 86 252.87 98 192.87 306 1108.79 1964.4

Total 4028 5160.4 3401 5257.6 2253 4375.1 3880 6403.75 6733 13828.12 35024.9
Source: Project Director, Namakkal

In 2013-14, the number of self help groups has increased by 2853. Moreover, additional
amount of loan sanctioned is nearly Rs.74 crores in the district. The highest number of groups is
established in the block of Senthamangalam which is one of the blocks having high level of
gender inequality. At the same time, the highest number of groups had closed in Mohanur i.e. by
236 groups. The Mallasamuthiram block also lost 37 groups in the corresponding period. During
the five years period, the total amount of money pumped through the scheme into the district was
Rs.350.25 crores. The highest amount of Rs.3.73 lakhs was obtained by each group of
Mallasamuthiram followed by Vennandur and Pallipalayam by Rs.3.62 and Rs. 3.09 respectively.
Fewer amounts of Rs.0.93 lakhs and Rs.0.99 are provided to each group of Kabilarmalai and
Senthamangalam correspondingly. An in-depth study is recommended here to find out the
economic transformation of these people for whom the loans had been sanctioned in the district.

District Human Development Report Page 74

`
Women Participation in Electoral role

The share of female participation in the electoral role was only 37.75 in 2011. It is fifty per
cent lower than the male participation of 62.25 in the corresponding period. The blocks of
Elachipalayam has the highest share of 41.04 per cent while the lowest is 34.10 per cent in
Pallipalayam.

Trends in Political Participation

The women participation in politics provides an ample opportunity for contributing the
high level decision making process for the formation and implementation of suitable policies. The
block wise female participation in State and Panchayats has been given here.

The female participation in the membership of assembly for the district is only 38 per cent
while the highest participation is prevailing in the block of Rasipuram followed by Elachipalayam.
The lowest participation prevails in Namakkal. It is inferred that most of the blocks have got very
meager variation regarding this participation.
TABLE: 6.3 –MEMBERSHIP IN ASSEMBLY, LOCAL BODIES

S. Member ship of women in Number Number of % of female

No State Assembly and local of Male Female Total participation
Body (Block Name)
1 Elachipalayam 132 93 225 41
2 Erumapatty 124 80 204 39
3 Kabilarmalai 103 56 159 35
4 Kolli hills 70 41 111 37
5 Mallasamudram 115 77 192 40
6 Mohanur 124 80 204 39
7 Namakkal 107 55 162 34
8 Namagiripet 111 66 177 37
9 Paramathy 100 53 153 35
10 Pallipalayam 104 52 156 33
11 Puduchatram 116 73 189 39
12 Rasipuram 89 67 156 43
13 Sendamangalam 69 46 115 40
14 Thiruchengode 134 82 216 38
15 Vennanthur 111 60 171 35
Total 1609 981 2590 38
Sources: J.D Statistical, Namakkal

District Human Development Report Page 75

`
Conclusion

The share of female population is 49.65 per cent in the district while lowest level is
witnessed in the block of Thiruchengode 945 per 1000 male. The females are not treated equally
in Kolli hills, which records an adverse Child Sex Ratio (CSR) and also leads to the prevalence of
malnourishment and higher order birth rate. At the same time, the MMR is very high in
Mallasamudram block. It is noted that female literacy rate is only 59 per cent. The work
participation by female in the district has come down vividly but in Kolli hills, it is higher than
male participation. It was found that female participation in non agricultural work is high in
Pallipalayam block.

District Human Development Report Page 76

 CHAPTER 7
SOCIAL SECURITY
 Chapter 7

Social Security

Introduction
Attaining and retaining the standard of living is the prime objective of every individual and
it is the effect of every individual to strive for acquiring the requirements of their life. But it is not
possible for everyone and many of them may not have opportunity and supremacy to fulfill their
basic needs. In that situation, they have to be secured by providing basic amenities and supportive
aids of the Government. The concept of social security is one of the policy measures for
mitigating their sufferings and supporting for accomplishing the reasonable standard of life. The
social security programs are to maintain minimum standard of life which may be affected by
specific contingencies such as old age, death, employment, injury and sickness. To assess the
situation of the dependents in the district, a few target oriented schemes of the government are
analysed here.
Social Security Measures in Tamil Nadu
The Government of Tamil Nadu has initiated major social security measures, which
consists of promotional and protective procedures. The protective measures include contributing
benefits to Government employees, survivor benefits for workers of the unorganized sector,
provident fund and other benefits for workers in factories and other commercial establishments,
welfare schemes for workers of unorganized sector and social assistance schemes for women such
as marriage, maternity assistance and old age pensions etc. In this context, the Government of
Tamil Nadu is implementing the following pension schemes through Revenue department to
provide social security to the needy people.
 Old Age Pension Scheme
Under this scheme, pensions are being granted to all old age persons who neither have any
means of subsistence nor any relative to support them. In case of destitute, who are incapacitated
to earn their livelihood due to blindness, leprosy, insanity and paralysis or loss of limb are given
pension.
 Destitute physically handicapped pension scheme
Physically handicapped destitute pension is offered to persons aged 45 years and above
and whose permanent disability is 50 per cent or more are eligible for their pension.

District Human Development Report Page 77

  Destitute widows pension scheme
Destitute widows of any age who have not remarried are benefitted under this scheme even if
they had legal heir age 18 years and above.
 Destitute / Deserted wives pension scheme
The old age pension had extended to benefit deserted wives and destitute women who are not
less than 30 years of age who are deserted by their husbands for a period of not less than five
years / obtained legal separation certificate from a competent court of law. Those having legal
heirs who have completed 18 years of age are also eligible under the scheme.
 Other benefits
Other benefits are free supply of dhotis / sarees and nutrition meal. In addition to that the
National Family Benefit Scheme also provides them contribution for the relief and distress.

Demographic profile of the Aged

TABLE: 7.1- DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

S. Total Population at the age

Block
No Population of above 60

Persons Male Female

1 Namakkal 181244 28130 21098
2 Erumapatty 105655 21131 15848
3 Sendamangalam 79298 21206 14137
4 Mohanur 97997 18953 14440
5 Puduchatram 84311 15277 10185
6 Kolli hills 40479 7739 6265
7 Rasipuram 128834 22956 17217
8 Namagiripet 110074 20893 15395
9 Vennanthur 86440 16606 12652
10 Thiruchengode 199845 31081 26173
11 Mallasamudram 68731 12836 9627
12 Elachipalayam 87565 14742 11057
13 Pallipalayam 275366 45622 31935
14 Paramathy 84927 14656 10992
15 Kabilarmalai 95835 16497 12374
District Total 1726601 308325 229395
Sources: Census of 2011

District Human Development Report Page 78

 The district of Namakkal had the population of 1,726,601 in 2011. The contribution of
old age people‟s population was 31.14 per cent in which, the share of male was 57.34 per cent
while female was 42.67 per cent. The highest share of this age group was prevailing in the block
of Senthamangalam (44.57%) against the share of actual population was only 3.05 per cent in the
block. The lowest level was in Namakkal block (27.16%) followed by Pallipalayam and
Thiruchengode. It is necessary to study for finding the real cause for decreasing the age group in
these blocks. In terms of male population of this age group, the highest share was obtained by the
blocks of Sendamangalam (20.00%) against the lowest share in Namakkal (15.52%). The working
class people may be more in Namakkal block; and they had mostly migrated from other places for
reaping the opportunity of employment due to the expansion of urbanization. In the female
category, highest is in Senthamangalam (17.83%) and lowest is in Pallipalayam (11.60%).

Beneficiaries of Old Age Pensioner

Taluk wise analysis of beneficiaries of old age pensioners is presented here.

TABLE: 7.2- TALUK WISE BENEFICIARIES OF OLD AGE

PENSIONER
S.No Taluks 2012 2013 2014

1 Namakkal 26607 32629 29818

2 Rasipuram 11824 16682 15972

3 Kolli hills 0 1846 1123

4 Thiruchengode 38828 46916 39578

5 Paramathi Velur 4966 7512 7373

Total 82225 105585 93864

Sources: Census Report

It is stated that during the period from 2012 to 2013, the beneficiaries of old age pension
of the district has increased by 28.41 per cent while in 2014 it is .56 per cent only. At the same
time, the number of beneficiaries has increased in all the taluks but highest change has been
recorded in Paramathi velur taluk by 51.41 per cent while lowest is in Thiruchengode taluk
(20.27%) during the corresponding periods.

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 The beneficiaries were not recorded in the taluk of Kolli hill in 2012. But it has decreased
by 11.10 per cent in the next consecutive year from 2013 to 2014. It is very significant to note that
the number of beneficiaries came down not only in the district average but also in all the taluks
during the period. Among the taluks, Kolli hills recorded the highest reduction in the beneficiaries
of OAP while lowest change has occurred in the taluk of Paramathy velur during the same period.
In the three consecutive periods, the taluk of Thiruchengode has got more number of
beneficiaries but Paramathi velur was placed for lowest level in first two periods. Kolli hills taluk
has been placed in the lowest level in the stated last year.

Differently able Persons

TABLE: 7.3- FINANCIAL SECURITY OF DIFFERENTLY ABLE
PERSON IN 2013-14

S. Maintenance Grant Target Coverage Male Female

No 60+
1 Mentally Retarded 1159 1159 608 551

2 Severely Disabled 372 372 227 145

3 Muscular Dystrophy 2 2 1 1

4 Leprosy 50 50 38 12

Total 1583 1583 874 709

Source: DDHS, Namakkal

In the financial security schemes, the mentally retarded person was covered by 100 per
cent in 2012-13. The male beneficiaries of this category were covered by 52.46 per cent while the
female was 47.54 per cent. Among the various categories of the target beneficiaries, the mentally
retarded was very high. The other categories were minimum in numbers. The coverage of male
beneficiaries of the entire category is more than the female by 55.21 and 44.79 respectively.

District Human Development Report Page 80

 BOX-7.1 MARRIAGE AND MATERNITY ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME
Through the marriage benefits scheme, cash of Rs. 20000 is being given to poor women
belonging to below poverty line category at the time of their marriage. In this context, the
analysis of the schemes reveals that during the past two comparative periods of 2011-12 and
2013-14, the number of beneficiaries has decreased by 11.84 per cent in the district. Moreover, in
the same way all the blocks of the district also have reduced the number of beneficiaries except
in two blocks namely Namagiripet and Sendamangalam by the positive changes of 50.61 per cent
and 31.76 per cent respectively during the corresponding periods. The highest negative change
has been noticed in the block of Puduchathiram (47.91%) while the lowest change occurred in
Thiruchengode (5.94%). It is implied that the women belongs to the category has been reduced
or they have been uplifted economically. But in reality, it was not found. For the past three
consecutive year‟s form2011-12 to 2013-14, the total number of beneficiaries has been covered
by 8796 persons to whom 17.592 crores of rupees were spent by the government. Among all the
blocks, Pallipalayam has got the highest number of beneficiaries of 17.55 per cent while the
lowest number was in Kolli hills by 2.51 per cent and other blocks were having the share of
between 3 to nearly 10 per cent.
In term of maternal benefit scheme, the total number of beneficiaries in the district is
48,685 per sons for the corresponding period in which the number of beneficiaries are decreased
by 22.52 per cent in the district but in urban area the number has increased by 53.25 per cent
against -27.59 per cent in the rural areas. It is noted that this scheme is mostly utilised by the
urban people than rural. Through these scheme, Rs. 58.422 crores of rupees has been provided
to these beneficiaries in the district for the period of three years term.

Crime against Women

The crime against women is a mirror for reflecting the status of security for women in the
district. The number of cases registered against women in the record of all police stations
indicates the level of crimes against women. The analysis of this crime is presented here.

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 TABLE: 7.4 - VARIOUS CASES AGAINST WOMEN IN THE DISTRICT

S.
No Categories of cases 2013-14 2014-15

1 Rape 27 19
2 Dowry death 0 0
3 Dowry Harassment 6 2
4 Sexual Harassment 12 8
5 Molestation 70 35
6 Cruelty by husband and relatives 13 13
7 Kidnapping and abduction 43 25
8 Abetment to commit suicide 6 12
9 Women harassment 13 15
10 Child Marriage act 10 1
11 Prevention of Immoral traffic 4 1
Total 204 131
Source: Department of Police- Namakkal

The total number of cases against women has declined by 35.78 per cent in the district for
the comparative period of 2013-14 and 2014-15. Among the various cases, to commit suicide has
increased by 100 per cent during the corresponding period. The cases of women harassment had
increased by 15 per cent and other cases against women have declined significantly. Particularly,
the child marriage case had decreased or more or less controlled completely and the rape cases
had also declined by 30 per cent. This also showed that awareness and case reporting has
improved in the district.

At present, the police strength of the district is 1072 including armed and women police.
It is found that the ratio of police and people is 1:1611. In terms of women police, there were
11,744 women population per women police in the district.

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Conclusion
In most of the blocks, initially the beneficiaries were more due to the difficulties in the
identification of genuine person for getting the real benefit of the scheme. In the later periods the
number of beneficiaries is slightly reduced by removing the fake personalities of the beneficiaries
of the scheme.

The old age people have been increasing gradually due to the expansion of life expectancy
of them. At the same time, the identification of eligible persons for being beneficiaries of OAP
cases is very important. It is learned that women category of old age people strength is more than
men OAP in the district.
The crimes against women have become a serious threat to them. The kidnapping cases
against women are alarming and it is required for high alertness in the provision of security to
women. Moral education is essential to change the attitude of youngsters for avoiding the
involvement of sexual harassment cases.

District Human Development Report Page 83

 CHAPTER 8
INFRASTRUCTURE
 Chapter 8
Infrastructure

Introduction
The Infrastructure is considered as an energetic engine of economy for sustainable
development and growth of nation. The human development can be achieved by way of creating
adequate amount of facilities or infrastructure for turning the resources to necessary goods and
services for satisfying the needs of people. Realization of the facility requires the analysis of
available facilities in the district for enhancement and development of entire population of the
district. The core area of the facilities like transport particularly road, electricity, communication,
financial facilities, water sources, health and education have been explored and offered in this
chapter.

Roads

The road facilities are well thought-out as artillery of economy. The availability and
quality of road is an important determinant factor for the fast flow of movement of goods and
services from the place of origin to the point of burning up. In this perspective, the availability of
the road in the district has been analyzed here.

TABLE 8.1 DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL ROAD LENGTH IN NAMAKKAL DISTRICT IN 2011

District 2001 2011

S. No
Types of Road Length km Length km
1 National Highways 61.8 61.8
2 State Highways 161.12 378.11
3 Major District Road 253.3 274.04
4 Other District Road 1301.94 1086.41
5 ODR - Sugarcane Road 0 95.4
Total Road length km 1778.16 1895.76

Source: Dept. of Highways, Namakkal

District Human Development Report Page 84

 The number of vehicles being registered in the district was 687 per day in 2013 against
619 in 2011 at annual growth rate of 5.1 per cent. It is observed that highest number of vehicle
registration took place in the segment of two wheelers by 458 per day in 2013 and it was followed
by car at 163 per day. There were one maxi cap vehicle and one bus getting registered every day in
the district. At the same time, there were 33 Lorries registered every day while registering of rig
vehicles was 12. There is additional number of vehicles coming onto the road regularly. The detail
of vehicles displayed in the table is given in the annexure. Day by day, the pressure of vehicle
traffic is becoming a serious threat to the district administration. In this way the analysis report
revealed that the share of Other District roads was 57.31 per cent in the total length of the district
road. It was followed by the State Highway Road 19.95 per cent and Major District Road 14.46
per cent. The share of Sugarcane Road was at 5.03 and finally the National Highways have
covered by 3.26 per cent only. In the year 2001, the order of distribution of various categories of
roads is changed in the way of Other District road, Major District road, State Highways and
National Highways. During the corresponding period, the Sugarcane Road was not laid in the
district. The comparative analysis of the two period divulged that the highest changes was given
by the State Highways by more than one times which was followed by the Major District Road by
8.19 per cent but the Other District Road length had declined by 16.55 per cent. It was expected
that in the future Other District Roads might be upgraded as State Highways.

According to the growth of population and vehicle population, the infrastructure of roads
have to be increased, otherwise, the flow of men and materials are going to be stagnant. The
impact of slowdown of these items will be beyond belief. The intervention of government is
sought in the form of preparation of future plans particularly for urban centers like Namakkal,
Rasipuram and Thiruchengode. These blocks are becoming congested places in the recent time by
increases of vehicle population.

District Human Development Report Page 85

Box: 8.1 Requirement of bridge over Cauvery in western side of the district

The road connectivity between the districts is dreadfully insufficient particularly in the
western side of the district. The western and southern side of the district is bordered by the river
of Cauvery adjoining to the district of Erode and Karur respectively. The connectivity of the
district is made only through the bridge over the Cauvery in the stated direction. There are two
main bridges connecting Karur at Paramathy velur and another one is at Pallipalayam connecting
Erode. Recently, two more bridges were constructed to create ring road in western side
particularly near to Erode. But in the distance of 30km between the bridges of Paramathi Velur
and Sozhasiramani at which the bridge is made on the barrage across the river; there is no
connectivity by the bridge. For the distance of 30km, the people are using coracle to cross the
river. It is very hard during heavy flow of water in the Cauvery and during night time in case of
emergency. For long period, the people have been highly expecting, requesting and demanding
the government to construct a bridge at across the distance between the length of Cauvery at
Paramathy velur and Sozhasiramani to ease the problem of transportation of men and materials.
By the personal visit to these places, it is found that it may be better to create a bridge at
Vadakaraiathur which will be very apt to cross the river and it may be connecting the pilgrimage
center of Kodumudi and Palani, other important places of Kodaikanal, Pollatchi, Palaghat which
is in Kerala state, Coimbatore, Sakthi and Mysore in Karnataka state from the district head quarter
of Namakkal. The objection from the people for any acquisition of land and building for the
construction of bridge is completely absent at this place of Vadakaraiathur located in the block of
Kabilarmalai. There are good number of people crossing the river regularly with their two
wheelers. During festival time, large number of people cross the river by coracle. Even the
agricultural produce cannot be simply marketed in the concerned market in the adjoining district.
At present, the check dam of Jedarpalayam has turned to be one of the important tourist places of
district to attract people. The government has sanctioned few crores of rupees recently for up
gradation of the place by establishing a boat house and other facilities in the park created near to
the dam. The visitors from other district of Erode are facing difficulties in crossing the river for
enjoying the facilities.

District Human Development Report Page 86

Electricity
Electric power, which is one form of energy, is an enormously essential component of
economic development and, it is required for domestic, agriculture, industry, commerce,
institutions and public street lights and to meet the requirement of increasing population. The
distribution of power is analysed and presented here.

The operation and maintenance of lines and substations, distributions, billing, collection
etc., are being done by Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation Ltd through
Distribution Circles controlled by the Chief Engineer office located at Erode and the Head
Quarters is located at Chennai. One Superintending Engineer/operation and maintenance heads
are in Namakkal Distribution Circle, which is formed on 25.7.2007 by bifurcating Mettur
Electricity Distribution Circle and Salem Electricity Distribution Circle. It covers entire districts
of Namakkal with four operation and maintenance divisions as follows.[1] Executive
Engineer/O&M/Namakkal,[2] Executive Engineer/O&M/Paramathi Velur, [3] Executive
Engineer/O&M/Thiruchengode and [4] Executive Engineer/O&M/Rasipuram.

There are no major powers generating stations in Namakkal district. The requirement of
power for the District (Covered by Namakkal EDC) is between 240 and 320MW. In the District,
the transmission voltage is 230 KV, sub transmission voltages is 110 KV. The primary
distribution of voltage is 22 KV and 11 KV and the secondary distribution voltage is 433 KV.
Electrical supply to the District (Namakkal EDC) is fed through the two 230 KV SS namely
Pudhansanthai and Unjanai to the consumers via (19 no‟s) 110 KV SS. In addition to this, 13 new
sub stations have been sanctioned and it is expected to be in operation within the next five years
of planning periods.

District Human Development Report Page 87

 TABLE: 8.2- STATUS OF ELECTRIFICATION in 2014
(In Lakhs units)

Street
S. Division Domestic Industrial light Commercial Agricultural Institutions Total
No &
OHT

1 Namakkal 827.22 813.12 143.34 185.76 764.74 21.21 2,755.39

2 T.Gode 681.79 1,711.66 138.90 158.48 578.72 13.35 3,282.90

3 P.Velur 545.64 941.29 124.49 101.10 661.19 11.68 2,385.39

4 Rasipuram 439.40 740.77 69.88 90.79 376.36 13.47 1,730.67

5 Total 2,494.05 4,206.84 476.61 536.13 2,381.01 59.71 10,154.35

Sources: TNEGDC-Namakkal

According to the information provided by the Tamil Nadu Government Electricity and
Distribution Corporation in Namakkal, the energy consumption in the district average for
domestic purpose was 24.56 per cent in 2011 as compared to the National level of 24.9 per cent
according to the Economic survey. It is very significant to note that the power consumption for
this purpose for Nation and district are more or less same. The per capita consumption of
domestic purpose alone was 144.45 units while the overall per capita consumption was 588.11
units. The power consumption for Industry was 41.43 per cent as against the National average of
36.7 per cent. For agriculture, it was 23.45 per cent against the national average of 21 per cent.
The commercial consumption was 5.28 per cent while the National average was 15.2 per cent. For
the institutional purpose, it was 0.59 per cent only.

In terms of analysis of taluk wise consumption of energy for various purposes like
agriculture, industry, institution, trade and commerce and public, it is evident that all categories of
consumption are consuming high level in Namakkal taluk except for industry for which
Thiruchengode was placed first. The details of consumption of energy by the various categories of
consumer are given in the table which is placed in the annexure.

District Human Development Report Page 88

Communication System
Communication has become a crucial component in the competent world. It is proved
by the present penetration of mobile phone culture among all kinds of social groups. It has
become part of the body nowadays. It is heard that 90 crores of population have got mobile
phone while at the same time, 60 crores of population were earning less than one dollar per day.
In the economy, it is considered an important component fuelling the flow of goods and services
to reach its destination in the hands of human beings on time.

TABLE: 8.3 - TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Sl. No District No. of Tel. Number of Mobile phone

exchange towers

1 Namakkal 86 176

Source: Dept. of Telephone Exchange, Namakkal

In the district, there were 475,511 households in 2011 in which 39,195 household had
obtained land line connections but the coverage rate was only 8.24 per cent. At the same time
there were 51,363 land line connection established in the district.

Financial Institutions
Finance is the blood of the economy while the bank is the heart of the economy. The flow
of cash through the bank facilitates creation of capital formation which is fundamental to boost
up production of goods and services.
The analysis of bank operation reveals that the highest number of bank branches
functioning in the district is belonged to nationalized banks i.e. 52 per cent followed by private
banks and cooperative banks. In terms of deposit, the highest amount of money was deposited in
Nationalized Bank (NB) branches (51%) followed by Private bank (PB) (28%), Cooperative banks
(Coop. B) (19%) and Regional Rural banks (RRB) (3%). Tamil Nadu Industrial Investment
Corporation (TIIC) had lowest amount of deposits in the district. At the same time in terms of
advances, nationalized banks provided 60 per cent of advances in the district followed by PB
(29%), Coop. B (10%) and RRB (1%) and TIIC is in the lowest level.

District Human Development Report Page 89

TABLE: 8.4- NUMBER OF BANKS FUNCTIONING IN THE DISTRICT
IN 2015
(Rs. in ‘000’)
S. Banks (no’s) Branches % of Deposit Advances
No Branch
1 Nationalized Banks (16) 126 52 34667530 57202532

2 Private Banks (17) 71 29 18729070 27441452

3 Regional Rural Banks (1) 12 5 1065028 948720

4 Cooperative Banks (2) 31 13 13070083 9637468

5 TIIC (1) 1 0 738 192237

Total 241 100 67532449 95422409

Source: Lead bank Indian bank Namakkal

It is found that from the analysis of advances of various banks of various categories of
sectors like agriculture, micro and small scale industries, retail, micro, State sponsored education
and housing, the major concentration of NB is found for agriculture while PB was looked for by
agriculture & SSI and similarly the RRB for agriculture, Coop banks for agriculture and retail and
TIIC only for Micro and SSI in the district which is mostly agricultural and rural based one in the
State. The entire economic activity of the district is associated with the activities of agriculture
which had a strong correlation with other trade and industries particularly it is witnessed that
there are two large scale industries functioning in the category of agro based as sugar producing
industries.

District Human Development Report Page 90

 TABLE: 8.5- DETAILS OF ADVANCES FOR WEAKER SECTIONS OF
THE DISTRICT FOR 2011
(Rs.’000’)
S. No Banks SC ST SHG Women

1 NB 1467262 203161 722711 6377126

2 PB 284579 100 71626 876620

3 RRB 36542 0 31599 65665

4 Coop. B 127213 29580 299169 299698

5 TIIC 1666 0 0 1702

Total 1917262 232841 1125105 7620811

Source: Lead bank Indian bank Namakkal

In terms of advances provided to the weaker section of the district reveals that the
Nationalized banks were a major contributor for financial support to the sections of SC, ST, SHC
and women and it is followed by the Coop banks, private banks and Regional rural banks.

TABLE: 8.6 - COMMERCIAL AND COOPERATIVE BANKS FOR

2011

No of No of No of Commercial Total
S.No District Co-op
Members Bank Bank
Bank

1 Namakkal 234 602952 113 347

Source: Lead bank, Namakkal

District Human Development Report Page 91

 It is significantly noted that the district has 67.45 per cent of cooperative banks and the
remaining are Commercial banks. The number of persons per bank was 4976. The cooperative
banks have 7379 person per bank while the commercial bank got 15280 persons. In terms of
members of cooperative bank, there were 2577 persons per bank in the year 2011.

Insurance

The benefits of insurance company have been realized nowadays by all the sectors of the
economy. In addition to that the present central government has introduced a bill for providing
permission to foreign private companies to increase its share in the Indian Insurance Companies
recently for witnessing the growth and role of the companies to provide safety measures to all. In
this context, there are number of government and private companies functioning in the district.

TABLE: 8.7 - INSURANCE COMPANIES

Sl. No Name of the No. of Polices Issued

companies branches

1 LIC 3 20,352

Source: Lead bank, Namakkal

The district has 3 branches of Life Insurance Company with 20,352 policies and each of
the branches have 6784 policies only. The other private companies are also functioning here.

Cooperative Banks and Commercial banks

The number of cooperative banks, its members and the number of commercial banks for
block wise has been presented in this table.

District Human Development Report Page 92

 TABLE: 8.8-BLOCK WISE FUNCTION OF CO OPERATIVE BANK
AND COMMERCIAL BANK

S. Co % of Com- Total % of
No Blocks op- Members distribution Bank Bank Distribution
Bank
1 Elachipalayam 11 19316 3.2 5 16 4.61
2 Erumapatty 13 24876 4.13 4 17 4.90
3 Kabilarmalai 17 30409 5.04 5 22 6.34
4 Kolli hills 3 17509 2.9 1 4 1.15
5 Mallasamudram 12 23487 3.9 5 17 4.90
6 Mohanur 21 27480 4.56 5 26 7.49
7 Namagiripet 16 39115 6.49 7 23 6.63
8 Namakkal 24 84112 13.95 28 52 14.99
9 Pallipalayam 10 40061 6.64 12 22 6.34
10 Paramathy 25 45184 7.49 6 31 8.93
11 Puduchatram 14 24458 4.06 3 17 4.90
12 Rasipuram 20 83971 13.93 11 31 8.93
13 Sendamangalam 12 24544 4.07 4 16 4.61
14 Tiruchengode 22 104240 17.29 13 35 10.09
15 Vennandur 14 24190 4.01 4 18 5.19
Namakkal District 234 602952 100 113 347 100.00
Source: Lead Bank, Namakkal

The block wise analysis of availability of banks reveals that the more number of
cooperative banks are available in Paramathi block (25) against the commercial banks (6). This
block is completely rural in nature and dependency of agriculture which is prevailing as the
major sources of income due to the perennial river of Cauvery, which runs through the block
for agricultural prosperity of the block. It is followed by Namakkal block (24) where commercial
banks are 28 in numbers. The economic activities of commerce, trade and small and medium
industries of the block are high. The lowest number of banks is only in Kolli hills where
agriculture is predominant. There is only one commercial bank. The awareness of usage of the
bank is very meager due to the poor literacy rate of the block which is only 52 per cent. The
highest number of population says 11645

District Human Development Report Page 93

 Persons per bank is prevailing in Pallipalayam block while the lowest in Paramathi block
by 2721. It is construed that the people of Pallipalayam block are mostly marginal and migrant
labourers engaged in small and medium textile related allied activities. It is adjoining to Erode too.
At the same time the people of Paramathi block may be having high income potential from the
agricultural and its allied activities.

Transport Facilities

The transport facilities are excellent in the district. By road, the National highways from
Kashmir to Kanyakumari pass through the district for a length of nearly 50 km from the Salem to
Karur district. The district head quarters is located in the centre of geographical area of the
district, the road leads to Salem in North up to Bangalore and to Northern States, Trichy in
Eastern side up to Thanjavur and Nagapattinam, Karur in southern side up to Madurai and
Kanyakumari and Erode in western side up to Coimbatore, Mysore in Karnataka State and
Cochin in Kerala State. The Bus facilities are enormous for all the direction for leading to connect
important places of the state from Namakkal. There is more number of Omni buses operating
from here to connect important cities of the State and neighboring states. The corporation buses
are pressed in service to cover the distanced important towns, places of pilgrimage and other
tourist places.

The accessibility of train facility was provided recently in Namakkal which is connected
to Salem, from where it leads to all the Northern places in India and its other side is connected to
Karur for reaching all places of southern side of the state. The total length of track is in the
distance of around 40 km in the district connecting Rasipuram, Namakkal and Mohanur blocks.
Namakkal is also called transport city for more number of lorries, tanker, trailers, and trucks, are
operating throughout India, it is proved by the registration of lorries in the district is 33 per day.

In terms of air transport, the facility can be availed only by travelling up to the distance of
80 km from Namakkal to Triuchirappalli International airport. The nearest domestic airport is
located in Salem and service is temporarily suspended.

District Human Development Report Page 94

Water Resource
TABLE: 8.9 - BLOCK WISE DETAILS OF TANKS IN NAMAKKAL DISTRICT
% of %of
S. No Rig- Spread Total %of R- Spread- share
No Blocks Tanks Hectare Hectare Hectare Hectare Hectare district

1 Puduchathiram 9 817.8 2885 3702.8 22.09 77.91 22.48

2 Namakkal 8 452.24 2062 2514.24 17.99 82.01 15.26
3 Mohanur 5 377.05 885 1262.05 29.88 70.12 7.66
4 Erumapatty 14 1570.42 661.85 2232.27 70.35 29.65 13.55
5 Senthamangalam 6 571.95 189.45 761.4 75.12 24.88 4.62
6 Paramathi 4 366.92 1221 1587.92 23.11 76.89 9.64
7 Rasipuram 7 622.51 298 920.51 67.63 32.37 5.59
8 Vennandur 6 483.05 208 691.05 69.90 30.10 4.2
9 Namagiripet 2 226.44 94 320.44 70.67 29.33 1.95
10 Mallasamudram 9 1006.39 520 1526.39 65.93 34.07 9.27
11 Thiruchengode 3 142.07 98 240.07 59.18 40.82 1.46
12 Elachipalayam 5 422.36 198 620.36 68.08 31.92 3.77
13 Pallipalayam 1 51.16 41 92.16 55.51 44.49 0.56
Total 79 7110.36 9361.3 16471.66 43.17 56.83 100
Sources: PWD Namakkal

One of the water sources for domestic and agricultural purpose is Tank water. There are
79 tanks existing in the district with a total land coverage of 16,471.66 hectares in which 43.17 per
cent are registered land for using sources of water and the remaining land are unregistered but are
using the same sources of water known as spread area of the tank. More number of tanks are in
the block of Erumapatty (14) while lowest number is in Pallipalayam where the agricultural land is
irrigated by the Cauvery river water since the block is situated on the banks of river but in the
blocks of Kollihills and Kabilarmalai, the tank provision have not been made. The highest
coverage of land area by the tank is recorded in the Puduchathiram block (22.48%) against lowest
in Pallipalayam block (0.56%). The total cultivated land is 1.60 lakhs hectares in the district in
which 10.27 per cent of the land is covered by sources of tank. The highest coverage of the water
is in Namakkal block (28.11) while the lowest is in Pallipalayam.

District Human Development Report Page 95

 TABLE: 8.10- BLOCK WISE TOTAL COVERAGE OF TANK
WATER IN HECTARES 2013-14

Total
S. Total Cultivable Coverage % of
Blocks
No Area in Hectare Area by coverage
Tank
1 Namakkal 7631.46 346.21 4.77
2 Puduchatram 10748.78 817.8 7.61
3 Sendamangalam 7952.1 659.98 8.3
4 Erumapatty 10743.77 1570.42 14.62
5 Mohanur 11902.78 377.05 3.17
6 Kolli hills 9394.29 0 0
7 Rasipuram 7021.04 622.51 8.87
8 Namagiripet 13006.66 226.44 1.74
9 Vennandur 6281.24 483.05 7.69
10 Tiruchengode 14337.73 142.07 0.99
11 Pallipalayam 10474.81 51.16 0.49
12 Elachipalayam 15534.84 422.36 2.72
13 Mallasamudram 10166.97 1006.39 9.90
14 Paramathi 12711.41 366.92 2.89
15 Kabilarmalai 12581.66 0 0.00
Total 160489.54 7092.36 4.42
Sources: JD Agriculture Namakkal

District Human Development Report Page 96

 The field visit was made to all the blocks. It was observed that the water problem has been
very serious in these blocks due to the delay of monsoon rain causing ground water level to
further decline. The seasonal crops like ground nut, green gram and coconut trees were getting
dried day by day due to the scarcity of water. The perennial river of the district is Cauvery had the
minimum flow of water which resulted in failure of lift irrigation during summer season.
Therefore, the government intervention is highly expected to create new canals covering needy
blocks by bringing the excess water from the Cauvery when it is flooded. It can be diverted to
these blocks for all the water storage ponds from where, the stored water would be percolated to
the open and bore wells for increasing the level of ground water.

The analysis of availability and usage of tanks reveal that nearly 4.42 per cent of total
cultivable area has been covered by the tanks in the district. The highest utilization of the tank has
been derived in the block of Erumapatty while lowest is in the block of Pallipalayam. The former
block is located in the rural background and other water sources of the block are completely
blocked. The areas depend on rain falls for which more number of tanks was created to harvest
rain water for irrigation. There are two blocks in the district namely Kollihills and Kabilarmalai
which do not have tanks in the district.

Conclusion

The chapter is summarized with concluding points that the expansion of road facilities is
not proportionate to the need of mushrooming emergence of variety of vehicles on the road in
the district. The facility of electricity is highly required to facilitate the flow of goods and services
in the economy of the district freely. It has been highlighted here for further arrangements of the
facility. In terms of communication, banking, insurance and tanks have to be strengthened for
complete utilization of the available resources through the increasing the level of productivity. In
addition to the above there is need for one more bridge across the river of Cauvery in between
Paramathy velur and Sozhasiramani to get connectivity between various districts and States of
western side of the Namakkal district. The opening of recently constructed bridge across the river
of Cauvery at Mohanur to connect Karur has eased the traffic congestion.

District Human Development Report Page 97

 CHAPTER 9
SUMMARY AND WAY FORWARD
 Chapter 9

Summary and Way Forward

Introduction
The Human Development Report of the district has been prepared based on the
information regarding various aspects that are supportive to the enhancement of human resources
of the district. The special feature of the report is analysis of block wise development of the
people for which the indices of Human Development Index, Gender Inequality Index, Child
Development Index and Multi Dimensional Poverty Index have been used as common tool for
assessment of level of quality of the resources. The summary of the chapter designed and
prepared in the report helps to find out pertinent points that have to be considered for further
formulation of policies for process of improvement or value addition of available human worldly
good. This chapter is intended for summarization of various chapters included in the report. The
first chapter focused on the profile of the district while other chapters dealt with demographic
status, employment, income, poverty, health and nutrition, education, gender equality social
security and infrastructure.

Status of Human Development

The status of human development is found with the help of analysis of various indices
computed and the results and remedies are as follows.
Findings
 The block of Kolli hills has been placed in the lowest position in three indices (HDI,
CDI and MDPI).
 Mallasamuthiram has been placed in lowest rank in GII due to MMR being high, low
level of literacy, weak female participation in Electoral role and work participation in
non-agriculture and vast variation in agricultural wage rate.
 The possibility of employment opportunity in the non-agricultural sector is completely
absent in Kolli hills which has impacted in their level of income.
 In Puduchathiram block, the MMR level has come down due to effective measures taken

by the government for antenatal coverage and institutional deliveries by way of medical

schemes.

 Some maternal benefit schemes of the government facilitate control MMR considerably in
all the blocks.

District Human Development Report Page 98

Suggestions
 Hence, the intervention of government with special schemes is warranted particularly,
the girls have to be given opportunities to pursue their studies to avoid early marriage.
This will reduce infant death, malnourishment, higher order birth and maternal
mortality in Kolli hills.
 The establishment of small scale industrial units or cottage industries related with
agricultural sector may be useful to absorb labourers who are seasonally unemployed
for their livelihood in Kolli hills.
 Interventions in the form of improving water sources would be one of the major relief
measures for the blocks.
 The female work participation has to be increased by way of imparting skills and
technical knowledge to women.
 Creation of awareness for becoming as entrepreneurs are based on locally available
resources would be useful to the people of these blocks.
 The blocks of Mallasamuthiram and Namagiripet have to be focused for up gradation
of economically weaker sections for reducing the number of poorest of poor.
Employment, Income and Poverty

The employability of human resources is the indicator for the quality of people and this
determines the economic activity of the district. The opportunity for employment is derived from
the mixture of agriculture, industry and these allied activities in the district.

District Human Development Report Page 99

Findings
 The total workers participation has come down slightly among the main workers and
marginal workers. At the same time the proportion of non workers has increased
considerably, which may be cause for the slowdown of economic activity in the
district.
 The worker participation has increased by 6.6 per cent in the year from 2001 to 2011
 The district employment office has been providing opportunity for the placement to
the needy people. The placement rate has also declined marginally.
 The blocks of Namakkal, Pallipalayam and Thiruchengode have contributed in major
way for providing employment opportunities continuously.
 The female work participation is high in the rural areas when compared to the urban
areas. At the same time, female participation in non agricultural sector is very high in
Pallipalayam block. In the backward blocks, the marginal labours are plenty. But the
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act absorbs considerable
number of these workers.
 The productivity of the workers of MGNREGA is very low and it creates scarcity for
agricultural labour which has become one of a contributing factor for the escalation of
cost of production of agricultural goods.
 Nearly 50 per cent of population has been engaged in various activities directly. That is
workers participation rate is 50.86 per cent for men as against female for 49.14 per
cent.
 The average per capita income of the district is higher than the State and National per
capita income and at the same time the growth rate of income is 18.14 per cent.
 Poverty reduction is one of the main objectives of the government. In this regard,
35.23 per cent of the households are belonging to below poverty line. According to
the Multi Dimensional Poverty Index, the households of Kolli hills block recorded
highest number of poverty households followed by Vennandur and Rasipuram
block as against the lowest in Namakkal block.
Suggestion
 It is suggested that the high level of policy changes are required for solving the water
problems in all the blocks of the district particularly for agricultural and industries.
 To create employability, cultivable lands have to be increased by way of improving the
water facilities sources which has to be strengthened to irrigate uncultivable lands.
District Human Development Report Page 100
  Entrepreneur development program particularly for women have to be arranged and
there is need for supporting the units for a certain period.
 Opportunities for employment can be created by implementing various infrastructure
development programs,

Health and Nutrition

Findings

 Highest number of crude death cases is occurred in Kolli hills block. The highest
number of crude birth rate also occurs in Kolli hills block. Both the cases have
decreased considerably at the district level.
 In terms of Infant Mortality Rate, the district is near 16.19 which have come down by
22.87 per cent during the period (six year) from 2007 to 2013-14. Kollihills and
Mallasamuthiram blocks are found to have the highest rate of IMR at the same time
and in the case of Maternal Mortality Ratio, the highest ratio was found in
Mallasamuthiram followed by Kolli hills. The district average 71.59 in 2013-14. These
two indicators reflect the health aspects of women and children.
 The performance of government hospitals particularly for deliveries has become better
than private hospitals by 58.5 and 41.5 respectively.
 The sill birth rate has drastically reduced in all the blocks.
 Nearly all habitations have been covered with drinking water facilities while nearly
41.20 per cent of households do not have toilet facilities.
Suggestion
 Periodical health check up has to be conducted for all the school going students to
ensure the healthy growth of children.
 Early marriage is considered as one of the prime factor for malnourished children and
higher order birth rate in Kolli hills. To prevent early marriage, higher education for
girl students has to be made as mandatory.
 The performance of primary health centers have to be strengthened by appointing
requisite number of doctors, nurses and creating sufficient facilities of infrastructure.
 The performance of ambulance service is critical and the number of vehicles has to be
increased particularly in Kolli hills.

District Human Development Report Page 101

Education

Findings

 The literacy rate of the district is less than the rate of State and All India. The
enrolment rate in primary education reflects the strengthening of the rate in the
forthcoming year, but the rate has come down slightly even though annual growth rate
of population is 1.56. During the period of 2012-13 and 2013-14. Nearly 100.56 per
cent have been enrolled in the primary standard as a district average. The blocks of
Puduchathiram and Kolli hills were found to the lowest level of enrolment for primary
level.
 The completion rate is also prevailing by 99 per cent reflects the effective function of
school education. For 10th and +2 students performance has been increasing by
retaining of state ranks produced from the schools of the district
 The dropout cases are also very meager in all level of educations. Kolli hills block has
been identified as one of the blocks for having low level of literacy rate in the district.
 The infrastructure for education has to be strengthened in terms of class rooms, toilet
facilities particularly girl students and compound wall to ensure the security of the
students
 The maintenance of toilet facilities of the school is one of the problems prevailing in
the district.
Suggestion
 The infrastructure facilities of the schools particularly girls toilet and compound wall
have to be provided compulsorily

 To maintain the toilet, a separate employee has to be appointed for a cluster of

schools.

District Human Development Report Page 102

Gender equality

Findings

 Empowerment of women assumes a great significance to bring down gender

inequality. The basic motto behind many rural developmental programs in India, in
general, is improvement of living standard of rural people particularly the rural poor
women.
 The female participation of work was in 42.78 per cent in 2011. The district over all
participation of work was 52.04 while male participation was 61.4
 In terms of female literacy, it is 66.5 per cent in the district in 2011. The lowest rate
was prevailing in Kolli hills block at 45 per cent. The female participation of work was
88.71 per cent in the district previously which was highest level in Tamil Nadu but it
had come down to 42.78 per cent in 2011. It was significant to note that 50 per cent of
female population is engaged in economic activities of the district. In Kolli hills, this
rate is higher than male participation by 64.89 per cent.
 According to Gender Inequality Index, Pallipalayam got first rank followed by
Erumapatti and Mohanur while Mallasamuthiram is in the bottom level.
 The scheme of self help groups is actively functioning in the district for augmentation
of economic power of women by increasing the credit facility of the concerned bank.
 The female participation in the electoral role is 37.75 per cent in the district. It is 50
per cent lower than male participation by 62.25 per cent.

Suggestion
 Right of children has to be ensured at all levels of
growth. Equal rights have to be ensured in all
aspects for women.
 The employability and entrepreneurial skills have to be ensured to women.
Social Security
The concept of social security is one of the policy measures for mitigating the sufferings of
the vulnerable population and supporting them to maintain a reasonable standard of life. The
specific contingencies are old age, unnatural death, employment, injury and sickness. The
predominant schemes are old age pension, disabled person, marriage and maternity benefits etc.

District Human Development Report Page 103

Findings

 The highest proportion of old age people particularly female prevails in Pallipalayam
block. 43.05 per cent population was in the dependents.
 The coverage of mentally retarded person is 100 per cent. The male beneficiaries of
the scheme are higher than females.
 The case of molestation is also increasing in an alarming way. But dowry deaths and
harassment have decreased rapidly. Higher reporting does not necessarily imply an
increase in number of cases; it could mean that due to awareness reporting pattern has
changed.

Suggestion

 The strength of number of police station and police has to be increased with
enhancement of requisite facilities for effective performance of police.

Infrastructure

Findings

 The basic requirement of development of economy is improvement of infrastructure

facilities. One decadal growth of population is nearly 15 per cent. The annual increases
of vehicle population are 5.5 per cent in the district but road facilities have increased
only by 0.65 per cent.
 The lowest coverage of electrification for villages was in Pallipalayam while for
hamlets it was in Vennandur. Large number of street lights was in Pallipalayam while
lower number was in Erumapatty.
 In terms of Banking, lowest number of cooperative banks prevailed in Kolli hills.
 The provision of water facilities is predominant objective of government. Most of the
blocks are severely affected by the scarcity of water.

Suggestion

 The road facility has to be strengthened to meet the requirement of flow of large
vehicles to avoid traffic congestion leading to accidents.

District Human Development Report Page 104

  Priority has to be given for road maintenance.

 The mechanized way of laying roads is required for smooth surface of roads and for
providing multiple benefits to users and avoidance of wastage of resources.

 Special intervention is required to rectify the sanitary facility which is to be provided

to the rural areas where the women are opted for open defecation. Such facilities are
insufficient in rural areas and in schools also.

 Small power generating projects particularly across the river of Cauvery just like in
Sozhasiramani barrage has to be established in number of potential sites across the
Cauvery.

 Solar energy projects may be introduced that should be feasible economically.

 The commercialization of ground water must be controlled seriously to ensure water

requirements for domestic consumption and agriculture.

 One more bridge is required across the river of Cauvery for connecting important
places of the western side of the district particularly at place of between Pilikkalpalyam
and Jedarpalayam in Kabilarmalai block

*******

District Human Development Report Page 105

ANNEXURES
 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
Standard of Living Health Education
Access Access
Access Access to
to to Access to Literacy GER GER
to Toilet Drinking IMR MMR U5MR
Cooking Facilities Water Pucca Electricity Rate Primary Secondary
S.No Block Fuel House
2013- 2013- 2013- 2013- Census
2013-14 2013-14 2014 2013 2014 2014 2014 2011 2013-14 2013-14

(habitation)
1 NAMAKKAL 74.07 93.00 100.00 83.99 96.78 13.51 93.20 13.50 76.68 100.77 102.52
2 ERUMAPATTY 40.72 53.01 100.00 76.00 90.28 21.49 71.60 25.80 69.42 100.75 102.73
3 SENDAMANGALAM 54.72 59.89 100.00 69.22 83.27 13.43 10.00 14.50 66.17 100.57 97.93
4 MOHANUR 50.45 55.84 100.00 81.84 96.83 7.92 88.00 8.80 66.46 101.08 102.01
5 PUDUCHATRAM 42.67 39.00 100.00 88.00 83.43 23.44 97.70 23.40 64.35 99.10 100.03
6 KOLLIHILLS 6.21 41.47 100.00 57.00 82.00 36.46 130.20 39.01 52.06 99.08 94.07
7 RASIPURAM 77.74 71.00 100.00 95.00 92.36 11.17 10.00 11.20 69.95 100.94 103.78
8 NAMAGIRIPET 66.69 46.00 100.00 61.89 87.37 22.71 66.80 23.40 64.11 100.62 100.76
9 VENNANDUR 52.11 53.00 100.00 90.08 91.92 20.59 10.00 20.60 64.22 100.38 100.28
10 TIRUCHENGODE 65.54 72.17 100.00 95.48 96.84 5.09 84.80 5.50 71.95 101.17 101.62
11 MALLASAMUTHIRAM 40.30 49.00 100.00 79.98 91.81 25.74 257.40 25.70 64.30 100.71 106.16
12 ELACHIPALAYAM 43.36 50.05 100.00 79.00 95.88 9.13 101.40 10.10 66.27 100.20 101.68
13 PALLIPALAYAM 37.46 52.59 100.00 78.00 94.55 5.23 32.70 5.20 67.89 101.07 101.52
14 PARAMATHI 94.65 74.00 100.00 64.00 96.00 14.45 10.00 15.50 69.32 100.94 104.32
15 KABILARMALAI 71.05 72.00 100.00 71.00 95.00 12.52 10.00 13.40 67.00 100.99 101.40

District Human Development Report Page106

 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
Standard of Living Health Education
Access Access Standard
Access Health Education Overall
to to Access to Literacy GER GER of Living Rank
Access to Cooking Fuel to Toilet IMR MMR U5MR Index Index Index
Drinking pucca electricity Rate Primary Secondary Index
Facilities
Water house

0.77 1.00 1.00 0.74 1.00 0.76 0.70 0.78 1.00 0.97 0.83 0.89 0.74 0.93 0.85 3
0.39 0.31 1.00 0.56 0.72 0.53 0.77 0.45 0.76 0.96 0.84 0.55 0.57 0.85 0.64 11
0.55 0.43 1.00 0.41 0.41 0.76 1.00 0.75 0.65 0.95 0.62 0.52 0.83 0.72 0.68 10
0.50 0.36 1.00 0.69 1.00 0.92 0.71 0.90 0.66 0.99 0.81 0.66 0.84 0.81 0.76 7
0.42 0.07 1.00 0.83 0.42 0.48 0.68 0.52 0.59 0.83 0.71 0.40 0.55 0.70 0.54 13
0.01 0.11 1.00 0.13 0.36 0.10 0.56 0.10 0.17 0.83 0.44 0.13 0.18 0.40 0.21 15
0.81 0.62 1.00 0.99 0.81 0.83 1.00 0.84 0.77 0.98 0.89 0.83 0.89 0.88 0.86 2
0.69 0.19 1.00 0.24 0.59 0.50 0.79 0.52 0.58 0.95 0.75 0.45 0.59 0.74 0.58 12
0.52 0.31 1.00 0.88 0.79 0.56 1.00 0.59 0.58 0.93 0.73 0.64 0.69 0.73 0.69 9
0.67 0.64 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.73 0.99 0.84 1.00 0.79 0.85 0.90 0.87 0.87 1
0.39 0.24 1.00 0.65 0.78 0.41 0.09 0.46 0.58 0.96 1.00 0.54 0.26 0.83 0.49 14
0.42 0.26 1.00 0.63 0.96 0.88 0.67 0.87 0.65 0.92 0.79 0.58 0.80 0.78 0.71 8
0.36 0.30 1.00 0.60 0.90 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.71 0.99 0.78 0.57 0.97 0.82 0.77 6
1.00 0.67 1.00 0.29 0.96 0.73 1.00 0.73 0.75 0.98 0.91 0.71 0.81 0.88 0.80 4
0.74 0.64 1.00 0.45 0.92 0.79 1.00 0.78 0.68 0.98 0.78 0.72 0.85 0.80 0.79 5

District Human Development Report Page107

 GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX
Data
Health Education Empowerment Labour
Sl. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Elected Representatives

Female Worker

Male Worker Participation

Rate in Non - Agri Sector
Indicators

Share of Ante Natal

Female Literacy

Share of Female
Share of Institutional

Share of Male Elected

Participation Rate in
Male Literacy

Share of female

Children (0-6) years

in RLBs and ULBs

Representatives in
Children (0-6)years

Non -Agri Sector

Coverage

RLBs and ULBs

Participation Rate

Participation Rate
MMR

Female Worker
Share of male
Deliveries

Wage rate
Male Worker

Female Agri

Male Agri
Wage rate
2013- 2013-14 2013-14 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2011 2013- 2013
2014 14 -14
Source Health Department Census RD&PR Department Census DOES
Unit rate % nos % % % % % % % % % % %
NAMAKKAL 93.20 99.99 99.00 71.4 81.9 48.0 52.0 35.23 64.77 28.27 58.32 53.29 80.83 175.00 300.00

ERUMAPATTI 71.60 100.00 98.00 62.4 76.3 47.7 52.3 38.70 61.30 42.02 58.86 21.18 48.34 200.00 300.00
SENDAMANGALAM 10.00 100.00 98.00 59.3 73.1 47.1 52.9 38.86 61.14 45.98 62.66 25.16 48.06 200.00 600.00
MOHANUR 88.00 100.00 93.00 58.0 75.1 48.4 51.6 38.78 61.22 47.16 62.85 17.71 42.75 200.00 300.00
PUDUCHARTRAM 97.70 100.00 100.00 55.2 73.1 47.0 53.0 39.11 60.89 51.09 59.89 22.05 44.87 200.00 550.00
KOLLIHILLS 130.20 99.50 100.00 45.0 58.7 44.4 55.6 37.59 62.41 64.89 64.00 6.03 7.93 200.00 300.00
RASIPURAM 10.00 100.00 99.00 63.7 76.1 47.0 53.0 41.55 58.45 37.60 58.45 44.28 67.00 150.00 250.00
NAMAGIRIPETTAI 66.80 99.00 97.00 57.1 70.9 47.1 52.9 37.07 62.93 53.29 63.68 15.64 33.12 150.00 300.00
VENNANDUR 10.00 100.00 103.00 55.9 72.1 47.8 52.2 36.13 63.87 50.34 60.25 37.60 56.76 250.00 400.00
TIRUCHENGODE 84.80 100.00 100.00 65.4 78.4 48.4 51.6 37.84 62.16 34.70 59.16 59.65 80.29 200.00 500.00
MALLASAMUDRAM 257.40 100.00 95.00 55.6 72.6 47.7 52.3 40.41 59.59 48.26 60.55 28.71 52.93 150.00 400.00
ELACHIPALAYAM 101.40 100.00 102.00 58.9 74.0 46.7 53.3 41.04 58.96 47.68 62.85 25.21 52.45 200.00 400.00
PALLIPALAYAM 32.70 99.99 98.00 61.3 74.5 48.9 51.1 34.10 65.90 40.01 64.22 76.16 85.49 200.00 400.00
PARAMATHI 10.00 100.00 101.00 60.6 77.8 48.0 52.0 34.55 65.45 44.58 59.56 26.02 49.34 200.00 500.00
KABILARMALAI 10.00 100.00 97.00 59.0 75.1 47.4 52.6 35.29 64.71 49.31 63.72 18.68 37.76 150.00 500.00

District Human Development Report Page108

 GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX
Indices
Health Empowerment Labour
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Share of male Children

Representarives in

Male Agri. Wage

Natal Coverage

Female Literacy

Participation Rate in
Share of Institutional

Share of Female
Share of Ante

RLBs and ULBs

Representatives in

Representatives in

Participation Rate in
Share of Male

Participation Rate
Children (0-6) years
Male Literacy

Non - Agri Sector

Female Agri.
Female Worker
RLBs and ULBs

RLBs and ULBs

Non - Agri Sector

Share of female

Wage rate
Male Worker
Elected

Elected

Male Worker
(0-6) years
Deliveries

rate
MMR

0.11 1.00 0.99 0.71 0.82 0.48 0.52 0.35 0.65 0.28 0.58 0.53 0.81 0.35 0.20
0.14 1.00 0.98 0.62 0.76 0.48 0.52 0.39 0.61 0.42 0.59 0.21 0.48 0.57 0.20
0.10 1.00 0.98 0.59 0.73 0.47 0.53 0.39 0.61 0.46 0.63 0.25 0.48 0.57 1.00
0.11 1.00 0.93 0.58 0.75 0.48 0.52 0.39 0.61 0.47 0.63 0.18 0.43 0.57 0.20
0.10 1.00 1.00 0.55 0.73 0.47 0.53 0.39 0.61 0.51 0.60 0.22 0.45 0.57 0.87
0.08 1.00 1.00 0.45 0.59 0.44 0.56 0.38 0.62 0.65 0.64 0.06 0.08 0.57 0.20
0.10 1.00 0.99 0.64 0.76 0.47 0.53 0.42 0.58 0.38 0.58 0.44 0.67 0.13 0.07
0.15 0.99 0.97 0.57 0.71 0.47 0.53 0.37 0.63 0.53 0.64 0.16 0.33 0.13 0.20
0.10 1.00 1.03 0.56 0.72 0.48 0.52 0.36 0.64 0.50 0.60 0.38 0.57 1.00 0.47
0.12 1.00 1.00 0.65 0.78 0.48 0.52 0.38 0.62 0.35 0.59 0.60 0.80 0.57 0.73
0.04 1.00 0.95 0.56 0.73 0.48 0.52 0.40 0.60 0.48 0.61 0.29 0.53 0.13 0.47
0.10 1.00 1.02 0.59 0.74 0.47 0.53 0.41 0.59 0.48 0.63 0.25 0.52 0.57 0.47
0.31 1.00 0.98 0.61 0.75 0.49 0.51 0.34 0.66 0.40 0.64 0.76 0.85 0.57 0.47
0.10 1.00 1.01 0.61 0.78 0.48 0.52 0.35 0.65 0.45 0.60 0.26 0.49 0.57 0.73
0.10 1.00 0.97 0.59 0.75 0.47 0.53 0.35 0.65 0.49 0.64 0.19 0.38 0.13 0.73

District Human Development Report Page 109

 GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX
Male
Female Health Female Male Female Male
Health Emp GFM
Health Indices Emp Emp LF LF GF GM GFM LF Bar GII Rank
Bar Bar Bar
Indices Indices Indices Indices Indices

0.47 1 0.49 0.65 0.37 0.46 0.44 0.67 0.53 0.74 0.57 0.41 0.56 0.05 6
0.52 1 0.49 0.63 0.37 0.38 0.45 0.62 0.52 0.76 0.56 0.38 0.54 0.03 2
0.46 1 0.48 0.62 0.40 0.67 0.45 0.75 0.56 0.73 0.55 0.54 0.60 0.07 13
0.47 1 0.48 0.62 0.36 0.38 0.43 0.62 0.51 0.74 0.55 0.37 0.53 0.04 3
0.47 1 0.47 0.62 0.40 0.62 0.44 0.72 0.55 0.73 0.54 0.51 0.59 0.06 11
0.42 1 0.42 0.59 0.28 0.22 0.37 0.50 0.43 0.71 0.51 0.25 0.45 0.05 7
0.46 1 0.50 0.62 0.28 0.30 0.40 0.57 0.47 0.73 0.56 0.29 0.49 0.04 5
0.52 1 0.46 0.62 0.22 0.35 0.38 0.60 0.46 0.76 0.54 0.28 0.49 0.05 10
0.47 1 0.46 0.62 0.57 0.54 0.50 0.70 0.58 0.73 0.54 0.56 0.61 0.04 4
0.49 1 0.49 0.63 0.49 0.70 0.49 0.76 0.60 0.75 0.56 0.60 0.63 0.05 9
0.33 1 0.48 0.61 0.26 0.53 0.35 0.69 0.46 0.67 0.54 0.40 0.52 0.12 15
0.47 1 0.48 0.61 0.41 0.54 0.45 0.69 0.55 0.73 0.55 0.47 0.57 0.05 8
0.67 1 0.47 0.63 0.56 0.64 0.56 0.74 0.64 0.83 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.02 1
0.47 1 0.46 0.64 0.40 0.60 0.44 0.73 0.55 0.73 0.55 0.50 0.59 0.06 12
0.46 1 0.46 0.63 0.23 0.56 0.36 0.71 0.48 0.73 0.55 0.39 0.54 0.11 14

District Human Development Report Page110

 CHILD DEVELOPMENT INDEX

Health Education
Data
Gross Childern Transition Transition
Mal Gross rate from
Juvenile Enrolement never rate from
S.No. Block U5MR sex ratio nourishment Enrollment in enrolled pri to upper pri
(0-5) in primary Upper
Secondary in school to sec
Primary
1 Namakkal 13.50 922 7.77 100.77 102.52 0.07 99.98 90.73
2 Erumaipatty 25.80 912 14.83 100.75 102.73 0.02 96.71 98.01
3 Sendamangalam 14.50 889 7.39 100.57 97.93 0.00 99.98 98.70
4 Mohanur 8.80 938 8.66 101.08 102.01 0.06 99.54 99.23
5 Puduchatram 23.40 887 9.75 99.10 100.03 0.00 97.71 94.75
6 Kollihills 39.01 799 44.21 99.08 94.07 0.02 94.09 96.27
7 Rasipuram 11.20 886 4.75 100.94 103.78 0.00 99.16 99.70
8 Namagiripettai 23.40 890 15.32 100.62 100.76 0.01 99.46 99.25
9 Vennathur 20.60 917 7.62 100.38 100.28 0.00 95.13 99.27
10 Tirchengode 5.50 938 5.66 101.17 101.62 0.17 99.98 98.77
11 Mallasamudram 25.70 914 5.61 100.71 106.16 0.00 99.94 97.38
12 Elachipalayam 10.10 877 8.39 100.20 101.68 0.00 99.31 98.36
13 Pallipalayam 5.20 956 14.79 101.07 101.52 0.04 99.98 99.34
14 Paramathi 15.50 922 7.67 100.94 104.32 0.45 99.94 99.02
15 Kabilarmalai 13.40 903 12.83 100.99 101.40 0.00 99.98 99.62

District Human Development Report Page111

.
CHILD DEVELOPMENT INDEX

Health Education
Indices value
Gross Children Transition Transition Overall Rank
Juvenile Mal Gross never rate from index
U5MR sex nourishment Enrollment Enrollment enrolled pri to rate from
in upper pri
ratio (0-5) in primary in Upper
Secondary to sec
school Primary
0.75 0.78 0.92 0.81 0.70 0.85 1.00 0.00 0.73 11
0.39 0.72 0.74 0.80 0.72 0.95 0.44 0.81 0.70 12
0.72 0.57 0.93 0.71 0.32 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.77 8
0.89 0.89 0.90 0.96 0.66 0.88 0.93 0.95 0.88 2
0.46 0.56 0.87 0.01 0.49 1.00 0.61 0.45 0.56 14
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.95 0.00 0.62 0.20 15
0.82 0.56 1.00 0.89 0.80 1.00 0.86 1.00 0.87 4
0.46 0.58 0.73 0.74 0.55 0.97 0.91 0.95 0.74 10
0.54 0.75 0.93 0.62 0.51 1.00 0.18 0.95 0.69 13
0.99 0.89 0.98 1.00 0.62 0.62 1.00 0.90 0.87 3
0.39 0.73 0.98 0.78 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.74 0.83 6
0.86 0.50 0.91 0.54 0.63 1.00 0.89 0.85 0.77 7
1.00 1.00 0.75 0.95 0.62 0.90 1.00 0.96 0.90 1
0.70 0.78 0.93 0.89 0.85 0.00 0.99 0.92 0.76 9
0.76 0.66 0.80 0.91 0.61 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.84 5

District Human Development Report Page112

 MULTI DIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX

44 Health Education Standard of Living

DATA
Access Access Access Access
Dropout Dropout
Mal to to to to Access to
S.No. Block IMR HOB Nourished in in Cooking Toilet Drinking Pucca Electricity
Primary Secondary Fuel facilities Water House
1 Namakkal 13.51 7.00 7.77 2.03 2.00 74.07 86.09 100.00 83.99 96.78
2 Erumapatty 21.49 11.00 14.83 0.74 2.00 40.72 53.01 100.00 49.73 90.28
3 Sendamangalam 13.43 8.00 7.39 1.05 9.20 54.72 59.89 100.00 69.22 83.27
4 Mohanur 7.92 6.00 8.66 0.93 4.20 50.45 55.84 100.00 81.84 96.83
5 Puduchatram 23.44 9.00 9.75 0.27 2.70 42.67 29.38 100.00 70.00 83.43
6 Kollihills 36.46 24.00 44.21 5.31 3.00 6.21 41.47 100.00 31.05 82.00
7 Rasipuram 11.17 9.00 4.75 1.59 1.80 77.74 64.39 100.00 74.02 92.36
8 Namagiripettai 22.71 10.00 15.32 0.41 5.70 66.69 38.09 100.00 61.89 87.37
9 Vennanthur 20.59 10.00 7.62 3.20 5.40 52.11 49.61 100.00 90.08 91.92
10 Tiruchengode 5.09 10.00 5.66 0.82 5.90 65.54 72.17 100.00 95.48 96.84
11 Mallasamudram 25.74 8.00 5.61 0.80 6.00 40.30 23.72 83.00 79.98 91.81
12 Elachipalayam 9.13 4.00 8.39 0.67 3.80 43.36 50.05 100.00 50.05 95.88
13 Pallipalayam 5.23 4.00 14.79 1.68 6.10 37.46 52.59 100.00 75.65 94.55
14 Paramathi 14.45 3.00 7.67 2.03 2.90 94.65 53.90 100.00 46.44 96.00
15 Kabilarmalai 12.52 5.00 12.83 1.95 2.60 71.05 49.53 100.00 54.12 95.00

District Human Development Report Page113

 MULTI DIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX

Health Education Standard of Living

INDICES VALUE
Access Access Access Access Rank
Over
Dropout Dropout to to to to Access to all
Mal in in Cooking Toilet Drinking Pucca Electricity Index
IMR HOB Nour Primary Secondary Fuel facilities Water House
0.73 0.94 0.92 0.65 0.97 0.77 1.00 1.00 0.82 1.00 0.12 15
0.48 0.81 0.74 0.91 0.97 0.39 0.47 1.00 0.29 0.56 0.34 6
0.73 0.91 0.93 0.85 0.00 0.55 0.58 1.00 0.59 0.09 0.38 4
0.91 0.97 0.90 0.87 0.68 0.50 0.51 1.00 0.79 1.00 0.19 12
0.42 0.88 0.87 1.00 0.88 0.41 0.09 1.00 0.60 0.10 0.38 5
0.10 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.84 0.00 0.28 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.74 1
0.81 0.88 1.00 0.74 1.00 0.81 0.65 1.00 0.67 0.70 0.18 13
0.44 0.84 0.73 0.97 0.47 0.68 0.23 1.00 0.48 0.36 0.38 3
0.51 0.84 0.93 0.42 0.51 0.52 0.42 1.00 0.92 0.67 0.33 7
1.00 0.84 0.98 0.89 0.45 0.67 0.78 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.14 14
0.34 0.91 0.98 0.89 0.43 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.66 0.46 2
0.87 1.03 0.91 0.92 0.73 0.42 0.42 1.00 0.29 0.94 0.25 10
1.00 1.03 0.75 0.72 0.42 0.35 0.46 1.00 0.69 0.85 0.27 8
0.70 1.07 0.93 0.65 0.85 1.00 0.48 1.00 0.24 0.94 0.21 11
0.76 1.00 0.80 0.67 0.89 0.73 0.41 1.00 0.36 0.88 0.25 9

District Human Development Report Page114

 Rainfall 2011

S. No Rain fall Normal Actual

1 Southwest 339.3 256.5

2 Northeast 291.6 356.5

3 Winter season 13 0.1

4 Hot weather 148.6 68.6

Total 793.4 681

Source: Statistical Hand Book, Namakkal

Net District Domestic Product constant Price 2004-05 (In lakhs of Rupees)

S.NO Year NDDP Primary Secondary Tertiary

1 2009-10 924206 193725 253152 477330

2 2010-11 1010438 188400 283477 538561

Source: Dept. of Economics and Statistics, Chennai

District Human Development Report Page 115

 BLOCK WISE DISTRIBUTION OF NON WORKERS

Non workers
SL. Blocks
NO 2001 % of share 2011 % of share
% of
change
1 Namakkal 75993 54.03 189377 80.51 149.2
2 Erumapatty 47160 44.63 30230 27.63 -35.9
3 Sendamangalam 42228 41.82 33723 29.59 -20.14
4 Mohanur 43094 43.08 32058 28.46 -25.61
5 Puduchatram 27728 38.11 31659 42.88 14.18
6 Kollihills 12215 33.15 14398 35.57 17.87
7 Rasipuram 42303 41.8 68159 52.9 61.12
8 Namagiripet 4680 4.97 45250 45.22 866.88
9 Vennanthur 30659 38.76 38596 44.65 25.89
10 Thiruchengode 80180 49.01 52317 29.45 -34.75
11 Mallasamudram 17095 40.48 31277 59.37 82.96
12 Elachipalayam 21613 29.32 27646 36.05 27.91
13 Pallipalayam 109394 46.41 120195 46.92 9.87
14 Paramathy 29909 40.81 59413 70.42 98.65
15 Kabilarmalai 32006 41.3 23970 30.67 -25.11
Namakkal Dist 616257 41.15 798268 46.23 29.53
Source: Census of 2011

District Human Development Report Page 116

 CHILD LABOUR

Sl. No Blocks 2001 2011 % change

1 Elachipalayam 32 4 -87.50
2 Erumapatty 172 30 -82.56
3 Kabilarmalai 43 0 -100.00
4 Kolli hills 23 7 -69.57
5 Mallasamuthiram 24 11 -54.17
6 Mohanur 52 10 -80.77
7 Namagiripet 31 6 -80.65
8 Namakkal 927 43 -95.36
9 Pallipalayam 448 113 -74.78
10 Paramathi 109 18 -83.49
11 Puduchatram 52 4 -92.31
12 Rasipuram 129 16 -87.60
13 Sendamangalam 86 8 -90.70
14 Thiruchengode 642 76 -88.16
15 Vennanthur 102 17 -83.33
Total 2872 363 -87.36
Sources: Labour department

District Human Development Report Page 117

 WORKER PARTICIPATION RATE
% Share in Share in
Sl. No Rural 2001 2011
change 2001 2011
1 Male 314478 315347 0.28 54.75 55.68
2 Female 259930 251059 -3.41 45.25 44.32
3 General 574408 566406 -1.39 100.00 100.00
Urban 2001 2011
1 Male 174524 216116 23.83 65.06 65.13
2 Female 93708 115723 23.49 34.94 34.87
3 General 268232 331839 23.71 100.00 100.00
Total 2001 2011
1 Male 489002 531463 8.68 58.03 59.17
2 Female 353638 366782 3.72 41.97 40.83
3 General 842640 898245 6.60 100.00 100.00
Source: Census 2001&2011

District Human Development Report Page 118

 INFANT MORTALITY RATE in 2011

S. No Blocks IMR
1 Namakkal 19.58
2 Erumapatty 18.64
3 Sendamangalam 15.40
4 Mohanur 18.31
5 Puduchatram 21.95
6 Kollihills 24.18
7 Rasipuram 16.23
8 Namagiripet 22.80
9 Vennandur 24.60
10 Tiruchengode 12.39
11 Mallasamuthiram 14.24
12 Elachipalayam 19.43
13 Pallipalayam 13.41
14 Paramathi 12.42
15 Kabilarmalai 11.87
District average 18.00
For State 21
For All India 44
Sources: JD Health, Namakkal district

District Human Development Report Page 119

 MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO 2011

S.No Blocks MMR

1 Namakkal 10.00
2 Erumapatty 192.80
3 Sendamangalam 205.30
4 Mohanur 87.20
5 Puduchatram 286.30
6 Kollihills 604.60
7 Rasipuram 202.80
8 Namagiripet 67.10
9 Vennandur 10.00
10 Tiruchengode 10.00
11 Mallasamuthiram 10.00
12 Elachipalayam 88.30
13 Pallipalayam 105.90
14 Paramathi 10.00
15 Kabilarmalai 84.80
District average 131.67
Sources: JD Health, Namakkal district

District Human Development Report Page 120

 INSTITUTIONAL DELIVERY 2013-14

Private
Blocks Home Sub H.C P.H.C Gh H.
Namakkal 0.1 0.4 22.5 21.7 55.6
Erumapatty 0 0 32.5 35.4 32.1
Sendamangalam 0 0 24.7 32.2 43
Mohanur 0 0 33.1 24.4 42.5
Puduchatram 0 0 34.4 20.3 45.3
Kollihills 0.5 0 24.7 32.2 43
Rasipuram 0 0 23.6 36.7 39.7
Namagiripet 0.1 0.2 38.3 28.7 32.8
Vennanthur 0 0 29.1 23.6 45.3
Thiruchengode 0 0 28.6 28.3 42
Mallasamudram 0 1 27.8 30 41.9
Elachipalayam 0 0 48.2 20.4 31.4
Pallipalayam 0.1 0 37.5 30.5 32
Paramathy 0 0 21.9 32.3 45.8
Kabilarmalai 0 0 17.9 32.1 50
District average 0.05 0.01 29.65 28.59 41.49

Sources: JD Health, Namakkal district

District Human Development Report Page 121

 STILL BIRTH RATE

S. % of
No Blocks 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 change
1 Namakkal 12.8 9.7 9.1 11.4 8.1 2.7 -78.87
2 Erumapatty 25.1 16.5 22.6 14.3 10.4 6.2 -75.37
3 Sendamangalam 27.0 22.8 16.2 12.1 12.4 7.9 -70.58
4 Mohanur 12.4 22.8 15.5 8.5 12.7 6.0 -51.98
5 Puduchatram 12.9 10.7 12.3 14.1 9.3 11.7 -9.44
6 Kollihills 51.4 72.8 55.9 45.8 43.3 49.5 -3.77
7 Rasipuram 17.3 16.9 14.0 10.4 5.3 5.2 -69.91
8 Namagiripet 26.9 19.5 24.2 16.3 16.2 12.0 -55.21
9 Vennanthur 19.4 17.8 24.0 12.1 19.3 14.0 -27.96
10 Thiruchengode 15.4 9.2 13.8 13.1 10.5 8.5 -44.95
11 Mallasamudram 18.6 20.0 17.2 24.5 10.9 10.8 -42.17
12 Elachipalayam 14.3 12.2 9.6 18.2 5.4 11.2 -21.59
13 Pallipalayam 20.2 12.9 11.2 10.1 9.8 9.2 -54.41
14 Paramathy 16.0 15.7 10.2 5.1 7.8 2.0 -87.49
15 Kabilarmalai 15.2 14.1 6.7 6.9 7.7 5.5 -63.66
Namakkal Dist 19.9 17.9 16.5 13.9 12.0 10.1 -49.16
Sources: JD Health, Namakkal district

District Human Development Report Page 122

 BLOCK WISE STATUS OF FACTORS OF HEALTH DIMENSION
OF Multi Dimensional Poverty Index
Year 2011
S. No Blocks IMR HOB MN
Namakkal 7.77
1 19.58 6.08
Erumapatty 14.83
2 18.64 9.50
Sendamangalam 7.39
3 15.40 10.80
Mohanur 8.66
4 18.31 5.80
Puduchatram 9.75
5 21.95 8.30
Kollihills 44.21
6 24.18 24.10
Rasipuram 4.75
7 16.23 5.81
Namagiripettai 15.32
8 22.80 8.80
Vennanthur 7.62
9 24.60 9.40
Tiruchengode 5.66
10 12.39 12.31
Mallasamudram 5.61
11 14.24 8.40
Elachipalayam 8.39
12 19.43 5.20
Pallipalayam 14.79
13 13.41 3.73
Paramathi 7.67
14 12.42 4.80
Kabilarmalai 12.83
15 11.87 5.10
Sources: JD Health, Namakkal district

District Human Development Report Page 123

 GROSS ENROLMENT RATE IN PRIMARY EDUCATION
Year 2013-14

S.N0 Blocks GER In PRI

1 Namakkal 100.77
2 Erumapatty 100.75
3 Sendamangalam 100.56
4 Mohanur 101.08
5 Puduchatram 99.1
6 Kollihills 99.07
7 Rasipuram 100.93
8 Namagiripet 100.62
9 Vennandur 100.37
10 Tiruchengode 101.17
11 Mallasamudram 100.7
12 Elachipalayam 100.19
13 Pallipalayam 101.07
14 Paramathi 100.94
15 Kabilarmalai 100.99
District average 100.554
Sources: Additional chief Educational Officer SSA Namakkal

District Human Development Report Page 124

 BLOCK WISE SCHOOLS DROPOUTS IN THE DISTRICT
Year 2011
Drop out in Drop out in
S. No Blocks Primary Secondary
Namakkal 2.02
1 2.00
Erumapatty 0.75
2 2.00
Sendamangalam 1.07
3 9.20
Mohanur 0.95
4 4.20
Puduchatram 0.29
5 2.70
Kollihills 5.25
6 3.00
Rasipuram 1.59
7 1.80
Namagiripettai 0.42
8 5.70
Vennanthur 3.18
9 5.40
Tiruchengode 0.82
10 5.90
Mallasamudram 0.81
11 6.00
Elachipalayam 0.68
12 3.80
Pallipalayam 1.67
13 6.10
Paramathi 2.03
14 2.90
Kabilarmalai 1.94
15 2.60
District average 1.56 4.22
Sources: Additional chief Educational Officer SSA Namakkal

District Human Development Report Page 125

 MATERNITY BENEFITS IN THE DISTRICT

2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Total

Marriage Maternity Marriage Maternity Marriage Maternity Marriage Maternity
3090 19120 3189 14751 2517 14814 8796 48685
Source: JD, Health, Namakkal.

MATERNITY ASSISTANCE
Block /Municipality/ No. of Beneficiaries
Sl.No
Corporation 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Total
1 Namagripet 1836 1313 1210 4359
2 Valavanthinadu 893 605 617 2115
3 Belukuruchi 916 635 686 2237
4 Erumapatty 1701 1153 933 3787
5 Palapatty 998 759 874 2631
6 Ernapuram 1067 907 1122 3096
7 Nallur 699 548 573 1820
8 Kabilarmalai 991 736 803 2530
9 Eryamangalam 1204 799 978 2981
10 Elanthakuttai 2351 1907 1689 5947
11 O. Sowthapuram 1099 975 784 2858
12 Pillanallur 1011 640 661 2312
13 V.T. Puram 1132 720 655 2507
14 Manickampalayam 1217 828 805 2850
15 Mallasamudram 805 607 585 1997
Rural Total 17920 13132 12975 44027
16 Komarapalayam Mpty 208 534 523 1265
17 Namakkal Mpty 224 201 355 780
18 Rasipuram Mpty 652 424 320 1396
19 Tiruchengode Mpty 116 460 641 1217
Urban Total 1200 1619 1839 4658
Grand Total 19120 14751 14814 48685
Source : JD, Health, Namakkal.

District Human Development Report Page 126

 REGISTRATION OF VEHICLE IN NAMAKKAL DISTRICT

2011 2013 2011 2013

S. %of Reg. per Reg. per Reg. per Reg. per
No Vehicles 2011 2013 change days days months months
1 Two Wheeler 147778 167092 13.07 405 458 12315 13924
2 Auto 68 110 61.76 0 0 6 9
3 Mini van 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
4 Car 56795 59508 4.78 156 163 4733 4959
5 Tempo 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
6 Maxi cap 353 523 48.16 1 1 29 44
7 Mini Bus 140 141 0.71 0 0 12 12
8 Bus 358 359 0.28 1 1 30 30
9 Lorry 11148 12191 9.36 31 33 929 1016
10 Tanker Lorry 1716 1876 9.32 5 5 143 156
11 Tuskar lorry 0 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
12 Trailer 3431 3752 9.36 9 10 286 313
13 Trailer with tanker 858 927 8.04 2 3 72 77
14 Rig vehicles 3354 4416 31.66 9 12 280 368
Total 225999 250895 11.02 619 687 18833 20908
Sources: RTO office, Namakkal

District Human Development Report Page | 127

Technical Notes
Construction of Indices
Introduction
The latest UNDP Report-2010 on HDI continues to adopt the same basic three
indicators of education, health and standard of living/income for the calculation of HDI.
Simultaneously, an effort was also made to arrive at Gender Inequality Index. To compute HDI,
10 indicators were used covering the area of living standard, education and health.
HDI presents information on the human development in three dimensions while GII
provides information gender differentials in achievements.
Indicators for HDI
The indicators that may be used for deriving HDI at the block level are as follows:
Indicators for measuring HDI

Dimensions Indicators

Percentage of HHs having access to

Cooking fuel

Percentage of HHs having access to Toilet

Percentage of habitations having access to
1. Living standards Drinking Water
Percentage of HHs having access to
Electricity
Percentage of HHs having access to Pucca
house
Infant Mortality rate
2. Health
Maternal Mortality Ratio
3. Under 5 Mortality Rate
Literacy Rate

4. Education Gross Enrolment Rate (Primary

And Gross enrollment in secondary)
Schools

There are three indicators for measuring health, three for education and five for standard
of living. All these indicators reflect human development.

District Human Development Report Page 128

Method of Estimating HDI
For the estimation of the HDI, the following steps may be followed:

1. All computations would be done at two stages. The first computation would help in
understanding the relative positions of different blocks within the district. The second set
of computation would relate to the position of a block with reference to other blocks

As a first step, a minimum and maximum value has to be set for each of the above 11
indicators to transform them into indices lying between zero and one. For this purpose,
the observed minimum and maximum figures for each of the indicators will be taken.
Since the Geometric Mean has to be calculated, in the case of a positive indicator, the
minimum value would be taken as 10 per cent less than the observed minimum value in
the block similarly, in the case of a negative indicator, the maximum value would be taken
as 10 per cent more than the observed maximum value.

2. The index value (in the case of a positive indicator) can be calculated using the formula –
Index Value = (Actual Value – Min. Value) / (Max.Value – Min.Value)
Eg.: calculations will be based on highest values being assigned highest ranking

3. The index value (in the case of a negative indicator) can be calculated by using the
formula –
Index Value = (Max. Value – Actual Value) / (Max.Value – Min.Value)

.For Computing sectoral indices (health, education and standard of living) geometric mean
is to be used and the method of calculation is as below. Thus there will be three indices
one for Standard of living, another for health and the last for education.

Sectoral Index = If I1. I2….. In are the n indices for a particular sector, then the Geometric
mean for the sector = (I1×. I2 × ….. In)(1/n).

4. To compute HDI, aggregate the three sectoral indices using geometric mean with the
following formula.
HDI= (SIl ×SIh × SIe)(1/3); where SIl is the sectoral index for living standard, SIh is the
sectoral index for health and SIe is the sectoral index for education.

District Human Development Report Page 129

Construction of Gender Inequality Index (GII)

Introduction
GII measures the loss in potential of human development due to inequality between
female and male achievements. As it reflects an inequality situation, a value of zero represents no
inequality and a value of one represents highest level of inequality in the society. The UNDP
report of 2010 has brought out the GII index for all the countries.

Indicators considered for measuring GII

Dimensions Indicators

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

Health Share of Institutional deliveries (ID)

Ante-natal coverage

Share of female and male elected

Empowerment representatives in Urban and Rural
Local Bodies (PRF and PRM)

Share of female and male literacy (LITF,

LITM)

Share of Female and Male Children (0-

6) years

Share of female and male Work

Participation Rate (WPRF, WPRM)

Share of female and male workers in the

Labour market
non agricultural sector (NAGF, NAGM)

Female and male Agricultural wage rate

(WAGEF, WAGEM)

District Human Development Report Page 130

Method
1. Aggregating across dimensions within each gender group using geometric mean.

For females
1/ 3
 1 
GF  ( )  ID  ANE   PR F  CHLDF  LITF   WPR F  NAG F  WAGE F 
1/ 3 1/ 3
3
 MMR 
For Males

GM  3 1 PRM  CHLDM  LITM   WPRM  NAGM  WAGEM 

1/ 3 1/ 3

2. Aggregating across gender group using a Harmonic mean.

1
 (G ) 1  (GM ) 1 
HARM (GF , GM )   F 
 2 

3. Calculate the geometric mean of the Arithmetic means of the each indicator

GF ,M  3 health .empowerment.LFPR

 1 
1/ 3

 (  ID  ANE   1
health     
MMR
Where
 2 
 
 

empowerment 
PRF  CHLDF  LITF   PRM  CHLDM  LITM 
1/ 3 1/ 3

LFPR 
WPRF  NAG F  WAGEF 1 / 3  WPRM  NAG M  WAGEM 1 / 3
2
4. Calculating the GII by comparing the equally distributed gender index to the reference
standard. The GII value ranges from zero (no gender inequality across dimensions) to one
(total inequality across dimensions)
HARM (G F , GM )
GII  1 
GF ,M

District Human Development Report Page 131

Construction of Child Development Index (CDI)

Introduction
Child Development Index (CDI) is an index combining performance measures specific to
children - education, health and nutrition - to produce a score on a scale of 0 to 100. A zero score
would be the best. The higher the score, the worse children are faring.

The Child Development Index (CDI) was developed by the campaign in UK, “Save the
Children” in 2008 through the contributions of Terry McKinley, Director of the Centre for
Development Policy and Research at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS),
University of London, with support from Katerina Kyrili.

The indicators which make up the index are chosen because they are easily available,
commonly understood, and clearly indicative of child well-being. At the international level, the
three indicators used for measuring child development index are.

Indicators for Child Development

In the preparation of District Human Development reports , the following indicators
would be used to measure the CDI:

Dimension Indicator

Health U5MR

Child Sex Ratio(0-6)

Nutrition Percentage of Malnourished Children

Enrollment in Primary and Secondary

Education Children never enrolled in schools

Transition rate from Primary to Upper

Primary and Upper Primary to
Secondary

District Human Development Report Page 132

Computation of Child Development Index

 The indicators have been broadly categorised under the 3 parameters that influence the
HDI.

 All the above indicators are negative and positive in nature.

The index value (in the case of a positive indicator) can be calculated using the formula –
Index Value = (Actual Value – Min. Value) / (Max.Value – Min.Value)
Eg.: calculations will be based on highest values being assigned highest ranking
The index value (in the case of a negative indicator) can be calculated by using the formula
–
Index Value = (Max. Value – Actual Value) / (Max.Value – Min.Value)

 The index values for each of the indicators would range between 0 and 1 - 0 indicating
the lowest ranking for the blocks and 1 indicating highest ranking of the block

 The Child Development Index would be the average of the index values of the three
indicators – with highest value indicating better child development.

 The composite index is the average of the consolidated index values of all sectors and this
is to be used to assign the ranks for the blocks within the district.
Multidimensional Poverty Index
Indicators
Dimension Indicator
Health IMR
Higher order Birth
Malnourished Children
Education Drop out in primary and
secondary
Living Standards Access to cooking fuel
Access to toilet facilities
Access to drinking water
Access to Electricity
Pucca house

District Human Development Report Page 133

 Computation of Multidimensional Poverty Index

 The indicators have been broadly categorised under the 3 parameters that influence the
HDI.

 All the above indicators are negative and positive in nature.

 The index value (in the case of a positive indicator) can be calculated using the
formula –
Index Value = (Actual Value – Min. Value) / (Max.Value – Min.Value)
Eg.: calculations will be based on highest values being assigned highest ranking

 The index value (in the case of a negative indicator) can be calculated by using the
formula –
Index Value = (Max. Value – Actual Value) / (Max.Value – Min.Value)

 The index values for each of the indicators would range between 0 and 1 - 0 indicating
the lowest ranking for the blocks and 1 indicating highest ranking of the block

 The composite index is the average of the consolidated index values of all sectors and this
is to be used to assign the ranks for the blocks within the district.

District Human Development Report Page 134

 ABBREVIATION

AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Agricultural Technology Management

ATMA - Agency

CBR - Crude Birth Rate

CDI - Child Development Index

CDR - Crude Death Rate

FSI - Food Security Index

GH - Government Hospitals

GII - Gender Inequality Index

HDI - Human Development Index

HH - House Holds

ICAR - Indian Council for Agricultural Research

IFA - Iron and Folic Acid

IMR - Infant Mortality Rate

JD - Joint Director

KVK - Krishi Vigyan Kendra

MDPI - Multi Dimensional Poverty Index

MMR - Maternal Mortality Ratio

National Initiative an Climatic Resilient
NICRA - Agriculture

NRHM - National Rural Health Missionary

PH - Private Hospitals

PHC - Primary Health Centre

SHC - Sub Health Centre

TB - Tuberculosis

District Human Development Report Page 135

 WEF - World Economic Forum

SIGI - Social Institutions Gender Index

PCPDTA - Pre Conception and Pre natal Diagnostics

Technique Act

UNDP - United Nation Development Program

WPR - Workers Participation Rate

JSR - Juvenile Sex Ratio

TNEGDC - Tamil Nadu Government Electricity and

Distribution Corporation

PWD - Public Works Department

HOB - Higher Order Birth rate
U5MR - Under 5 Mortality Rate

District Human Development Report Page 136

 References
The following Report, Books and Statistical hand books have been used for collecting
information to support the material for the preparation of the Report of DHDR.

1 Statistical Hand Book of Tamil Nadu 2013

2 The Human Development Report of Tamil Nadu- 2003

3 District Human Development Report of Cuddalore District

4 Indian Economy, Datt & Sundharam

5 Panorama of Indian Economy , S.Manickam

6 United Nation Human Development Report

7 Censes Report 2001 and 2011

*********

District Human Development Report Page 137