Factoring Factoring is used to solve quadratic equations, which have many useful applications. An important one is to express the distance a falling or projected object travels in a specific time. Such equa- tions are used in astronomy and the space program to describe the motion of objects in space. In Section 6.5, we use the concepts of this chapter to explore how to find the heights of objects after they are projected or dropped. 1 Greatest Common Factors; Factoring by Grouping 6.2 Factoring Tino 6.3 Special Factoring 6.4 A General Approach to Factoring 6.5 Solving Equations by FactoringWriting a polynomial as the product of two or more simpler polynomials is called factoring the polynomial. For example, the product of 3x and 5x ~ 2 is 15x? ~ 6x, and 15x? — 6x can be factored as the product 3x(5x — 2). Cryer cer men ass 3x(Sx — 2) = 15x? — 6r Multiplying Pelee ata) 15x? — 6x = 3x(Sx - 2) Factoring Notice that both multiplying and factoring use the distributive property, but in opposite | directions, Factoring “undoes,” or reverses, multiplying. Factor out the greatest common factor. The first step in factoring polynomial is to find the greatest common factor for the terms of the polynomial. The | greatest common factor (GCF) is the largest term that is a factor of all terms in | the polynomial. For example, the greatest common factor for &x + 12 is 4, since 4 is | the largest term that is a factor of (divides into) both 8x and 12. Using the distributive property gives Be + 12 = 42x) + 4) = 42x + 3), | ‘Asa check, multiply 4 and 2x + 3. The result should be 8x + 12. Using the distribu- tive property this way is called factoring out the greatest common factor. Fattoriig Out the Greatest Commion Factor’ Factor out the greatest common factor. (a) 92 ~ 18 Since 9 is the GCF, factor 9 from each term, 92-18 =9+2-9-2 Aa ae Check: 9@ — 2) = 92 = 18 Original polynomial ‘Always check by ‘multipiying. (b) 56m + 35p = 7(8m + Sp) (© 2y +5 There isno common factor other than 1 (@) 12 + Mz = 12-1 + 12-22 Identity property = 121 +22, 12is the GCF | Remember to | write the 1. Check: 12(1) + 12@z) Distributive property = 12 + 242 Original polynomial CD Exercises 1, 3, and 5. 286SECTION 6.1 Greatest Common Factors; Factoring by Grouping 287 GLUEIGD Factoring Out the Greatest Common Factor Factor out the greatest common factor. (a) 9x? + 12x? ‘The numerical part of the GCF is 3. For the variable parts, x? and »3, use the least exponent that appears on x; here, the least exponent is 2. The GCF is 3x%, 9x? + 1209 = 3°G) + 3x%Gdx) GeF= 32 = 3°G + 4x) 3p (4p) + 8p(-3) + 8p%(Sp?) GCF = 8p? = 8p%dp — 3 + Sp?) 3k4(1 — Sk + 8K5) Remember ‘the 1. (b) 32p4 = 24p3 + 40p$ (o) 3kS — 15k? + 24K? (@) 24nPn? ~ 18m2n + Gmetad ‘The numerical part of the GCF is 6. Hete, 2 is the least exponent that appears ‘on m, while 1 is the least exponent on n. The GCF is 67m"n, 24min? — 18m + Ginn? = 6m2n(Amn) + 6m?n(—3) + 6m?n(on2n?) 6m?n(4mn — 3+ m?n?) (@) 25x29 + 30y5 = 15x4y? = 5y°(5x2 + Gy? — 3xty) In each case, remember to check the factored form by multiplying. L COULD exercises 7, 11, and 15. (GEESE) Factoring ‘Out aBinomial Factor | Factor out the greatest common factor. (@) @& = 5) + 6) + & — 52x +5) The greatest common factor here is the binomial x ~ 5. (= S)@ + 6) + (= S)Qx +5) = &— N+ H+ Qr+9)] (= Se +6 + 2x +5) = (x= Gx + 1) (b) 2%(on + n)? + 27m + 1)? = (m + nde? + 22) © lr + 28? = alr + 29? = & + 2s)%[p = ar + 29)] = (r+ 28"(p — gr — 2gs) Be careful with signs. @ (p ~ Shp + 2) ~ (Pp ~ 5)Gp + 4) (p ~ Sp + 2) — Bp + 4)] Factor out the common factor. (p- Dp + 2 ~ 3p ~ 4} Distributive property (p ~ S-2p ~ 2) Combine like terms. (- N[-2 +] Look for @ common factor -2Ap = Np + 1) Commutative property EEE eerises 21 and 2.288 cuaprens Foctoring Factori Out a Negative Common Factor Factor ~a3 + 3a? ~ Sa in two ways. First, @ could be used as the common factor, giving ~a’ + 3a? — Sa = a(—a?) + a(3a) + a(—5) Factor out a a(—a? + 3a — 5), Because of the leading negative sign, ~a could also be used as the common factor. =a? + 3a? — Sa = —a(a) + (—a)(-3a) + (—a)(5) Factor out ~a ~a(a? = 3a + 5) Sometimes there may be a reason to prefer one of these forms, but either is correct. CED exercise 33, GESTED Factor by grouping. Sometimes the individual terms of a polyno- ‘mial have a greatest common factor of 1, but it still may be possible to factor the poly- nomial by using a process called factoring by grouping. We usually factor by grouping when a polynomial has more than three terms. Factoring by Grouping Factor ax — ay + br — by. Group the terms as follows: ‘Terms with common factor @ Terms with common factor b Ge bys be by ‘Then factor ax — ay as a(x — y) and factor bx — by as B(x — 9). ax ~ ay + bx — by = (ax ~ ay) + (bx — by) Group the terms = ale ~ y) + B(x y) Factor each group. = at) ‘The common factor is x ~ y. Check by multiplying CE exercise 38. Factoring by Grouping Factor 3x ~ 3y — ax + ay. Grouping terms gives (x — 3y) + (ax + ay) = Hr — y) + a2 + 9). ‘The factors (x — y) and (—x + y) are opposites, so if we factor out —a instead of a in the second group of terms, we get Qe — 3y) + (ax + ay) = 3 = ») ~ ale - y) Be corsful with signs. & YG - a). =3x-ax—3y tay FOU 3x-3y—ax-+ay Original polynomial CHD cxercse a2, Check: (x — y= a)SecrioN @1 Greatest Common Factors; Factoring by Grouping 289 Use the following steps to factor by grouping Ee Step 1 Group terms. Collect the terms into groups so that each group has a common factor. ‘Step 2. Factor within the groups. Factor out the common factor in each group. ‘Step 3 Factor the entire polynomial. If each group now has a common factor, factor it out. If not, try a different grouping. Always check the factored form by multiplying. Factoring by Grouping Factor 6ax + 12bx + a + 2b, 6ax + 12bx + a + 2b = (ax + 12bx) + (a + 25) Group terms Now factor 6x from the first group, and use the identity property of multiplication to introduce the factor 1 in the second group. Remember to write the 1. (Gax + 12bx) + (a + 2b) = Gx(a + 26) + I(a + 26) = (a + 2bK6x + 1) Factor out a + 2b, Check: (a + 2bY(6x + 1) = 6ax + a+ 12x +26 FOL = 6ax + 12bx + a+ 2b Original polynomial CEP exercise 27, EXZUIIE) Reaitanging Terms before Factoring by Grouping Factor p%q? — 10 — 2g? + Sp? Neither the first two terms nor the last two terms have a common factor except the identity element 1. Rearrange and group the terms as follows: pig? — 10 — 242 + Sp? = (p¥q? — 29) + (Sp® — 10) Rearrange and group the terms gp? — 2) + S(p? = 2) Factor out the common factors Donestop here. — (p? — 2)(q? + 5), Factor out p? ~ 2. 2g? + Sp? — 2g? - 10 FOU Pq? — 10 — 2g? + Sp? Original polynomial LTD trercse 5 Check: (p* ~ 2)(q? + 5) CAUTION In Example 8, do not stop at the step Pp? ~ 2) + S(p? ~ 2). This expression is not in factored form, because it is a sum of two terms, @(p? — 2) and 5(p? — 2), not a product.290 cuartene Factoring | | CED Exercise Factor out the greatest common factor: Simplify the factors, if possible, See Examples 1-4. vel 4.94218 S815 6.1 — 40 | 7. 8k3 + 24k 8.924 + 8lz 9, —4piq4 — 2p%qs | 10, —325w? = 182404 IM, 2ix5 + 35x4— 14x12, 6K? — 36K4 — 48K 13. 108 — 814 — 4 14. 6p? — 3p? — 9pt j 18, 150%! ~ 25002 + Sac 16.15) + 21224 — 364 ! 17, 1622n® + 642n7 — 32z%n? 18, Sr3s° + LOr2s? — 15i4s? 19, 14a9b? + Ta% —21a%b? + 42ab4 20, 12k? — 248m? + 3642 m* — 60K? 2 (m — 4m +2) +m Am +3) WE Ne+D+@-Ne+9 2B, @z- Ie +) - Q2- YeE-5) 24. Gx + 2e~ 4) — Bx + He +8) 28. 5(2 - 9? — 22 - 9 26, 5 — a) — HS — x)? 22.43 — xP -GB-aPHIG—a) HIGH FAE~—9P- 5) 29, 15(22 + 1)? + 102 + HF ~ 252 + 1) | 30. 6(a + 2b}? ~ 4(a + 28) + 12(a + 2b)* | 3A. Sm + py — 10(m + py = 15(m + py | 32, 90% p +g) ~ 3a°%Xp + a)? + Gap + @)* Factor each polynomial twice. First use a common factor with a positive coefficient, amd then use a common factor with a negative coefficient. See Example 4. 33. 7 + 3? + Sr 34-14 + 80 = 120 35, —12s5 + 4Bst 36, —16)4 + 64y? 37-25 + Gxt + ax? 38, Sa? + 10a" ~ 150% Factor by grouping. See Examples 5-8. 39, mx + qx + my +qy 40. 2k+ 2h+jk-+jh 4M, 10m + 2n + Smk + nk 42, 3ma + 3mb + 2ab + 26? 43.4 — 2g — 6p + 3pq 44, 20+ Sm + 12m + 3mm 45, p?— dag + pq ~ 4pz 46,1? — Stw + Brw— Set 47, Dey + 3y + De +3 48, Tab + 35be +a + Sc 49. m2 + 4m? —6m—24 50,24? +a? — Ida ~7 S1. ~3a3 — 3ab? + 2a% + 26? 52, —16m? + dm?p? — Amp + p? 58.4 + xy — 2) — 2 4, 10ab — 21 ~ 6b + 35a 55. 8 + 994 — 6)" — Ly 86.039? 3-37 HP S11 -atab—b 58 2ab? — 8b? +a ~ 4 59. Concept Chick When directed to completely factor the polynomial 45 — 899, student wrote 2yQy? — 4), When the teacher did not give him full credit, he complained because when his answer is ‘multiplied out, the result is the original polynomial Give the cor rect answer 60. Multiple Choice Which choice is an example of a polynomial in fectored form? As xy? + 62x +») B. S(e + y)? = 10 + y)? C. (2 + 3xN(5y? + 4y + 3) D. Gr + 4)Gx — y) — G+ 4Qr- Dfaa Decency ee cntaa uy pee see Coie} Pe eee acay Sueenean i! Pho ee Eee aac) Cra Goce cad Factoring Trinomials Factor trinomials when the coefficient of the squared term is 1. ‘We begin by finding the product of x + 3 and x ~ 5. (& +3) — 5) =x? - Sx + 3x — 15 eo tee ‘We sce by this result that the factored form of x? — 2x ~ 15 is (x + 3)(x ~ 5). Multiplication Factored form ———> (x + 3)(x — 5) = x? — 2x — 19 <—— Product <_— Factoring Since multiplying and factoring are operations that “undo” each other, factoring tri- nomials involves using FOIL backwards. As shown here, the x7-term came from mul- tiplying x and x, and = 15 came from multiplying 3 and ~S. Productofx andx is x2, \ 4 (& + 3)@ — 5) = 3? = 2x - 15 t +t Product of 3 and —5 is 15, We find the ~2x in x? ~ 2x — 15 by multiplying the outer terms, then the inner terms, and adding. Outer terms: x(-5) @ + 9-5) Yada to get -2% Inner ferms: 3 +x = 3x Based on this example, use the following steps to factor a trinomial x? + bx + c, where I is the coefficient of the squared term. (A procedure for factoring a trinomial when the coefficient of the squared term is not 1 follows later in this section.) oe Find pairs whose product is c. Find all pairs of integers whose product is ¢, the third term of the trinomial ‘Step 2 Find the pair whose sum is 6, Choose the pait whose sum is b, the coefficient of the middle term. If there are no such integers, the polynomial cannot be factored, A polynomial that cannot be factored with integer coef polynomial. 291292 cunetens Factoring SZEGED Factoring Tinoinials ink? + bx Hero Factor each polynomial (a) y? + 2y — 35 Step 1 Find pairs of numbers | Step 2 Write sums of those whose product is ~35. numbers. =35(1) -35 +1 = -34 35(-1) 38 + (-1) = 34 Coefficient of 1S) 7+ (5) = 2the middle term 3-7) S4+(-I)=-2 ‘The required numbers are 7 and —5, so y+ 2-35 = (y + Ny - 8). ‘Check by finding the produet of y + 7 and y ~ 5. ) +B +12 Look for two numbers with a product of 12 and a sum of 8. Of all pairs of num- bers having a product of 12, only the pair 6 and 2 has a sum of 8. Therefore, P+ Bt IZ=O + OF +2. Because of the commutative property, it would be equally correct to write (r + 2Mr + 6). Check by using FOUL to multiply the factored form. L CD) exercises 5 anc 7. (EXITED Recounizing a'Prime Potynomial Factor m? + 6m + 7. Look for two numbers whose product is 7 and whose sum is 6. Only two pairs of integers, 7 and 1 and ~7 and —1, give a product of 7. Neither of these pairs has a sum 0f 6, som? + 6m + 7 cannot be factored with integer coefficients and is prime. LL CMD exercise 9. ‘We use a similar process to factor a trinomial that has more than one variable. Factor p? + Gap ~ 16a, Look for two expressions whose product is 16a? and whose sum is 6a. The ies 8a and —2a have the necessary product and sum, so p? + bap ~ 16a? = (p + 8aXp — 2a). Check: (p + 8a)(p ~ 2a) = p? ~ 2ap + Bap ~ 16a FOIL = p? + Gap ~ 16a? Original polynomial L CUD exercise 11. ‘A trinomial may have a common factor that should be factored out first. i‘secnoN 62 Factoring Tinomials 293, Factoring a Trinomial with a Common Factor Factor L6y? ~ 32)? — 48y. Start by factoring out the greatest common factor, 16y. 16y? — 32y? — 48y = 16y(y? - 2y — 3) To factor »® ~ 2y ~ 3, look for two integers whose product is —2. The necessary integers are ~3 and 1, so 16y? — 32y? — 48y = 16y(y — 3)(y + D. 3 and whose sum Remember to indude the GCF. CID exercise 39. CAUTION When factoring, always look for a common factor first. Remember to ‘write the common factor as part of the answer. CEEEIIED Factor tinomiats when the coefficient ofthe squared term is not 1. We can use a generalization of the method shown in Objective 1 to factor a trinomial of the form ax? + be + c, where a # 1. To factor 3x? + Tx + 2, for example, first identify the values a, b, and c: att bee yt Bite t2, 90 a=3, D=7, c=2. The product ac is 3 +2 = 6, so we must find integers having a product of 6 and a sum. of 7 (since the middle term has coefficient 7). The necessary integers are 1 and 6, so we write 7x as Ly + 6x, or.x + 6x, giving Bx? Te $2= Bet Het Ge +2. xs ore = Gx? +3) + (@ +2) Group terms. ean a xx +1) +2@Qx +1) — Factor by grouping, mens = Gr + NE +2) Factor out the common factor Factoring a Trinomial in ax? ¥ bx 4c Form Factor 12r? — Sr — 2. Since a = 12, b = ~5, and ¢ = ~2, the product ac is ~24, The two integers whose product is ~24 and whose sum is ~5 are —8 and 3 12h? = Sr = 2 = 12°? + 3 — Br —2 Write ~Sr as 3r ~ Br 3r(4r + 1) — 24r + 1) Factor by grouping, craceny 7 r+ DEF 2) Factor out the common factor. multiplying. CEG exercise 12. CESIIED Use an alternative method for factoring trinomials, When the product ac is large, trying repeated combinations and using FOIL is helpful.| | | | | 294 cunerene Factoring Factor each trinomial, (a) 3x2 + Ie #2 To factor this polynomial, we must find the correct numbers to put in the blanks. ett e+ 2=( x +s +__) Addition signs are used, since all the signs in the polynomial indicate addition. The first two expressions have a product of 3x7, so they must be 3x and Lx, or x. Bx? + Te + 2= r+ __Joe+__) ‘The product of the two last terms must be 2, so the numbers must be 2 and 1. There isa choice, The 2 could be used with the 3x or with the x. Only one of these choices can give the correct middle term, 7x. We use FOIL to try each one, — 6x Bx + 2Mx + 1 Gx + Dee + 2) ¢ Des ) De ) & x 3x + 2x = Sx 6x +x = Tx ‘Wrong middle term Correct middle term ‘Therefore, 3x? + Tx + 2 = Gr + 1)Gc + 2). (Compare with the solution obtained by factoring by grouping on the preceding page.) (b) 12r? ~ Sr 2 To reduce the number of trials, we note that the trinomial has no common factor (except 1). This means that neither of its factors can have a common factor. We should keep this in mind as we choose factors. We try 4 and 3 for the two first terms. 122 - Sr -2= @r__)Gr__) The factors of ~2 are ~2 and | or ~1 and 2. We try both possibilities to see if we obtain the correct middle term, ~5r ar ——— (ar = 2Gr + 1) (Gr = Gr + 2) ‘Wrong: ar ~ 2 has a u ‘common factor of 2, i Which cannot be correct, Br — 3r= 5r since 2is not a factor ‘Wrong middle term of 127? = Sr 2. ‘The middle term on the right is Sr, instead of the —Sr that is needed. We get ~Sr by interchanging the signs of the second terms in the factors. 80 —, (4r + DGr ~ 2) wu 3 =8r + 3r= 57 Correct middle term ‘Thus, 12r? — Sr — 2 = (4r + 1)Gr — 2). (Compare with Example 5.) = CUD exercise 21. As shown in Example 6(b), if the terms of a polynomial have no common factor (except 1, then none of the terms of its factors can have a common factor. Remembering this will eliminate some potential factors.‘stcrion 62 Factoring Trinomials 295 We summarize this alternative method of factoring a trinomial in the form ax? + be +c, wherea # 1. ‘Step 1 Find pairs whose product is a. Write all pairs of integer factors of a, the coefficient of the squared term. Step 2 Find pairs whose product is c. Write all pairs of integer factors of c, the last term, ‘Step 3 Choose inner and outer terms, Use FOIL and vatious combinations of the factors from Steps 1 and 2 until the necessary middle term is found, If no such combinations exist, the trinomial is prime. (GXULISED Factoring a tinomial in Two Variables Factor 18m? — 19mx — 12x? There is no common factor (except 1). Follow the steps for factoring a trinomial. ‘There are many possible factors of both 18 and —12. Try 6 and 3 for 18 and ~3 and 4 for ~12, (6m — 3x)(Gm + 4x) (6m + 4x)3m — 3x) ‘Wrong: common factor Wrong: common factors 6 and 3 do not work as factors of 18, try 9 and 2 instead, with 3 and ~4 as fac- tors of ~12. 2m (9m + 3x)Qm ~ 4x) (Om = 4x)Qm + 3x) ‘Wrong: common factors tel Bmx 27x + (8m) = 19m ‘Wrong middle term ‘The result on the right differs from the correct middle term only in sign, so inter- change the signs of the second terms in the factors. 18m? — 19mx — 12x? = (9m + 4x)(2m — 3x) check by using Foi te mally — ‘the factors CED Exercise 23. EMI) Factoring ax?-+ bx tea <0 Factor ~3x? + 16x + 12. While we could factor directly, itis helpful to first factor out ~1 so that the co- efficient of the x?-term is positive. 3x? + 16x + 12 = ~1@x? = 16x — 12) Factor out 1 =1@x + 2) = 6) Factor the trinomial = -Gr + Ye - 6) This factored form can be written in other ways, Two of them are (3x = 2) — 6) and Gx + 2X-x + 6). ‘Verify that these both give the original trinomial when multiplied. L CUD exercise 33.296 camprene Factoring Factoting a Trinomial With @'Common Factor Factor 16y? + 24y? — 16y. Loy? + 24y? — 16y = 8y(2y? + 3y— 2) GCF = By = 8y(2y ~ DOr + 2) Factor the trinomial Remember the common factor CED exercise 31. GOZSTD Factor by substitution. Sometimes we can factor a more compli- cated polynomial by substituting a variable for an expression. CXMIREXDD actsiing a PainonalbysuBHRCN Factor 2(x + 3)? + S(r + 3) ~ 12. Since the binomial x + 3 appears to powers 2 and 1, we let the substitution vari- able represent x + 3. We may choose any letter we wish except x. We choose ¢to rep- resent x + 3. 2x + 3)? + SO + 3) = 12= 27 + Sr 12 lett= x43, = r= 3 + 4) Factor, = [2 +3) 3][@ +3) +4] Replace ¢ with «+3. = r+ 6~ 3+ 7) Simplify = Ox + 30 +7) L. CLE exercise 49, CAUTION Remember to make the final substitution of x + 3 for tin Example 10. pCEELDEN) Factoring Thoma nia He Hero 9) Factor 6y* + 7y? — 20. “The variable y appears to powers in which the larger exponent is twice the smaller exponent. We can let a substitution variable equal the smaller power. Here, we let ft Gy + Ty? ~ 20 = 6? + Ty? — 20 = 61? + Tt — 20 Substitute. Don'tstophee, = (37 4)(2r+5) Factor HOON Ge ages) tay - CD exercise 5s.‘stenon 82 Factoring Tinomials 297 Exercises Scene ee CED Exercise Mutiple Choice Answer each question. 1, Which is not a valid way of starting the process of factoring 12x* + 29x + 10? A. (12x ye ) B. (4x y@xr ) CO ae) De = ar) 2, Which is the completely factored form of 2x6 — Sx5 — 3x"? AL x4(2x + 1) — 3) B. x4(2x — 1) + 3) C, (2x5 + x — 3) D. 32x? + xr — 3) 3. Which is nor a factored form of —x? + 16x — 60? A (e ~ 10)(-x + 6) B. (-x~ 10 + C Cx + 10@-6) D. —(e— 10) ~ 6) 4. Which is the completely factored form of dx? ~ 4x ~ 247 A. 4G ~ 2) +3) B. Ate + 2M +3) C. 4G + 2) 3) D. a( — 2\e ~ 3) Factor each trinomial. See Examples 1-9. Beyh + Ty — 30 622+ 22-28 Tprsisp+ 56 8M 1k + 30 9.1m? — Tim + 60 10, p? - 12p — 27 ‘AM a? — 2ab — 35? 12. 2? + Bzw + 1Sw? 13. y? — 3yq — 15q? 14, — 1hk + 28h? 15. x¥y? + Ixy + 18 17, ~6m? — 13m + 15 18. —15y? + Ty + 18 19, 10x? + 3x — 18 +20, Bk? + 34k + 35 2A. 20k? + 47k + 24 22, 272? + 422-5 (23, 15a? — 22ab + 8b? 24, ISp? + 24pq + 8q? 25, 36m? — 60m + 25 26. 25r? — 90r + 81 27, 40x? + xy + 6y? 28. 14c? — Ted — 6d* 29, 6x22? + Sxz— 4 30. 8m?n® — 10mn + 3 BAL 24x? + 42x + 15, 32. 36x? + 18% — 4 33. —15a? — 70a + 120 34, — 12a — 10a + 42 35. —11x? + 110x? — 264x 36. —9k? — 36k? + 189k 37. 2xty? — 48x2y4 + 28Bxy> 38. 6n'n? — 24m7n3 — 30mn4 39. 6a + 12a? — 90a 40. 3m + 6m? — 72m? AL, 13y3 + 39y? — S2y 42. 4p? + 24p? — 64p 43, 12p3 — 12p? + 3p 44, 4513 + 600? + 207 45. Concept Check When a student was given the polynomial 4x? ++ 2x — 20 to factor com- pletely on a test, the student lost some eredit when her answer was (4x + 10)(¢ ~ 2). She complained to her teacher that when we multiply (4x + 10)(x ~ 2), we get the original polynomial Give the correct answer. @& 46. When factoring the polynomial —4x? ~ 29x + 24, Terry obtained (—4x + 3x + 8), while John got (4x ~ 3)(~x — 8). Who is correct? Explain your answer. Factor each trinomial. See Example 10. 47, 12p6 — 32p'r + Se 48, 296 + Ty? + 6? 49, 100 + I Hk EH 50, 4(m — 5)? — 4(m = 5) = 15 51, 3(m + py? — Tm + p) — 20 52, d(x — y)? — 23 — y) ~ 6 Factor each trinomial. (Hint: Factor out the GCF first.) 53. a%(a +B) — abla +b) — 6b%a + by298 cuartens Factoring 54, m®(n — p) + mplm ~ p) ~ 2p%n — p) 55. p*(p + 4) + 4pa(p + 4) + 3¢°%Xp + @) 56. 2k45 — y) — TK(S ~ y) + » 51, 2% — x) axle ~ 2) — 284 — 8) 58. 1%" — 9) ~ Srs(s — 7) — 65% — 5) Factor each trinomial. See Example 11 89, p* — 10p? + 16 60, Et + 10K? +9 61, 2e4 — 9x? — 18, 62. 624 +2? = 1 8, 16x" + 167 + 3 64, Sr + 972 +2 Sa Special Factoring q COSTED Factor a difference of squares. The special products introduced in aid Section 5.4 are used in reverse when factoring, Recall that the product of the sum and difference of two terms leads to a difference of squares. Pct x @+e-y”) Dee cea Pes ee et core Pe ec rg re ca eae Factoring Differences of Squares Factor each polynomial, @ ?-36=F-6 36 = 6 (+ 6 = 6) Factor the difference of squares. (b) 4a? — 64 There is a common factor of 4. 4a? — 64 = 4{a? - 16) Factor out the common factor. 4{a + 4\(a — 4) Factor the difference of squares. A= Bt = (A+ BA B) Vt yy (©) 16m? — 499? = (4m)? — (7p)? = (4m + Tp\(4m — 7p) a BAe BAH By) 4 4 ,o4vd Y @ 81k = (a + 2)? = Ob? — (a + 2)? = (9 ++ BOK — |@ FD) = Ok + a+ 29k ~ a ~ 2) We could have used the method of substitution here. @ x81 (x? + 9(x? ~ 9) Factor the difference of squares. (Xe? + Ole + 3)Qv— 3) Factorx? ~ 9, CHAD exercises 7,9, 13, 15, and 19.‘secrion 63 Special Fectoring 299 CAUTION Assuming no greatest common factor except 1, it is not possible to factor (with real numbers) a sum of squares such as x° + 9 in Example 1(e). In particular, x? + y? # (x + y)?, as shown next GESTED Factor a perfect square trinomial. ‘Two other special products from Section 5.4 lead to the following rules for factoring, tg ty Soy? xt Lay ty? = @& 9 Because the trinomial x? + 2xy + y? is the square of x + y, it is called a perfeet square trinomial. In this pattern, both the first and the last terms of the trinomial must be perfect squares. In the factored form (x + y)?, twice the product of the first and the last terms must give the middle term of the trinomial. You should understand these pat terns in words, since they occur with different symbols (other than x and y). Am? + 20m + 25 p?— 8p + 64 Perfect square trinomial Not a perfect square trinomial; Am? = (2m)? 25 = 5%, middle term would have to be ‘and 2(2m\(5) = 20m. 16p or 16. Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials Factor each polynomial. (a) 144p? ~ 120p + 25 Here, 144p? = (12p)? and 25 = $?. The sign on the middle term is —, so if 144p? — 120p + 25 is @ perfect square trinomial, the factored form will have to be (12p = 5) ‘Take twice the product of the two terms to see if this is correct. 2(12py(-5) 20p ‘This is the middle term of the given trinomial, so 144p? — 120p + 25 = (12p ~ 5)? (b) 4m? + 20m + 49n? If this is a perfect square trinomial, it will equal (2m ++ 7). By the pattern in the box, if multiplied out, this squared binomial has a middle term of 2(2mi\(Tn) = 28m, which does not equal 20mm. Verify that this trinomial cannot be factored by the meth- ‘dis of the previous section either. It is prime. © (+ SP + Hr +) F9= [lr +5) + 3P ty 2(r + 5)(3) = 6(r + 5), the middle term| | 300 cuarrene Factaing (@) mi? ~ 8m + 16 — p? Since there are four terms, use factoring by grouping. The first three terms here form a perfect square trinomial. Group them together, and factor as follows. m? ~ 8m + 16 = p? = (m? — 8m + 16) ~ p? =(m~ 4 — pt Factor the perfect square ‘rinomial, =(m—4+ plim = 4—p) Factor the difference of squares. CLEP exercises 23, 25, and 33. Perfect square trinomials, of course, can be factored by the general methods shown earlier for other trinomials, The patterns given here provide “shortcuts.” COZSISED Factor a difference of cubes. A difference of cubes, x? — y?, can be factored as follows. ees a y= Ge — e? tay $y?) ‘We could check this pattern by finding the product of x — y and x? + xy + py? Factoring Differences of Cubes eee mo Factor each polynomial. AH B= (A BH AB + BD vy yeh vet im? ~ 2 = (m = 2m? + m2 + 2%) = (m — 2m? + 2m + 4) me -8 a) Check: (m ~ 2)(m? + 2m + 4) ss t im —— @) m—8 1 opposite ofthe product of the cube rate ges the male term (b) 2123 ~ 8) = x)? - @ Gx ~ 29)[Gx? + BIQr) + )?] = Gx ~ 2y)(Ox? + Gry + dy?) (©) 1000K* = 270? = (10%)? — Gn)? = (10% — 3n)[(10R)? + (10K\(3n) + Gn?) = (10k — 30 100%? + 30kn + 9n2) CLAD Exercises 37 and 51. GESTED Factor a sum of cubes. While an expression of the form x? + y? cannot be factored with real numbers, a sum of cubes is factored as follows.‘Secon Special Factoring 301 x34 y= (e+ ye? — ay +?) ‘To verify this result, find the product of x + y and x? with the pattern for factoring a difference of cubes. Notice that the sign of the second term in the binomial factor of a sum or differ- ence of cubes is always the same as the sign in the original polynomial. In the trino- ‘ial factor, the first and last terms are always positive; the sign of the middle term is the opposite of the sign of the second term in the binomial factor. xy + y?, Compare this pattern ‘actoring)Suims of Cubes 22. Factor each polynomial. @rPtwea +3 (r+ 30? — 3r + 3%) (r+ 3Xr? — 3r + 9) (b) 2723 + 125 = (3z)) + = (Bz + S)[Gz)? - 25) + 54] = (32 + 592? — 15z + 25) (©) 1253 + 216s = (51)? + (68?) (St + 652)[(5i)? — (S165?) + (6s?) St + 632)(2512 — 301s? ++ 3654) (d) 3x) + 192 = 363 + 64) Factor out the common factor. 3Ge + 4)(a? — dx + 16) Factor the sum of cubes. Remember the common factor. © + B+P = [+ D+ Nl + We -O + We+ PY = 42+ Or + e+ 4— at 24 A CUD Exercises 41, 53, 55, and 57. CAUTION A common ertor when factoring x3 + y? or x? — 9? is to think that the xy-term has a coefficient of 2. Since there is no coefficient of 2, expressions of the form x? + ay + y? and x? — xy + y? usually cannot be factored further The special types of factoring are summatized here, These should be memorized. Difference of Squares. x? —y? = (x + ry) Perfeet Square Trinomial x? + 2xy + y? = (x + y?? xt = day + y= — yP Difference of Cubes xo = y= (= et + ay + 9) ‘Sum of Cubes Sty =O +e - aw ty)| 302 cnaPtene Factoring Exercises CUED xercse Multiple choice Answer each question. 1. Which ofthe following binomials ae iffeences of squares? A. 64—m? Bw? -25 CR +9 D. 424 — 49 2. Which of the following binomials are sums or differences of cubes? AL64 ty? BI25—pS C9125 De ty)? -1 Which of the following trinomials are perfect squares? A. xt — Sr — 16 B, don? + 20m + 25 C. 924 + 302? + 25D, 25a? ~ 45a + 81 4. Of the 12 polynomials listed in Exercises 1-3, which ones ean be factored by the methods of this section? 5, The binomial 9x2 + 81 is an example of a sum of two squares that can be factored. Under What conditions can the sum of two squares be factored? 6, Fill in the Blanks Insert the correct signs inthe blanks. @ 8+P=@_p¢—a_ AF) W2-1=e@_ NE —z_)) Factor each polynomial. See Examples 1-4. 7. p16 8A 9 9, 25:2 — 4 | 10, 36m? ~ 25 AI, 180? — 9862 12, 3202 ~ 9842 13. 64m — ay 14, 24384 — 344 15. (y +281 16. (ht RP 8 17.16 = (@ +39)? 18, 64 = (r+ 207 19. p' ~ 256 20, a — 625 21 = 6k +9 2x + 10r + 25 BB. Az? + dew + w? 24, 99? + 6yz + 2? 28, 16m? — 8m +1 —n? 26, 25c? 2c 4— d? 27, Ar? — 12 49 — 52 . 28, 9? — 24a + 16-6? — 29,28 = y+ V1 30. -K2 =f? + 2k + 4 \ 31. 98m? + 84mm + 18? 32, 80? — 40zw + Sw? BB (p ta) + Apt gel 34. (+p)? + 6 +9) +9 | 35. (a — WP + Ble — b) + 16 36. (m — ny + Am — n) +4 | Sex 27 38 y? — 64 39. P ~ 216 40, m? — 512 AL 2 + 64 42. +343 43. 1000 + 44,729 +38 45, 89 +1 46.27) +1 47. 1258 — 216 48, 813 — 125 49.23 — By? 50, 23 — 125p? 51. 64g? ~ 27h? 52, 27a? ~ 863 53. 343p? + 1259? 54, 5120 + 275? 58, 24n? + 8Ip? 56, 2500 + 16y? 57. (y + 2) + 64 58. (p ~ gy? + 125 59, mo — 125 60.2776 41 61, 1000x? ~ 27 62, 729p? — 64 63, 125y5 4 2?Cicer Dee cn factor. Pea Ee cman Ceca nul ce ‘more than three terms. A General Approach to Factoring In this section, we summarize and apply the factoring methods presented in the pre- ceding sections. A polynomial is completely factored when it is in the following form: 1. The polynomial is written as a product of prime polynomials with integer coefficients. 2. None of the polynomial factors can be factored further, except that a monomial factor need not be factored completely Keren Step 1. Factor out any common factor, ‘Siep 2 It the polynomial is a bino week to See ifit is the difference of squares, the difference of cubes, or the sum of cubes, If the polynomial is a trinomial, check to sec if't is @ perfect square trinomial, If it is not, factor as in Section 6.2, If the polynomial has more than three terms, try to factor by grouping. Step 3 Check the factored form by multiplying. CXENLED Factor out any common factor. This step is always the same, re- gardless of the number of terms in the polynomial Factotitig Out alCommon Factor” _ Factor each polynomial (@) 9p + 45 = Hp +5) (b) 8n?p? + Amp = 4mpQmp + 1) (© Sx(a +b) — y(a + B) = (a + BYSx — ») ITED xerses 19 ana 23. CETSIED Factor binomials. Use one of the following rules. EEE nea Fora binomial (two terms), check for the following: Difference of squares. x? — y? = & + )(—X—) Difference of eubes - y= @- eta ty) Sum of eubes xt y= @ + yO? — ay + y?). Factoring BinOMIAE Factor each binomial if possible. (a) 64m? ~ 9n? = (8m)? — Bn)? Difference of squares (&m + 3n)(8m — 3n) (b) 83 ~ 27 = @py- F Difference of cubes @p — 3)[@p? + @py3) + ¥] = Qp ~ 3N4p? + 6p + 9) 303304 cuarrens Factoring (© 100m? + (10m)? +19 Sum of cubes = (10m + 1){(10m)? = (lOmy(1) + 22] (Om + 1}(100m? = 10m + 1) (@) 25m? + 121 is prime. It is the sum of squares. CUT) exercises 7,11, 29, nd 31. CEZSIZED Factor trinomials. Consider the following when factoring trinomials. Factoring a Fora trinomial (three terms), decide whether itis @ perfect square trinomial of the form Sd dy ty sty? or x dy ty? = Oe — yh Tf not, use the methods of Section 6.2. pGLMLESED "Factoring titiornials Factor each trinomial. (a) p? + 10p + 25 = (p + 5)? Perfect square trinomial (b) 492? — 422 + 9 = (7z ~ 3)? _ Perfect square trinomial © YS 6 = (y- Oy +1) ‘The numbers —6 and | have a product of —6 and a sum of —5. (@) r? + 187 + 72 =r + 6M + 12) © 2 -k (2k + 3)(k— 2) Use either method from Section 6.2. (O) 282? + 6z — 10 = 2(142? + 32 — 5) Factor out the common factor. pememberthe = 2(7z + S22 - 1) ‘common factor. DUD exercises 9,19, anc at. CTZENTD Factor polynomials of more than three terms. Try factoring by grouping. p GLZAEERED stating Poiphonnials wt are than Three Tere Factor each polynomial. () xy? = FP = xy = Gy? — y3) +P — 4) Ar = y) + x2 — y) (x — y)y? + x4) (b) 20K + 4k? — 45k — 9 = (20K3 + 442) — (45k + 9) Be careful = 4WSK + 1) — 965k + 1) with signs. = Gk + 14k = 9) 5k +1 is a.common factor. = (Sk + 1k + 32k ~ 3) Difference of squaresExercises CLD Exercise secriowes A General Approach to Factoring 305 (© 4a? + 4a + 1 = 6? = (da? + 4a + 1) - BP ‘Associative property = Qa +1? - 6? Perfect square trinomial Qa +1 + 52a +1 — 5) Difference of squares (@) 8m? + 4m? — 03 = n? ‘Notice that the terms must be rearranged before grouping, since (Bm? + 4m?) — (8 + n2) = 4m?QQm + 1) — Pn + D, which cannot be factored further, Factor the polynomial as follows: 8m + Am? ~ 0} — 1? = (8m3 — 03) + (4m? = 12) Group the cubes and squares. = (2m = n)(dm? + 2mn + n2) + Qn — n)Qm + ny Factor each group. = (2m — n)(4m? + 2mn + n? + 2m +n). Factor out the common factor 2m ~ n, exerts 21 and 45, cmp Factor each polynomial. See Examples 1-4. 1. 1004 = 962 2. 10r? + 13r— 3 3. 3p* = 3p? — 9p? 4. = 16 5. 3a°pq + 3abpq ~ 90b%»q 6, 49: ~ 16 7.228p? + 256 8. 18n°n + 3m2n? — Gm? 9, 62 — 176 3 10. K = 6k ~ 16 1. x3 = 1000 12, 67 + 190 — THE 13, 4(p +2) + m(p +2) 14, 40p — 32r 18, 9m? — 45m + 18m? 16, 482 + 28br + 49"? 17, Sm? — 2000 18, mn — 2 + Sm — 10 19, 9m — 30mm + 25n? 20, 2a? = 7a — 4 2. kg — 99 + br = 9r 22, S64? ~ 875 23. 162%x? — 32248 24, 972 + 100 25, x2 4 2x — 38 26.9 - a? + 2ab — b? 21. x4 ~ 625 28. 2m? ~ mn — 150? 29, p> +L 300, 48y%2" — 28y%x4 31. 64m? — 625 32, Mz? — Bek ~ 242 33, 1229 — 622 + 18 34, 225K? — 36r? 35, 2566? ~ 400? 36. 23 — zp — 20p? 37, 1000? + 512 38, 64m? ~ 2512 39, 10r? + 23ns — Ss? 40, 12k? ~ 17hq ~ Sq? A. 24p"q + S2p?q? + 20pq? 42, 32x? + 16x? — 24x5 43, 48k — 243 44, 14x? ~ 251g — 254? 45. mi + mi? — 46, 64x ++ y? = 1652 + y? 47. <2 — An? — dan 48. ar? = 2-299 = 8 49, 18p5 — 24p? + L2p® 80, K ~ 6k + 16 SH. 2x? — 2x — 40 82. 2783 ~ 3y° 53. (2m +n)? — Qm ~ nm}? 54, Gk +5)? — 4Gk+ 5) +4 55. S0p? — 162 56. y? + 3y — 10 87. 12m2rx + 4mnrx + 40n2rx 58, 18? + S3pr — 35°?306 cuartene Factoring 59, 21a? — Sab ~ 462 60, x2 Dy yt 4 61x? 2-4 62, (Sr + 25)? = Sr +25) +9 63. (p + 89)? ~ 10(p + 8g) + 25 64, 24 — 922 420 65. 21m — 32m? ~ 5 66. - 9-7» 61. + 29) + (39? 68, 16:9 + 322 — 9x ~ 18 6.8 + 3xt— = 3 0.x" = 1 Them? = dm + 4 = 9 + 6n = 9 Txt bat ty t dy LIP Co ein ees ee ieee Solve applied problems Peete Cera Solving Equations by Factoring In Chapter 2, we developed methods for solving linear, or first-degree, equations. Solving higher degree polynomial equations requires other methods, one of which in- volves factoring. CTTSIUEED Learn and use the zero-factor property. Solving equations by fae- toring depends on « special property of the number 0, called the zero-factor property. If two numbers have a product of 0, then at least one of the numbers must be 0. ‘That is, 0 or if'ab = 0, then either 0. To prove the zero-factor property, we first assume that a # 0. (Ifa does equal 0, then the property is proved already.) Ifa # then exists, and both sides of ab = 0 can be multiplied by + to get Lab = 10 a a b Thus, if a # 0, then b = 0, and the property is proved. CAUTION If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0. However, if ab = 6, for example, it is not necessarily true that a = 6 or b = 6; in fact, it is very likely that neither a = 6 nor b = 6. The zero-factor property works only for a product equal to 0.SECTIONS Solving Equations by Factoring 307 Using the Zero-Factor Property to Solve an Equation Solve ( + 6)(2x = 3) = 0. Here, the product of.x + 6 and 2x ~ 3 is 0. By the zero-factor property, this can be true only if x+6=0 of 2x- Solve each of these equations. x+6=0 or 2-3 =6 or 2x 0. Zero-factor property Check the two solutions —6 and 3 by substitution into the original equation. Ifx = —6, then Ifx = 5, then & + Or ~ 3) (+ 62x - 3) = 0 (6 + 62-6) - 3 7 3 of) aciyee? | G*6)(3-8) oo Tue 0 15 zOr0 0=0. Tue Both solutions check; the solution set is {~6, 3} CBU exercise 5. Since the product (x + 6)(2r ~ 3) equals 2x? + 9x ~ 18, the equation of Example | has a tetm with a squared variable and is an example of a quadratic equa- tion. A quadratic equation has degree 2. ‘An equation that can be written in the form at + bx te=0, where a, b, and c are real numbers, with a # 0, is a quadratic equation. This form is called standard form, Quadratic equations are discussed in more detail in Chapter 9, ‘The steps for solving a quadratic equation by factoring are summarized here, Step 1 Write side is 0. Step 2. Factor the polynomial. Step 3 Use the zero-factor property. Set each variable factor equal to 0. Step 4 Find the solution(s). Solve each equation formed in Step 3. ‘Step $ Check each solution in the original equation, standard form. Rewrite the equation if necessary so that one308 cnartene Factoring (Gx ‘Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring Solve each equation (a) 2x? + 3x =2 Step 1 2x? + 3x = 2 2x2 + 3x—2=0 Standard form Step 2 Qx = Ie +2)=0 Factor. Step 3 2e-1=0 or x+2=0 — Zero-factor property Step 4 oa or Solve each equation. Step § Check each solution in the original equation, Ifx = ~2, then 2x? + 3x 2(-2)? + 3(-2) 2 w4)-6=2 7 8-6 ? 2=2 True > ‘We write solutions in the order they appear ‘on a number line. True Because both solutions check, the solution set is {—2,3 } ©) A= ae +1 Standard form Qe 1 =0 Factor 2-1 Zero-factor property 2e=1 Add. L x Divide by 2 ‘There is only one solution, because the rinomial i a perfect square. The soltion set is {3 a}. Ee CLUD Exercises 11 and 29. a issing Constant Te pGCEIIEMED 155 aie uo wth a Solve 42? — 202 = 0. This quadratic equation has a missing term, Comparing it with the standard form ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 shows that © = 0. The zero-factor property can still be used. 422 — 202 4o(z — 5) 42=0 or z~5=0 Zero-factor property Factor. ‘Set each variable factor equal to 0. z=0 or z= 5 Solve each equation.SecTiONs.s Solving Equations by Factoring 309 Check: Ifz = 0, then Ifz = 5, then 423 - 202 = 0 422 = 202 = 0 40? — 200) = 0 7 4(5)? = 20(5)= 0? 0-0=0. True 100 ~ 100 = 0. True ‘The solution set is {0, 5}. L CMD exercise 19. CAUTION Remember to include 0 as a solution in Example 3. pGZIUEIIED solving a Quadratic Equation with’a Missing Linear Term =<. Solve 3m? — 108 = 0. os 3m? — 108 = 0 does not eed to 3m? — 36) = 0 Factor out 3. a solution, 3(m + 6m — 6) Factor m ~ 36. m+6=0 of m-6=0 _ Zero-actor property m= -6 or m Check that the solution set is {—6, 6}. L CID exercise 23. CAUTION The factor 3 in Example 4 is not a variable factor, so it does not lead to a solution of the equation. In Example 3, however, the factor 42 is a variable fac- tor and leads to the solution 0. (GEIR selving an Equation That Requires Rewriting Solve (2g + 1Ng + 1) = 21 — g) + 6. Qq + D@ + 1) = 20 — + 6 2g? + 3q + 1=2-2g +6 Multiply on each side. 2g? + 5q-7=0 Standard form Qq + Ng -1)=0 Factor. 2qg+7=0 or g—-1=0 — Zero-factor property qg=-% or g=1 Solve each equation Check: 2g + Ig + 1) = AL g + 6 7 7 7 1 [o(-2) eif(-Zer)-di- (Dee > wen 5 9 2 — -S)=2(5 Simplify 1 = 3 cr+9( ) (2) +6 Simplify 1 5 -o(-2) =946 15 = 15 Tre ‘Check that 1 is a solution. The solution set is {—3, 1} L CUD exercise 35.310 CHAPTERS Factoring ‘The zero-factor property can be extended to solve certain polynomial equations of degree 3 or higher, as shown in the next example. Solving an Equation of Degree 3 Solve =x? + x? = ~6x. Start by adding 6x to each side to get 0 on the right side, a8 txt + 6r=0 x1 = x2 = 6 =0 Multiply each side by ~1 xQ@2— 2-6) =0 Factor out x x(x = 3)(¢ + 2) =0 Factor the trinomial Use the zeto-factor property, extended to include the three variable factors. Remember to set 0 of x-3=0 or +2 “x equal to 0. og oe. Check that the solution set is {~2,0,3} CTD exercise 39. Solve applied problems that require the zero-factor property. ‘The next example shows an application that leads to a quadratic equation. We continue to use the six-step problem-solving method introduced in Section 2.3. Using a Quadratic Equation in an Application A piece of sheet metal is in the shape of a parallelogram, The longer sides of the par- allelogram are each 8 m longer than the distance between them. The area of the piece is 48 m2, Find the length of the longer sides and the distance between them. Step 1 Read the problem again, There will be two answers. Step 2 Assign a variable. Let x = the distance between the longer sides; x + 8 = the length of each longer side, (See Figure 1.) FrquRe 1 ‘Step 3 Write an equation. The area of a parallelogram is given by A = bh, where b is the length of the longer side and h is the distance between the longer sides. Here, b =x + Sand h = x. A= bh 48 = (+ 8)r LetA= 48. b=x+8hSECTIONS Solving Equations by Factoring 311 ‘Step 4 Solve. 48 = (x + 8) 48 = x? + Br Distributive property x24 Br = 4B = 0 Standard form (+ 12)@- 4) =0 Factor. x+12=0 or x-4=0 — Zeto-factor property x=-12 or x Step $ State the answer. A distance cannot be negative, so reject ~12 as a solution. The only possible solution is 4, so the distance between the longer sides is 4m. The length of the longer sides is 4 + 8 = 12m, Step 6 Check. The length of the longer sides is 8 m more than the distance between them, and the area is 4-12 = 48 m2, as required, so the answer checks. CHMD exercise 51. CAUTION When applications lead to quadratic equations, a solution of the equa- tion may not satisfy the physical requirements of the problem, as in Example 7. Reject such solutions. A fimetion defined by a quadratic polynomial is called a quadratic function. (See Chapter 10.) The next example uses such a function, EXUEIIE) Using a Quadratic Function in an Application ‘Quadratic fmetions are used to describe the height a falling object ora projected ob- ject reaches in a specific time, For example, if a small rocket is launched vertically upward from ground level with an initial velocity of 128 ft per sec, then its height in feet after ¢ seconds is a function defined by AQ) = -162 + 1280 ifair resistance is neglected. After how many seconds will the rocket be 220 ft above the ground? We must let h(#) = 220 and solve for t 220 = = 161? + 128 Let Att) = 220 Lor? ~ 128 + 220 = 0 standard form 42 — 32+ 55=0 Divide by 4 (2 5@r- 11) =0 Factor =5=0 or 2=11=0 —— Zero-factor property 1=25 or 1255 The rocket will reach « height of 220 ft twice: on its way up at 2.5 sec and again on its way down at 5.5 sec. CMD exercise 57.312. carters Factoring Exercises CMD eeercise 1. Explain in your own words how the zero-factor property is used in solving a quadratic equation. 2. Multiple Choice One of the following equations is not in proper form for using the zero- factor property, Which one is it? Tell why it is not in proper form. A. @& + 2) ~ 6) = 0 B. xGx-7)=0 C. Bilt + BYE 9) D. Wy —3) + (y-3) = 0 Solve each equation. See Examples 1-5 3+ 1Ne-=0 AGED HH=O 5. (Qk ~ 5)Qk + 8) = 6. Gq - 42g +5)=0 me -3m—-10=0 Bate 12 W249: 18 =0 102-18 +8050 a= eed 12.22 =3-x 13, 152 — 7k = 4 14, 3c? +3 = -10e 18, 2x? — 12 ~ 4r 3x 16, 3p? + 9p + 30 = 2p? ~ 2p 17, (Se + Ie + 3) = -2(52 + 1) 18. Gx + D&~3)=2436 +5) 19, 4p? + 16p = 0 20, 2a? ~ 8a = 0 21. 6m? ~ 36m = 0 22, ~3n? + 27m = 0 23, 4p? - 16 = 0 24, 9x? = 81 = 0 3m? +27=0 26, -2a? + 8=0 28, -m? ~ 8m = 16 29, 9K + 24k + 16= 0 30. 4m? — 20m + 25 = 0 31. (& — e@ +5)=-7 32 e+ Be — 2) = ~21 33. Qr + Ie — 3) = Gr +3 34, Gx + 20-3) = Tx = 1 38 (e+ IE O= Ox +BE-H 364A + NHS) =O FINE +3) Solve each equation. See Example 6. 37.28 9x2 Sr=0 386-13? — Sr =0 39)x9 — 2x? = 3 40. — 6 = —8y 41, 9° = 164 42, 2523 = 64x 43,27) + 572 — 27-5 =0 44, 2p? + p? ~ 98p — 49 = 0 48,3 — 62 — Ox + 54= 0 46, x ~ 3x? = ae + 12-0 47. Concept Check A student tried to solve the equation in Exercise 41 by first dividing each side by ¢, obtaining 9? = 16, She then solved the resulting equation by the zero-factor property to get the solution set {~ 4,4} Give the correct solution set 48, Multiple Choice Without actually solving each equation, determine which one of the following has 0 in ts solution set A, 4x? = 25 Box? + 2-3 =0 C. 6x? +9 +1=0 D. x3 + 4x? = 3x Solve each problem. See Examples 7 and 8, 49. A garden has an area of 320 f Is length is 4 ft ‘more than its width, What are the dimensions of the garden? (Hint: 320 = 16-20)SECTIONS Solving Equations by Factoring 313 50. A square mirror has sides measuring 2% bx less than the sides of a square painting. If cont the difference between their areas is 32 ft, Secteur | | AA. 51. The base of a parallelogram is 7. more 52, A sign has the shape of @ triangle, The than the height. Ifthe area of the parallel- Tength of the base is 3 m less than the ‘ogram is 60 £2, what ate the measures of height. What ate the measures ofthe base the base and the height? and the eight ifthe area is 44 m2? aT 53. A farmer has 300 ft of fencing and wants to enclose a rectangular area of 5000 f®. What dimensions should she use? (Hint: 5000 = $0 100) ‘84, A rectangular landfill has an area of 30,000 f®. Its length is 200 ft more than its width, What are the dimensions ofthe landfill? (Hint: 30,000 = 300-100) 55. A box with no top is to be constructed from a piece of wae cardboard whose length measures 6 in, more than its with. ‘The box isto be formed by cutting squares that measure 2 in. ‘on each side from the four corners and then folding up the sides. Ifthe volume of the box will be 110 in3, what are the dimensions of the piece of cardboard? 156. The surface area of the box with open top shown in the figure is 161 in2, Find the dimensions of the base. (Hint ‘The surface area of the box is a function defined by So) = 32 + 16x.) '57. If an object is projected upward with an initial velocity of 64 ft per sec from a height of 80 f, then its height in feet ¢ seconds after it is projected isa function defined by SO) = ~ 162 + 640 + 80. How long afer itis projected will it hit the ground? (Hint: When it hits the ground, its height is 0 f.) ‘58. Refer to Example 8 After how many seconds will the rocket be 240 ft above the ground? 112 f above the ground? '59. Ifa baseball is dropped from a helicopter 625 f above the ground, then its distance in feet from the ground ¢ seconds later isa function defined by KO = -168? + 625, How long after it is dropped will it hit the ground? (60, [fa rock is dropped from a building 576 f high, then its distance in feet from the ground 1 seconds later is function defined by f() = — 161? + 576, How long after it is dropped will it hit the ground?SUMMARY aa 8.1 factoring ‘greatest common, factor (GCF) trinomial 6.2 prime polynomial 6.3 difference of squares perfect square difference of cubes sum of cubes 6.5 quadratic equation standard form of a ‘quadratic equation r CONCEPTS r EXAMPLES: 1 6.1 Greatest Common Factors; Factoring by Grouping ‘The Greatest Common Factor ‘The product of the largest common numerical factor and each common variable raised to the least exponent | that appears on that variable in any term is the greatest | common factor of the terms of the polynomial Factoring by Grouping ‘Step 1 Group the terms so that each group has a ‘common factor. ‘Step 2 ‘Step 3 Ifthe groups now have a common factor, factor it out. Ifnot, try a different grouping, Always cheek the factored form by multiplying. ¢ factors of the To factor a trinomial, choo and factors of the last term. Then place them within a pair of parentheses of this form: CD ‘Try various combinations of the factors until the ‘correct middle term of the trinomial is found. 6.3 Special Factoring Difference of Squares vaya w te») Perfect Square Trinomials w+ day ty? = ty Sa dy ty? =e yy Difference of Cubes B= Pa ee tay ty) Sum of Cubes +P =O + NO? —ay ty) 314 Factor out the common factor in each group. term Factor 4x¢y ~ 50.9% ‘The greatest common factor is 2x. 4xty ~ 50xy? = yr ~ 25y) Factor by grouping. Sa ~ Sb ~ ax + br = (Sa ~ 58) + (~ax + bx) = Sta - by — x(a - 6) ee crf eee =? with signs, | Factor 15x? + 14x — | The factors of 15 are 5 and 3, and 15 and 1 The factors of 8 are ~4 and 2, 4and ~2, —1 and 8, and 1 and -8 Varios combinations lead othe coreet factorization | is + lar = 8 = Gx = Gr +4) check by muting Factor, 4m? — 25n? = (2m)? — (Sn)? = Qm + Snjem ~ 5») gto tincrs | 169? ~ 56p + 49 = Gp — 7) | 8 — 27a} = (2 — 3a{4 + 6a + 9a) 6423 + 1 = (42 + 1)(162? — 4z + 1) (continued)charren 8 Reviow Exercises 315 r CONCEPTS 1 6.4 A General Approach to Factoring ‘Step 1 Factor out any common factors ‘Step 2 Fora binomial, check for the difference of squares, the difference of cubes, or the sum of cubes. For a trinomial, see if i is a perfect square If'not, factor as in Section 6.2. For more than three terms, try factoring by ‘grouping, ‘Step 3. Check the factored form by multiplying, 6.5 Solving Equations by Factoring Step 1 Revitite the equation if necessary so that one side is 0. Factor the polynomial Set each factor equal to 0. Step 3 Step 4 ‘Step 5 Check each solution. LSS REVIEW EXERCISES | r EXAMPLES: 1 Factor. ‘ak? + 2ak? ~ 9ak ~ 18a = afk) + 2K — 9k ~ 18) Factor out the common factor. Factor by grouping, (8 + 2k) — (9k + 18) alk + 2) — 9k + 2)] alk + 2,0 ~ 9)) atk + 24k — 34k + 3) Factor the difference of squares Solve. 2? + Sx =3 et + 5x 3=0 Qr- De +3) 0 or x+3=0 3 Standard form Factor. Zero-factor property A check verifies thatthe solution set is {—3, Factor out the greatest common factor 1. 12p? — 6p. 3. 12q%b + Bqb? — 209°? S. (+ he — ) - Factor by grouping. 7.4m + ng + mn + 9. 2m + 6 — am ~ Factor completely. 11. 3p? -p-4 14, 10m? + 37m + 30 19, 2ay — 2x? = 28 19, p92 - 2, Dix? + 35x 4, 63t = 30r22 + 18718 (+9Gr+2 GF IE-|FEFH DAH 4q 8.22 + Sy + Se tay 10, x? + 3x — 3y xy 12, 62 + 11k ~ 10 13, 12? = Sr 3 1S, 10K? — 11k +382 16, 9x2 + day — 29? 18, 6b? ~ 9b? ~ 15h 20, 2k* ~ S23316 cHapters Factoring 2 pp + 2)? + pp +2)? — Kp +2? 2. 3r+ 5)? - 1M +5) — 4 23, Concept Check When asked to factor x2y? ~ 6x? + Sy? — 30, a student gave the following incorrect answer: x°()? — 6) + 5G? ~ 6). CAAENTED What is the correct answer? 24, If the area of this rectangle is represented by 4p? + 3p — 1, what isthe width in terms of p? Factor completely. 28, 16x? — 25 26, 97 = 49 28, x? + de + 49 29, 9K = 12k + 4 31, 125x3 = 1 32. m6 = 1 34. x2 + Oe +9—25y? 38. (a + HY ~ = BP Solve each equation 31x? — Be +16 39. p?— Sp+6=0 At, Ge? = Se + 50 43, 82 + 14k +3 =0 45, 6:2 + x= 0 AT (+ Me 2) = (= Ilr #3) -2 4, =P 38 4 de + 12-0 38, (Sx + 2) + 1) =0 40, q? + 29 =8 2, 6 + r= 3, 44, —4m? + 36 = 0 46. (2x + I - 2) = -3 48, 2x — x? — 28 = 0 50. (» + 2)(5r? — 9 ~ 18) Solve each problem. 52, A rectangular parking lot has length 1. A triangular wall brace has the shape of aright triangle. One of the perpendi- cular sides is 1 f longer than twice the other, The area enclosed by the triangle is 10.5 f2. Find the shorter of the perpen- dicular sides. — The aeais 105 8. 20 f more than its width. Its area is 2400 £2, What are the dimensions of the Tot? The areas 2400 A rock is projected directly upward from ground level. After t seconds, its height is given by AO) = ~1602 + 256 (if air resistance is neglected). '53. When will the rock return to the ground? ‘54, After how many seconds will it be 240 ft above the ground? Wf 55. Why does the question in Exercise 54 have two answers?TEST we Factor: 1 Lz? ~ 4az 2 1Ox!y5 — Sx%y3 — 25x5y? 3, Bx + by + by + 3y 4, -2x2 — 3 + 36 5. 6x? + Ix - 35 6. 4p? + 3pq ~ g? 7. 16a? + M0ab +2562 Bx? HOE HA 4? 9. a3 + 2a? ~ ab? — 262 10, 9k ~ 1217? = 216 12, 64 — 2 — 35 13. 276 +1 14, Explain why (c? + 2y)p + 3(? + 2p) is notin factored form, Then factor the polynomial 15, Multiple Choice Which one of the following is not a factored form of —x? ~ x + 12? A G9 +4) B-@ 30 +4) C Gx +36 +4) D.(e~9Cx +4) Solve each equation 16, 3x? + By = —4 17. 3x? — Se = Sm(m = 1) = 2(1 = m) Solve each problem. 19, The area of the rectangle shown is 40 in2. Find the length x7 and the width of the rectangle avy Te area is 40 in 20. A ball is projected upward from ground level, After ¢ seconds, its height in feet is a function defined by /() = ~16t® + 96t, After how many seconds will it reach a height of 128 2 31710. Hah 12, (@ 616 thousand (b) 740 thousand (2) 884 thousand [2a 2 = Or 13 (5) A He? 3 1S. 6m? = Tr? ~ 30+ 2516, 3602 — 9? 17, 98° + 68g +? TR dy? — 92? + Gor ~ [5p 84 § MPH dS [salah @ P44 +542 0 SM @rt3xe-1 OO (Factoring 6.1 Exercises (page 290) 1, 12m ~ 5) 3. 4+ 52) 5, cannot be factored 7. SKE + 3) 9, ~2p@tQp + 9) ML, 70 Gx? + $x — 2) 13. 2462 = 41-2) 18, Sac(3ac? — Se + 1) 17. 162n"(en® + an — 224) 19, Tab{2a% + a —3ath? + 6b!) 21. (m ~ 4)Qm + 5) B.M@e= 1) 28, 2-H +29) 27. G26 + 2x27) 29, 2022 + NE + 4) 31. S(m + p)'m + p — 2 — 3m? — Omp ~ 3p") BR rr? HBr +S mre = 3-5) 35. 1DsH—s + 4), = 12si{s — 4) 37, 24x? + Be + 2); De = Be — 2) 39, (m+ gery) AL (Sm + 2+) 43, (2 = gi2— 3p) 45. (p + gp ~ 42) 412+ y+ 1) 49. (m+ AP = SI. (a? + B33 + 2b) 83. (y — 2Ke = 2) 56. (3) — 2)3y"— 4) 87. (1— a1 — 8) 89. The fons sad thatthe student was to factor the polynomial completely: The completely factored form is dxy "(ay ~ 2). 6.2 Exercises (payes 297-298) D 3B SO-D +1) 2@+HP+T 9. prime 11. (a + SbXa~ 78) prime 15. (ay + oy +2) 17. ~(6m ~ Son + 3) 19. (Sx 62x +3) 2 E+ ISK + 8) 23. (Ga ~ 2\Sa— 46) 28. (6m ~ 5)! 27. prime 29, Qu — DSH +4) 31 3 + 5) +H) 33, —S(a + 6)Ga~ 4) 35, Hate — 64x ~ 4) 37. dye — 129)? 39. 6a(a~ 3a + 3) 41 13,7 +4) 1) 4B. 3p@p — D8. She dia not factor the polynomial completely. The factor (4x + 10) ean ‘be factored further into 2(2x + 5), giving the final form as 22x + S\ee= 2). 47, (6p? ~ rp? = Sr) 49, (5+ 42K + 1) SL Gm + 3p + Sm +p ~ 4) 53. (a + Ba — 30Na + 2b) $8. (p+ gp + 34) 57. (2 —x)Xe +28) 58. (p?— 8Xp?— 2) 61. 22+ O66. Ge? + DEE + D A+11 Answers to Selected Exercises 6.3 Exercises (p/ LAD 3BC ige $02) 5. The sum of two squares can be factored ‘only ifthe binomial has a common facto. 7. (p + 4X(p ~ 4) 9. (Se + 2\Sx— 2) 1. 2Ga + 7X30 ~ 75) 13, 4(4m? + y2)Qm + y3Qm — y) 1. (y $24 My t2-9 1. Gtx + 3-1-3) 19, (p? + 1p + 49-4) = 3 23, Qe WP 28. (4m — 1 + mdm — 1 =») I. Qr-349Qr-3-9) BEty-De-y+Y 31. 207m + 3ny? (pe gtIF 3. @=b+4P 37. (3K Hx + 9) 39 = OLE + 6F + 36) AL (e+ 40 — de + 16) 43, (10 + y{100 — 10) + 9%) 48. (x + De? = 2x +1) AT. (Sx ~ 6)25e2 + 30r + 36) 49. (e ~ Bye? + Dy + 4y) SL. (4g ~ 30)(16g? + 12gh + 98°) 53. (Ip + SqX49p? ~ 35pq + 259°) 55, 3(2n + 3p(4n? — 6np + 9p?) 51. (y +2 + 4)? + Oye +2? — 4y — 4 + 16) 59, (on? — Sm + Sm? + 25) 61, (10x? ~ 3)(100x8 + 30x? + 9) 63. (Sy? + 2)5y4 ~ Sy +22) 6.4 Exercises (pages 305-306) 1, (10a + 30000 ~ 36) 3. 3p*(p - OP + 5) 5. 3pq(a + 66a — 5b) 7 prime 9. (66 + 16 ~ 3) AL, (= 10)(x" + 10x + 100) 13. (p + 2K4 + mp 15, Sin — $+ 2m?) 17, 2m — 10}(9n2 + 30m + 100) 19, Gm = Suh. (= 9g +) 2B, 16e"R(ex ~ 2) 25, (e+ DOES) Me (= Sex + He + 25) 29. (pt Ip? = p+ NH. (Bm + 258m — 25) 33, 6222? — 243) 38, 16(4b + SeNAb ~ 50) 37. 8(S2 + 4)Q52" — 202 + 16) 39. (Sr — QF + 58) 41 dpaQp + g)Gp + Sq) 48. 34K + RK + 32K 3) 45, (m — nln? + mn + 12 + m +n) 41, (© — 2m — met 2m bn) 49. GPG? = 4 + 2p") 51, 2(¢ + 4Y&e— 5) 53. 8m $8. 2(5p + 9YSp ~ 9) 57. drs(Sni + mn + 10n2) $9, (la ~ 4b)30 + 6) G1, prime 63. (p + 8y— 5) 65. (In? + Gm? ~ 5) 67. Qn ~ Hr? — rt-+ 198) 69. + G7 + Dee + Da - Th. (m+n Sm —n +1) 6.5 Exercises (pages 312. 1. First rewrite the equation so that one side is 0. Factor the other side and set each factor equal to 0. The soTutions ofthese linear equations are solutions ofthe quadratic equation. 3. {10,5} 7 (25) 9% (6-3) un {-3,4} is. {-3,4) 1. (-8, 19. (4,0)A-12_Answors to Selected Exercises 21, {0,6} 2, {-$ 23, {-2,2) 31. {-4,2} 28. {-3,3} 27. 3) 33. {-46} 35. {1,6} ar. 40,5} 39. (1.03) at ($0.4) 48-11} 48. (33,6) 47, By dividing each Side by a variable expression, she “lost” the solution 0. The solution setis{-£.0,4}. 49, width: 16 length: 201 81, base: 12 fKjhoight: $f $3. SO Eby 100A $5, length: 15 ins Wwidth:9in, $7, Ssee 59, 6 Review Exercises (pages 315-316) 1. Opp ~ 1) 3. dgh(3q + 2b — 59°b) B+ EI Lm tg) % m+ 3)2—a) 1 Gp-4p* 1) 1B. Gr+ Der = 3) 15, 2k ~ ANSE ~ 3h) 17. (4 +9 — 9) 19.02 +407-2) 2 (p+ IAP + 3Kp—2) 23, Itis not factored because there are two terms: x2()? ~ 6) and S(y? ~ 6), The correct answer is (y? — 6}? + 5). 25. (dx + SWax — 5) 29. (6m ~ Sum + 5) 29, Gk 2)! 31. (Sr — QS? + Sx +1) 3B Gt + DOE + De + Ie 1) 38, 26a? + 52) a4) 38.23) a ERM} a F3-3} as. {-ho} 4 (4) 49. (3,-2.2) shan 52. afer 16sec $8, The rock aches a height of 240 once (on its way up and once on its way down. 6 Test (page 317) [ook Mee = 4) 2 Sx¥y%Qy? = 1 - Sx) 3+ G+ H) 4, x + Me — 4) 5. Gx-5Qr+7 6 Gp glp +g) 7. at Sb)? Retr +2ye 4129 10, Gk+ NGK- 11) 1. 6K" + 6 +35 12. QF = 5G +7) 13. Ge + Nxt — 32 +1) [6 1) 14 Timo in fctored frm because thee are wo terms (x? + 2y)p and 3(c? + 2y). The common factor is x? + 2y, andthe factored form is? + 2p + 3. (62) 18. wae (2-3 17. (0,3) 18 (3.1) 19, length: 8 in; width: Sin, 20, 2 see and see 9. (a + Ba — bYa + 2) (© Rational Expressions and Functions 327 2.1 Exercises (pay 29) LC 3D SE 7, Replacing x with 2 makes the denominator 0 and te value of the expression undefined To find the values excluded from the domain, st the denominator equa 0 (and soe the equation All solutions ofthe equation are excluded fromthe domain. 9% To4xlx #7) he ts fale # =! 13.0; frx #0) 18, 2,3; fale 2,2 19, none; 248) 21 (a) numerator, 4, 17. none; (9) denominator: x 4 (b) First factor the numerator, getting s(s + 4), Thon divide the numerator and denominator by the common fictorx + 4toget‘,orx, 23.825, 5 2214. ght Y} A, Its already in lowest terms. w§o3G3 a2 tsh a HE! 4.0 — ab +6 ett 99-1 In Bvercises $1 and 53, there are other acceptable ways to express Sl. -(@+y) 53.-£22 55-1 57, It is already in lowest tems. 59, Multiply the numerator, rouhiply the denominators, and fator etch numerator and denominator. (Factoring canbe performed first) Divide the ‘numerator and denominator by any common factors to write the rational expression in lowest terms, For example, Se Ge + ty _ (Ge SNe +) Ur — Se +29) SPB Sw Get Bye &) ~ Get AD] 5 ty each answer Zan oY ME 6B, gr ted B23 B73, 25 Chere are other ways.) 8 T+ Dor-z-1 a. -2 a5 Et aee gy, 2 99, oe 2.2 Exercises (pages 336-338) e352 52 2-2 91 nxn 1B. 4 1S.a— 6 17, First add or subtract the sumertors. Then place the result over te common denominator, ‘Write the answer in lowest terms, We give one example: fous S20 poe 19. Tey? Me xe- 2) Ay +A) 28. (e+ NE —9) 7 (m+ Aim — m) 2.x Art 1) +5) HQ 3) 3B (V+ 3)(Y— 3), e+ VW — 3) 137. The expression $4 is incorteet. The thitd tm in the numerator should be +1, since the ~ sign should be distibuted ‘over both 4r and 1. The answer should be =". 39, my 4 Mgt a7, ag 355. 9. iw oo BG 2 8. ae bos ty) 2 7 ew) OE — Ow) » tor 3 Se ae 5 BES pw sy 85. () 2) = ally (0) approximately 3.23 thousand dota